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  • Nitrogen fixation  (260)
  • temperature  (224)
  • Springer  (484)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2010-2014  (2)
  • 1985-1989  (296)
  • 1980-1984  (186)
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  • 101
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    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus mirabilis ; Serratia marcescens ; Erwinia herbicola ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; his genes ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid pRD1, an R plasmid of the P incompatibility group which carries his and nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae in addition to drug resistance markers derived from RP4, was transferred to His- mutants of Serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis. His+ transconjugants were obtained at low but different frequencies according to recipient genus. Transconjugants all acquired the drug resistance, and were Nif+ in S. marcescens and E. herbicola, having acetylene-reducing activities of the same order of magnitude as the parent K. pneumoniae and fixing 15N2. No evidence for nif expression in P. mirabilis transconjugants was obtained though the nif genes were present.
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  • 102
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several mutants defective in nodulation were isolated from Rhizobium japonicum strains 3I1b110 and 61A 76. Mutants of class I do not form nodules after incubation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] for 17 days, but will do so by 28 days. When host plants other than G. max are infected with several of these strains, there is no detectable difference in the time of nodulation or size of nodules as compared to the wild type. Two mutants of class I (i. e., SM1 and SM2) have been shown previously to be altered in the lipopolysaccharide portion of their cell wall. Mutants of class II are not slow to nodulate but form fewer nodules than the wild type on all the host plants tested. Mutants of class III are unable to form nodules. Some bacteriophage-resistant mutants, altered in cell surface structure, fall into this class. Two mutants of class III do not bind to soybean roots.
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  • 103
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 172-177 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Beggiatoa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrate assimilation ; Microaerobic ; Isolation of marine strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four newly isolated marine strains of Beggiatoa and five freshwater strains were tested for nitrogen fixation in slush agar medium. All strains reduced acetylene when grown microaerobically in media containing a reduced sulfur source and lacking added combined nitrogen. The addition of 2 mmol N, as nitrate or ammonium salts, completely inhibited this reduction. Although not optimized for temperature or cell density, acetylene reduction rates ranged from 3.2 to 12 nmol·mg prot-1 min-1. Two freshwater strains did not grow well or reduce acetylene in medium lacking combined nitrogen if sulfide was replaced by thiosulfate. Two other strains grew well in liquid media lacking both combined nitrogen and reduced sulfur compounds but only under lowered concentrations of air. All freshwater strains grew well in medium containing nitrate as the combined nitrogen source. Since they did not reduce acetylene under these conditions, we infer that they can assimilate nitrate.
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  • 104
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Formate metabolism ; Formate dehydrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Bacteroids ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Formate metabolism supported nitrogen-fixation activity in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. However, formate0dependent nitrogense activity was observed only in the presence of carbon sources such as glutamate, ribose or aspartate which by themselves were unable to support nitrogenase activity. Formate-dependent nitrogenase activity was not detected in the presence of carbon sources such as malate, gluconate or glycerol which by themselves supported nitrogenase activity. A mutant strain of R. japonicum was isolated that was unable to utilise formate and was shown to lack formate dehydrogenase activity. This mutant strain exhibited no formate-dependent nitrogenase activity. Both the wild-type and mutant strains nodulated soybean plants effectively and there were no significant differences in the plant dry weight or total nitrogen content of the respective plants. Furthermore pea bacteroids lacked formate dehydrogenase activity and exogenously added formate had no stimulatory effect on the endogenous oxygen uptake rate. The role of formate metabolism in symbiotic nitrogen fixation is discussed.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase regulation ; Glutamine synthetase ; Methionine suofoximine ; Rhodospirillaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methionine sulfoximine (MSX), an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas palustris restored nitrogenase activity to cells in which nitrogenase had been completely inhibited by ammonia switch-off. After addition of MSX, there was a lag period before nitrogenase activity was fully restored. During this lag, glutamine synthetase activity progressively decreased, and near the time of its complete inhibition, nitrogenase activity resumed. Nitrogenase switch-off by ammonia thus required active glutamine synthetase. Glutamine itself caused nitrogenase inhibition whose reversal by MSX depended on the relative ratio of MSX to glutamine. Unlike ammonia, glutamine inhibited nitrogenase under conditions where glutamine synthetase activity was absent. This indicates that glutamine is the effector molecule in nitrogenase switch-off, for instance by interacting with the enzymatic system for Fe protein inactivation. The effects of glutamine and MSX were also dependent on the culture age. Possible explanation for this and for the competitive effects are a common binding site within the regulatory apparatus for nitrogenase, or, in part, within a common transport system. Some observations with MSX were extended to Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and agreed with those in R. palustris.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Azotobacter vinelandii ; Continuous culture ; Oxygen control ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiratory protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii strain OP was grown in continuous culture at various dissolved oxygen concentrations of air (100% air saturation of the medium=225 ±14 μM O2). Sucrose was added as carbon source and either dinitrogen or ammonia as nitrogen sources. Irrespective of the nitrogen source steady state cultures showed the following general responses with dissolved oxygen concentrations increasing from about 1% to 30% air saturation: (i) cell protein levels, (ii) the amount of cell protein formed per sucrose consumed as well as (iii) nitrogenase activity decreased by at least a factor of two while (iv) cellular respiration increased. At higher oxygen concentrations the parameters changed only slightly, if at all. Increasing the sucrose concentration in the inflowing medium (s R) from 3 g/l to 15 g/l increased the total level of cellular respiration with nitrogen-fixing cultures but was more pronounced with ammonium-assimilating cultures. With nitrogen-fixing cultures cell protein levels increased five-fold while the ratio of protein formed per sucrose consumed as well as cellular nitrogenase activity remained unaffected. With ammonium-assimilating cultures the cell protein level was only doubled and the level of cell protein formed per sucrose consumed was decreased at the higher s R. Increasing the dilution rate at a constant oxygen concentration of 45% air saturation resulted in an almost parallel increase of both cellular respiratory and nitrogenase activity at low and moderate dilution rates. At high dilution rates nitrogenase activity increased steeply over the respiratory activity. Nitrogen-fixing cultures adapted to various oxygen concentrations were subjected to oxygen stress by increasing the oxygen concentration for 7 min. In all cases, this resulted in a complete inhibition (‘switch-off’) of nitrogenase activity. Upon restoration of the original oxygen concentration nitrogenase activity returned to a decreased level. The discussion arrives at the conclusion that some of the results are incompatible with the concept of respiratory protection of nitrogenase.
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  • 107
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    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia production ; Anabaena ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the filamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain ATCC 33047 dinitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction are mutually exclusive processes. Nitrate promotes nitrate reductase synthesis and represses nitrogenase formation. Inhibition of ammonium assimilation by l-methionine-d,l-sulfoximine (MSX) alleviates the repressive effect of nitrate on nitrogenase synthesis, thus indicating that the nitrate effect is indirect through metabolites generated from the ammonium derived from nitrate reduction. In MSX-treated cells both nitrate reduction and dinitrogen fixation take place simultaneously, although at different sites of the filament, without any apparent competition for the required reducing power. The MSX-treated Anabaena cells generate ammonium from both nitrate and dinitrogen, simultaneously.
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  • 108
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 212-216 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrous oxide reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide reduction can consistently be demonstrated with high activities in cells of Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 which are grown anaerobically in the presence of low amounts of nitrite. Azospirillum can even grow anaerobically with nitrous oxide in the absence of any other respiratory electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum is inhibited by acetylene, amytal and weakly by carbon monoxide. Azospirillum converts nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen without the formation of ammonia. The cells must, therefore, be supplied with ammonia from nitrogen fixation during anaerobic growth with nitrous oxide. When no other nitrogen compound besides nitrous oxide is available in the medium, the bacteria synthesize nitrogenase from protein reserves in about 2 h. Nitrogenase synthesis is blocked by chloramphenicol under these conditions. In contrast, the addition of nitrate or nitrite to the medium represses the synthesis of nitrogenase. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum and other microorganisms is possibly of ecological significance, because the reaction performed by the bacteria may remove nitrous oxide from soils.
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  • 109
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrate respiration ; Denitrification ; Assimilatory nitrate reduction ; Dissimilatory nitrate reduction ; Acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azospirillum spp. participate in all steps of the nitrogen cycle except nitrification. They can fix molecular nitrogen and perform assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate respiration. Culture conditions have been defined under which nitrate is used both as terminal respiratory electron acceptor and as nitrogen source for growth. Nitrate and, possibly to a very limited extent, nitrite, but not sulfate, iron or fumarate support anaerobic respiration. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate can also supply energy for nitrogen fixation but without supporting growth. Nitrate-dependent nitrogenase activity lasts only for 3–4 h until the enzymes of assimilatory nitrate reduction are synthesized. Nitrite accumulates during this period and inhibits nitrogenase activity at concentrations of about 1 mM.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Conjugation ; Cross inoculation ; Host specificity ; Hydrogen uptake ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract pIJ1008, a Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid which determines hydrogen uptake ability and symbiotic functions in pea was transferable to three of seven natural isolates of R. meliloti tested. In these three strains, pIJ1008 was maintained stably with the respective sym megaplasmid indigenous to each R. meliloti strain. These strains carrying both plasmids nodulated alfalfa but not pea. By reisolation and examination of the strains from alfalfa nodule tissue, it was shown that pIJ1008 continued to be maintained but that pea-nodulation ability was suppressed. In one strain of R. meliloti which carries a 200 kb cryptic plasmid (in addition to a megaplasmid), the transfer and selection for pIJ1008 resulted in the loss of the cryptic plasmid. In three separate plant growth experiments, alfalfa nodules induced by each of the R. meliloti strain carrying both sym plasmids were assayed for hydrogen uptake activity. The average activity was 40-, 3.5-and 2-fold higher than with the respective pIJ1008-free strains. However, this higher activity was not accompanied by an increase in plant biomass or nitrogen content of shoots.
