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  • Articles  (8,620)
  • Chemistry  (8,620)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • 2010-2014  (12)
  • 1980-1984  (8,168)
  • 1945-1949  (440)
  • 1925-1929
  • Physics  (8,620)
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  • Articles  (8,620)
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  • 1
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    Nanotechnology: Small wonders (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lok, Corie -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):18-21. doi: 10.1038/467018a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Nanostructures/chemistry ; *Nanotechnology/economics ; *Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    The family naturalist (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agre, Peter -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):S11. doi: 10.1038/467S11a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquaporins/metabolism ; Chemistry ; Happiness ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Mentors ; Neurosciences/trends ; *Nobel Prize ; Peer Review, Research ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Research/standards/trends ; *Research Personnel/psychology/standards
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Anthropocene man (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crutzen, Paul J -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):S10. doi: 10.1038/467S10a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Chemistry ; Human Activities ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Mentors ; *Nobel Prize ; Ozone/analysis ; Politics ; Public Opinion ; Public Policy ; *Research Personnel
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Rational enthusiasm (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehn, Jean-Marie -- England -- Nature. 2011 Oct 12;478(7368):S8-9. doi: 10.1038/478S8a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Exobiology ; Hippocratic Oath ; Knowledge ; Motivation ; *Nobel Prize ; *Research Personnel/ethics/psychology/standards
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    A death in the lab (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Noorden, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 21;472(7343):270-1. doi: 10.1038/472270a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Accidents ; Chemistry ; *Laboratories ; Occupational Health/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel ; Students ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Femtosecond switching of magnetism via strongly correlated spin-charge quantum excitations (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-05
    Description: The technological demand to push the gigahertz (10(9) hertz) switching speed limit of today's magnetic memory and logic devices into the terahertz (10(12) hertz) regime underlies the entire field of spin-electronics and integrated multi-functional devices. This challenge is met by all-optical magnetic switching based on coherent spin manipulation. By analogy to femtosecond chemistry and photosynthetic dynamics--in which photoproducts of chemical and biochemical reactions can be influenced by creating suitable superpositions of molecular states--femtosecond-laser-excited coherence between electronic states can switch magnetic order by 'suddenly' breaking the delicate balance between competing phases of correlated materials: for example, manganites exhibiting colossal magneto-resistance suitable for applications. Here we show femtosecond (10(-15) seconds) photo-induced switching from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic ordering in Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3, by observing the establishment (within about 120 femtoseconds) of a huge temperature-dependent magnetization with photo-excitation threshold behaviour absent in the optical reflectivity. The development of ferromagnetic correlations during the femtosecond laser pulse reveals an initial quantum coherent regime of magnetism, distinguished from the picosecond (10(-12) seconds) lattice-heating regime characterized by phase separation without threshold behaviour. Our simulations reproduce the nonlinear femtosecond spin generation and underpin fast quantum spin-flip fluctuations correlated with coherent superpositions of electronic states to initiate local ferromagnetic correlations. These results merge two fields, femtosecond magnetism in metals and band insulators, and non-equilibrium phase transitions of strongly correlated electrons, in which local interactions exceeding the kinetic energy produce a complex balance of competing orders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Tianqi -- Patz, Aaron -- Mouchliadis, Leonidas -- Yan, Jiaqiang -- Lograsso, Thomas A -- Perakis, Ilias E -- Wang, Jigang -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 4;496(7443):69-73. doi: 10.1038/nature11934.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Electronics ; Iron/chemistry ; *Magnetic Phenomena ; Magnetics ; Optics and Photonics ; Photosynthesis ; *Quantum Theory ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Chemistry: A festive ferment (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGee, Harold -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):372-4. doi: 10.1038/504372a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspergillus/metabolism ; Beer/microbiology ; Cheese/microbiology ; Chemistry ; *Fermentation ; *Food Technology ; Microbiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Q&A: The technology starter. Interview by Valerie Gerard (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shechtman, Dan -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 17;502(7471):S54-5. doi: 10.1038/502S54a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Developing Countries ; Education/statistics & numerical data ; Entrepreneurship/*economics ; Leadership ; Nobel Prize ; Research ; Technology/*economics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Changchun (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 18;516(7531):S72. doi: 10.1038/516S72a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; China ; Cities ; Periodicals as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Research/standards/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Universities/statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Working at the coal face (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kroto, Harold W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):S13. doi: 10.1038/467S13a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944613" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Conservation of Energy Resources/methods ; Freedom ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Nobel Prize ; Nuclear Fission ; Peer Review, Research ; Private Sector/economics ; Public Opinion ; Research/economics/education ; *Research Personnel/economics/education ; Research Support as Topic/economics/methods
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Hangzhou (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 18;516(7531):S69. doi: 10.1038/516S69a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; China ; Cities ; Periodicals as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Physics ; Research/standards/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Universities/statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Retrospective. Frederick Sanger (1918-2013) (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brenner, Sydney -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):262. doi: 10.1126/science.1249912.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; England ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; *Nobel Prize ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*history/methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Rational approaches to chemotherapy: antisickling agents (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, I M -- Haney, D N -- King, L C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 14;213(4509):724-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7256275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*drug therapy ; Aspirin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hemoglobin, Sickle ; Humans ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Salicylates/*therapeutic use ; Solubility ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Alpha-substituted gamma-butyrolactones: new class of anticonvulsant drugs (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-09-10
    Description: Alkyl-Substituted gamma-butyrolactones were synthesized and tested for their convulsant and anticonvulsant actions in mice and guinea pigs. The alpha-substituted compounds, alpha, alpha-dimethyl-, and alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone were anticonvulsant compounds with a spectrum of activity similar to that of ethosuximide. In contrast, beta-substituted compounds were convulsant agents similar to picrotoxinin. The alpha-substituted-gama-butyrolactones represent a new class of anticonvulsant drug with experimental and clinical potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klunk, W E -- McKeon, A -- Covey, D F -- Ferrendelli, J A -- GM-07200/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-24483/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS-14834/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Sep 10;217(4564):1040-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6810462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use/toxicity ; Animals ; *Anticonvulsants ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Convulsants ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy ; Ethosuximide/pharmacology ; *Furans/*therapeutic use ; Guinea Pigs ; Mice ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Trimethadione/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Phase transition and crystal structure of the 37 degrees C form of cholesterol (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Crystalline cholesterol undergoes a phase transition a few degrees below human body temperature. The high-temperature form has an unusually complex structure with 16 independent molecules. In the transition two molecules change side chain conformation, four reorient about their long axes, and ten remain unchanged. The transition mechanism implies relatively nonspecific intermolecular interactions, qualitatively consistent with the behavior of cholesterol in biomembranes. The transition preserves a remarkably closely obeyed pseudosymmetry present in the structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, L Y -- Nordman, C E -- GM15259/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):604-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Body Temperature ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cholesterol ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Cytochrome a3 structure in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-07-20
    Description: The iron-carbon monoxide stretching mode and the iron-carbon-oxygen bending mode in carbon monoxide-bound cytochrome oxidase have been assigned at 520 and 578 cm-1, respectively. The frequencies, widths, and intensities of these modes show that the Fe-C-O grouping in carbon monoxide-cytochrome a3 is linear but tilted from the normal to the heme plane; that the iron-histidine bond in both five- and six-coordinate cytochrome a3 is strained; and that the carbon monoxide and the proximal histidine each have characteristic, well-defined orientations in all molecules. These data can account for the binding affinities of carbon monoxide and dioxygen under physiological conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Argade, P V -- Ching, Y C -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):329-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6330890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Monoxide/metabolism ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*metabolism ; Myoglobin/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Arachidonic acid plays a central role in a biological control system where such oxygenated derivatives as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are mediators. The leukotrienes are formed by transformation of arachidonic acid into an unstable epoxide intermediate, leukotriene A4, which can be converted enzymatically by hydration to leukotriene B4, and by addition of glutathione to leukotriene C4. This last compound is metabolized to leukotrienes D4 and E4 by successive elimination of a gamma-glutamyl residue and glycine. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis consists of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors, increase vascular permeability in postcapillary venules, and stimulate mucus secretion. Leukotriene B4 causes adhesion and chemotactic movement of leukocytes and stimulates aggregation, enzyme release, and generation of superoxide in neutrophils. Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4, which are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic subjects exposed to specific allergens, seem to play a pathophysiological role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These leukotrienes, as well as leukotriene B4, have pro-inflammatory effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samuelsson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):568-75.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology ; Bronchi/drug effects ; Cats ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Guinea Pigs ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*physiopathology ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Leukocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; Leukotriene B4/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Microcirculation/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; SRS-A/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Amphiphilic secondary structure: design of peptide hormones (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-20
