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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,802)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (3,277)
  • 1970-1974  (525)
  • 1925-1929
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Years
Year
  • 201
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    Sources of support for remote sensing education (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Past financial support for educational programs in remote sensing came largely in the form of short courses funded by the National Science Foundation. Later NASA began to fund such courses for local and state government and for some university participants in its regional programs. The greater impact came from the funding by a variety of federal agencies for remote sensing research projects at educational institutions throughout the country. Probably the best and most significant example of these programs, from the university standpoint is, and should continue to be, the NASA university affairs programs, which with its long term step funding of a number of institutions has probably done more for remote sensing education than any other federal program in this country. An incomplete listing of federal agencies that support remote sensing research at the university level is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 336-339
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  • 202
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    Oregon trails revisted (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oregon State University's Environmental Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory (ERSAL) has six full-time researchers with expertise in a variety of biological, Earth, atmospheric and computer sciences as well as image interpretation and statistical techniques. The primary emphasis of the ERSAL research and demonstration program is the development and application of remote sensing technology in operational resource management programs. LANDSAT multi-spectral, multi-date digital data and imagery are utilized in concert with high altitude NASA-acquired photography, low altitude ERSAL-acquired photography, and field observations and data to provide customized, inexpensive and useful final products. Synopses are given of 9 applications projects conducted in Oregon.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 328-335
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  • 203
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    The University of Kansas Applied Sensing Program: An operational perspective (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Kansas applied remote sensing (KARS) program conducts demonstration projects and applied research on remote sensing techniques which enable local, regional, state and federal agency personnel to better utilize available satellite and airborne remote sensing systems. As liason with Kansas agencies for the Earth Resources Laboratory (ERL), Kansas demonstration project, KARS coordinated interagency communication, field data collection, hands-on training, and follow-on technical assistance and worked with Kansas agency personnel in evaluating land cover maps provided by ERL. Short courses are being conducted to provide training in state-of-the-art remote sensing technology for university faculty, state personnel, and persons from private industry and federal government. Topics are listed which were considered in intensive five-day courses covering the acquisition, interpretation, and application of information derived through remote sensing with specific training and hands-on experience in image interpretation and the analysis of LANDSAT data are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 325-327
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  • 204
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    Development of the University of Massachusetts Remote Sensing Program: A grass-roots approach (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The early stages of development of a remote sensing center at a state land grant university are considered. Several critical strategies adopted early in the planning process which may be useful to other programs or institutions are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 321-324
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  • 205
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    The Earth Resources Laboratory Applications Software (ELAS) in university research and education: An operator oriented geobased information system (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Created for analyzing and processing digital data such as that collected by multispectral scanners or digitized from maps, ELAS is designed for ease of user operation and includes its own FORTRAN operating monitor and an expandable set of application modules which are FORTRAN overlays. On those machines that do not support FORTRAN overlaying, the modules exist as subprograms. The subsystem can be implemented on most 16-bit or 32-bit machines and is capable of, but not limited to, operating on low-cost minicomputer systems. The recommended hardware configuration for ELAS and a representative listing of some operating and application modules are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 298-303
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  • 206
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    Development and implementation of a low cost micro computer system for LANDSAT analysis and geographic data base applications (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Since the implementation of the GRID and IMGRID computer programs for multivariate spatial analysis in the early 1970's, geographic data analysis subsequently moved from large computers to minicomputers and now to microcomputers with radical reduction in the costs associated with planning analyses. Programs designed to process LANDSAT data to be used as one element in a geographic data base were used once NIMGRID (new IMGRID), a raster oriented geographic information system, was implemented on the microcomputer. Programs for training field selection, supervised and unsupervised classification, and image enhancement were added. Enhancements to the color graphics capabilities of the microsystem allow display of three channels of LANDSAT data in color infrared format. The basic microcomputer hardware needed to perform NIMGRID and most LANDSAT analyses is listed as well as the software available for LANDSAT processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 309-314
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  • 207
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    Interactive capabilities: Between unacceptable and unnecessary (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A very low cost interactive image analysis computer system suitable for use in education, research, or operational remote sensing applications system should be centered around a high quality image display through which the analyst can use photointerpretation skills to evaluate and alter computer mapping or classification calculations. The definition of acceptable capabilities for such a system must take into account the needs of the image analyst balanced with current state-of-the-art technology and cost. A range of acceptable capabilities is defined based primarily on image analysis requirements, but tempered occassionally by cost and technology constraints. Desirable parameters are also listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 285-290
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  • 208
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    Selecting an image analysis minicomputer system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Factors to be weighed when selecting a minicomputer system as the basis for an image analysis computer facility vary depending on whether the user organization procures a new computer or selects an existing facility to serve as an image analysis host. Some conditions not directly related to hardware or software should be considered such as the flexibility of the computer center staff, their encouragement of innovation, and the availability of the host processor to a broad spectrum of potential user organizations. Particular attention must be given to: image analysis software capability; the facilities of a potential host installation; the central processing unit; the operating system and languages; main memory; disk storage; tape drives; hardcopy output; and other peripherals. The operational environment, accessibility; resource limitations; and operational supports are important. Charges made for program execution and data storage must also be examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 293-296
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  • 209
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    Apple Image Processing Educator (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A software system design is proposed and demonstrated with pilot-project software. The system permits the Apple II microcomputer to be used for personalized computer-assisted instruction in the digital image processing of LANDSAT images. The programs provide data input, menu selection, graphic and hard-copy displays, and both general and detailed instructions. The pilot-project results are considered to be successful indicators of the capabilities and limits of microcomputers for digital image processing education.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 277-281
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  • 210
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    The Remote Analysis Station (RAS) as an instructional system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: "Hands-on" training in LANDSAT data analysis techniques can be obtained using a desk-top, interactive remote analysis station (RAS) which consists of a color CRT imagery display, with alphanumeric overwrite and keyboard, as well as a cursor controller and modem. This portable station can communicate via modem and dial-up telephone with a host computer at 1200 baud or it can be hardwired to a host computer at 9600 baud. A Z80 microcomputer controls the display refresh memory and remote station processing. LANDSAT data is displayed as three-band false-color imagery, one-band color-sliced imagery, or color-coded processed imagery. Although the display memory routinely operates at 256 x 256 picture elements, a display resolution of 128 x 128 can be selected to fill the display faster. In the false color mode the computer packs the data into one 8-bit character. When the host is not sending pictorial information the characters sent are in ordinary ASCII code. System capabilities are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 269-275