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  • 111
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glutathione reductase ; Cyanobacteria ; Nostoc muscorum ; O2 protection ; Glutathione ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutathione reductase activity was detected and characterized in heterocysts and vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The activity of the enzyme varied between 50 and 150 nmol reduced glutathione· min-1·mg protein-1, and the apparent Km for NADPH was 0.125 and 0.200 mM for heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. The enzyme was found to be sensitive to Zn+2 ions, however, preincubation with oxidized glutathione rendered its resistance to Zn+2 inhibition. Nostoc muscorum filaments were found to contain 0.6–0.7mM glutathione, and it is suggested that glutathione reductase can regenerate reduced glutathione in both cell types. The combined activity of glutathione reductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in heterocysts was as high as 18 nmol reduced glutathione·min-1·mg protein-1. A relatively high superoxide dismutase activity was found in the two cell types; 34.2 and 64.3 enzyme units·min-1·mg protein-1 in heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. We suggest that glutathione reductase plays a role in the protection mechanism which removes oxygen radicals in the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
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  • 112
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus mirabilis ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; nif plasmids ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-transmissible plasmids carryinghis andnif genes fromKlebsiella pneumoniae have been introduced into threehis mutants ofProteus mirabilis: strains 5006-1, WR19 and WR20. Expression ofhis by the transconjugants was unequivocal, if slightly temperature-sensitive, but none was Nif+ when tested for acetylene reduction in anaerobic glucose medium using inocula from rich or glucose-minimal aerobic agar cultures. Succinate or pyruvate in place of glucose, low glucose, lower temperature or elevated Na2MoO4 did not allownif expression and no nitrogenase MoFe-protein peptide was detected immunologically after exposure to conditions in which diazotrophic enterobacteria, normal or genetically constructed, derepressnif. One strain,P. mirabilis WR19, carrying thehis nif Kmr plasmid pMF250 was examined in detail. Thenif activator genenifA was introduced on the plasmid pCK1. Such derivatives remained Nif- when tested, after aerobic growth on rich agar media, with normal or low glucose, with succinate or with elevated Mo. However, pre-conditioning by aerobic growth on glucose-minimal agar led to subsequent anaerobic expression ofnif in glucose medium from pMF250 in WR19 carrying pCK1. NH 4 + or proline could serve as N-source in the glucose-minimal agar. Maximum activity was about 5% of that ofK. pneumoniae in our assay conditions. Material cross-reacting with anti-serum to the nitrogenase MoFe protein was formed. Nitrogenase activity was not ‘switched off’ by NH 4 + .P. mirabilis WR19 (pCK1) showed NH 4 + -constitutive temperature-sensitive kanamycin resistance (anif-related phenotype of this plasmid) in aerobic glucose minimal medium. Expression ofnif inP. mirabilis WR19 (pCK1, pMF250) was NH 4 + -repressible despite the constitutivenifA character of pCK1 and introduction of thentrA + plasmid pMM17 did not alter this phenotype. However, pCK1 did not give rise to NH 4 + -constitutive diazotrophy in the wild-typeK. pneumoniae M5al. A construct of WR19 carrying pMF250 and constitutiventrC plasmid (pMD45) remained Nif- even after pre-growth on glucose-minimal media. We conclude (a) thatP. mirabilis forms a gene product functionally equivalent to that ofntrA inK. pneumoniae, (b) that it forms no functional equivalent of thentrC product in our growth conditions. The need for pre-conditioning on aerobic glucose media remains perplexing.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Evolution ; Nif genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Nucleotide sequence ; Phylogeny ; Rhizobium ; 16S rRNA cataloguing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was known that nitrogenase genes and proteins are well conserved even though they are present in a large variety of phylogenetically diverse nitrogen fixing bacteria. This has lead to the speculation, among others, that nitrogen fixation (nif) genes were spread by lateral gene transfer relatively late in evolution. Here we report an attempt to test this hypothesis. We had previously established the complete nucleotide sequences of the three nitrogenase genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and have now analyzed their homologies (or the amino acid sequence homologies of their gene products) with corresponding genes (and proteins) from other nitrogen fixing bacteria. There was a considerable sequence conservation which certainly reflects the strict structural requirements of the nitrogenase iron-sulfur proteins for catalytic functioning. Despite this, the sequences were divergent enough to classify them into an evolutionary scheme that was conceptually not different from the phylogenetic positions, based on 16S rRNA homology, of the species or genera harboring these genes. Only the relation of nif genes of slow-growing rhizobia (to which B. japonicum belongs) and fast-growing rhizobia was unexpectedly distant. We have, therefore, performed oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16S rRNA, and found that there was indeed only a similarity of S AB=0.53 between fast- and slowgrowing rhizobia. In conclusion, the results suggest that nif genes may have evolved to a large degree in a similar fashion as the bacteria which carry them. This interpretation would speak against the idea of a recent lateral distribution of nif genes among microorganisms.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbiosis ; Transposon Tn5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genome of the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was mutagenized with transposon Tn5. A total of 1623 kanamycin/streptomycin resistant derivatives were screened in soybean infection tests for nodulation (Nod) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix). In this report we describe 14 strains possessing a stable, reproducible Nod+Fix- phenotype. These strains were also grown under microaerobic culture conditions to test them for free-living nitrogen fixation activity (Nif). In addition to strains having reduced Fix and Nif activities, there were also strains that had reduced symbiotic Fix activity but were Nif+ ex planta. Analysis of the genomic structure revealed that the majority of the strains had a single Tn5 insertion without any further apparent physical alteration. A few strains had additional insertions (by Tn5 or IS50), or a deletion, or had cointegrated part of the vector used for Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the insertions was found in a known nif gene (nifD) whereas all other mutations seem to affect different, hitherto unknown genes or operons. Several mutant strains had an altered nodulation phenotype, inducing numerous, small, widely distributed nodules. Light and electron microscopy revealed that most of these mutants were defective in different stages of bacteroid development and/or bacteroid persistence. The protein patterns of the mutants were inspected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after labelling microaerobic cultures with l-(35S)methionine. Of particular interest were mutants lacking a group of proteins the synthesis of which was known to be under oxygen control. Such strains can be regarded as potential regulatory mutants.
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  • 115
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    Archives of microbiology 145 (1986), S. 159-161 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridium cellobioparum ; Clostridium thermocellum ; Ammonium assimilation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in two cellulose degrading clostridia, the mesophile Clostridium cellobioparum and the thermophile Clostridium thermocellum was investigated. Both strains show acetylene reduction (i.e. possibly nitrogenase activity), contain glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate-dependent transaminases. C. cellobioparum additionally contains a NADH-dependent glutamate synthase and a NH 4 + -repressible glycine dehydrogenase (NADPH). Remarkably, acetylene reduction in C. thermocellum is not repressed by ammonium, casting doubt whether this activity is due to nitrogenase. The results are compared with the data from other saccharolytic clostridia.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Heterocyst isolation ; Osmoregulators ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Anabaena variabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the preparation of cyanobacterial heterocysts with high nitrogen-fixation (acetylene-reduction) activity supported by endogenous reductants. The starting material was Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 grown in the light in the presence of fructose. Heterocysts produced from such cyanobacteria were more active than those from photoautotrophically-grown A. variabilis, presumably because higher reserves of carbohydrate were stored within the heterocysts. It proved important to avoid subjecting the cyanobacteria to low temperatures under aerobic conditions, as inhibition of respiration appeared to lead to inactivation of nitrogenase. Low temperatures were not harmful in the absence of O2. A number of potential osmoregulators at various concentrations were tested for use in heterocyst isolation. The optimal concentration (0.2M sucrose) proved to be a compromise between adequate osmotic protection for isolated heterocysts and avoidance of inhibition of nitrogenase by high osmotic strength. Isolated heterocysts without added reductants such as H2 had about half the nitrogen-fixation activity expected on the basis of intact filaments. H2 did not increase the rate of acetylene reduction, suggesting that the supply of reductant from heterocyst metabolism did not limit nitrogen fixation under these conditions. Such heterocysts had linear rates of acetylene reduction for at least 2 h, and retained their full potential for at least 12 h when stored at 0°C under N2.
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  • 117
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    Archives of microbiology 145 (1986), S. 403-407 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Propene ; 1-Butene ; Xanthobacter ; Mono-oxygenase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yellow-pigmented bacteria showing typical characteristics of Xanthobacter spp. were isolated from enrichments with propene and 1-butene, using classical techniques. The generation time for growth on propene and 1-butene of these bacteria ranged from 5 to 7h. A NADH-dependent mono-oxygenase was identified in cell-free extract of Xanthobacter Py2. This mono-oxygenase was not influenced by potential inhibitors tested indicating that propene mono-oxygenase is different from other hydrocarbon mono-oxygenases described until now. Nitrogenase activity could be measured using the acetylene reduction assay with propene as energy source, because acetylene did not inhibit the mono-oxygenase activity.
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  • 118
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    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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  • 119
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Vanadium ; Molybdenum ; Methanogenesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Archaebacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation of the Methanosarcina barkeri strains “Fusaro” (DSM 804) and “227” (DSM 1538) was found to be dependent on the presence of vanadium or molybdenum whereby molybdenum (added as Na2-molybdate) was preferred to vanadium (added as VCl3). Strain “227” showed less pronounced effects on diazotrophic growth with respect to vanadium and molybdenum. Rhenium (ReCl3) or tungsten (Na2-tungstate) could not replace vanadium or molybdenum. The optimum concentrations were found to be 2μM for vanadium and 5μM for molybdenum (strain “Fusaro”). This Mo optimum of methanogenesis was 10-fold higher with N2 than with NH4Cl as nitrogen source. A vanadium requirement with NH4Cl could not be detected. No interferences were observed if molybdenum and vanadium were added simultaneously under diazotrophic conditions. Growth yields were smallest for strain “227” grown diazotrophically ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =0.6g dw/mol in the presence of vanadium and $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =0.9g dw/mol in the presence of molybdenum), obviously higher for strain “Fusaro” grown diazotrophically ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =1.15g dw/mol in the presence of V and $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =1.4g dw/mol with Mo) and highest if M. barkeri was grown on NH4Cl as N-source ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =3.4g dw/mol with Mo, strain “Fusaro”).