    Description: Peptide synthesis can be used for elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the specificity of hormones, antigens, and toxins. Intermediate sized peptides with these activities assume amphiphilic secondary structures in the presence of membranes. When models are designed to optimize the amphiphilicity of the secondary structure, stronger interactions can be observed with the synthetic peptides than with the naturally occurring analogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, E T -- Kezdy, F J -- HL-18577/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jan 20;223(4633):249-55.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6322295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Apolipoproteins ; Binding Sites ; Calcitonin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Endorphins ; Glucagon ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone ; *Hormones/pharmacology ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; Melitten ; Models, Structural ; *Peptides/chemical synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; beta-Endorphin
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Fourier transform mass spectrometry (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, M L -- Rempel, D L -- 2-8423576/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):261-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Fourier Analysis ; Ions ; Lasers ; *Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Studying enzyme mechanism by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: High-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate complexes provide detailed structural and stereochemical information on the mechanism of enzyme action. The proteases trypsin and papain are shown to form tetrahedrally coordinated complexes and acyl derivatives with a variety of compounds artificially enriched at the site or sites of interest. These results are compared with the structural information derived from x-ray diffraction. Detailed NMR studies have provided a clearer picture of the ionization state of the residues participating in enzyme-catalyzed processes than other more classical techniques. The dynamics of enzymic catalysis can be observed at sub-zero temperatures by a combination of cryoenzymology and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. With these powerful techniques, transient, covalently bound intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be detected and their structures rigorously assigned.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, N E -- Malthouse, J P -- Scott, A I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):883-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6433481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbon Isotopes ; Carboxypeptidases/metabolism ; Carboxypeptidases A ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coenzymes/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Freezing ; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Papain/metabolism ; Pepsin A/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors ; Pterins/metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases
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    What is the risk from chlorofluorocarbons? (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maugh, T H 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1051-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane ; Free Radicals ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; *Ozone ; Photochemistry ; Risk ; Singlet Oxygen ; Trichloroethanes ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of complex organic materials (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-19
    Description: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonvolatile organic materials containing molecular assemblies of a complexity and size far beyond the capabilities of direct mass spectrometry. The state of the art in pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques is illustrated through specific applications, including structural determination and quality control of synthetic polymers, quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures, classification and structural characterization of fossil organic matter, and nonsupervised numerical extraction of component patterns from complex biological samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meuzelaar, H L -- Windig, W -- Harper, A M -- Huff, S M -- McClennen, W H -- Richards, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 19;226(4672):268-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6484572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Coal ; Enterobacteriaceae/analysis/isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Polymers
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    Lariat RNA's as intermediates and products in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-08-31
    Description: The splicing of messenger RNA precursors in vitro proceeds through an intermediate that has the 5' end of the intervening sequence joined to a site near the 3' splice site. This lariat structure, which has been characterized for an adenovirus 2 major late transcript, has a branch point, with 2'-5' and 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds emanating from a single adenosine residue. The excised intervening sequence retains the branch site and terminates in a guanosine residue with a 3' hydroxyl group. The phosphate group at the splice junction between the two exons originates from the 3' splice site at the precursor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Padgett, R A -- Konarska, M M -- Grabowski, P J -- Hardy, S F -- Sharp, P A -- P01-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA26717/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM32467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6206566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/analysis/*metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA Precursors ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/analysis/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    beta-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-11
    Description: The mechanism of lipid peroxidation and the manner in which antioxidants function is reviewed. beta-Carotene is a purported anticancer agent, which is believed by some to have antioxidant action of a radical-trapping type. However, definitive experimental support for such action has been lacking. New experiments in vitro show that beta-carotene belongs to a previously unknown class of biological antioxidants. Specifically, it exhibits good radical-trapping antioxidant behavior only at partial pressures of oxygen significantly less than 150 torr, the pressure of oxygen in normal air. Such low oxygen partial pressures are found in most tissues under physiological conditions. At higher oxygen pressures, beta-carotene loses its antioxidant activity and shows an autocatalytic, prooxidant effect, particularly at relatively high concentrations. Similar oxygen-pressure-dependent behavior may be shown by other compounds containing many conjugated double bonds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burton, G W -- Ingold, K U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 11;224(4649):569-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6710156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Carotenoids/*metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Linoleic Acids/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Partial Pressure ; Peroxides/metabolism ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/metabolism ; beta Carotene
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    Bromine residue at hydrophilic region influences biological activity of aplysiatoxin, a tumor promoter (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-16
    Description: Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, which are isolated from the seaweed, Lyngbya gracilis, differ in their chemical structure only by the presence or absence of a bromine residue in the hydrophilic region. The function and the structure-activity relation of the hydrophilic region are not known. Aplysiatoxin increased malignant transformation, stimulated DNA synthesis, and inhibited the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor to cell receptors. Debromoaplysiatoxin inhibited the binding of these two substances as strongly as aplysiatoxin but did not increase malignant transformation or stimulate DNA synthesis. These results indicate that a slight change in the chemical structure of the hydrophilic region of aplysiatoxin affects its abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis and that the abilities of the tumor promoters to inhibit the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor are dissociable from their abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis under some circumstances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimomura, K -- Mullinix, M G -- Kakunaga, T -- Fujiki, H -- Sugimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Dec 16;222(4629):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Carcinogens/*pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Lactones/analysis/*pharmacology ; *Lyngbya Toxins ; Mice ; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate ; Phorbol Esters/metabolism ; *Protein Kinase C ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Receptors, Drug ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Phenylalanine transfer RNA: molecular dynamics simulation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-03-16
    Description: Yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA was subjected to a 12-picosecond molecular dynamics simulation. The principal features of the x-ray crystallographic analysis are reproduced, and the amplitudes of atomic displacements appear to be determined by the degree of exposure of the atoms. An analysis of the hydrogen bonds shows a correlation between the average length of a bond and the fluctuation in that length and reveals a rocking motion of bases in Watson-Crick guanine X cytosine base pairs. The in-plane motions of the bases are generally of larger amplitude than the out-of-plane motions, and there are correlations in the motions of adjacent bases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, S C -- Prabhakaran, M -- Mao, B -- McCammon, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 16;223(4641):1189-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6560785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computers ; Cytosine ; Guanine ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA, Fungal ; *RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl ; Yeasts/analysis
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    Reaction of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 with DNA: structure of a DNA adduct with DNA sequence specificity (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: Sequence-dependent variations in DNA revealed by x-ray crystallographic studies have suggested that certain DNA-reactive drugs may react preferentially with defined sequences in DNA. Drugs that wind around the helix and reside within one of the grooves of DNA have perhaps the greatest chance of recognizing sequence-dependent features of DNA. The antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 covalently binds through N-3 of adenine and resides within the minor groove of DNA. This drug overlaps with five base pairs for which a high sequence specificity exists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hurley, L H -- Reynolds, V L -- Swenson, D H -- Petzold, G L -- Scahill, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):843-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6494915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/*metabolism ; *Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*metabolism ; *Indoles ; Leucomycins/*metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Allylamine derivatives: new class of synthetic antifungal agents inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-15
    Description: A new class of synthetic antifungal agents, the allylamines , has been developed by modification of naftifine , a topical antimycotic. SF 86-327, the most effective of these compounds so far, is highly active in vitro against a wide range of fungi and exceeds clinical standards in the oral and topical treatment of guinea pig dermatophytoses. SF 86-327 is a powerful specific inhibitor of fungal squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petranyi, G -- Ryder, N S -- Stutz, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1239-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6547247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allylamine/analogs & derivatives/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Amines/*chemical synthesis ; Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dermatomycoses/drug therapy ; Fungi/*drug effects/enzymology ; Guinea Pigs ; Naphthalenes/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Oxygenases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Squalene Monooxygenase
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  • 29
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    Disulfide bond engineered into T4 lysozyme: stabilization of the protein toward thermal inactivation (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-02