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  • 211
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    Some considerations in low-cost image processing on a university main frame: The Penn State (ORSER) experience (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ORSER System as implemented on the Penn State University Computation Center's IBM main frame is an exceptionally useful mechanism for instructing the present and future remote sensing community in the theory and practice of automated analysis of digitized data. From its beginning, the system was used as the hands-on back-bone of a graduate level "Multispectral Remote Sensing" one-term course taught annually in the School of Forest Resources. It was also used at the end of a senior-level undergraduate "Introduction to Remote Sensing" course, and in teaching a variety of short courses, ranging in length from a few days for small groups of remote sensing consultants with specific application interests, to a 2-week course oganized by NASA for regional and urban planners who had little or no previous exposure to remote sensing. Because of its modular construction, the ORSER is suitable for all classes of remote sensing users. Although in a beginning course only 6 to 10 of the programs are generally used, the researcher has a set of about 35 programs available for his analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 264-267
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  • 212
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    Digital image data sets for remote sensing instruction (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several sets of LANDSAT image segments and a set of simple image processing programs operating in batch mode are being used to teach an introductory course in digital image analysis and classification. The image data sets contain only a small number of pixels and can be run quickly on most university computing systems. A number of image data sets derived from the raw spectral bands (smoothed data sets, band ratios and texture data sets) allows the student to examine and include these extracted variables in the classification process. Another data set consists of three registered LANDSAT image segments for three different dates so that the student may experiment with multitemporal data processing. The three LANDSAT scenes used in the class are described and the image data sets available for class exercises are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 259-262
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  • 213
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    IMAGES: An interactive image processing system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The IMAGES interactive image processing system was created specifically for undergraduate remote sensing education in geography. The system is interactive, relatively inexpensive to operate, almost hardware independent, and responsive to numerous users at one time in a time-sharing mode. Most important, it provides a medium whereby theoretical remote sensing principles discussed in lecture may be reinforced in laboratory as students perform computer-assisted image processing. In addition to its use in academic and short course environments, the system has also been used extensively to conduct basic image processing research. The flow of information through the system is discussed including an overview of the programs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 254-257
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  • 214
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    Instructional image processing on a university mainframe: The Kansas system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An interactive digital image processing program package was developed that runs on the University of Kansas central computer, a Honeywell Level 66 multi-processor system. The module form of the package allows easy and rapid upgrades and extensions of the system and is used in remote sensing courses in the Department of Geography, in regional five-day short courses for academics and professionals, and also in remote sensing projects and research. The package comprises three self-contained modules of processing functions: Subimage extraction and rectification; image enhancement, preprocessing and data reduction; and classification. Its use in a typical course setting is described. Availability and costs are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 249-252
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  • 215
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    Digital image processing on a small computer system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A minicomputer-based image processing facility provides a relatively low-cost entry point for education about image analysis applications in remote sensing. While a minicomputer has sufficient processing power to produce results quite rapidly for low volumes of small images, it does not have sufficient power to perform CPU- or 1/0-bound tasks on large images. A system equipped with a display terminal is ideally suited for interactive tasks. Software procurement is a limiting factor for most end users, and software availability may well be the overriding consideration in selecting a particular hardware configuration. The hardware chosen should be selected to be compatible with the software and with concern for future expansion.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 239-242
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  • 216
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    Considerations in developing geographic informations systems based on low-cost digital image processing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The potential of digital image processing systems costing $20,000 or less for geographic information systems is assessed with the emphasis on the volume of data to be handled, the commercial hardware systems available, and the basic software for: (1) data entry, conversion and digitization; (2) georeferencing and geometric correction; (3) data structuring; (4) editing and updating; (5) analysis and retrieval; (6) output drivers; and (7) data management. Costs must also be considered as tangible and intangible factors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 243-246
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  • 217
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    Low-cost digital image processing on a university mainframe computer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages and limitations of using university mainframe computers in digital image processing instruction are listed. Aspects to be considered when designing software for this purpose include not only two general audience, but also the capabilities of the system regarding the size of the image/subimage, preprocessing and enhancement functions, geometric correction and registration techniques; classification strategy, classification algorithm, multitemporal analysis, and ancilliary data and geographic information systems. The user/software/hardware interaction as well as acquisition and operating costs must also be considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 231-236
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  • 218
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    Remote sensing education for the Earth sciences: The University of Georgia experience (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A prospectus is presented of the following courses offered by the Department of Geography: (1) use and interpretation of aerial photographs; (2) advanced photogrammetry; (3) remote sensing of environment; (4) geographic information systems; and (5) directed problems in the remote sensing of the environment. In addition to the course content and objectives, the various equipments available for student training and use are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 222-227
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  • 219
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    Communicating remote sensing concepts in an interdisciplinary environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Although remote sensing is currently multidisciplinary in its applications, many of its terms come from the engineering sciences, particularly from the field of pattern recognition. Scholars from fields such as the social sciences, botany, and biology, may experience initial difficulty with remote sensing terminology, even though parallel concepts exist in their own fields. Some parallel concepts and terminologies from nonengineering fields, which might enhance the understanding of remote sensing concepts in an interdisciplinary situation are identified. Feedbacks which this analogue strategy might have on remote sensing itself are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 217-220
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  • 220
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    Remote sensing education at the University of British Columbia (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development, current status, and organization of the University of British Columbia's interdisciplinary graduate program in remote sensing are described. Specialized programs are tailored to meet student's needs and interest and can range from the theoretical development of technology (sensor development, modelling, and computer analysis) to specialized application of remote sensing in resource analysis such as the determination of vegetation damage, land classification, and land use. The courses and faculty members are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 207-210
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  • 221