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  • 120
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 445-453 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Growth yield measurements ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrogen fixation ; Proton translocations in respirations ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, the energy transformation efficiencies were measured in anaerobic respirations with either nitrate, nitrite or nitrous oxide as respiratory electron acceptors by determining the maximal molar growth yields and the H+-translocations using the oxidant pulse method. In continuous cultures grown with malate limiting, the maximal molar growth yields (Y s max -values) were essentially the same with O2 or N2O but were 1/3 and 2/3 lower with NO 2 - or NO 3 - , respectively, as respiratory electron acceptors. Both the maximal molar growth yields and the maintenance energy coefficients were surprisingly high when Azospirillum was grown with nitrite as the sole electron acceptor and source for N-assimilation. Growth under N2-fixing conditions drastically reduced the Y s max -values in the N2O and O2-respiring cells. In the H+-translocation measurements, the $$\vec H^ + $$ /oxidant ratios were 5.6 for O2→H2O, 2.5–2.8 for NO 3 - →NO 2 - , 2.2 for NO 2 - →N2O and 3.1 for N2O→N2 respirations when the cells were preincubated with valinomycin and K+. All the values were enhanced when the experiments were performed with valinomycin plus methyltriphenylphosphonium (=TPMP+) cation. The uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone diminished the H+-excretion indicating that this translocation was due to vectorial flow across the membrane. In the absence of any ionophore, nitrate and nitrite respirations were accompanied by a H+-uptake $$(NO_3^ - \to N_2 = - 2.9 \vec H^ + /NO_3^ - and NO_2^ - \to N_2 = - 2.5 \vec H^ + /NO_2^ - )$$ . Any significant H+-translocation could not be detected in N2O- and O2-respirations under these conditions. It is concluded that nitrate reduction proceeds inside the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas nitrite is reduced extramembraneously. The data are not conclusive for the location of nitrous oxide reductase. The maximal molar growth yield determinations and the absence of any H+-uptake in untreated cells indicate a cytoplasmic orientation of the enzyme similar to the terminal cytochrome oxidase of respiration. The low H+-extrusion values for N2O-respiration compared to O2-respiration in cells treated with valinomycin plus TPMP+ are, however, not in accord with such an interpretation.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Gene cloning ; Heme ; Marker exchange mutagenesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random and site-directed Tn5-induced mutagenesis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum yielded two mutations, one in strain 2960 and the other in strain 2606::Tn5-20, which mapped close to each other but in separate genes. The corresponding wild-type genes were cloned, and their approximate location on the cloned DNA was determined. Mutant 2960 was Fix- and formed green nodules on soybean, whereas strain 2606::Tn5-20 had ca. 4% of wild-type Fix activity and formed white nodules. Cytochrome oxidase assays (Nadi tests) showed a negative reaction with both mutants, indicating a functional deficiency of cytochrome c or its terminal oxidase or both. However, the mutants grew well under aerobic conditions on minimal media with different carbon sources. Furthermore, mutant 2960 had a reduced activity in hydrogen uptake, was unable to grow anaerobically with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor and 2960-infected soybean nodules contained little, if any, functional leghemoglobin. Southern blot analysis showed that a B. japonicum heme biosynthesis mutant [strain LO505: O'Brian MR, Kirshbom PM, Maier RJ (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8390–8393] had its mutation close to the Tn5 insertion site of our mutant 2606::Tn5-20. This finding, combined with the observed phenotypes, suggested that the genes affected in mutants 2960 and 2606::Tn5-20 were involved in some steps of heme biosynthesis thus explaining the pleiotropic respiratory deficiencies of the mutants. Similar to strain LO505, the mutant 2606::Tn5-20 (but not 2960) was defective in the activity of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase which catalyzes the penultimate step in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This suggests that one of the two cloned genes may code for this enzyme.
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  • 122
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena variabilis Kütz ; 14C-prelabeled blue-green algae ; Interaction respiration/photosynthesis ; CO2 exchange ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prelabeled Anabaena variabilis Kütz. evolves 14CO2 in the light with KCN and DCMU (2,4-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) present, comparable to the dark control without inhibitors added. Double-reciprocal plots of CO2 release vs. light intensity with either KCN or KCN+DCMU present result in two straight lines intersecting at the ordinate. Apparently, reducing equivalents originating from carbohydrate catabolism are channeled into the photosynthetic electron-transport chain, competing for electrons from photosystem II. Under these conditions, the CO2 release is accompanied by a light-dependent oxygen uptake, presumably due to oxygen-reducing photosystem-I activity while ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase is inhibited by KCN. Comparing nine blue-green algae it was shown that only nitrogen-fixing species release substantial amounts of CO2 in the light with KCN or KCN+DCMU present. This release is particularly obvious with Anabaena variabilis Kütz. under nitrogen-fixing conditions, but small when the alga is grown with combined nitrogen. We conclude that nitrogen-fixing species share a common link between respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport. The physiological role may be electron supply of nitrogenase by photosystem I.
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  • 123
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 6-10 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodospirillaceae ; Rhodopseudomonas globiformis ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation ; Glutamine synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodopseudomonas globiformis strain 7950 grew with a variety of amino acids, urea, or N2 as sole nitrogen sources. Cultures grown on N2 reduced acetylene to ethylene; this activity was absent from cells grown on nonlimiting NH 4 + . Glutamate dehydrogenase could not be detected in extracts of cells of strain 7950, although low levels of an alanine dehydrogenase were present. Growth ofR. globiformis on NH 4 + was severely inhibited by the glutamate analogue and glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine. High levels of glutamine synthetase (as measured in the γ-glutamyl transferase assay) were observed in cell extracts of strain 7950 regardless of the nitrogen source, although N2 and amino acid grown cells contained somewhat higher glutamine synthetase contents than cells grown on excess NH 4 + . Levels of glutamate synthase inR. globiformis were consistent with that reported from other phototrophic bacteria. Both glutamate synthase and alanine dehydrogenase were linked to NADH as coenzyme. We conclude thatR. globiformis is capable of fixing N2, and assimilates NH 4 + primarily via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water stress ; Taxonomy ; DNA ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
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  • 125
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Anabaena ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Nostoc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incubation in the dark of photoautotrophically grown N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria leads to a loss of nitrogenase activity. Original levels of nitrogenase activity are rapidly regained upon re-illumination of the filaments, in a process dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Ammonia, acting indirectly through some of its metabolic derivatives, inhibits the light-promoted development of nitrogenase activity in filaments of Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 and several other cyanobacteria containing mature heterocysts. The ammonia-mediated control system is also operative in N2-fixing filaments in the absence of any added source of combined nitrogen, with the ammonia resulting from N2-fixation already partially inhibiting full expression of nitrogenase. High nitrogenase levels, about two-fold higher than those in normal N2-fixing Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, are found in cell suspensions which have been treated with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor l-methionine-d,l-sulfoximine or subjected to nitrogen starvation. Filaments treated in either way are insensitive to the ammonia-promoted inhibition of nitrogenase development, although this insensitivity is only transitory for the nitrogen-starved filaments, which become ammonia-sensitive once they regain their normal nitrogen status.
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  • 126
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 244-248 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia analogues ; Anabaena variabilis ; Cyanobacteria ; Ethylenediamine ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis showed a pH dependent uptake of ethylenediamine. No uptake of ethylenediamine was detected at pH 7.0. At higher pH values (e.g. pH 8.0 and pH 9.0) accumulation did occur and was attributed to diffusion of uncharged ethylenediamine in response to a pH gradient. A biphasic pattern of uptake was observed at these higher pH values. Treatment with l-methionine-d,l-sulphoximine (MSX) to inactivate glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibited the second slower phase of uptake without any significant alteration of the initial uptake. Therefore for sustained uptake, metabolism of ethylenediamine via GS was required. NH 4 + did not alter the uptake of ethylenediamine. Ethylenediamine was converted in the second phase of uptake to an analogue of glutamine which could not be detected in uptake experiments at pH 7.0 or in uptake experiments at pH 9.0 following pretreatment of cells with MSX. Ethylenediamine treatment inhibited nitrogenase activity and this inhibition was greatest at high pH values.
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  • 127
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 364-370 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Denitrification ; Associative symbiosis ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrous oxide formation ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model system is described where Azospirillum and germinated wheat seeds were grown in association for a week and then assayed for nitrogen fixation (C2H2-reduction) and denitrification (N2O-formation) activities. The association performed C2H2-reduction and N2O-formation under microaerobic conditions. Both activities were measurable after already 3–5 h of incubation with substantial rates and were strictly dependent on the presence of both plants and bacteria. During the week of the growth of the association, the bacteria had lived exclusively from the carbon compounds supplied by the roots of the plants. C2H2-reduction activity by the association was more or less the same with all the Azospirillum brasilense strains, but lower with A. lipoferum and with the A. amazonense strains tested. Two nitrogenase negative mutants of Azospirillum brasilense showed virtually no activity in the association. C2H2-reduction activity was strongly dependent on the growth temperature of the association. Denitrification (N2O-formation) was high also at higher temperatures and at pH-values in the medium around 7.8 but not at neutrality and was strictly dependent on nitrate. The Azospirillum strain used strongly determined the rate of the N2O-formation in the association. It is suggested that Azospirillum may be beneficial to crops particularly under tropical conditions.
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  • 128
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 180-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; Regulation ; Oxygen control ; Nitrogen control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of in-frame deletions have been constructed in the Klebsiella pneumoniae regulatory gene nifL. The effects of each nifL mutation on NifA-mediated expression from the nifH promoter of K. pneumoniae have then been assessed with respect to both nitrogen and oxygen control. These experiments indicate that, in contrast to the situation with the homologous regulatory proteins NtrB and NtrC, NifA activity is not impaired in the absence of NifL. We conclude that the only function of NifL is to inactivate NifA in response to an increase in the nitrogen or oxygen status of the cell.
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  • 129
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 60 (1982), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen complexes ; Carbon monoxide complexes ; Electronic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MNDO method is used to study the interaction of nitrogen and carbon monoxide molecules with a proton, hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecule ion and hydrogen molecule. Predicted geometries and heats of reaction of different complexes are presented. The wave functions are analyzed in terms of ground state charge distributions and overlap populations. Electronic effects accompanying complexation are also discussed.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Hydrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation ; Deuterium-proton exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hydrogenase and nitrogenase activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria allow their adaptation to different nutritional habits even under adverse conditions. These exceptional capabilities of adaptation are important factors in the understanding of their predominant role in problems related to anaerobic metal corrosion. Although the D2−H+ exchange reaction indicated thatDesulfovibrio desulfuricans strain Berre-Sol andDesulfovibrio gigas hydrogenases were reversible, the predominant activity in vivo was hydrogen uptake. Hydrogen production was restricted to some particular conditions such as sulfate or nitrogen starvation. Under diazotrophic conditions, a transient hydrogen evolution was followed by uptake when dinitrogen was effectively fixed. In contrast, hydrogen evolution proceeded when acetylene was substituted as the nitrogenase substrate. Hydrogen can thus serve as an electron donor in sulfate reduction and nitrogen metabolism.
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  • 131
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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  • 132
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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  • 133
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    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: emigration behavior ; geographic variation ; temperature ; island effect ; genotype and environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract These studies were desgned to detect geographic variation in emigration behavior, at various temperatures, of newly collected wild strains ofDrosophila melanogaster. Natural populations from various geographic regions showed three basic emigration response patterns to temperature: linear, threshold, and optimum-temperature response types. The emigration activity of northern mainland populations increased in the range of 15–20°C, whereas the activity of comparable southern populations increased linearly with increasing temperatures. The northern island populations showed the optimum-temperature response type, and the comparable southern island populations showed all three emigration patterns. In most cases emigration activity on islands was generally reduced compared with that on the adjacent mainland. The northern island populations, however, showed a higher emigration activity at 25°C than the adjacent mainland populations. Here the different sensitivities to temperature seemed to be related to differences in both climatic conditions and insular conditions.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; selection ; ethanol ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster larvae were subjected to 10 generations of selection on 6% ethanol at 17, 25, and 30°C. For each temperature there was a significant (P〈0.01) increase in the frequency of the Adh isoallele. Controls with no ethanol showed no change in the frequency of the Adh F isoallele. Larvae subjected to stronger selection on 8% ethanol confirmed the results. When adults of various ages were subjected to 16 and 32°C, the ADHF isoenzyme retained its twofold advantage in activity over ADHS regardless of the temperature. The same result was obtained with larvae at 16 and 35°C. Although some effect of temperature was demonstrated, it was concluded that the effect was not strong enough for temperature to be a selective factor under the conditions studied. However, ethanol is a strong selective factor for laboratory populations.