    Description: By recombinant DNA techniques, a disulfide bond was introduced at a specific site in T4 lysozyme, a disulfide-free enzyme. This derivative retained full enzymatic activity and was more stable toward thermal inactivation than the wild-type protein. The derivative, T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys), was prepared by substituting a Cys codon for an Ile codon at position 3 in the cloned lysozyme gene by means of oligonucleotide-dependent, site-directed mutagenesis. The new gene was expressed in Escherichia coli under control of the (trp-lac) hybrid tac promoter, and the protein was purified. Mild oxidation generated a disulfide bond between the new Cys3 and Cys97, one of the two unpaired cysteines of the native molecule. Oxidized T4 lysozyme (Ile3----Cys) exhibited specific activity identical to that of the wild-type enzyme when measured at 20 degrees C in a cell-clearing assay. The cross-linked protein was more stable than the wild type during incubation at elevated temperatures as determined by recovered enzymatic activity at 20 degrees C.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, L J -- Wetzel, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 2;226(4674):555-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Kinetics ; Muramidase/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Denaturation
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    DNA-binding proteins (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1983-09-09
    Description: The structures of three proteins that regulate gene expression have been determined recently and suggest how these proteins may bind to their specific recognition sites on the DNA. One protein (Cro) is a repressor of gene expression, the second (CAP) usually stimulates gene expression, and the third (lambda repressor) can act as either a repressor or an activator. The three proteins contain a substructure consisting of two consecutive alpha helices that is virtually identical in each case. Structural and amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that this bihelical fold occurs in a number of proteins that regulate gene expression, and is an intrinsic part of the DNA-protein recognition event. The modes of repression and activation by Cro and lambda repressor are understood reasonably well, but the mode of action of CAP is still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Y -- Ohlendorf, D H -- Anderson, W F -- Matthews, B W -- GM20066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM28138/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM30894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Sep 9;221(4615):1020-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6308768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *DNA Helicases ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Models, Chemical ; Protein Conformation
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    A nitrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres does not prevent evolution of hydrogen by nitrogenase (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-06-08
    Description: The effect of a partial pressure of nitrogen of 50 atmospheres (5065 kilopascals ) on the hydrogen evolution reaction of nitrogenase has been investigated. Evolution of hydrogen was not blocked completely by 50 atmospheres of nitrogen in any of four experiments; rather, 27.3 +/- 2.4 percent of the total electron flux through nitrogenase was directed toward production of hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen evolved to nitrogen fixed was close to 1:1, which implies that hydrogen evolution is obligatory in the fixation of molecular nitrogen by nitrogenase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simpson, F B -- Burris, R H -- AI-00848/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 8;224(4653):1095-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6585956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hydrogen ; *Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Nitrogenase ; Partial Pressure
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    Nonvolatile mutagens in drinking water: production by chlorination and destruction by sulfite (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-01-04
    Description: In concentrates of water produced in a laboratory simulation of a drinking water treatment process, direct-acting, nonvolatile mutagens were readily detected by means of the Ames Salmonella test. The mutagens were shown to be produced by the chlorination process. Treatment of the water with chloramine resulted in less mutagenic activity than treatment with free chlorine. Dechlorination of drinking water with sulfite sharply reduced the mutagenic activity. Treatment with sulfur dioxide is proposed as an effective, inexpensive method of reducing the direct-acting mutagenic activity of drinking water and of aqueous industrial effluents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheh, A M -- Skochdopole, J -- Koski, P -- Cole, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jan 4;207(4426):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chloramines ; Chlorine ; Mutagens/*analysis ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Sulfites ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Supply/*analysis
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    Automated synthesis of gene fragments (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-10-16
    Description: The DNA/RNA Synthesizer provides a complete and automated procedure for the synthesis of DNA sequences. Each base unit is added in a 30-minute cycle, permitting a tetradecamer to be constructed in 6 1/2 hours. The complete procedure is described, including a practical procedure for isolation and purification of the desired DNA sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarado-Urbina, G -- Sathe, G M -- Liu, W C -- Gillen, M F -- Duck, P D -- Bender, R -- Ogilvie, K K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Oct 16;214(4518):270-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6169150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*chemical synthesis ; *Genes, Synthetic ; RNA/*chemical synthesis ; Solubility
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    Chitin: New facets of research (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: Research on chitin as a marine resource is pointing to novel applications for this cellulose-like biopolymer. Discovery of nondegrading solvent systems has permitted the spinning of filaments, for example, for use as surgical sutures. New methods for preparing the bioactive alkyl glycoside of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (the monomer unit of chitin) and a microcrystalline chitin has encouraged their use as promoters for growth of bifidobacteria and as an aid in digestion of high-lactose cheese whey by domestic animals. Chitin-protein complexes of several crustacean species show great variability in ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein and in residual protein in the "purified" chitins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, P R -- Brine, C J -- Castle, J E -- Zikakis, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):749-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cheese ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chickens ; *Chitin ; Crystallography ; Lactose/metabolism ; Proteins/analysis ; Sutures ; *Technology
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    DNA sequencing and gene structure (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 18;214(4527):1305-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7313687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; DNA/*genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology ; *Genes ; Hydrazines ; Lac Operon ; Methylation ; Prokaryotic Cells/physiology ; Sulfuric Acid Esters
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    Boradeption: a new procedure for transferring water-insoluble agents across cell membranes (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-07-09
    Description: A new process has been developed which is called "Boradeption" to signify boronic acid--dependent phase transfer of water-insoluble agents. Highly fluorescent boronic acid dervatives, FluoroBoras, are solubilized with a physiologically compatible carrier buffer containing a receptor group for boronate adduct formation. The system can be used to stain living cells. In another variation of the Boradeption concept, an insoluble reporter molecule containing a boronate receptor is solubilized with a carrier buffer containing a boronic acid functional group. The boronate-receptor complexes, which are in dynamic equilibrium, can be designed as vital stains and reagents for a variety of biological and medical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallop, P M -- Paz, M A -- Henson, E -- AG-00376-07/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL-20764-04A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 9;217(4555):166-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6178158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Transport ; *Boron Compounds/therapeutic use ; *Boronic Acids/therapeutic use ; *Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromogenic Compounds/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Humans ; Rats ; Staining and Labeling
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: The scrapie agent causes a degenerative nervous system disease in sheep and goats. Studies with extensively purified preparations demonstrated that the agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Chemical modification of the scrapie agent by diethyl pyrocarbonate reduced the titer 1000-fold. Exposure of the inactivated agent to hydroxylamine, a strong nucleophile, resulted in complete restoration of infectivity. Presumably, nucleophilic residues within a scrapie agent protein undergo carbethoxylation on reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate, and subsequent addition of hydroxylamine displaces these carbethoxy groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKinley, M P -- Masiarz, F R -- Prusiner, S B -- NS14069/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1259-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6795721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Brain/microbiology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cricetinae ; Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology ; Histidine/pharmacology ; *Prions ; Ribonucleases/pharmacology ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology ; Viral Proteins/*isolation & purification/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 38
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    Nonenzymatic browning in vivo: possible process for aging of long-lived proteins (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: The incubation of lens proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of fluorescent yellow pigments and cross-like similar to those reported in aging and cataractous human lenses. Called nonenzymatic browning or the Maillard reaction, this aging process also occurs in stored foods. Reducing sugars condense with the free amino group of proteins, then rearrange and dehydrate to form unsaturated pigments and cross-linked products. Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monnier, V M -- Cerami, A -- AM 19655/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cattle ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Crystallins ; Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology ; Glucose ; Glucosephosphates ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lysine ; *Proteins ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The National Science Foundation looks to the future (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-03-13
    Description: Great advances have been made in fundamental scientific research in recent years. The new knowledge gathered, in addition to deepening our understanding of the physical universe, contributes a range of abilities and opportunities to society that would not otherwise be available. Much research that may be called applied because it addresses needs of society is quite fundamental in character, and support of such research at the National Science Foundation is to be handled in tandem by the research directorates. Other areas that require a refocusing of support are engineering science and education, at all levels, in science and engineering. Increasing our strength in these areas is essential to achieve our national economic, social, and political goals. Steps are being taken by the National Science Foundation to make its structure better able to deal with engineering and applied research and to provide greater mutual reinforcement between applied and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaughter, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 13;211(4487):1131-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Forecasting ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Government Agencies ; Molecular Biology ; Neurochemistry ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
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    New chemistry of an old molecule: cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-12-10