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    Toward multidisciplinary use of LANDSAT: Interfacing computerized LANDSAT analysis systems with geographic information systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The LANDSAT-geographic information system (GIS) interface must summarize the results of the LANDSAT classification over the same cells that serve as geographic referencing units for the GIS, and output these summaries on a cell-by-cell basis in a form that is readable by the input routines of the GIS. The ZONAL interface for cell-oriented systems consists of two primary programs. The PIXCEL program scans the grid of cells and outputs a channel of pixels. Each pixel contains not the reflectance values but the identifier of the cell in which the center of the pixel is located. This file of pixelized cells along with the results of a pixel-by-pixel classification of the scene produced by the LANDSAT analysis system are input to the CELSUM program which then outputs a cell-by-cell summary formatted according to the requirements of the host GIS. Cross-correlation of the LANDSAT layer with the other layers in the data base is accomplished with the analysis and display facilities of the GIS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 212-215
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  • 222
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    Methods of training the graduate level and professional geologist in remote sensing technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Requirements for a basic course in remote sensing to accommodate the needs of the graduate level and professional geologist are described. The course should stress the general topics of basic remote sensing theory, the theory and data types relating to different remote sensing systems, an introduction to the basic concepts of computer image processing and analysis, the characteristics of different data types, the development of methods for geological interpretations, the integration of all scales and data types of remote sensing in a given study, the integration of other data bases (geophysical and geochemical) into a remote sensing study, and geological remote sensing applications. The laboratories should stress hands on experience to reinforce the concepts and procedures presented in the lecture. The geologist should then be encouraged to pursue a second course in computer image processing and analysis of remotely sensed data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 196-203
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  • 223
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    Using LANDSAT imagery as a basis for the understanding of the physiographic regions of the United States (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An undergraduate level course in regional geology is described in which map exercises using LANDSAT composite images are required. From these exercises, students lean to appreciate LANDSAT imagery, learn elementary skills in imagery reading and interpretation, in addition to making the association of geography, geology, maps, and imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 191-194
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  • 224
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    The first year: Development of a LANDSAT capability at Sam Houston State University (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems encountered in initiating a LANDSAT data processing capability at Sam Houston State University are discussed. Computer requirements, financing, and academic and administrative support are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 179-182
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  • 225
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    Developing an undergraduate geography course on digital image processing of remotely sensed data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems relating to the development of a digital image processing course in an undergraduate geography environment is discussed. Computer resource requirements, course prerequisites, and the size of the study area are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 174-182
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  • 226
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    Remote sensing research in geographic education: An alternative view (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that within many geography departments remote sensing is viewed as a mere technique a student should learn in order to carry out true geographic research. This view inhibits both students and faculty from investigation of remotely sensed data as a new source of geographic knowledge that may alter our understanding of the Earth. The tendency is for geographers to accept these new data and analysis techniques from engineers and mathematicians without questioning the accompanying premises. This black-box approach hinders geographic applications of the new remotely sensed data and limits the geographer's contribution to further development of remote sensing observation systems. It is suggested that geographers contribute to the development of remote sensing through pursuit of basic research. This research can be encouraged, particularly among students, by demonstrating the links between geographic theory and remotely sensed observations, encouraging a healthy skepticism concerning the current understanding of these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 183-188
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  • 227
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    Applications of densitometry in remote sensing learning experiences (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Information on the use of densitometry in remote sensing courses is provided. The use of a densitometer provides the student with a type of hands on experience in which direct manipulation of image products is involved, and the procedures are easily and quickly learned facilitating the collection and analysis of quantitative data on the radiometric properties of aerial photographs and satellite images. These data can then be used for examining relationships between image tones or colors and ground conditions. Suggestions regarding the selection of equipment and imagery are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 169-173
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  • 228
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    The location and scope of geographic remote sensing training in the United States (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Maps displaying the distribution of graduate departments of geography in the United States and enrollments in remote sensing courses in all geography departments during the past two calendar years were compiled. It was anticipated that the two distributions would show a marked similarity since remote sensing is a relatively new geographic tool requiring specialized training to use as well as equipment not normally found in most geography departments. Thus only the larger graduate departments can afford to devote time and resources to this specialty. A broad correspondence does exist between the graduate departments of geography and the courses in remote ensing. However, the correlation is far from complete and the exceptions are frequent and large enough to cast doubt upon the accuracy of the original hypothesis. Whereas many large departments do offer courses in remote sensing, many smaller colleges and universities do also. A number of possible explanations can be offered for the discrepancies: (1) course titles, (2) the liberal arts orientation of geography departments in many universities, (3) job-oriented skills which many smaller departments have emphasized, and (4) in the tight job market many new graduates of even the larger departments have had to accept position in smaller departments and colleges.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 161-166
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  • 229
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    Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery: A low-cost instructional technique (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery is a relatively simple and cost effective method of producing enhanced renditions of the visual LANDSAT products. This technique is capable of producing a variety of image enhancements which have value in a teaching laboratory environment. Additionally, with the appropriate equipment, applications research which relys on accurate and repeatable results is possible. Exposure and development equipment options, diazo materials, and enhancement routines are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 128-136
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    University/industry collaboration in remote sensing education (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A graduate level course covering the development and structure of geographical information systems and the acquisition and processing of LANDSAT data for input to these systems is described. A portion of the course was devoted to hands-on classification of LANDSAT digital tapes utilizing both university and private industry processing systems. This industry/university collaboration was extremely successful and resulted in a high quality course. It gave the students an excellent experience in working in a real-world client/consultant relationship undertaken to accomplish a specific task. There were two key factors in the success of the collaboration. First, there was a very careful product definition and advance meetings between the University faculty and the company personnel to be involved. Second, the students were not taken into the industrial facility until late in the course, after they had a reasonable knowledge of the physical bases of remote sensing, the concept of spectral signatures, and the fundamentals of pattern analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 141-145
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    Laboratory exercises, remote sensing of the environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The exercises are designed to convey principles and theory of remote sensing, and methodologies of its application to civil engineering and environmental concerns, including agronomy, geography, geology, wildlife, forestry, hydrology, and other related fields. During the exercises the student is introduced to several types of remote sensing represented by imagery from conventional format: panchromatic, black-and-white infrared, color, and infrared, 35mm aerial photography, thermal infrared, radar, multispectral scanner, and LANDSAT. Upon completion of the exercises the student is expected to know: (1) the electromagnetic spectrum, its various wavelength sub-sections and their uses as sensors, (2) the limitations of each sensor, (3) the interpretation techniques used for extracting data from the various types of imagery, and (4) the cost effectiveness of remote sensing procedures for acquiring and evaluating data of the natural environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 120-126