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  • 137
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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  • 138
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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  • 139
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    Bioscience reports 6 (1986), S. 573-577 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: temperature ; cholinesterases ; brain capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activities of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in rat brain capillaries were measured as a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data revealed that AChE exhibits a biphasic Arrhenius plot with a distinct break (transition temperature) at about 15.2 kcal/mol. In contrast, BuChE did not show evidence of discontinuity. BuChE showed an activation energy higher than that of AChE in the physiological range of temperature. These data suggest a lack of lipid-protein interaction in the case of BuChE. Although the possibility exists that BuChE is weakly anchored to the membranes, our results indicate that BuChE is not bound, at least significantly, to cellular membranes in brain capillaries as is ACHE.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule development ; Senescence (nodules) ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3) seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium strain CB756 were cultured with their root systems maintained in air or in Ar: O2 (80:20, v/v) during early nodule development (up to 24 d after sowing). Compared with those in air, seedlings in Ar:O2 showed progressive N deficiency with inhibited shoot growth, reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and total protein levels and loss of chlorophyll in the leaves. Nodule initiation, differentiation of infected and uninfected nodule tissues and the ultrastructure of bacteriod-containing cells were similar in the air and Ar: O2 treatments up to 16 d after sowing. Thereafter the Ar: O2 treatment caused cessation of growth and development of nodules, reduced protein levels in bacteroids and nodule plant cells, and progressive degeneration of nodule ultrastructure leading to premature senescence of these organs. Provision of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) to Ar: O2-grown seedlings overcame the abovementioned consequences of N2 deficiency on nodule and plant growth, but merely delayed the degenerative effects of Ar: O2 treatment on nodule structure and senescence. Treatment of Ar: O2-grown seedlings with NO 3 - greatly increased the protein level of nodules but the increase was largely restricted to the plant cell fraction as opposed to the bacteroids. By contrast, NO 3 - treatment of air-grown seedlings increased protein of bacteroid and host nodule fractions to the same relative extents when compared with air-grown plants not supplemented with NO 3 - . These findings, taken together with studies of the distribution of N in nodules of symbiotically effective plants grown from 15N-labeled seed, indicate that direct incorporation of fixation products by bacteroids may be a critical feature in the establishment and continued growth of an effective symbiosis in the cowpea seedling.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glutamine synthetase ; Leghaemoglobin ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin were measured during nodule development in Phaseolus vulgaris infected with wild-type or two non-fixing (Fix-) mutants of Rhizobium phaseoli. The large increase in GS activity which was observed during nodulation with the wild-type rhizobial strain occurred concomitantly with the detection and increase in activity of nitrogenase and the amount of leghaemoglobin. Moreover, this increase in GS was found to be due entirely to the appearance of a novel form of the enzyme (GSn1) in the nodule. The activity of the form (GSn2) similar to the root enzyme (GSr) remained constant throughout the experiment. In nodules produced by infection with the two mutant strains of Rhizobium phaseoli (JL15 and JL19) only trace amounts of GSn1 and leghaemoglobin were detected.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bacteroid ; Bradyrhizobium ; Glycine (N2 fixation) ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrite reductase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteroids of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CB1809, unlike CC705, do not have a high level of constitutive nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.7.99.4) in the soybean (Glycine max. Merr.) nodule. Ex planta both strains have a high activity of NR when cultured on 5 mM nitrate at 2% O2 (v/v). Nitrite reductase (NiR) was active in cultured cells of bradyrhizobia, but activity with succinate as electron donor was not detected in freshly-isolated bacteroids. A low activity was measured with reduced methyl viologen. When bacteroids of CC705 were incubated with nitrate there was a rapid production of nitrite which resulted in repression of NR. Subsequently when NiR was induced, nitrite was utilized and NR activity recovered. Nitrate reductase was induced in bacteroids of strain CB1809 when they were incubated in-vitro with nitrate or nitrite. Increase in NR activity was prevented by rifampicin (10 μg· ml-1) or chloramphenicol (50 μg·ml-1). Nitrite-reductase activity in bacteroids of strain CB1809 was induced in parallel with NR. When nitrate was supplied to soybeans nodulated with strain CC705, nitrite was detected in nodule extracts prepared in aqueous media and it accumulated during storage (1°C) and on further incubation at 25°C. Nitrite was not detected in nodule extracts prepared in ethanol. Thus nitrite accumulation in nodule tissue appears to occur only after maceration and although bacteroids of some strains of B. japonicum have a high level of a constitutive NR, they do not appear to reduce nitrate in the nodule because this anion does not gain access to the bacteroid zone. Soybeans nodulated with strains CC705 and CB1809 were equally sensitive to nitrate inhibition of N2 fixation.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Peroxisome ; Root nodules ; Ureide biogenesis ; Uricase ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) nodules have been investigated by means of cytochemical and immunocytochemical procedures at the ultrastructural level in order to assess the role of the uninfected cells in ureide biogenesis. Uricase activity in the nodules was shown by cytochemical methods to be localized exclusively in the numberous large peroxisomes confined to the uninfected cells; the small peroxisomes in the infected cells did not stain for uricase. Uricase was also localized in the peroxisomes of uninfected cells by immunogold techniques employing polyclonal antibodies against nodule-specific uricase of soybean. There was no labeling above background of any structures in the infected cells. The results indicate that the uninfected cells are essential for ureide biogenesis in cowpea. Although tubular endoplasmic reticulum, the presumptive site of allantoinase, increases greatly in the uninfected cells during nodule development, it virtually disappears as the nodules mature. The inconsistency between the disappearance of the tubular endoplasmic reticulum from older nodules and the high allantoinase activity reported for older plants remains to be explained.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia/ammonium (assimilation, excretion) ; Anthoceros ; Bryophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The initial product of fixation of [13N]N2 by pure cultures of the reconstituted symbiotic association between Anthoceros punctatus L. and Nostoc sp. strain ac 7801 was ammonium; it accounted for 75% of the total radioactivity recovered in methanolic extracts after 0.5 min and 14% after 10 min of incubation. Glutamine and glutamate were the primary organic products synthesized from [13N]N2 after incubation times of 0.5–10 min. The kinetics of labeling of these two amino acids were characteristic of a precursor (glutamine) and product (glutamate) relationship. Results of inhibition experiments with methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and diazo-oxonorleucine were also consistent with the assimilation of N2-derived NH 4 + by Anthoceros-Nostoc through the sequential activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1), with little or no assimilation by glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.3). Isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated exogenous 13NH 4 + into glutamine and glutamate and their formation was inhibited by MSX, indicating operation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway: However, relative to free-living cultures, isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated 80% less exogenous ammonium into glutamine and glutamate, implying that symbiotic Nostoc could assimilate only a fraction of N2-derived NH 4 + . This implication was tested by using Anthoceros associations reconstituted with wild-type or MSX-resistant strains of Nostoc incubated with [13N]N2 in the presence of MSX. The results of these experiments indicated that, in situ, symbiotic Nostoc assimilated about 10% of the N2-derived NH 4 + and that NH 4 + was made available to Anthoceros tissue where it was apparently assimilated by the GS-GOGAT pathway. Since less than 1% of the fixed N2 was lost to the suspension medium, it appears that transfer of NH 4 + from symbiont to host tissue was very efficient in this extracellular symbiotic association.
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    Planta 167 (1986), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acetylene/nitrogen molar ratio ; Alnus-Frankia symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetylene reduction, 15N2 reduction and H2 evolution were measured in root systems of intact plants of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) in symbiosis with Frankia. The ratios of C2H2: 15N2 were compared with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution, and with C2H2:N2 ratios calculated from accumulated C2H4 production and nitrogen content. It was possible to calculate C2H2:N2 ratios from C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution because this source of Frankia did not show any hydrogenase activity. The ratios obtained using the different methods ranged from 2.72 to 4.42, but these values were not significantly different. It was also shown that enriched 15N could be detected in the shoot after a 1-h incubation of the root-system. It is concluded that the measurement of H2 evolution in combination with C2H2 reduction represents a nondestructive assay for nitrogen fixation in a Frankia symbiosis which shows no detectable hydrogenase activity.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glutamate synthase ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus (glutamate synthase) ; Plastid (glutamate synthase) ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two isoenzymes of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14), previously identified in root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L., have both been shown to be located in root-nodule plastids. The nodule specific NADH-GOGAT II accounts for the majority of the activity in root nodules, and is present almost exclusively in the central tissue of the nodule. However about 20% of NADH-GOGAT I activity is present in the nodule cortex, at about the same specific activity as this isoenzyme is found in the central tissue. Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) occurs predominantly as the γ polypeptide in the central tissue, whereas in the cortex, the enzyme is represented mainly by the β polypeptide. Over 90% of both GS and NADH-GOGAT activities are located in the central tissue of the nodule and GS activity exceeds NADH-GOGAT activity by about twofold in this region. Using the above information, a model for the subcellular location and stoichiometry of nitrogen metabolism in the central tissue of P. vulgaris root nodules is presented.