    Description: The discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has clinically useful antitumor properties and can form platinum blues spawned an extensive investigation of its chemistry in water. Several new molecules have been synthesized, some rather old ones have been characterized for the first time, and clues have begun to emerge about the chemical interaction of cis-DDP with its likely biological target, DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lippard, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 10;218(4577):1075-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6890712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Cisplatin ; *Dna ; Hydrolysis ; Pigments, Biological
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
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    The chemistry of vision (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-12-03
    Description: The visual response is initiated by light reception and transduction into chemical and electrical energy in the outer-segment membranes of rod and cone cells. Recent research on the molecular events controlled by light has clarified the roles of some of the rod outer-segment biomolecules. These developments and the current unresolved questions are described.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, D F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Dec 3;218(4576):961-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzymes/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Light ; Membranes/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/biosynthesis ; Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
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    Antiviral agents (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krenitsky, T A -- Beauchamp, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jun 10;220(4602):1106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyclovir/metabolism ; *Antiviral Agents/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Humans ; Vidarabine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
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    Metastable species of hemoglobin: room temperature transients and cryogenically trapped intermediates (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-05-06
    Description: Resonance Raman spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin obtained with 10-nanosecond pulses are compared with the spectra of photolyzed carbonmonoxyhemoglobin stabilized at 80 K. In comparing the deoxy with the photodissociated species, the changes in the Raman spectra are the same for these two experimental regimes. These results show that at ambient and cryogenic temperatures the heme pocket in liganded hemoglobin is significantly different from that of deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that measurements of the properties of intermediate species from photodissociated hemoglobin stabilized at low temperatures can be used to probe the short-lived metastable forms of hemoglobin present after photodissociation under biologically relevant solution conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ondrias, M R -- Friedman, J M -- Rousseau, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 May 6;220(4597):615-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6836305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Freezing ; *Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    Irreversible ligands with high selectivity toward delta and mu opiate receptors (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-04-15
    Description: Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, K C -- Jacobson, A E -- Burke, T R Jr -- Bajwa, B S -- Streaty, R A -- Klee, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):314-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6132444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Animals ; Benzimidazoles/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Brain/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Enkephalin, Methionine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Isothiocyanates ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid/*metabolism/physiology ; Thebaine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
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    Trace chemistries of fire: a source of chlorinated dioxins (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bumb, R R -- Crummett, W B -- Cutie, S S -- Gledhill, J R -- Hummel, R H -- Kagel, R O -- Lamparski, L L -- Luoma, E V -- Miller, D L -- Nestrick, T J -- Shadoff, L A -- Stehl, R H -- Woods, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Oct;210(4468):385-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; *Dioxins/analysis ; *Fires ; Power Plants ; Smoke/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analysis ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 46
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    Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-25
    Description: Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivier, J -- Rivier, C -- Vale, W -- AA03504/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AM20917/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM26741/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 25;224(4651):889-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6326264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/secretion ; Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of energetic particle precipitation on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586448
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial purification and characterization of the bone resorption factor fromActinomyces viscosus (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411208
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmakologisch-aktive polymere, 2120. Mitteilung: T. Hirano, W. Klesse, H. Ringsdorf, Makromol. Chem. 180, 1125 (1979).. Orientierende Untersuchungen zur körperverteilung und Ausscheidung von poly[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethylacrylat]en bei der Ratte (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 351-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate] (1) was synthesized as well as derivatives 14C-labelled in side groups (6) or 14C-labelled in the main chain (11). Polymer 11 with the 14C-labelled main chain was fractionated by precipitation. The η-M-relation determined by measurements of unlabelled polymers in the ultracentrifuge for comparison was used to establish the viscosimetrically determined molecular weights of the labelled fractions. After intravenous application of aqueous solutions of the polymer in rats the excretion rate up to 72 h after treatment was ascertained to ca. 50%; the concentration in the blood serum was found to be strikingly high. A tendency to reinforced storage in organs of high phagocytose activity by growing molecular weight was observed. The tumor affinity was  -  if at all  -  low.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810206
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of stereochemical structure on the viscoelastic behaviour of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The low-frequency viscoelastic behaviour of three stereoregular samples of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) in the main transition region was investigated. The main effect of tacticity in the transition from the syndiotactic sample to the isotactic one consists in a shift of the main transition region (or of the glass transition temperatures, Tg) to lower temperatures by ≈ 70 K. The temperature dependence of the shift factor of all samples could not be adequately described by the single Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation within the whole range of temperatures; in the range T〉Tg+60K, isotactic PEMA exhibited the largest departures from the WLF equation. In all cases, departures from the WLF equation could be quantitatively described in terms of the temperature dependence of the Andreade coefficient β. The temperature dependence of the Andreade compliance, JA, was also most pronounced for the isotactic sample. Vertical correction of the complex modulus G*, with WLF horizontal shifts preserved, led to the lowest activation energy ΔH for the isotactic sample, which means the highest magnitude of secondary relaxation mechanism in this sample. The birefringence measurement showed that the molecular nature of the deformational birefringence is independent of the tacticity of the sample and does not vary in the range Tg+25K〈T〈Tg+100K. In all the characteristics mentioned here, parameters of a conventional sample obtained by radical polymerization approached those of the syndiotactic sample.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810125
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Struktur und Eigenschaften segmentierter polyetherester, 32. Mitt. cf.5. Synthese definierter Oligomerer des polybutylenterephthalatsHerrn Prof. Dr. Batzer zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 301-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of some series of oligo(oxytetramethylene oxyterephthaloyl) [oligo(butylene terephthalate)s] with different but well-defined end groups is described. The separation of artificial mixtures of the oligomers by high pressure liquid chromatography was studied under various elution and column conditions, and thus, the purity of the individual oligomers was demonstrated. The equilibrium melting point Tm0 = 236 ± 4°C and the corresponding heat of melting ΔHm0 = 28,7 kJ·mol-1 of poly(butylene terephthalate) was determined from the analysis of the melting behaviour of the oligomers as depending on the degree of polymerization and the structure of the end groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810202
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condensation polymerization of 2,2′-diiodobiphenyl-4,4′-dicarbonyl dichloride with some mono- and diamino compounds (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several potentially thermostable polyamides were prepared. 2,2′-Diiodobiphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and its diacid chloride 1 were synthesized. The latter was condensed with several amines, e.g., aniline, p-toluidine, p-chloroaniline, and 2-aminopyridine, to prepare model compounds of polyamides testing the reactivity of the diacid dichloride 1 towards various amines, and to compare their spectra with those of the polymers. The polyamides themselves were prepared by solution and melt condensation of diacid chloride 1 with the following diamines: p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, 2,6-diaminotoluene, benzidine, bis(4-aminophenyl)-methane, 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl sulfone, and 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone. The solubility of the polyamides in different solvents and their inherent viscosities were also measured. The values of the inherent viscosity were in the range of 0,1-1,9. The UV, IR, and 1H NMR spectra of the prepared polyamides were recorded. The melting points of the polymers were found to be higher than 360°C and the thermogravimetric curves showed that the polymers are stable up to 400°C in air.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810204
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The high pressure polymerization of pure ethylene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 373-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of pure ethylene polymerizations performed to maximum pressures of 2,5 kbar and temperatures up to 250°C is discussed. The rate data which are obtained via quantitative infrared and near infrared spectroscopy closely fit to an overall polymerization rate law of the order 2,5 ± 0,2 in the ethylene concentration. The overall activation energy is determined to be 136,3 ± 6 kJ/mol. For the initiation reaction an activation energy of 209,8 ± 12 kJ/mol is derived. This fairly large value establishes that in dense high purity ethylene a thermally initiated (spontaneous) reaction to high molecular weight material occurs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1980.021810208
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    Polymer conformation and NMR chemical shifts, 1. 1H NMR spectrum of alternating methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 383-397 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: NMR chemical shifts of the methoxyl and α-methyl protons in the alternating methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer are calculated by taking into account the contributions of the diamagnetic shielding and the magnetic anisotropy effect of the benzene rings in styrene units. The conformational probabilities of the copolymer chain are calculated according to Flory's matrix method. It is deduced from the calculation that NMR should occur at higher field for the methoxyl and at lower field for the α-methyl protons of the methyl methacrylate unit in meso configuration with an adjacent styrene unit (regarding the methoxycarbonyl and phenyl groups) than for the corresponding protons in the unit of racemic configuration. Further, the differences between the chemical shifts for these protons in meso and racemic dyads are nearly equivalent to the differences in chemical shifts between two adjacent peaks of the observed triplet spectra. This result indicates that the spectral assignment based on a theoretical calculation is quite consistent with the one made by a conventional simulation method: from the lower magnetic field, peaks of cosyndiotactic, coheterotactic, and coisotactic triads appear in this order for the methoxyl protons and in the opposite order for the α-methyl protons. Magnetic anisotropy effect contributes to these tacticity-dependent chemical shifts to a far greater extent than diamagnetic shielding. The variation of the chemical shifts due to measuring temperature, probability of isotactic addition, and interactions between groups more than five bonds apart is also discussed.