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    Ground photography for improvved image interpretation training (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Systematic sets of ground based color and color infrared photography were presented to students in remote sensing classes to enhance their ability to interpret satellite images. Features readily apparent on computer enhanced LANDSAT images were presented simultaneously with ground based photography in the format of slide triplicates. It was hypothesized that this instructional approach would improve the students' abilities to recognize, understand and interpret ground phenomena present on remotely sensed imagery. Tests conducted in undergraduate remote sensing classes substantially upheld this hypothesis. Student image interpretive abilities were tested before and after being exposed to the ground level photography. In general, image interpretive skills of the class improved by 25%. Also, the performance of students having different academic majors varied greatly for differing types of image subjects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 115-119
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    Performing and updating an inventory of Oregon's expanding irrigated agricultural lands utilizing remote sensing technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An inventory technique based upon using remote sensing technology, interpreting both high altitude aerial photography and LANDSAT multispectral scanner imagery, is discussed. It is noted that once the final land use inventory maps of irrigated agricultural lands are available and approximately scaled they may be overlaid directly onto either multispectral scanner or return beam vidicon prints, thereby providing an inexpensive updating procedure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 103-107
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    Customized remote sensing short courses (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages of customized courses over general purpose courses are outlined. The development of course objectives and content and the incorporation of hands-on exercises are discussed. Criteria for ensuring the quality of the course are also defined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 93-101
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  • 235
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    Remote sensing: Present and future (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite remote sensing technology is overviewed with particular emphasis on the present and planned LANDSAT satellite systems. Satellite-borne instrumentation and their capabilities are discussed including multispectral scanners, return beam vidicons, the thermal inertia mapper, and STEREOSAT instrumentation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 87-92
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    The requirements of teaching an interdisciplinary technology from the geographic perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The growth of remote sensing course offerings within geography is reviewed and the impact of remote sensing on the discipline is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 72-76
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    Some characteristics and advantages of LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon images (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One advantage of a LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon (RBV) scene is the synoptic view it provides. A 1:500,000 paper print of the size 19.4 cm x 19.4 cm encompasses an area of about 3,721 square miles (9,637 sq. km.) and this compares very favorably in coverage to small scale aerial photography. A second important advantage is that the ground resolution is 38 by 38 meters. Compared to the resolution of the MSS which is 79 by 79 meters the RBV provides a wealth of detail useful for many purposes. A great variety of man made structures are visible including bridges, roads, docks, and small airfields. Agricultural field patterns are clear and settlements of various sizes can be identified and delineated. A third advantage is related to the approximate panchromatic spectral response displayed in RBV images. Since many aerial photographic interpreters are accustomed to working with panchromatic photographs, they should have no difficulty understanding and putting RBV images immediately into use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 84-85
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    Geological applications and training in remote sensing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some of the experiences, methods, and opinions developed during 15 years of teaching an introductory course in remote sensing at several universities in the Southern California area are related. Although the course is offered in Geology departments, every class includes significant numbers of students from other disciplines including geography, computer science, biology, and environmental science. The instructor or teaching assistant provides a few hours of tutorial lectures (outside of regular class time) on basic geology for these nongeologists. This approach is successful because the grade distribution for nongeologists is similar to that for geologists. The schedule for a typical one-semester course is given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 77-82
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    Remote sensing training needs in professional forest and range resource management curricula (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of remote sensing training in accredited U.S. forestry schools is reviewed. It is noted that there is a serious lack of emphasis on aerial photography and aerial photointerpretation in the current curricula. This lack of training at the professional school limits entering employee capability and necessitates expensive on-the-job training.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 68-71
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    The quantitative methodology of remote sensing: An educator's perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Strategies for teaching the fundamentals of quantitative remote sensing to students from diverse disciplines and with a broad range of mathematical backgrounds are described. Because the concepts are fairly abstract and complex, the successful educator must take care to motivate and assist the students in mastering the concepts. He/she should strive to communicate intuitive notions of the concepts couched in settings as familiar as possible and use these settings to illustrate each mathematical or statistical formulation which is introduced. The utilization of laboratory-type experiences and lectures from experts is also suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 65-67
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    Equipment and approaches for teaching visual image interpretation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equipment needs for teaching a visual image interpretation course, and the advantages and limitations of using multimedia and programmed teaching approaches are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 50-55
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    Survey of instructional material for remote sensing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The contents of 17 major textbooks and reference guides on remote sensing technology are listed and compared. As a group, these books concentrate more on principles of the electromagnetic spectrum, sensors and data processing, than on applications. Secondly, it appears that basic photointerpretation receives considerable attention, but that photogrammetry does not. Four texts which provide well-rounded treatments of the systematics of remote sensing are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 45-49
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    Remote sensing programs and courses in engineering and water resources (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The content of typical basic and advanced remote sensing and image interpretation courses are described and typical remote sensing graduate programs of study in civil engineering and in interdisciplinary environmental remote sensing and water resources management programs are outlined. Ideally, graduate programs with an emphasis on remote sensing and image interpretation should be built around a core of five courses: (1) a basic course in fundamentals of remote sensing upon which the more specialized advanced remote sensing courses can build; (2) a course dealing with visual image interpretation; (3) a course dealing with quantitative (computer-based) image interpretation; (4) a basic photogrammetry course; and (5) a basic surveying course. These five courses comprise up to one-half of the course work required for the M.S. degree. The nature of other course work and thesis requirements vary greatly, depending on the department in which the degree is being awarded.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 60-64
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    Mixture densities, maximum likelihood, and the EM algorithm (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating the parameters which determine a mixture density is reviewed as well as maximum likelihood estimation for it. A particular iterative procedure for numerically approximating maximum likelihood estimates for mixture density problems is considered. This EM algorithm, is a specialization to the mixture density context of a general algorithm of the same name used to approximate maximum likelihood estimates for incomplete data problems. The formulation and theoretical and practical properties of the EM algorithm for mixture densities are discussed focussing in particular on mixtures of densities from exponential families.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 226-342