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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    The journal of membrane biology 69 (1982), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: axon ; hydrostatic pressure ; Na currents ; kinetics ; temperature ; activation volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of hydrostatic pressures up to 62 MPa upon the voltage-clamp currents of intact squid giant axons were measured using mineral oil as the pressure transmitting medium. The membrane resistance and capacitance were not appreciably affected over the whole range of pressures explored. The predominant effect of pressure is to slow the overall kinetics of the voltage-clamp currents. Both the early (Na) currents and the delayed (K) ones were slowed down by approximately the same time scale factor, which was in the range of 2 to 3 when pressure was increased from atmospheric to 62 MPa. Finer details of the effects, most evident at moderate depolarizations, are: the apparent initial delay in the turn-on of Na currents is increased by pressureless than is the phase of steepest time variation, and the later decay is slowedmore than is the rising phase. The initial time course of the currents at high pressures can be made to overlap with that at normal pressure by a constant time compression factor, Θm, together with a small, voltage-dependent delay. In a given axon, Θm was fairly independent of voltage, and it increased exponentially with pressure according to an apparent activation volume, ΔV∓, ranging between 32 and 40 cm3/mole. ΔV∓ tended to decrease with increasing temperature. Contrary to what is observed for moderate or large depolarizations, the kinetics of Na inactivation produced by conditioning prepulses of −50 or −60 mV was little affected over the whole range of pressures explored. Inferences about the pressure dependence of the steady-state Na activation were made from the comparison of the plots of early peak currents,I p, versus membrane potential,E. The Na reversal potential,E Na, and the slope of the plots nearE Na did not change significantly with pressure, but the peak Na conductancevs. E relationship was shifted by about +9 mV upon increasing pressure to 62 MPa. Steady-state Na inactivation,h ∞, was slightly affected by pressure. At 62 MPa the midpoint potential of theh ∞ (E) curve,E h, was shifted negatively by about 4 mV, while the slope atE h decreased by about 38%. Under the tentative assumption that pressure directly affects the gating of Na channels, the Na activation data follows a simple Hodgkin-Huxley scheme if the opening of anm gate involves an activation volume of about 58 Å3 and a net volume increase of about 26 Å3. However, a self-consistent description of the totality of the effects of pressure on Na inactivation cannot be obtained within a similar simple context.
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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    The journal of membrane biology 79 (1984), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: epithelial monolayers ; MDCK cells ; occluding junctions ; intramembrane particles ; electrical resistance ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In previous works it was demonstrated that the monolayer of MDCK cells behaves as a leaky epithelium where the electrical resistance across reflects the sealing capacity of the occluding junction. In the present work we study whether this sealing capacity can be modified by temperature and whether this is accompanied by changes in the structure of the occluding junction. Monolayers were prepared on disks of nylon cloth coated with collagen and mounted as a flat sheet between two Lucite chambers. The changes in resistance elicited by temperature were large (306% between 3 and 37°C), fast (less than 2 sec), and reversible. An Arrhenius plot of conductance versus the inverse of temperature shows a broken curve (between 22 and 31°C), and the activation energies calculated (3.2 and 4.0 kcal·mol−1) fall within the expected values for processes of simple diffusion. The morphology of the occuluding the number of evaluated in freeze-fracture replicas by counting the number of strands and the width of the band occupied by the junction every 133 nm. In spite of the change by 306% of the electrical resistance and the phase transition, we were unable to detect any appreciable modification of the morphology of the occluding junction. Since the freeze-fracture replicas also show a density of intramembrane particles (IMP) different in the apical from that in the basolateral regions of the plasma membrane, as well as differences between faceE and faceP, we also investigated whether this is modified by temperature. Cold increases the population of IMP, but does not affect their polarization with the incubation time it takes to elicit changes in electrical resistance.
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    The journal of membrane biology 77 (1984), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vesicle fusion ; surface energy ; divalent cations ; osmotic pressure gradient ; temperature ; membrane curvature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles induced by divalent cations, temperature and osmotic pressure gradients across the membrane was studied with respect to variations in vesicle size. Vesicle fusion was followed by two different methods: 1) the Tb/DPA fusion assay, whereby the fluorescent intensity upon mixing of the internal aqueous contents of fused lipid vesicles was monitored, and 2) measurement of the changes in turbidity of the vesicle suspension due to vesicle fusion. It was found that the threshold concentration of divalent cations necessary to induce vesicle fusion depended on the size of vesicles; as the diameter of the vesicle increased, the threshold value increased and the extent of fusion became less. For the osmotic pressure-induced vesicle fusion, the larger the diameter of vesicles, the smaller was the osmotic pressure gradient required to induce membrane fusion. Divalent cations, temperature increase and vesicle membrane expansion by osmotic pressure gradient all resulted in increase in surface energy (tension) of the membrane. The degree of membrane fusion correlated with the corresponding surface energy changes of vesicle membranes due to the above fusion-inducing agents. The increase in surface energy of 9.5 dyn/cm from the reference state corresponded to the threshold point of phosphatidylserine membrane fusion. An attempt was made to explain the factors influencing fusion phenomena on the basis of a single unifying theory.
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    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: myelinated nerve fiber ; gating current ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Asymmetrical displacement currents and Na currents of single myelinated nerve fibers ofXenopus laevis were studied in the temperature range from 5 to 24°C. The time constant of the on-response atE=4 mV,τ on, was strongly temperature dependent, whereas the amount of displaced charge atE=39 mV, Qon, was only slightly temperature dependent. The mean Q10 forτ on -1 was 2.54, the mean Q10 for Qon was 1.07. The time constant of charge immobilization,τ i , atE=4 mV varied significantly (α=0.001) with temperature. The mean Q10 forτ i -1 was 2.71±0.38. The time constants of immobilization of gating charge and of fast inactivation of Na permeability were similar in the temperature range from 6 to 22°C. The Qoff/Qon ratio forE=4 mV pulses of 0.5 msec duration decreased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the time constant of the off-response could not be described by a single Q10 value, since the Q10 depended on the duration of the test pulse. Increasing temperature shifted Qon (E) curves to more negative potentials by 0.51 mVK −1, but shiftedP Na (E) curves andh ∞ (E) curves to more positive potentials by 0.43 and 0.57 mV K−1, respectively.h ∞ (E=−70 mV) increased monotonously with increasing temperature. The present data indicate that considerable entropy changes may occur when the Na channel molecule passes from closed through open to inactivated states.
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 724-729 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Alfalfa cultivars ; Rhizobium strains ; Acetylene reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the interaction between alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L. and M. falcata L.) and strains of Rhizobium meliloti Dang. for acetylene reduction rate, plant height and dry weights of shoot, root and whole plant. Fifteen alfalfa cultivars were inoculated with 10 strains of Rhizobium in Experiment I. Variance component analysis revealed that more than 30% of the total variance was due to alfalfa cultivars for acetylene reduction rate and 26% was accounted for by Rhizobium strains. More than 36% of the total variation was attributed to the interaction between alfalfa cultivars and Rhizobium strains for this character. Twenty-five host cultivars and 11 Rhizobium strains were included in Experiment II. The results also showed that the interaction of alfalfa cultivars and Rhizobium strains contributed the largest portion of the total variation for dry weights of shoot, root and whole plant and acetylene reduction rate. The results clearly demonstrated that the non-additive effects were the major component of variation for these characters associated with nitrogen fixation in alfalfa. Therefore, an effective way of improving nitrogen fixation in alfalfa is to select for a favourable combination of specific Rhizobium strains and alfalfa cultivars.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 433-435 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Irradiation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sumary The objective of this work was to know the behaviour and variability of Rhizobium leguminosarum after irradiation. The induced variation was tested under greenhouse conditions on the variety JV 3 of broad beans (Vicia faba) in six replications. Induced genetic variabilty was observed for strain, parent and mutant versus parent. Out of 24 irradiated strains, strain 93-32 performed better with a greater number of nodules and higher dry weight of nodules per plant and biological yield. Environment played an important role in the expression of characters observed. High heritability and genetic advance of these traits indicated that the nitrogen fixation ability of Rhizobium can easily be improved by selection.
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: micropropagation ; phytohormones ; light ; temperature ; shaking ; axillary buds ; rapid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur raschen Vermehrung von abgetrennten Triebspitzen auf einem keimfreien, flüssigen Nährboden beschrieben. Triebspitzen wurden von Knollen entnommen, die vorher gründlich gewaschen wurden. Die Oberfläche wurde keimfrei gemacht, die Knollen in 2–4 Stücke geschnitten, für 1 Stunde in 100 mg/l Gibberellinsäure getaucht und dann auf Saugpapier gelegt, das von Zeit zu Zeit mit 1,0 mM CaCl2 befeuchtet wurde. Die Triebspitzen wurden herausgeschnitten, wenn sie 15–25 mm lang waren, sterilisiert und der unterste Teil von 2–5 mm weggeschnitten. Als Nährboden wurde derjenige nach Murashige und Skoog (1962) (MS) verwendet, ohne Kaseinhydrolysat. Nährboden und Zvtokinine wurden im Autoklav sterilisiert. Gibberellinsäurelösungen wurden filtersterilisiert. Feste bzw. flüssige Nährböden waren nicht zufriedenstellend, auch nicht bei fortwährendem Schütteln. Wenn die Triebspitzen dagegen in 100 ml-Kolben mit 20 ml Nährboden während 1,5 Stunden pro Tag und 50 U mdrehungen pro Minute während 4 Wochen geschüttelt und dann stationär gehalten wurden, zeigten sie gutes Wachstum, besonders bei Vorhandensein von 0,5 mg/l Kinetin plus 0,1 mg/l Gibberellinsäure (Abb. 1). Dagegen zeigten Triebspitzen von 10–15 mm, die von solchen aus Vermehrung auf Nährboden (Subkultur-Triebspitzen) stammten, besseres Waschstum beim Vorkommen von 5 mg/l Kinetin plus 0,01 mg/l Gibberellinsäure. Kinetin übertraf 6-γ, γ (Dimethylallylamin) Purin oder 6-Benzylaminpurin (Tabelle 1). Licht hatte deutliche Einflüsse auf das Wachstum. Subkultur-Triebspitzen wuchsen am besten mit ‘Grund’-Belichtung (Lichtintensität: 28 μE m−2s−1) (Abb. 2; Tabelle 2) während der 4 Wochen dauernden Schüttelphase der Inkubation. Während der folgenden stationären Phase war eine hohe Lichtintensität am günstigsten: 120 μE m−2s−1 für eine einmalige Subkultur (Abb. 3), aber 47 μE m−2s−1 für wiederholte Subkulturen (Abb. 4). Die optimale Temperatur während der stationären Phase variierte je nach Sorte. Für Kennebec und Pontiac betrug sie 21/16°C (je 12 Stunden), für Exton war sie 24/19°C (Tabelle 3). Bei der Ernte der Triebspitzen wurden die Kolbeninhalte in eine sterile Petrischale gelegt und die Spitzen ausgeschnitten. Innerhalb 1–2 Wochen entwickelte sich ein zweiter Bestand von Triebspitzen auf den Rückständen in der Petrischale. Diese konnte geerntet werden, und ein dritter und oft auch ein vierter Nachwuchs konnte aus dem gleichen Material erzielt werden. Diese Methode dürfte als rasche Vermehrungstechnik eine eingehende Auswertung verdienen.