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    Langfristige konformationsänderung von makromolekülen in lösung, 1. Polyacrylamide (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 823-838 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity of aqueous polyacrylamide solutions does not remain constant. During a period of many weeks it decreases by as much as 30%. Simultaneously a loss of flocculation activity occurs. This unusual behaviour  -  also called ageing or solution instability  -  is examined. Viscosity and light scattering investigations were made. The viscosity was also determined by addition of substances which influence hydrogen bonds. It could be demonstrated, that in high molecular weight polyacrylamide hydrogen bonds are effective. Light scattering measurements result in curved angular dependence of scattered light, which must be regarded as real and specific for the high molecular weight polyacrylamides in water. The Zimm plot for polyacrylamide in ethylene glycol was undistorted. The refractive index increment decreases with time during the investigations. From the Zimm plots it follows, that the radius of gyration decreases with time. The molecular weight however remains constant. Based on the experimental results a mechanism is assumed with a long-term conformational change of the macromolecules. The orientated segments  -  stabilized by hydrogen bonds  -  are slowly destroyed by occupation of “active sites” by water molecules. Chain degradation as well as disentanglement could be excluded. A molecular interpretation is given.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Amorceurs radicalaires fonctionnels, 1. Acides tert-butyldioxycarbonylbenzoïquesCe mémoire correspond à une partie de la thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur, soutenue le 23 Novembre 1978 à l'Université de Bordeaux I par Alain Ladousse. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 891-901 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Among the methods to introduce functional groups in macromolecular compounds, the initiation of free radical polymerization by functional peroxyesters was investigated. m- and p-tert-butyldioxycarbonylbenzoic acids (3 and 8) were synthetized and their properties were studied. Differential scanning enthalpimetric study of the thermolysis kinetics of 3 and 8 led to the conclusion that these compounds are a little more stable than O,O-tert-butyl hydrogen monoperoxyphthalate (1). Thus, they could be applied under similar conditions. Solution and bulk polymerizations of styrene initiated by 3 or 8 were found to be efficient methods to obtain polystyrene substituted by carboxylic functions.
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    Amorceurs radicalaires fonctionnels, 2Partie 1: cf.1.. Macroinitiateurs à partir de l'α-hydrogeno-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyéthylène) et des acides tert-butyldioxycarbonylbenzoïquesCe mémoire correspond à une partie de la thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur soutenue le 23 Novembre 1978 à l'Université de Bordeaux I par Alain Ladousse. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 903-911 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Modified polystyrenes were obtained by free radical polymerization of styrene using the macroinitiators α-tert-butyldioxyterephthaloyl(or phthaloyl)-ωtert-butyldioxyterephthaloyl(or phthaloyl)poly(oxyethylene) (3 and 4), which were synthetized. To examine the stability of such compounds, thermolysis kinetics of model compounds, OO-tert-butyl O-methyl monoperoxyphthalate (6) and terephthalate (7) were studied by differential scanning enthalpimetry. Suspension polymerization of styrene applying the industrial method, showed that the macroinitiator is able to initiate the process. A polystyrene containing up to 4% by weight oxyethylene units was obtained.
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    Polymer conformation and NMR chemical shifts, 2Part 1: cf.: 1.. Methoxyl protons NMR spectra of alternating copolymers of methyl (meth)acrylate with (α-methyl)styrene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 931-940 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: 1H NMR spectra of alternating copolymers of methyl acrylate with styrene, methyl acrylate with α-methylstyrene, and methyl methacrylate with α-methylstyrene show triplet splittings at the methoxyl protons regions, which apparently reflect the cotacticity of triad sequences having a (meth)acrylate unit in the center. The two intervals between two neighboring peaks of the triplet are nearly equivalent for each alternating copolymer, whereas the absolute value of the splitting width is significantly different from one alternating copolymer to another. A theoretical interpretation is given for this observation by calculating the chemical shifts of the methoxyl protons in combination with a conformational analysis of the copolymers. The chemical shift of the protons in meso or racemic type dyad sequence is assigned by averaging the shieldings over all the preferred conformations for the dyad and is accumulated to give the shifts in triad sequences: iso = meso + meso, hetero = meso + racemic, syndio = racemic + racemic. The cotacticity-dependent splittings thus calculated are quantitatively in accordance with the observed spectra and discussed in terms of conformational variation of the copolymers depending on the presence of α-methyl group(s) in neither, either, or both of the monomeric unit(s).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Chlorination of polyethylene single crystals (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1051-1058 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination under mild conditions of suspensions of polyethylene single crystals demonstrated that a selective attack on the fold surface takes place. Two polyethylene molecular weight fractions (Mn = 47000 and Mn = 150 000) were used and single crystals were grown isothermally from p-xylene at 88°C. The chlorine content was changed from 4 wt.-% to 30 wt.-% and to this level no evidence for crystal attack and loss of crystallinity was found. The melting temperatures of chlorinated single crystals decrease with increasing chlorination up to about 15 wt.-% chlorine content and then stay constant for higher chlorine contents. Moreover, the heat of melting of the chlorinated single crystals is constant and is independent of the chlorine content up to 25 wt.-%. These results are compared with those of samples of chlorinated polyethylene recrystallized from solution and from the melt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Two-Stage nature of crystallization in stretched cis-1,4-polybutadiene networks (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1143-1157 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization of cross-linked cis-1,4-polybutadiene, stretched at room temperature, is investigated by wide and small angle X-ray diffraction techniques, at temperatures ranging from -40°C to the melting point, Tm, and for extension ratios, λ, from 1 to 7,7. The experimental conditions adopted should approximate thermodynamic equilibrium. All the experimental findings, namely, crystallinity, preferred orientation of the crystalline and amorphous fractions, unit-cell dimensions and others, are consistent with the formation of two types of crystals: one depending mainly on stretching, the other on temperature. The former is characterized by extended chain crystals with Tm higher than the isotropic melting point (Tm0 = -3°C); the latter by a lamellar (bulk-like) morphology which is stable only below Tm0. A slight increase of Tm occurs for λ 〈 3, when the axes of the crystallized chains are tilted with respect to the strain direction; only when untilted crystals are formed (λ 〉 3) a remarkable increase of Tm is observed as a function of λ. As a qualitative interpretation, the two-fold crystallization mechanism is based on non-uniform extensibility of the segments included between adjacent junctions of the network.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Not all polyanions induce a J-band in the dye pseudoisocyanine (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1459-1467 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N,N′-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride (PIC) forms compounds with various vinyl poly+ and DNA, but the shapes of the spectra of the dye-polyanion compounds depend on the nature of the polyanions. PIC forms compounds with 1:1 polyanion/dye stoichiometries with DNA (native and denatured), polymethacrylate and poly(styrenesulfonate); and the spectra of these compounds do not show any pronounced metachromasia or red-shifted J-band. Polyacrylate and poly(vinyl sulfate) form compounds with polyanion/dye stoichiometry of 2:1, and give spectra with extremely sharp and red-shifted J-band. This is the first report on the relation between the polyanion/PIC stoichiometry and the depiction of the J-band of the resulting compound.