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    A bootstrap approach to bump hunting (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An important question in cluster analysis and pattern recognition is the determination of the number of clusters into which a given population should be divided. Frequently, particularly when certain specific clustering methods are being used, the number of clusters is taken to be equal to the number of modes, or local maxima, in the probability density function underlying the given data set. The use of kernal density estimates in mode estimation is discussed. The test statistic to be used is defined and a bootstrap technique for assessing significance is given. An illustrative application is followed by an examination of the asymptotic behavior of the test statistic.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 195-213
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    Considerations in cross-validation type density smoothing with a look at some data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experience gained in applying nonparametric maximum likelihood techniques of density estimation to judge the comparative quality of various estimators is reported. Two invariate data sets of one hundered samples (one Cauchy, one natural normal) are considered as well as studies in the multivariate case.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 142-164
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    Topics in global convergence of density estimates (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating a density f on R sup d from a sample Xz(1),...,X(n) of independent identically distributed random vectors is critically examined, and some recent results in the field are reviewed. The following statements are qualified: (1) For any sequence of density estimates f(n), any arbitrary slow rate of convergence to 0 is possible for E(integral/f(n)-fl); (2) In theoretical comparisons of density estimates, integral/f(n)-f/ should be used and not integral/f(n)-f/sup p, p 1; and (3) For most reasonable nonparametric density estimates, either there is convergence of integral/f(n)-f/ (and then the convergence is in the strongest possible sense for all f), or there is no convergence (even in the weakest possible sense for a single f). There is no intermediate situation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 9-19
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    Determining 3-D motion and structure from image sequences (1982)
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    Description: A method of determining three-dimensional motion and structure from two image frames is presented. The method requires eight point correspondences between the two frames, from which motion and structure parameters are determined by solving a set of eight linear equations and a singular value decomposition of a 3x3 matrix. It is shown that the solution thus obtained is unique.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 134-149
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    FLIR target screening (1982)
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    Description: Methods for the segmentation and recognition of individual targets sensed with forward looking infrared detectors are discussed. Particular attention is given to an adaptive multi-scenario target screener.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 89
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    Structural analysis techniqes for remote sensing (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The structural analysis of remotely sensed imagery is defined and basic techniques for implementing the process are described. Structural analysis uses knowledge of the properties of an entity, its parts and their relationships, and the relationships in which it participates at a higher level to locate and recognize objects in a visual scene. The representation of structural knowledge, the development of algorithms for using the knowledge to help analyze an image, and techniques for storage and retrieval of relational models are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 91-132
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    Automatic photointerpretation via texture and morphology analysis (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Computer-based techniques for automatic photointerpretation based upon information derived from texture and morphology analysis of images are discussed. By automatic photointerpretation, is meant the determination of semantic descriptions of the content of the images by computer. To perform semantic analysis of morphology, a heirarchical structure of knowledge representation was developed. The simplest elements in a morphology are strokes, which are used to form alphabets. The alphabets are the elements for generating words, which are used to describe the function or property of an object or a region. The words are the elements for constructing sentences, which are used for semantic description of the content of the image. Photointerpretation based upon morphology is then augmented by textural information. Textural analysis is performed using a pixel-vector approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 87-88
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    Shape and texture (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods used to measure the geometrical properties of regions in a segmented image are discussed including the use of centroids, moments, and principle axes. In addition, statistical picture properties, particularly those which describe visual texture, are discussed. Gray level statistics, local property statistics, and autocorrelation and power spectrum are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 57-84
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    Cooperative processes in image segmentation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Research into the role of cooperative, or relaxation, processes in image segmentation is surveyed. Cooperative processes can be employed at several levels of the segmentation process as a preprocessing enhancement step, during supervised or unsupervised pixel classification and, finally, for the interpretation of image segments based on segment properties and relations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 17-50
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    Image segmentation survey (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The methodologies and capabilities of image segmentation techniques are reviewed. Single linkage schemes, hybrid linkage schemes, centroid linkage schemes, histogram mode seeking, spatial clustering, and split and merge schemes are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 7-16
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    BSPLASH: A three-stage surface interpolant to scattered data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given N distinct points (X sub i, Y sub i) and N real numbers Z sub i, BSPLASH constructs a function G (x, y) that satisfies G (x sub i, y sub i) = Z sub i for i = 1,..., N. This C(2) interpolant consists of a bicubic spline approximation and Shepard's bivariate interpolant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 147-178
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    Surface fitting with biharmonic and harmonic models (1982)
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    Description: The physical and geometric interpretation of a surface fitting technique, multiquadric equations (MQ), is discussed. The relation of this method and its reciprocal form to biharmonic and harmonic techniques respectively, is pointed out. In both forms the solutions may be viewed as being numerical approximations of an integral equation in which an unknown density function is the physical source for disturbing potential (reciprocal-MQ) or elastic displacement (MQ).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 135-146
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    C-1 surface interpolation for scattered data on a sphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm is described for constructing a smooth computable function, f, defined over the surface of a sphere and interpolating a set of n data values, u sub i, associated with n locations, P sub i, on the surface of the sphere. The interpolation function, f, will be continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives. The locations, p sub i, are not required to lie on any type of regular grid.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 95-119
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    Fitting surfaces to scattered data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variety of numerical methods for fitting a function to data given at a set of points scattered throughout a domain in the plane are surveyed. Four classes of methods are discussed: (1) global interpolation; (2) local interpolation; (3) global approximation; and (4) local approximation. Also, two-stage methods and contouring are discussed. The surfaces constructed include polynomials, spline functions, and rational functions, among others.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 27-94
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    Crop proportion estimation problems in AgRISTARS (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some mathematical/statistical problems within the AgRISTARS program amendable to investigations involving the use of surface fitting techniques are overviewed. The Bayes and maximum likelihood rules, bias determination, regression estimators, parameter estimation, and classifier design are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 7-26
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    Radar image processing for rock-type discrimination (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Image processing and enhancement techniques for improving the geologic utility of digital satellite radar images are reviewed. Preprocessing techniques such as mean and variance correction on a range or azimuth line by line basis to provide uniformly illuminated swaths, median value filtering for four-look imagery to eliminate speckle, and geometric rectification using a priori elevation data. Examples are presented of application of preprocessing methods to Seasat and Landsat data, and Seasat SAR imagery was coregistered with Landsat imagery to form composite scenes. A polynomial was developed to distort the radar picture to fit the Landsat image of a 90 x 90 km sq grid, using Landsat color ratios with Seasat intensities. Subsequent linear discrimination analysis was employed to discriminate rock types from known areas. Seasat additions to the Landsat data improved rock identification by 7%.