    Abstract: Résumé Une méthode est décrite pour obtenir la multiplication rapide d’extrémités de pousses en milieu liquide asceptique. Ces dernières ont été obtenues à partir de tubercules lavés et stérilisés en surface puis coupés en 2 à 4 morceaux. Les fragments ainsi obtenus ont éte trempés pendant une heure dans une solution d’acide gibberellique à 100 mg/l et disposés sur un papier absorbant humidifié occasionnellement avec une solution de CaCl2 à 1 mM. Les extrémités des pousses ont été excisées quand celles-ci ont atteint 15 à 25 mm de long et stérilisées; 2 à 5 mm de la partie basale des pousses ont été éliminés. Le milieu utilisé pour la culture des extrémités de pousses est celui de Murashige et Skoog (1962) sans hydrolysat de caséine (MS). Le milieu de culture et les cytokinines ont été stérilisés à l’autoclave; les solutions d’acide gibberellique ont été filtrées et stérilisées. Les milieux liquides non agités ou solidifiés par de l’agar n’ont pas donné satisfaction, de même que les milieux liquides agités en continu. Lorsque les extrémités de pousses ont été agitées dans des flacons de 100 ml contenant 20 ml de milieu pendant 1 heure et demie par jour, à la cadence de 50 mouvements par minute et durant 4 semaines, une bonne prolifération des pousses a été observée, notamment en présence de 0,5 mg/l de kinétine et de 0,1 mg/l d’acide gibbérellique (figure 1). Toutefois, des extrémités de pousses de 10 à 15 mm provenant de pousses multipliées en culture (‘sous culture’) ont montré une meilleure prolifération en présence de 5 mg/l de kinétine et de 0,01 mg/l d’acide gibbérellique. La kinétine a été supérieure à la 6γ, γ (dimethylamino) purine ou à la 6 benzylaminopurine (tableau 1). La lumière a eu un effet marqué sur la prolifération des pousses. Le développement des ‘sous-cultures’ s’est avéré meilleur avec un éclairement faible (intensité de 28 μE m−2s−1 (figure 2, tableau 2), durant les 4 semaines en culture agitée de la phase d’incubation. Pendant la phase de culture sans agitation une forte intensité lumineuse a été plus favorable, 120 μE m−2s−1 pour une simple ‘sous-culture’ (figure 3) mais 47 μE m−2s−1 pour des ‘sous-cultures’ répétées (figure 4). La température optimum durant la phase sans agitation variait avec les variétés, pour Kennebec et Pontiac elle était de 21/16°C (12 heures chacune), pour Exton elle était de 24/19°C (tableau 4). Pour le prélèvement des extrémités de pousses, les fragments de tubercules ont été placés dans des boites de Pétri stériles. Après l à 2 semaines, un second développement s’est effectué sur les morceaux non utilisés maintenus dans une boite de Pétri; des extrémités de pousses ont pu être à nouveau récoltées. Un troisième et souvent un quatrième prélèvement ont pu être réalisés sur ce même matériel. Les résultats obtenus méritaient une description détaillée de cette technique rapide de multiplication.
    Notes: Summary Extensive proliferation via axiallary meristems can be induced in potato shoot-tips (15–20mm) cultured in liquid media. Proliferation is greatest when a 4-week period of shake culture for 1 1/2 h per day is followed by stationary culture. The rate of proliferation is influenced by light, temperature and phytohormones. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are essential, but the optimal concentrations are different for initial inocula and for subcultures. Under optimal conditions shoot multiplication rates in excess of 10–25 fold per 8 weeks are obtained, but there are genotypic differences in the response.
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 361-363 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: relative humidity ; temperature ; water pan trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A mixture of sex pheromone PTM1 (trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-1-ol acetate) and PTM2 (trans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-1-ol acetate) on rubber cap dispensers was used to attract adult male tuber moths to water pan traps. Correlation analysis of daily catches made over a 61-day period showed that temperature and relative humidity accounted for 20.5% and 1.4% respectively of catch variability. Further studies are needed to reveal any major components of the 78% residual variability.
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  • 160
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sample size ; varietal differentiation ; temperature ; pathotype ; spore concentration ; year ; predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1967 wird der Scheibentest nach Lapwood (1965) in Gross-Lüsewitz zur Prüfung von Zuchtmaterial angewendet (Abb. 1). Methodische Untersuchungen führten zu Änderungen. Je Zuchtstamm werden zwei Proben à acht Knollen genommen, die in dreiwöchigem Abstand mit zwei verschiedenen Pathotypen geprüft werden. Je Knolle werden zwei Scheiben geschnitten, die zwei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Suspension zugeordnet sind. Sie werden mittels in Zoosporensuspension getränkter Filterpapierscheiben inokuliert, nach 24 h umgedreht. Die Bewertung der Luftmyzelbildung erfolgt nach fünf (a) und sieben Tagen (b) mit Noten von 9 (keine Symptome) bis 1 (total bewachsen). Auch die Verbräunung wird nach sieben Tagen benotet (c). Nach der Formel 2a+b+c=Bs errechnet sich die Wertzahl Bs. Insgesamt gehen in das Ergebnis eines Prüfungsjahres also 96 Einzelwerte ein. 8 Sorten wurden bei Temperaturen von 13, 17, 19 und 21°C geprüft. Die fünf Pathotypen 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4 und 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10 und deren Gemisch wurden an drei Sorten verglichen. An 96 Proben wurde die Standardabweichung s und Grenzdifferenz GD ermittelt. Siebenjährige Ergebnisse waren von 10 Klonen, zwölfjährige von sechs Sorten verfügbar. Bei 19°C erwiesen sich die Prüflinge am anfälligsten, gleichzeitig war die beste Unterscheidbarkeit gegeben (Abb. 2). Die Wechselwirkungen der Temperatur mit dem Pathotyp und der Sorte sind signifikant. Es sollte bei 18–19°C geprüft werden. Die Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Sorte war nicht gross, jedoch statistisch gesichert (Abb. 3). Es trat eine Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Konzentration zutage (Tab. 1). Abbildung 4 zeigt den Einfluss der Sporenkonzentration auf das Resistenzverhalten. Auch die Wechselwirkung Sorte/Konzentration war gesichert. Aus der Berechnung der Standardabweichung ergibt sich nach Bätz et al. (1972) eine Grenzdifferenz von 4,2 (Wertzahl) bzw. 1,7 (Noten) für den Mittelwertvergleich der Sorten (Tab. 2). Zwölfjährige Prüfungsergebnisse werden in Tabelle 3 mitgeteilt, siebenjährige in den Tabellen 4 und 5. Bei geringer Variationsbreite der Jahresmittelwerte schwankten die Sortenwerte von Jahr zu Jahr bis zu sechs Noten, obwohl an einem Beispiel eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse demonstriert wird. Es wird empfohlen ab E-Stamm je zweimal acht Knollen aus zwei Wiederholungen des Feldanbaus statt bisher nur aus einer zu entnehmen. Die Resistenzeischätzung sollte erst nach dreijähriger Prüfung erfolgen. Zur Selektion sollten möglichst zweijährige Ergebnisse vorliegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le test sur tranche de pomme de terre de Lapwood (1965) a été utilisé à l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Pomme de terre de Gross Lüsewitz depuis 1967 (fig. 1), pour apprécier la valeur du matériel génétique. Des études méthodologiques ont conduit à effectuer certaines modifications de ce test. Deux échantillons de huit tubercules chacun sont prélevés dans chaque clône, pour être ensuite testés à trois semaines d'intervalle à l'égard de deux pathotypes différents. Deux tranches prélevées à partir de chaque tubercule, sont testés à deux concentrations différentes de suspension de zoospores. Ces tranches sont inoculées au moyen de disques de papier filtre trempés dans la suspension de zoospores. Les tranches sont retournées 24 heures après inoculation. La formation du mycélium aérien est notée après cinq jours (a) et sept jours (b) d'incubation, selon une échelle allant de 9 (absence de symptômes) à 1 (tranche antièrement recouverte). Le brunissement des tissus fait aussi l'objet d'une notation après 7 jours (c). Le facteur Bs est calculé à l'aide de la formule 2a+b+c=Bs. Ainsi, 96 valeurs individuelles sont rassemblées dans le résultat du test pour une année. Huit variétés ont été testées aux températures de 13, 17, 19 et 21°C. Les cinq pathotypes: 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4. et 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10, ainsi que leur mélange ont été étudiés sur trois variétés de pomme de terre. L'écart type a été établi pour 96 échantillons. Les résultats ont été obtenus pendant une période de sept ans pour 10 clônes et une période de 12 ans pour 6 variétés. Tous les critères étudiés sont très sensibles à 19°C; cette température semble fournir de meilleur pouvoir de discrimination (fig. 2). Les intéractions températures-pathotypes et températures-variétés sont significatives. Les tests devraient être réalisés de préférence à 18–19°C. L'intéraction pathotypes-variétés n'est pas très forte mais demeure significative statistiquement (fig. 3). Une intéraction pathotypes-concentrations est également mise en évidence. La figure 4 montre l'influence de la concentration de spores sur la résistance. L'intéraction variétésconcentration est également significative. A partir du calcul de l'écart type, une différence critique de 4,2 (facteur) ou 1,7 (note moyenne) pour la comparaison des valeurs moyennes des variétés (tableau 2) concorde avec les données de Bätz et al. (1972). Les résultats obtenus sur une période de douze ans sont présentés dans le tableau 3; Les tableaux 4 et 5 fournissent les résultats de 7 années de tests. L'échelle de variation des valeurs moyennes annuelles est petite, mais les valeurs des variétés varient énormément. Jusqu'à 6 points—entre les années—bien que l'on ait pu démontrer une bonne reproductibilité des résultats dans un exemple. Il est recommandé, d'après l'essai avec les clônes de prélever 2 échantillons de 8 tubercules cules chacun à partir de 2 répétitions au champ au lieu d'une seule comme c'était fait de façon pratique auparavant. La résistance pourrait être évaluée après seulement trois années de test. La sélection pourrait être basée sur les résultats de deux années de test.
    Notes: Summary Since 1967, Lapwood's (1965) tuber slice test has been used in a modified form by workers of the Institute of Potato Research Gross Lüsewitz for testing more than 2000 clones a year for resistance to late blight. At a sample size of eight slices per clone differences of ≥1.7 scores can thus be distinguished. The tests are best done at between 18 and 19°C. Both the pathotype and the spore suspension concentration influence the resistance response. Since 1972, two compatible pathotypes and two concentrations have always been used on each clone tested. Seven-and twelve-year test results have shown that variations of up to six scores in the 9-score scheme would occur in the resistance of one clone. It is suggested that clones in main trials (candidate cultivars) should be tested for three years using two randomised replications of 2×8 tubers each.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rooting ; temperature ; daylength ; transplanting ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in Vietnam to develop a system whereby detached sprouts from physiologically old green sprouted seed tubers could be used to grow potatoes. Three node segments from the mid or basal portion of the detached sprout produced the greatest percentage of shoots and roots. Growth was best in a medium of equal parts of sub-soil, pig manure and brick kiln ash. Sprout cuttings produced plantlets ready for transplanting in 14–20 days with mean daily temperatures of 22 to 24°C. When transplanted in mid-November, yields from sprout cuttings in field experiments were 10 to 18 t/ha which were 33% lower than from healthy seed tubers but more than the national average yield using degenerated seed tubers. Tubers produced by plants grown from sprout stored well and gave good yields when replanted the following year.