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    Polymere charge-transfer-Komplexe auf der basis von polyvinylalkoholacetalen, 3Teil 2: cf.1. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1495-1504 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new fluorene containing polymer, poly[2-(2-fluorenyl)-1,3-dioxan-4,6-diylmethylene] (3 or 4), and the corresponding model compound, 2-fluorenecarbaldehydetrimethyleneacetal (6) were synthesized. The fluorescence spectroscopy of the polymer in dilute solution indicates the formation of an intramolecular excimer. Charge-transfer complex formation with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), 2,5-cyclohexadien-1,4-diylidenedimalonodinitrile (TCNQ), and 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone (TENF) was studied by means of absorption spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Isotactic poly(allyl vinyl ether), 1Part 2: Cf.10.. A study of the polymerization and a proposal of a mechanism of stereocontrol (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2259-2266 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Allyl vinyl ether can be polymerized to highly isotactic polymer with SbCl5 in toluene at ca. -10°C. The stereospecificity is not significantly lower than that of polymer made at ca. -75°C; The reproducibility of the process is greatly improved at the higher temperature. BF3.O(C2H5)2 proved to be an ineffective initiator, in contrast with literature data. NMR analysis, previously published for diads only from NMR data, was performed (1H and 13C) for triads as well, and partly for hexads. No evidence for stereocontrol other than the relationship between active chain end HC⊕OAllyl and incoming monomer can be inferred1cf. Part 2 of this series10.. A simple mechanism, featuring association between incoming monomer and counterion, invoking only steric hindrance is proposed as an explanation of these findings.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    An electron spin resonance study of radical transfer reactions in γ-irradiated vinylthiol/styrene-copolymers (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2293-2303 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Formation and behaviour of radiation induced free radicals in statistical copolymers from vinyl hydrosulfide and styrene (1:1, 1:4, and 1:10) were investigated by means of ESR spectroscopy. The corresponding homopolymers were also included in these studies. After γ-irradiation of the copolymers at 77 K and subsequent annealing to 293 K it was possible to detect thio radicals. Their relative yields were found to increase with increasing styrene content. Investigations regarding the thermal behaviour of the radiation induced radicals in the copolymers allowed the assumption of two mechanisms responsible for the formation of the thio radicals: First, the formation takes place via ion radicals located at the mercapto groups at 77K. In the copolymers the stability of the thio radicals is favoured by steric hindrance through the benzene rings thus reducing the formation of disulfide bridges as termination reaction. Secondly, the formation of the thio radicals is caused by a hydrogen transfer from the mercapto groups to the benzyl radicals and/or cyclohexadienyl radicals of styrene units.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Template polycondensation of active esters containing nucleic acid bases with diamines (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2325-2333 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Template polycondensations of di-p-nitrophenyl methylsuccinate derivatives of thymine (1) and theophylline (2) with piperazine and 4-aminomethylbenzylamine (4-ABA) were carried out in pyridine/methylene chloride and in DMF solutions. Polystyrenes containing adenine as a side group in various contents were used as template in this polycondensation. The polycondensation reactions of active ester 1 with diamines were effectively accelerated by the presence of the template in both solvents. On the other hand, the polycondensation reactions of active ester 2 with diamines were scarcely affected by the template under the same conditions. The maximum acceleration effect was observed in the presence of templates in which the adenine content is about 54% for the polycondensation of 1 with piperazine and about 25% for that with 4-ABA, respectively.
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    Polymerization of bicyclic acetals, 8Part 7: cf.7.. Cationic polymerization of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2315-2323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Poly(5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6-diyloxymethylene) (6), a new polyacetal having a dihydropyran ring in its repeating unit was prepared by selective ring-opening polymerization of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene (5) at temperatures between -60 and -90°C in dilute methylene chloride or toluene solutions using boron trifluoride etherate as initiator. The resulting polymers, having a number average molecular weight up to 1,5 · 104, melted at 110 - 130°C and decomposed at ≈ 170°C in air. The isotactic dyad content of the polymers, estimated by 13C NMR spectroscopy, was found to be in the range of 70 to 77 mole-%, somewhat lower than that of its saturated analogue, poly(tetrahydropyran-2,6-diyloxymethylene), (2). The preferred formation of the isotactic sequence along the polymer chain is rationalized in terms of the enantiomer selection by the growing chain end control mechanism as previously proposed for the polymerization of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, (1).
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    On the molecular weight determination by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), 2Part 1: cf.2.. Molecular weight average obtained by VPO (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2409-2411 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Provided that in molecular weight determinations by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) the relationship between M and the measured quantity (δV/c)c=0 obeys a calibration function of the type (δV/c)c=0 = KM-a, the kind of molecular weight average M̄VPO delivered by this method is derived. The deviation of M̄VPO from the true number average molecular weight M̄n is estimated from its dependence on the polydispersity and the exponent a of the calibration function.
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    Long-lived polymer radicals, 2Part 1: cf.1.. An ESR study on the reactions of the propagating polymer radicals of N-methylacrylamide and N-methylmethacrylamide with vinyl monomers at room temperature (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2421-2431 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Acrylamide (AAm), methacrylamide (MAm), N-methylacrylamide (NMAAm) and N-methylmethacrylamide (NMMAm) were found to yield long-lived propagating polymer radicals in the photo-sensitized polymerizations in 1,4-dioxane or benzene. The concentration of poly(NMAAm) radicals reached 1.10-3 mol/l. Some post-effect was observed at room temperature in the photo-sensitized polymerization of AAm with di-tert-butyl peroxide in 1,4-dioxane, while no post-polymerization proceeded at room temperature in the polymerization of NMMAm in benzene. The reactions of poly(NMAAm) and poly(NMMAm) radicals with various vinyl monomers were found to produce long-lived propagating polymer radicals of the second monomers at room temperature. Polymer radicals of non-homopolymerizable monomers such as α-methylstyrene and 1,1-diphenylethylene were easily formed in such a block-copolymerization matrix. The formation of the propagating polymer radicals of the vinyl monomers was investigated by means of ESR spectroscopy.
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    Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions of poly(trimethylhexamethyleneterephthalamide) (trogamid T®)Herrn Prof. Dr. M. Seefelder zum sechzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet. (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 2625-2636 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Molecular weights of Trogamid T® were determined by ultracentrifugation, light-scattering, osmometry and viscometry, molecular weight distributions by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and five different fractionation methods. The separation efficiency of GPC with N,N-dimethylformamide as solvent was tested with three different types of gels, crosslinked polystyrene, porous glass and crosslinked poly(vinyl acetate), the last one yielding the best results. Solution fractionations show better results than precipitation methods. All fractionations gave far too small apparent non-uniformities. After correction according to the non-uniformities of the fractions the results corresponded to those of the other methods. All methods resulted in U = M̄w/M̄n - 1 = 0,7 for the technical product Trogamid T®. The discrepancy to U = 1 of a Schulz-Flory distribution can be explained by the influence of the path of reaction.
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    Synthesis of polydienes of controlled tacticity with new catalytic systems (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1981), S. 61-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The stereospecific polymerization of diolefins using new catalytic systems based on less conventional transition metal complexes is reviewed. In particular, two families of catalysts based on new complexes of π-allyl type of actinide and lanthanide elements, as well as three component systems formed by rare-earth metal alkoxides, aluminum alkyls, and a Lewis acid are described. A peculiarity of both actinide and lanthanide catalysts is their ability to give, at very low concentration, extremely high cis diolefin polymers and copolymers in aliphatic solvents.
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    Recent advances in NMR techniques for the study of synthetic polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1981), S. 117-127 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The value to polymer chemistry of certain recent developments in NMR is discussed. The techniques in question are: (i) high-field operation, (ii) multinuclear studies, and (iii) the dipolar decoupling/cross-polarization/magic angle rotation experiments on solids. Examples of polymer spectra obtained by these methods are given.
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    The structure of polyconjugated macromolecules (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1981), S. 155-175 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent experimental results concerning the crystal structure and morphology of nascent cis-poly-acetylene and pristine trans-polyacetylene are discussed. The unit cell data of cis-PA and two different modifications of trans-PA are reported. The chlorination and the hydrogenation of PA both of which give soluble derivatives under certain experimental circumstances are critically discussed. PA prepared by the Shirakawa technique has a lamellar morphology with some evidence for chain folding and not a fibirillar texture as sometimes assumed. The synthesis and spectral properties of polyenylanions and -cations are reported as a new class of polyconjugated macromolecules. The so-called doping of PA to produce highly conducting phases is explained as a chemical reaction giving rise to intermolecular CT-interaction.Finally, some new experiments concerning the solution properties of polydiacetylenes and the question of effective conjugation length in polyunsaturated polymers are discussed.
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    Infrared dichroism, molecular structure, and deformation mechanisms of isotactic polypropylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1981), S. 241-270 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Infrared dichroism measurements can be used to study the process-structure-property relations of a polymer provided the transition-moment angle and phase absorption characteristics of the individual absorption frequencies are known. The present study describes experimental procedures for determining these intrinsic frequency characteristics using isotactic polypropylene as the semicrystalline polymer example. The study further demonstrates the use of this intrinsic information for characterizing the process-structure-property behavior of deformed isotactic polypropylene films. This reveals remarkable similarities in the observed structural response of isotactic polypropylene to different deformation processes.
    Additional Material: 32 Ill.