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    Classification of simulated and actual NOAA-6 AVHRR data for hydrologic land-surface feature definition (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An examination of the possibilities of using Landsat data to simulate NOAA-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on two channels, as well as using actual NOAA-6 imagery, for large-scale hydrological studies is presented. A running average was obtained of 18 consecutive pixels of 1 km resolution taken by the Landsat scanners were scaled up to 8-bit data and investigated for different gray levels. AVHRR data comprising five channels of 10-bit, band-interleaved information covering 10 deg latitude were analyzed and a suitable pixel grid was chosen for comparison with the Landsat data in a supervised classification format, an unsupervised mode, and with ground truth. Landcover delineation was explored by removing snow, water, and cloud features from the cluster analysis, and resulted in less than 10% difference. Low resolution large-scale data was determined useful for characterizing some landcover features if weekly and/or monthly updates are maintained.
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    Landsat digital analysis of the initial recovery of burned tundra at Kokolik River, Alaska (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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    Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 264
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    Field size, length, and width distributions based on LACIE ground truth data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 265
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    Comparison data for Seasat altimetry in the western North Atlantic (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19529)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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  • 266
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    Detecting residential land-use development at the urban fringe (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems associated with the use of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery for the detection of urban growth and land use patterns are discussed. The presence of vegetation, either original or added between scanning periods, has been found to dramatically effect the range of signatures in a given area. Different land use developmental stages have been successfully identified by means of 1:50,000 scale panchromatic aerial photography, a resolution only considered possible by spaceborne instrumentation with the advent of the Landsat D satellite. Textural information generated through the grey-tone spatial-dependency matrix for the Landsat band 5 data is compared for different years and a change detection algorithm is described. It is found that the addition of vegetation during development after the removal of natural vegetation resulted in error of omission in the single band data, which must therefore only be used in concert with other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 267
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    Development of three-dimensional spatial displays using a geographically based information system (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Procedures necessary for the development of a generalized three-dimensional perspective software capability in support of graphic, topographic, and color mapping of Landsat data are reviewed. The NASA Earth Resources Laboratory developed the procedures in order to facilitate the processing and analysis of disparate, geographically oriented base maps from aircraft and satellite sensors. Perspective displays are obtained through a translation of the space-viewed object to a vantage point coordinate system, followed by a rotation through two angles for alignment along the vantage line of sight, and finally a perspective transformation to yield two-dimensional displays with no hidden lines. Matrix equations for the transformations are reviewed, including scaling, and block diagrams are provided of the data and perspective software systems. The classification data plane may be mapped onto a topographic elevation data plane.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 268
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    Simple radiative transfer model for relationships between canopy biomass and reflectance (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A modified Kubelka-Munk model has been utilized to derive useful equations for the analysis of apparent canopy reflectance. Based on the solution to the model simple working equations were formulated by employing reflectance characteristic parameters. The relationships derived show the asymptotic nature of reflectance data that is typically observed in remote sensing studies of plant biomass. They also establish the range of expected apparent canopy reflectance values for specific plant canopy types. The usefulness of the simplified equations was demonstrated by the exceptionally close fit of the theoretical curves to two separately acquired data sets for alfalfa and shortgrass prairie canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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  • 269
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    Temporal relationships between spectral response and agronomic variables of a corn canopy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to an experiment in which spectral radiance data collected in three spectral regions are related to corn canopy variables. The study extends the work of Tucker et al. (1979) in that more detailed measurements of corn canopy variables were made using quantitative techniques. Wet and dry green leaf biomass is considered along with the green leaf area index, chlorotic leaf biomass, chlorotic leaf area, and leaf water content. In addition, spectral data were collected with a hand-held radiometer having Landsat-D Thematic Mapper (TM) bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 micrometers), TM4 (0.76-0.90 micrometers), and TM5 (1.55-1.75 micrometers). TM3, TM4, and TM5 seem to be well situated spectrally for making remotely sensed measurements related to chlorophyll concentration, leaf density, and leaf water content.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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  • 270
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    Optically processed Seasat radar mosaic of Florida (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An uncontrolled mosaic of optically correlated Seasat radar imagery of Florida is presented to illustrate the data and the large area synoptic coverage made possible by combining multiple data sets. The images were taken from a total of 12 passes over 33 days from July 24, 1978 to August 27, 1978. The mosaic is controlled geometrically and with respect to image tone (representing radar backscatter). The SAR data was obtained at an L-band frequency (1.275 GHz, 23.5 cm) and in a horizontal transmit/receive mode, resulting in a 25 m resolution in 100 km swath widths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Sept
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  • 271
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    Optimum spectral bands for rock discrimination (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 272
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    Remote sensing of temperature profiles in vegetation canopies using multiple view angles and inversion techniques (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical method is presented which allows the determination of vertical temperature profiles of vegetation canopies from multiple sensor view angles and some knowledge of the vegetation geometric structure. The technique was evaluated with data from several wheat canopies at different stages of development, and shown to be most useful in the separation of vegetation and substrate temperatures with greater accuracy in the case of intermediate and dense vegetation canopies than in sparse ones. The converse is true for substrate temperatures. Root-mean-square prediction accuracies of temperatures for intermediate-density wheat canopies were 1.8 C and 1.4 C for an exact and an overdeterminate system, respectively. The findings have implication for remote sensing research in agriculture, geology or other earth resources disciplines.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 273