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  • 162
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 481-484 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: PEP carboxylase ; Azotobacter chroococcum ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Azotobacter chroococcum Fos 189 is a Tn1-induced mutant which, unlike the parent strain MCD1, does not fix nitrogen in air when provided with glucose or pyruvate as sole carbon sources. Fos 189 showed 5% of parental activity for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase though PEP synthetase activity was normal. The A. chroococcum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc) gene was isolated after complementation of an appropriate Escherichia coli mutant using a broad host range gene bank prepared from A. chroococcum genomic DNA. The gene was localised by transposon mutagenesis and subcloning on a minimum DNA fragment of 6.6 kb. Broad host range plasmids containing the A. chroococcum ppc gene complemented the mutation in Fos 189 thereby restoring aerotolerant nitrogen fixation.
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  • 163
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 503-508 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Nif genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodule symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 17 kb region between the Bradyrhizobium japonicum nitrogenase genes (nifDK and nifH) was investigated for the presence of further nif or fix genes by site-directed insertion or deletion/replacement mutagenesis and interspecies hybridization. Mutant strains were tested for their ability to reduce acetylene in free-living, microaerobic culture (Nif phenotype) and in soybean root nodules (Fix phenotype). The presence of a gene, previously identified by hybridization with the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifB gene, was proved by isolation of a nifB insertion mutant which was completely Nif- and Fix-. Three other regions were found to be homologous to the K. pneumoniae genes nifE, nifN, and nifS, NifE and nifN insertion mutants were completely Nif-/Fix- whereas nifS mutants were leaky with 30% residual Fix activity. Taken together, the data show that the B. japonicum genome harbours a cluster of closely adjacent genes which are directly concerned with nitrogenase function.
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  • 164
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 484-491 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; Repression ; Metal ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifL gene product to antagonise NIFA mediated transcriptional activation from the nifH promoter in vivo was inhibited either by metal deprivation, or by the presence of the iron chelators EDDA or Desferal in the growth medium. This inhibition of the repressive activity of NIFL was reversed by the addition of ferrous or manganous ions to the medium but was unaffected by other transition metals. The dependence on metal ions for NIFL activity was observed when NIFL was overexpressed and when cultures were exposed to oxygen or high levels of fixed nitrogen. Immunochemical evidence suggests that NIFL and NIFA associate to form a functional protein complex. Metal ions are apparently not required for the formation of this complex.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: glnB ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen control ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The role of theKlebsiella pneumoniae PII protein (encoded byglnB) in nitrogen regulation has been studied using two classes ofglnB mutants. In Class I mutants PII appears not to be uridylylated in nitrogen-limiting conditions and in Class II mutants PII is not synthesised. The effects of these mutations on expression from nitrogen-regulated promoters indicate that PII is not absolutely required for nitrogen control. Furthermore the uridylylated form of PII(PII-UMP) plays a significant role in the response to changes in nitrogen status by counteracting the effect of PII on NtrB-mediated dephosphorylation of NtrC. PII is not involved in thenif-specific response to changes in nitrogen status mediated by NifL.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Archaebacteria ; Methanococcus voltae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Fe protein gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Methanococcus voltae, a 3.0 kbp HindIII fragment carrying homology to nifH was recently cloned. In Escherichia coli maxicells, the fragment directed the synthesis of a 30 K polypeptide encoded by the region homologous to nifH. Plasmids carrying the fragment did not complement Klebsiella pneumoniae nifH mutants and did not inhibit the nitrogen fixation of a Nif+ strain. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nifH homologous region was determined. It contained an open reading frame (ORFnifH) of 834 bp encoding 278 amino acid residues (mol. wt. 30,362). The ORFnifH was surrounded by regions of very high A+T content as observed with other mc. voltae genes. The region upstream from ORFnifH contained potential prokaryotic-like promoters and a potential ribosome binding site located 5 bp preceding the translation initiation codon. Using a translational fusion to lacZ of a DNA fragment carrying the putative promoter region and the 5′ end of ORFnifH, it was shown in E. coli that (i) a promoter activity was effectively carried by the cloned fragment and (ii) this activity was not significantly modified by the presence of nifA or ntrC products provided by multicopy plasmids. Though the codon usage was characteristic of Mc. voltae, ORFnifH was very similar to eubacterial nifH genes, in particular the position of the cysteine residues was highly conserved. These data confirmed the high conservation of nifH sequences. SAB values (binary matching coefficients) of 0.5 were found with eubacterial nifH genes at the nucleotide or amino acid level suggesting that the mc. voltae ORFnifH sequence was distantly related to eubacterial nifH sequences.
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  • 167
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 442-445 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; nifA-like gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 15.2 kb DNA fragment was isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus (ex. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata), which was able to complement mutations both in a nifA-like regulatory gene and in the nifH gene. Physical mapping of this fragment revealed that the nifA-like gene was adjacent to, and downstream from, the nifHDK operon. Hybridization experiments were carried out using a cloned Klebsiella pneumoniae DNA fragment containing nifA and the flanking portions of nifB and nifL. This fragment failed to hybridize with a 2.15 kb HindIII fragment of R. capsulatus DNA containing the nifA-like gene, but hybridized instead with a 2.6 kb EcoRI fragment adjacent to the nifA-like gene. The homologous region was found to be located within the K. pneumoniae nifB gene. The adjacent 2.6 kb and 2.15 kb fragments also hybridized with each other, indicating the presence of repeated sequences in this region.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Azorhizobium sesbaniae ORS571 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Tn5 mutagenesis ; lacZ fusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cosmid bank of ORS571, a diazotrophic bacterium capable of inducing aerial stem and root nodules on Sesbania rostrata, was constructed in the vector pLAFR1. A DNA probe carrying the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA gene was used to identify nifA-and ntrC-like regions of ORS571 in the cosmid bank by colony hybridization. Cosmids carrying these regions were mapped by restriction endonuclease analysis, Southern blotting and transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Selected Tn5 insertion mutations in the nifA/ntrC homologous regions were used for gene-replacement experiments and the resulting ORS571 mutants were examined for Nif, Fix and Ntr phenotypes. Two clearly distinct regulatory loci were thus identified and named nifA and ntrC. Plasmids carrying gene fusions of the ORS571 nifH and nifD genes to lacZ were constructed and the regulation of the ORS571 nifHDK promoter, and of the Rhizobium meliloti nifHDK promoter, was studied under varying physiological conditions in ORS571, ORS571 nifA::Tn5 and ORS571 nitrC::Tn5 strains. A model for the role of nifA and ntrC in the regulation of ORS571 nif and other nitrogen assimilation genes is proposed.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Melanin synthesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus beans ; Rhizobium phaseoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The symbiotic plasmid pRP2JI of Rhizobium phaseoli strain 8002 was shown to contain two separate regions of DNA which are required and sufficient for the synthesis of the pigment melanin. One of these regions containing the class II mel gene(s) was located to other genes involved in nodulation and in nitrogen fixation. Mutations in this region abolished both the ability to synthesize melanin and to fix nitrogen in Phaseolus bean root nodules. Mutations in the other, unlinked region, containing class I mel gene(s), also abolished melanin synthesis but did not affect symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Transcriptional fusions between the class I mel gene and the Escherichia coli lacZ gene were constructed and it was demonstrated that the class II mel gene(s) activated their transcription in free-living culture. Further, strains containing the cloned regulatory class II gene(s) synthesized melanin when growing in minimal medium, in contrast to wild-type strains which became pigmented only in complete medium containing yeast extract and tryptone. It was shown by hybridization experiments that the regulatory mel gene was closely linked to or may correspond to the regulatory nifA gene; a fragment of R. phaseoli DNA which included the class II gene(s) of R. phaseoli hybridized to a previously identified nifA-like gene of R. leguminosarum, the species that nodulates peas.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; Plant transformation ; Transgenic legumes ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure for transformation and regeneration of the legume species Lotus corniculatus (Bird's-foot trefoil) has been developed. The Agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834 and 8196 strains were used to transform plant cells in wound site infections and transformed roots were propagated in vitro. Transformation was monitored by hybridization with pRi T-DNA sequences and by detection of agropine and mannopine. Transformation frequencies of up to 90% were obtained. Shoots spontaneously formed on hairy root cultures were excised, rooted and inoculated with Rhizobium. Root nodules formed on transformed plants had nitrogenase activities comparable to untransformed nodules. Transcript levels from the nodule-specific leghemoglobin genes and the constitutive ubiquitin genes were similar in transformed and untransformed root nodules. Transformed plants responded to R. loti and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) strains with phenotypes identical to phenotypes for untransformed plants.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Haemoglobin ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gene expression ; Plant transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plant haemoglobin genes are known to occur in legume and non-legume families and in both nodulating (e.g. Parasponia andersonii) and non-nodulating species (e.g. Trema tomentosa). Their presence in non-nodulating plants raises the possibility that haemoglobins might serve a function in non-symbiotic tissues distinct from their role in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules induced by micro-organisms. We report here that a P. andersonii haemoglobin promoter can regulate expression of either the P. andersonii haemoglobin gene, or a hybrid construct with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat), in the nonsymbiotic plant, Nicotiana tabacum. Expression is predominantly in the roots, implying that haemoglobins might have a function in roots of non-nodulated plants. We have also observed a low level of haemoglobin protein in non-nodulated P. andersonii roots, but not leaves, supporting this assertion. The expression in transgenic plants will allow further characterization of the promoter sequences essential for the organ-specific expression of haemoglobins in nonsymbiotic tissues.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; nifA ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the regulatory operon nifLA of a nitrogen fixer Klebsiella oxytoca NG13 was determined, and the transcriptional start point was assigned by S1 mapping. The nifL protein (a repressor) was coded by an open reading frame of 1,485 bases, corresponding to a protein of 495 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 55,242. The open reading frame (1,572 bases) of the nifA protein (an activator), corresponding to a molecular weight of 58,649, was confirmed by in vitro transcription-translation experiments, using the wild type and artificially deleted nifA genes. The initiation codon (ATG) of nifA overlapped the termination condon(TGA) of nifL, sharing the two bases T and G. A conserved DNA contact point [Gln-(X)3-Ala-(X)3-Gly-(X)5-Val] common in many DNA binding proteins was found in the C-terminal region of the nifA sequence. The promoter sequences of nifLA, nifB and nifF in K. oxytoca coincided exactly with those of K. pneumoniae in the consensus regions at-12 and-26, although the overall homology in the promoter regions was 96%. Changes of four amino acids were found between the nifA coding sequences of K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodulation ; Tn5 mutagenesis ; nod genes ; nodC homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary After random Tn5 mutagenesis of the stem-nodulating Sesbania rostrata symbiont strain ORS571, Nif-, Fix- and Nod- mutants were isolated. The Nif- mutants had lost both free-living and symbiotic N2 fixation capacity. The Fix- mutants normally fixed N2 in the free-living state but induced ineffective nodules on S. rostrata. They were defective in functions exclusively required for symbiotic N2 fixation. A further analysis of the Nod- mutants allowed the identification of two nod loci. A Tn5 insertion in nod locus 1 completely abolished both root and stem nodulation capacity. Root hair curling, which is an initial event in S. rostrata root nodulation, was no longer observed. A 400 bp region showing weak homology to the nodC gene of Rhizobium meliloti was located 1.5 kb away from this nod Tn5 insertion. A Tn5 insertion in nod locus 2 caused the loss of stem and root nodulation capacity but root hair curling still occurred. The physical maps of a 20.5 kb DNA region of nod locus 1 and of a 40 kb DNA region of nod locus 2 showed no overlaps. The two nod loci are not closely linked to nif locus 1, containing the structural genes for the nitrogenase complex (Elmerich et al. 1982).