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    Stereoregular bioresorbable polyesters for orthopaedic surgeryLectured by Dr Michel Vert, Maitre de Recherche at the French CNRS. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 30-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The feasability of using poly(α-hydroxy-acid)s (poly-(glycolic acid), poly(L-lactic acid), L and D-lactic acid stereocopolymers and copolymers of glycolic and L- and D-lactic acids) for processing bioresorbable bone plates, screws, nails etc..., is questioned in regard to the requirements for effective applications and to the data reported in the open literature. Experiments carried out on home-made samples confirm the biocompatibility of these polyesters and the fast resorption of the amorphous compounds. In contrast, our results concerning crystalline poly(L-lactic acid) disagree with those of the literature. The discrepancies might result from differences in the basic material, differences in crystallinity and/or degradation of macromolecules which has been shown to occur sometimes during the elaboration of ready-for-implantation samples. Indeed, quasi-biostable bone plates based on isotactic poly(L-lactic acid) have been obtained according to an elaboration process which preserves the integrity of the synthesized macromolecules. The effects of enantiomeric purity and of implantation time on the tensile strength are reported for a series of welldefined stereocopolymers. Current studies show that highly isotactic poly(lactic acid)s (L/L+D 〉 92%) are polymers of particular interest for effective applications in bone surgery, especially for the construction of completely resorbable composite devices whose reinforcement consists of poly(glycolic acid) fibers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Photochemical and spectroscopic behavior of some liquid-crystal polymer systems (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 58-69 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis, characterization, and applications of liquid-crystalline polymers are emerging areas of scientific research. Lyotropic and thermotropic mesomorphic polymers are briefly reviewed, and the spectroscopic properties of solutes in liquid-crystal polymer hosts are discussed. The results of some photochemical investigations in ordered systems are described. Potential uses of liquid-crystal polymers are given.
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    Polymeric catalysts: A contribution to improve the ecology of chemical processes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 155-178 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric catalysts can typically be considered as being a polymeric carrier, to which a catalytically active species - well known in homogeneous catalysis - has been attached in an appropriate fashion. This heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis is of increasing importance due to certain advantages with respect to the ecology of industrial chemical processes. It is the intention of this contribution to discuss two approaches thus illustrating the general statement more specifically. Approach one is the application of ion exchange resins, generally in their protonated form, to perform acid catalyzed reactions in a solid matrix. Approach two is the immobilization of whole, living microbial cells to be applied in heterogeneous biocatalysis.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Role of structure in transport across membranes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 179-202 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Interactions between water and two polymers used in membrane technology which are cellulose acetate (39.8% acetyl content: CA) and poly-trans-2, 5-dimethyl piperazinthiofurazanamide (DMP-TFZ) are presented. Experimental adsorption isotherms are discussed on the basis of BET, Zimn, Flory-Huggins theories. DMP-TFZ shows a lower water cluster formation tendency than CA at low and mean activities. The state of water was studied also by IR: in both the polymers the adsorbed water stretching OH frequencies are shifted to higher values showing weaker H bonds than in water. This can be related to the existence of water in the state of monomer and small size aggregates and favours high mobility. The structure of CA dense films is amorphous to X rays, but a certain amount of crystallinity is revealed by DTA. DMP-TFZ is amorphous to X rays, has a high T and shows high stiffness to mechanical dynamical tests. The suggestion is made that stiff chain polymers which contain hydrophilic groups and which cannot easily crystallize, but can get a close packing, do not allow the formation of big free volume packets across which large size water clusters, able to solvate ions, can move.
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    Studies of static and dynamic aspects of spatial protein structures by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 234-252 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The potential of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for many-parameter characterization of biopolymer conformation has long been recognized. Currently new NMR techniques for use in this field are in full development. In the present paper a survey of fundamental aspects of NMR studies of protein conformation is used as a basis for discussion of recently developed one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR experiments for studies of proteins.
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    Polymeric onium salts as catalysts in preparative organic chemistry (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 82-106 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ammonium and phosphonium quaternary salts immobilized on organic and inorganic polymeric matrices are reviewed in relation to their main catalytic applications in preparative organic chemistry. Attention is paid to the systems active in heterophase anion-promoted reactions recognizable in the modern breakthrough created in conventional organic chemistry by the chapter of “phase-transfer” catalysis for its multivalent practical potential. After a mention of early applications in synthetic chemistry performed in the presence of conventional anion-exchange resins, examples of the reports that started to appear in the literature since 1975 on the specific topic of the title have been presented. In particular a rationalization of the specific catalytic activity in phase-transfer reactions has been attempted in terms of the structural parameters directly related to the polymeric matrix. This should not be considered only as a merely inert carrier because of its potential of affecting the specific rate of the overall process under the chemical and stereochemical point of view and defining its morphological and chemical integrity.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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    Ion-chelating polymers carrying macrocyclic ligands (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 203-215 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ion-chelating properties of linear and network polymers with crown ether and cryptand-type macroheterocyclic ligands either in the backbone or as pendent groups are described. Some of the materials have potential application in trace solute analysis, the removal of radioactive isotopes, separation of ions, the enrichment of isotopes, anion-activated catalysis in organic synthesis and other areas. The properties of the ligand-anchored polymers often differ from those of the monomeric ligands as a result of cooperative effects involving neighboring ligands or other chain substituents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    The stereoselective and stereoelective polymerizations of some oxiranes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 5 (1981), S. 230-233 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of stereoregulation in polymerization reaction is discussed in terms of the two model cases: (i) the growing chain control mechanism, and (ii) catalyst control mechanism. These two mechanisms were observed to be operated in the stereoselective polymerizations of methyloxirane and of tert-butyloxirane.
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    Kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylamide in solution by viscosimetric techniqueNCL Communication No. 2455. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylamide in solution is studied viscosimetrically. The viscosity of the solution increases continuously during the course of hydrolysis. The relationship between intrinsic viscosity and the extent of reaction is established, using a series of polyacrylamides with known extents of hydrolysis. The extent of reaction is determined from the observed flowtime, using the relationship between [η] and extent of reaction. The second-order rate constant and the activation energy are in good agreement with those reported in the literature. A four-fold increased reactivity of the amide groups towards hydrolysis is observed at very low extents of hydrolysis.
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    Redox polymerisation, 5.Part 4: cf.8. Kinetics of the polymerisation of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate initiated by the system cyanoacetic acid-Mn(III)(acac)3 in DMF and DMSO (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerisation of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate initiated by the system cyanoacetic acid-Mn(III)(acac)3 is investigated in DMF and in DMSO at 25-35°C. Kinetics of reduction of the complex by cyanoacetic acid shows the formation of a mixed ligand complex whose decomposition yields the primary radicals. Efficient initiation of polymerisation by these radicals followed by exclusive mutual termination accounts for the kinetics of polymerisation. Rate and equilibrium parameters are evaluated and their significance discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Lineare polybenzyle, 6.5. Mitteilung: vgl. J. Skura, R. W. Lenz, Polym. Bull. 2, 31 (1980). Polymerisation von α-methylbenzylchlorid (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 47-58 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: α-Methylbenzylchloride (1) was polymerized in ethyl chloride and in 1-nitropropane at various temperatures with AlCl3 as catalyst, mainly at -115 and at 0°C. The polymers obtained were crystalline or amorphous, depending on the reaction conditions. The reactions were complete within seconds. The tacticity of the polymers was determined by 1H and 13C NMR-spectroscopy. Polymers prepared at low temperatures in ethyl chloride showed isotactic sequences; in 1-nitropropane at 0°C atactic configuration. A reaction mechanism for the formation of the isotactic polymer is proposed on the basis of GPC-data. DSC-data are reported and discussed.