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    A seismic signal processor suitable for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Because of the high data-rate requirements, a practical system capable of collecting seismic information in the field and relaying it, via satellite, to a central collection point is not yet available. A seismic signal processor has been developed and tested for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system. Performance tests on recorded, as well as real time, short period signals indicate that the event recognition technique used is nearly perfect in its rejection of environmental noise and other non-seismic signals and that, with the use of solid state buffer memories, data can be acquired in many swarm situations. The design of a complete field data collection platform is discussed based on the prototype evaluation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 274
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    On the angular variation of solar reflectance of snow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectral and integrated solar reflectance of nonhomogeneous snowpacks are derived assuming surface reflection of direct radiation and subsurface multiple scattering. For surface reflection, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function derived for an isotropic Gaussian faceted surface is considered, and for subsurface multiple scattering an approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation is studied. Solar radiation incident on the snowpack is decomposed into direct and atmospherically scattered radiation. Spectral attenuation coefficients of ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aerosol, and molecular scattering are included in the calculation of incident solar radiation. Illustrative numerical results are given for a case of North American winter atmospheric condition. The calculated dependence of spectrally integrated directional reflectance (or albedo) on solar elevation is in qualitative agreement with available observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Jan. 20
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  • 275
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    Spectral characteristics of wetland habitats (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Feb. 198
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  • 276
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    Spectral reflectance and discrimination of plutonic rocks in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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  • 277
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 278
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    Relationship of crop radiance to alfalfa agronomic values (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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  • 279
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 280
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    Microwave approaches in hydrology (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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  • 281
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    Crop emergence date determination from spectral data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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  • 282
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare field at 1.4 GHz frequency (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm for estimating moisture content of a bare soil from the observed brightness temperature at 1.4 GHz is discussed and applied to a limited data base. The method is based on a radiative transfer model calculation, which has been successfully used in the past to account for many observational results, with some modifications to take into account the effect of surface roughness. Besides the measured brightness temperatures, the three additional inputs required by the method are the effective soil thermodynamic temperature, the precise relation between moisture content and the smooth field brightness temperatures and a pair of parameters related to surface roughness. The procedures of estimating surface roughness parameters and of obtaining moisture content from observed brightness temperature are discussed. The algorithm is applied to observations from truck mounted and airborne radiometers. The estimated moisture contents compare favorably with the observations in the top 2 cm layer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 283
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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    The topographic effect on spectral response from nadir-pointing sensors (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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    Modeling the effects of various radiant transfers in mountainous terrain on sensor response (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model is developed for the study of remote sensing spectral data problems encountered in mountainous terrain, where slope orientation with respect to sources of incident radiation must be considered for accurate classification of multispectral data. The model simulates the effects of solar, sky and adjacent slope irradiance fluxes and the bidirectional reflectance properties of the target surface on sensor response for various slope orientations. The errors associated with two practical techniques used to account for topographic effects on sensor response were evaluated in light of the model, and it was found that the simple cosine correction of the direct solar source showed reflectance errors greater than 11% while the technique considering both direct solar and diffuse sky sources was 50% more accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 286
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    Global crop forecasting (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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    Atmospheric effects on radiometric imaging from satellites under low optical thickness conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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    A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 289
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    Temporal changes of the global reflectance of a wheat field as a function of daily solar irradiance (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Based on in situ measurements of incident and reflected solar irradiation over a wheat field, daily values of the surface reflectance, a scene signature, were determined for a crop year. Diagnoses of these data reveal the character of the signature, and its changes with time, crop stage, and the magnitude of incident irradiance. The latter varies inversely with cloud cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 21 p
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  • 290
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    Mantle convection and subcrustal stresses under Australia - A reply (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Modern Geology; 7; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 291
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    A comparison of radiative transfer models for predicting the microwave emission from soils (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Noncoherent and coherent numerical models for predicting emission from soils are compared. Coherent models use the boundary conditions on the electric fields across the layer boundaries to calculate the radiation intensity, and noncoherent models consider radiation intensities directly. Interference may cause different results in the two approaches when coupling between soil layers in coherent models causes greater soil moisture sampling depths. Calculations performed at frequencies of 1.4 and 19.4 GHz show little difference between the models at 19.4 GHz, although differences are apparent at the lower frequency. A definition for an effective emissivity is also given for when a nonuniform temperature profile is present, and measurements made from a tower show good agreement with calculations from the coherent model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 16; Sept
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    GPS application to mapping, charting and geodesy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: GPSPAC, a receiver being developed for space applications by the Defense Mapping Agency and NASA, will use signals from GPS constellations to generate real-time values of host vehicle position and velocity. The GPSPAC has an L-band antenna and preamp capable of receiving the 1575 MHz and 1227 MHz spread spectrum signals; its stable oscillator at 5.115 MHz provides the basic frequency reference, resulting in a long term drift of less than one part in 10 to the -10th day. The GPSPAC performs many functions on board the spacecraft which were previously relegated to large-scale ground-based computer/receiver systems. A positional accuracy of better than 8 can be achieved for those periods when four or more NAVSTAR satellites are visible to the host satellite. The GPS geodetic receiver development, which will provide prototype receivers for utilization in terrestrial surveying operations, has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of point geodetic surveys over the current user hardware capability.
