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  • 1
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 2
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    View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 3
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    Directional reflectance factor distributions of a cotton row crop (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directional reflectance factor distribution spanning the entire exitance hemisphere was measured for a cotton row crop (Gossypium barbadense L.) with 39 percent ground cover. Spectral directional radiances were taken in NOAA satellite 7 AVHRR bands 1 and 2 using a three-band radiometer with restricted 12 deg full angle field of view at half peak power points. Polar co-ordinate system plots of directional reflectance factor distributions and three-dimensional computer graphic plots of scattered flux were used to study the dynamics of the directional reflectance factor distribution as a function of spectral band, geometric structure of the scene, solar zenith and azimuth angles, and optical properties of the leaves and soil. The factor distribution of the incomplete row crops was highly polymodal relative to that for complete vegetation canopies. Besides the enhanced reflectance for the antisolar point, a reflectance minimum was observed towards the forwardscatter direction in the principle plane of the sun. Knowledge of the mechanics of the observed dynamics of the data may be used to provide rigorous validation for two- or three-dimensional radiative transfer models, and is important in interpreting aircraft and satellite data where the solar angle varies widely.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 263-277
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  • 4
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    Estimation of total above-ground phytomass production using remotely sensed data (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Remote sensing potentially offers a quick and nondestructive method for monitoring plant canopy condition and development. In this study, multispectral reflectance and thermal emittance data were used in conjunction with micrometeorological data in a simple model to estimate above-ground total dry phytomass production of several spring wheat canopies. The fraction of absorbed photosynthetic radiation (PAR) by plants was estimated from measurements of visible and near-infrared canopy reflectance. Canopy radiation temperature was used as a crop stress indicator in the model. Estimated above-ground phytomass values based on this model were strongly correlated with the measured phytomass values for a wide range of climate and plant-canopy conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 17; 211-220
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  • 5
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    Leaf-area estimates from spectral measurements over various planting dates of wheat (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several vegetative indices were analyzed for their sensitivity and stability to green-leaf-area index (LAI) changes over various planting dates and irrigation frequencies of wheat grown at Phoenix, AZ, from 1978 to 1980. Seasonal patterns of greenness showed that values saturated at LAI values above 4.0 did not return to the pre-emergence bare-soil value at senescence, and were not uniquely related to LAI over the various planting dates. Regressions of individual MSS band reflectances against LAI also showed that there was not a unique relation between any of the bands and LAI. However, the near-infrared/red reflectance ratio was stable over all planting dates and could be used successfully over a number of years and locations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 6; 167-175
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  • 6
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    Landsat features for agricultural applications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents relationships among Landsat MSS bands and selected transformations of them, with emphasis on the Tasseled-Cap Transformation and its Brightness, Greenness variables. It also discusses relationships between reflectance measurements made in the Landsat spectral bands and actual Landsat data. Agronomically oriented analyses of reflectance measurements of wheat throughout a growing season are presented, with a comparison of various green measures, correlation with crop development stage, and examination of the effects of moisture stress. The final example addresses the use of transformed variables in a newly developed approach to forestry change detection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 23, 1980 - Apr 30, 1980; San Jose; Costa Rica
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  • 7
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    Spatial variability of surface temperature as related to cropping practice with implications for irrigation management (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Crop stress measured using thermal infrared emission is evaluated with the stress-degree-day (SDD) concept. Throughout the season, the accumulation of SDD during the reproductive stage of growth is inversely related to yield. This relationship is shown for durum wheat, hard red winter wheat, barley, grain sorghum and soybeans. It is noted that SDD can be used to schedule irrigations for maximizing yields and for applying remotely sensed data to management of water resources. An airborne flight with a thermal-IR scanner was used to examine the variability in temperature that may exist from one field to another and to determine realistic within-field temperature variations. It was found that the airborne and the ground-based data agreed very well and that there was less variability in the fields that were completely covered with crops than those of bare soil.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 23, 1980 - Apr 30, 1980; San Jose; Costa Rica
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  • 8
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    Hand-held radiometry: A set of notes developed for use at the Workshop of Hand-held radiometry (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A set of notes was developed to aid the beginner in hand-held radiometry. The electromagnetic spectrum is reviewed, and pertinent terms are defined. View areas of multiband radiometers are developed to show the areas of coincidence of adjacent bands. The amounts of plant cover seen by radiometers having different fields of view are described. Vegetation indices are derived and discussed. Response functions of several radiometers are shown and applied to spectrometer data taken over 12 wheat plots, to provide a comparison of instruments and bands within and among instruments. The calculation of solar time is reviewed and applied to the calculation of the local time of LANDSAT satellite overpasses for any particular location in the Northern Hemisphere. The use and misuse of hand-held infrared thermometers are discussed, and a procedure for photographic determination of plant cover is described. Some suggestions are offered concerning procedures to be followed when collecting hand-held spectral and thermal data. A list of references pertinent to hand-held radiometry is included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E81-10163 , NASA-CR-160986 , EW-U1-04052 , JSC-17118 , Feb 25, 1980 - Feb 26, 1980; Phoenix, AZ; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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