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    Aromatic spiro polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aromatic spiro polymers, polyoxoindoline-spiro-benzimidazolines 9a-c, were prepared by the solution polycondensation reaction of biisatyls with aromatic tetramines in polar organic solvents. The spiro polymers were found to exhibit good solubility in polar organic solvents, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide and hexamethylphosphoramide, in contrast to the insolubility of the corresponding polyindoloquinoxalines in these solvents. The improvement of the solubility was discussed mainly in terms of the hydrogen bonding and packing in polymer molecules. The spiro polymers slowly rearranged at high temperatures to give polyindoloquinoxalines with high thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Synthesis and photochemical behavior of polynuclear dithiolato-metal-dye complexesDedicated to Prof. Dr. Georg Manecke of the Free University of Berlin for his 65th birthday (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 105-112 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polynuclear dithiolato-metal-dye complexes were prepared and their photochemical behaviors were studied. The dimercapto ligands used were maleonitriledithiol (MNT) and toluene-3,4-dithiol (TDT); metal ions were copper, manganese and nickel; and dyes were thionine (TH), tolusafranine (SAF) and methylene blue (MB). From IR spectra, elemental analyses and magnetic measurements they were found to be polynuclear complexes having bis(dithiolato)-metal structure incorporating the dyes as cations. The complexes showed almost the same visible spectra as the free dyes. The molar absorption coefficients of the maximum absorption were in most cases larger than in the free dye. The dithiolato-metal complex affected remarkably the photochemical reactivity of the dye incorporated in it. The rates of the photochemical reduction of the TH complexes (Cu-MNT-TH, Mn-MNT-TH and Cu-TDT-TH) in hexamethylphosphortriamide were higher than the free TH, while those of the SAF complexes (Cu-MNT-SAF and Mn-MNT-SAF) and MB complexes (Cu-MNT-MB and Ni-MNT-MB) were much lower than the free SAF and MB, respectively.
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    Immobilisierung von polymergebundenen oligodesoxyribocytidylsäuren an DEAE-celluloseFür die Nomenklatur der Nucleinsäurefragmente werden die Regeln der IUPAC Eur. J. Biochem. 15, 203 (1970) verwendet. TPS steht als Abkürzung für 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzolsulfonsärechlorid, PVAL für Polyvinylalkohol, TEAB für Triethylammonium-hydrogencarbonatpuffer, DEAE-Cellulose für Diethylaminoethyl-Cellulose, QAE-Sephadex für Diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)-aminoethyl-cellulose, Tris für α,α,α-Tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylamin, HMPT für Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid. 1A260-Einheit ist die Menge bei 260 nm absorbierenden Materials, die, gelöst in 1 ml, eine Absorption von 1 hat. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 119-131 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Anisoyl-deoxyribocytidine-5′-phosphate is chemically polycondensed. From the polycondensate, oligomers containing four or more monomeric units are isolated chromatographically and subsequently linked to a soluble polyvinylalcohol. After cleavage of the nucleobaseprotecting groups, the unreacted oligodesoxyribocytidylic acids are separated from polyvinylalcohol bound oligomers through ultrafiltration. DEAE-Cellulose is subsequently coated with this polymer-bound oligodeoxyribocytidylic acids. The now obtained PVAL-p(dC)n-DEAE-Cellulose acts as a specific sorbent in template-chromatography.
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    Investigation of the electrical conductivity of the iodine-polyphenylacetylene charge-transfer complex (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 165-176 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical conductivity of the charge transfer complex between iodine and polyphenylacetylene (PPA) has been studied. The room temperature d-c conductivity (σ) increased by seven orders of magnitude with iodine addition, reaching a maximum of 10-5 Ω-1 · cm-1 for a 1:1 ratio of iodine to repeating unit, and its concentration dependence could be described by: σ = σ0 exp [γc(1-c) - γ/4], where c is the mole fraction of iodine. Both crystalline and amorphous cis-PPA followed this form, the crystalline polymer having a lower conductivity at low iodine levels, but attaining the same maximum value. The trans-polymer iodinated much less readily than cis-PPA. Molecular weight variations did not influence iodine uptake or conductivity in the range studied. It was possible to remove virtually all iodine from the charge-transfer complex in dynamic vacuum, and an iodine diffusion coefficient of D ≈ 10-11 cm2.s-1 was determined from the rate of weight loss. Passage of current resulted in the evolution of iodine and iodine compounds at the anode. The experiment is consistent with a predominantly ionic conduction mechanism, in which the strong concentration dependence of σ is associated with a concentration-dependent activation energy for ionic charge-carrier formation.
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    Polymerization of 1,3-cycloheptadiene and the structure of poly(1,3-cycloheptadiene)s obtained by ionic initiators (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 215-217 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    The colour reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) and iodine-iodide in the presence of orthotelluric acid (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 225-229 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Studies on carboxymethylcellulose: Potentiometric titrations, 3 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 243-245 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    A new structure for polystyrene-polybutadiene block copolymers: A smectic E type structure (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 265-268 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A new convenient method for the synthesis of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 279-281 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Controlled release of fluoride ions from methacryloyl fluoride  -  methyl methacrylate copolymers, 1. Synthesis of methacryloyl fluoride  -  methacrylate copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 273-277 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Syntheses of polymeric cobalt dinitrogen complexes and reduction of the coordinated nitrogen (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 283-291 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric cobalt dinitrogen complexes were synthesized by two different methods: by the ligand substitution reaction of polymers 5a - c and 6a - c, containing 4-diphenylphosphinophenylethylene units (3) or 4-diphenylphosphinomethylphenylethylene units (4), respectively, with hydridodinitrogentris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I) (CoH(N2)(PPh3)3), or by the direct reaction of tris(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) with triphenylphosphine, the polymers 5a - c or 6a - c, and triisobutylaluminium under nitrogen. The intensity of the vN2 band in the IR spectrum of the polymeric dinitrogen complex was found to be about four times as that of CoH(N2)(PPh3)3. Ammonia was formed after hydrolysis of the complex, which was prepared by mixing a tetrahydrofuran solution of naphthaline, lithium, and titanium tetrachloride with the polymeric dinitrogen complex. The yields of ammonia in the case of the polymeric complexes were high in comparison with that obtained with CoH(N2)(PPh3)3. The highest yields of ammonia were obtained when a mole ratio [P̄]/[Co] 〈 1 ([P̄] is the concentration of phosphino groups in the polymer and [Co] is that of Co in CoH(N2)(PPh3)3), a temperature of -20°C, and a reaction time of 1 h were applied.
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    Synthesis and conformational study of poly(L-valyl-L-valyl-∊-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine) in the solid state and in solution (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 549-557 
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: High molecular weight poly(L-valyl-L-valyl-∊-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine) (PVVZL) (7) was obtained by condensation in dimethyl sulfoxide of the L-valyl-L-valyl-∊-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester, synthesized by the DCCStandard abbreviations for amino acid derivatives and peptides are used according to the I.U.P.A.C.-I.U.B. Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Biochemistry 11, 1726 (1972). The abbreviations used are: Boc = tert-butyloxycarbonyl; Z = benzyloxycarbonyl; OBzl = benzyl ester; H-Val-OH = valine; H-Lys-OH = lysine; HONp = para-nitrophenol; DDC = dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide; TFA = trifluoroacetic acid; TFE = 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol; CD = circular dichroism; IR = infrared spectra. method. The conformation of 7 was studied in the solid state and in solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, acetonitrile-trifluoroethanol and dioxane-trifluoroethanol mixtures by X-ray diffraction method, CD and IR spectroscopy. The results obtained in the solid state suggest the presence of β-structure, whereas in trifluoroethanol solution, at least, a mixture of random coil and β conformation, probably occurs. The aging of the solution seems to give rise to a higher content of β-structure. The addition of acetonitrile and dioxane favours the formation of an increasing amount of β-structure. Therefore, the conformational behaviour of 7 is similar to that of other sequential polypeptides containing valyl residues, which seem to promote the β-structure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820221
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  • 97
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    Small angle neutron scattering of molten n-alkane/polyethylene mixturesPresented at the Hamburg Macromolecular Symposium, September 16 - 18, 1980. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820225
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  • 98
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    Spinodale Entmischung von Defekten in Nadelkristallen aus isotaktischem PolypropylenVorgetragen auf dem Hamburger Makromolekularen Symposium 16. - 18. September 1980. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 613-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820229
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  • 99
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    Herstellen von Hochmodulfäden aus PolyethylenVorgetragen auf dem Hamburger Makromolekularen Symposium 16. - 18. September 1980. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 637-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820232
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  • 100
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    The configurational characteristics of conventional poly(methyl methacrylate) in acetonitrile (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The θ-temperature and viscosity constant K0 of radically initiated poly(methyl methacrylate) in acetonitrile were determined from the intrinsic viscosity data (θ = 28°C, K0 = 4,3 · 102 g-3/2 · mol1/2.cm3). The unperturbed coil dimensions are lower in acetonitrile than in other θ-solvents at comparable temperature and indicate a more compact conformation of poly(methyl methacrylate) molecules. The discrepancies in the reported data of the θ and K0 values are elucidated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820215
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