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    The Seasat commercial demonstration program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The background and development of the Seasat commercial demonstration program are reviewed and the Seasat spacecraft and its sensors (altimeter, wind field scatterometer, synthetic aperture radar, and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer) are described. The satellite data distribution system allows for selected sets of data, reformatted or tailored to specific needs and geographical regions, to be available to commercial users. Products include sea level and upper atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, marine winds, significant wave heights, primary wave direction and period, and spectral wave data. The results of a set of retrospective case studies performed for the commercial demonstration program are described. These are in areas of application such as marine weather and ocean condition forecasting, offshore resource exploration and development, commercial fishing, and marine transportation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Appl. of Remote Sensing Data on the Continental Shelf; p 59-72
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  • 294
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    Use of LANDSAT data to define soil boundaries in Carroll County, Missouri (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Bands 4, 5 and 7 false color composite photographs were prepared using data from LANDSAT scenes acquired during April 1977 and April 1981 on computer compatible tapes, and these color composites were compared with band 7 black and white photographs prepared for the entire county. Delineations of soil boundaries at the soil association level were achieved using LANDSAT spectral reflectance data and slope maps for a portion of Carroll County, Missouri. Forty two spectral reflectance classes from April 1977 LANDSAT data were overlaid on digitized slope maps of nine USGS 7.5 minute series topographic quadrangle slope maps to achieve boundary delineations of the soil associations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 12 p
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  • 295
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    Freshwater ice thickness observations using passive microwave sensors (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Walden Reservoir, a freshwater lake in north-central Colorado, was overflown six times by a NASA C-130 aircraft between January 1977 and April 1980. The aircraft was equipped with four microwave radiometers operating between 0.81 and 6.0 cm in wavelength (37.0 to 5.0 GHz). The 6.0-cm radiometer data showed a good relationship with ice thickness based on a sample of four ice thickness values. The 1.67- and 1.35-cm radiometer data showed weaker relationships with ice thickness. The 0.81-cm sensor data showed no positive relationship with ice thickness. None of the relationships was statistically significant because of the small sample size. The 6.0-cm sensor data in the nadir-viewing mode was found to have the most potential of all the wavelengths studied, for use in remotely determining ice thickness. The 6.0-cm radiometer probably sensed the entire thickness of the ice on the reservoir (ranging from 25.4 to 67.3 cm in thickness) and was apparently not significantly affected by the snow overlying the ice. The shorter wavelengths are scattered by the snow overlying the ice and are more suitable for snow studies than for ice thickness studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Oct. 198
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  • 296
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    ICAP - An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure for analyzing remotely sensed data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure (ICAP) was developed to derive classifier training statistics from remotely sensed data. ICAP differs from conventional clustering algorithms by allowing the analyst to optimize the cluster configuration by inspection, rather than by manipulating process parameters. Control of the clustering process alternates between the algorithm, which creates new centroids and forms clusters, and the analyst, who can evaluate and elect to modify the cluster structure. Clusters can be deleted, or lumped together pairwise, or new centroids can be added. A summary of the cluster statistics can be requested to facilitate cluster manipulation. The principal advantage of this approach is that it allows prior information (when available) to be used directly in the analysis, since the analyst interacts with ICAP in a straightforward manner, using basic terms with which he is more likely to be familiar. Results from testing ICAP showed that an informed use of ICAP can improve classification, as compared to an existing cluster analysis procedure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Sept
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  • 297
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    Civil and scientific applications of the geoid (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT-A can be used for determining the geoid to much higher accuracy on a world wide basis and in a relatively short time. Two basic objectives can be considered: (1) determination of the geoid to at least 1 meter. This accuracy will satisfy most geodetic requirements for applications purposes; and (2) determination of the geoid to better than 1-meter an oceanographic objective required for measurement of sea surface topography and sea slope, quasi-stationary departure from the geoid, ocean circulation, air and sea interaction, etc. The geodesy objective in this case will be to define a reference equipotential surface as a means by which the oceanographic requirements can be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 79-84
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  • 298
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    Multispectral Imaging Science Working Group for Hydrologic Science: Executive summary (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following working objectives were adopted: (1) define the current state of knowledge concerning the role of multispectral imaging science in hydrology; (2) identify critical areas where gaps in our knowledge limit opportunities for significant improvements in our understanding of the hydrologic processes; (3) evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging sciences as tools to close these gaps in knowledge; and (4) develop guidelines for a series of remote-sensing-based experiments that would help close these gaps in knowledge and, thereby, provide man with the improved scientific base necessary for better utilization of the world's water resource. The resulting documentation is intended to provide guidance for multispectral imaging programs in the hydrologic sciences with special emphasis on the visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 229-264
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  • 299
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    Information Science Panel joint meeting with Imaging Science Panel (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Specific activity in information extraction science (taken to include data handling) is needed to: help identify the bounds of practical missions; identify potential data handling and analysis scenarios; identify the required enabling technology; and identify the requirements for a design data base to be used by the disciplines in determining potential parameters for future missions. It was defined that specific analysis topics were a function of the discipline involved, and therefore no attempt was made to define any specific analysis developments required. Rather, it was recognized that a number of generic data handling requirements exist whose solutions cannot be typically supported by the disciplines. The areas of concern were therefore defined as: data handling aspects of system design considerations; enabling technology for data handling, with specific attention to rectification and registration; and enabling technology for analysis. Within each of these areas, the following topics were addressed: state of the art (current status and contributing factors); critical issues; and recommendations for research and/or development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 265-299
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    Geographic science (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of multispectral imaging systems in land use, geomorphological, and cartographic applications is examined. Spatial, spectral, and geometric resolution requirements for photo interpretation and multispectral pattern recognition are discussed. The potential contributions of these systems in specific experiments is also included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 115-117
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