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  • 174
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Alnus ; Symbiosis ; nifH nucleotide sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Southern blots of Frankia total DNAs were hybridized with nifHDK probes from Rhizobium meliloti, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Frankia strain Arl3. Differences between strains were noted in the size of the hybridizing restriction fragments. These differences were more pronounced among Elaeagnus-compatible strains than among Alnus- or Casuarina-compatible strains. Gene banks constructed for Frankia strains EUN1f, HRN18a, CeD and ACoN24d were used to isolate nif-hybridizing restriction fragments for subsequent mapping and comparisons. The nifH zone had the highest sequence conservation and the nifH and nifD genes were found to be contiguous. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nifH open reading frame (ORF) from Frankia strain Arl3 is 861 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 287 amino acids. Comparisons of these nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with other published nifH sequences suggest that Frankia is most similar to Anabaena and Azotobacter spp. and K. pneunoniae and least similar to the Gram-positive Clostridium pasteurianum and to the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Nitrogen fixation ; DNA sequence analysis ; nifE, nifN, nifX genes ; Protein comparisons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rhodobacter capsulatus genes homologous to Klebsiella pneumoniae nifE, nifN and nifX were identified by DNA sequence analysis of a 4282 bp fragment of nif region A. Four open reading frames coding for a 51188 (NifE), a 49459 (NifN), a 17459 (NifX) and a 17472 (ORF4) dalton protein were detected. A typical NifA activated consensus promoter and two imperfect putative NifA binding sites were located in the 377 bp sequence in front of the nifE coding region. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of R. capsulatus NifE and NifN revealed homologies not only to analogous gene products of other organisms but also to the α and β subunits of the nitrogenase iron-molybdenum protein. In addition, the R. capsulatus nifE and nifN proteins shared considerable homology with each other. The map position of nifX downstream of nifEN corresponded in R. capsulatus and K. pneumoniae and the deduced molecular weights of both proteins were nearly identical. Nevertheless, R. capsulatus NifX was more related to the C-terminal end of NifY from K. pneumoniae than to NifX. A small domain of approximately 33 amino acid residues showing the highest degree of homology between NifY and NifX was also present in all nifB proteins analyzed so far. This homology indicated an evolutionary relationship of nifX, nifY and nifB and also suggested that NifX and NifY might play a role in maturation and/or stability of the iron-molybdenum cofactor. The open reading rame (ORF4) downstream of nifX in R. capsulatus is also present in Azotobacter vinelandii but not in K. pneumoniae. Interposon-induced insertion and deletion mutants proved that nifE and nifN were necessary for nitrogen fixation in R. capsulatus. In contrast, no essential role could be demonstrated for nifX and ORF4 whereas at least one gene downstream of ORF4 appeared to be important for nitrogen fixation.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Root nodule ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peroxisomes (microbodies) ; Uninfected (interstitial) cells ; Ureides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies were conducted on root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated as seeds withRhizobium japonicum. The development of the large peroxisomes and abundant tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) characteristic of the uninfected interstitial cells was followed during nodule growth and maturation. Quantitative data on differences between the uninfected and infected cells in volumes and numbers of peroxisomes, plastids and mitochondria were analyzed statistically. The peroxisomes are 60 times greater in volume per unit cytoplasm in the uninfected cells than the small presumptive peroxisomes in the infected cells. Plastids are about equal in volume in the two types of cells. Mitochondria have 4 × the volume and 3 × the number of profiles per unit cytoplasm in the infected cells than in the uninfected. The observations are discussed in relation to published evidence that several enzymes involved in ureide production are localized in organelles of the uninfected cells. The uninfected cells are viewed as essential components in the symbiotic relationship between host and bacterium.
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  • 177
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    Protoplasma 150 (1989), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Root nodules ; Dense body ; Microbody ; Oleosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen-fixing peanut root nodules are characterized by their unique structural organization, distinct from other legume nodules. The focus of this study has been in and around the hostsymbiont interface, where the bacterioid and the host cell surface (peribacteroid membrane envelope) interact during symbiosis. The infected nodule cells have revealed the presence of lipid bodies (oleosomes) in intimate association with the peribacteroid membrane, which encloses the large spherical bacteroids with a relatively narrow peribacteroid space. Electron dense structures, referred to as dense bodies have been found attached to the bacteroid outer membranes at the host-symbiont interface. The dense bodies are osmiophilic, amorphous and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine positive. The isolated intact bacteroids with dense bodies attached to their cell wall showed significant catalase activity. Many microbodies showing DAB-positive reaction have been found in the host cytoplasm, associated closely with the peribacteroid membrane. These ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of peanut root nodules suggest that lipids are utilized during symbiosis and the dense bodies and microbodies may be involved in the catabolic process.
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plectonema boryanum ; Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen starvation ; Immunogold localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of fructose-supplemented and unsupplemented nitrogen-fixing (fix +) and nonfixing (fix −)Plectonema boryanum UTEX 581 cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The most prominent structural differences included the arrangement and morphology of the thylakoids and alterations in the appearance of the interthylakoidal spaces. These ultrastructural differences, together with other observations such as glycogen content and presence of nitrogenase (using acetylene reduction assay and immunogold localization), readily distinguished nonfixingP. boryanum from nitrogen-fixing cells.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two methods have been developed in order to discriminate between lateral roots, nodules and root-derived structures which exhibit both root and nodule histological features and which can develop on legumes inoculated with certainRhizobium mutants. The first method, known as the “clearing method”, allows the observation by light microscopy of cleared undissected root-structures. The second, known as the “slicing method”, is a complementary technique which provides a greater degree of structural information concerning such structures. The two methods have proved invaluable in defining unequivocally the nature of the interaction between a rhizobial strain and a legume host.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Azolla ; Anabaena ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trichome ; Transfer cell ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Gland ; Metabolite exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anabaena azollae is associated with two types of multicellular epidermal trichomes inAzolla leaf cavities, the simple and branched hairs. The observation of transfer cell ultrastructure in some hair cells led to speculation that the cavity hairs might participate in metabolite exchange between the symbionts. The developmental ontogeny of cavity trichomes is described here, using transmission electron microscopy, with a goal of improving our understanding of possible functions of these structures in the symbiosis. The observations have established that all cells of simple and branched hairs develop the structural characteristics of transfer cells, but not simultaneously. Rather, there is an acropetal succession of transfer cell ultrastructure beginning in terminal cells, moving to body cells where present, and ending in stalk cells. The transfer cell stage is followed immediately by senescence in all hair cells. The timing of transfer cell differentiation, considered together with information from other studies, suggests that branched hairs may be involved in exchange of fixed nitrogen between the symbionts, while simple hairs may participate in exchange of fixed carbon fromAzolla toAnabaena.
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  • 181
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    Aquatic ecology 19 (1985), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: diel variation in egg ratio ; temperature ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For the rotifersKeratella cochlearis andKellicottia longispina diel variation in egg ratio was studied throughout the season. In April no variation was found, in July and early September diel variation was significant forK. cochlearis. The diel patterns are discussed in relation to the mean temperature experienced by the populations.
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  • 182
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    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: temperature ; acclimation ; Eucheuma alvarezii ; Eucheuma isiforme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Branch cultures ofEucheuma alvarezii Doty var.tambalang Doty, farmed in the Philippines, andE. isiforme (C. Agardh) J. Agardh var.denudatum Cheney, from the west coast of Florida, were gradually transferred through three temperature regimes over a 6-week period. Photosynthetic responses were measured under a series of irradiances (P-I curves) and temperatures to determine immediate responses of the plants before, during and after completion of the transfers. The Philippine variety did not show acclimation to 18 °C either after gradual transfer from the initial culture temperature of 25 °C or when abruptly transferred from 25 to 18 °C. The Florida variety did show acclimation to 25 °C when gradually transferred from 18 to 22 to 25 °C over the 6-week period, but not if abruptly transferred from 18 to 25 °C. The west coast variety ofE. isiforme from Florida shows a temperature acclimation ability that parallels the seasonal changes in water temperature of its habitat.
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  • 183
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    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; oxygen ; nutrients ; phytoplankton ; eutrophication ; Lake maarsseveen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1983, an unexpected bloom of the cyanobacteriaMicrocystis aeruginosa was observed in Lake Maarsseveen I. It was supposed that this phenomenon might be an indication of accelerated eutrophication of the lake. However, data on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters, collected over the last 6 years do not support this contention. Phytoplankton total phosphate and physical characteristics did not change. Annual levels of dissolved nutrients such as silicate and nitrate were even observed to show significant decreases over the period of observation.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; gastropod ; population dynamics ; eutrophication ; floating ; burrowing ; macrophytes ; temperature ; tolerance ; carination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrobiid snailPotamopyrgus jenkinsi (E.A. Smith), characterized by parthenogenesis and ovovivipary, was quantitatively sampled monthly between June, 1982, and December, 1986, on sandy bottoms in the shallow zones of the meso-oligotrophic Lake Maarsseveen I and the eutrophic Lake Maarsseveen II. The snail demonstrated a very clumped distribution in both lakes. The mean numbers of juveniles and adults taken together fluctuated strongly. Organisms in Lake I showed relatively high densities (up to 25,000 per m2) in 1982, followed by a sudden drop to values approaching zero in December, 1982, with a subsequent rapid increase in densities, fluctuating between 2,000 and 200 per m2. In Lake II, densities of snails fluctuated between 13,000 and 300 per m2 with decreases in the spring of 1985 and 1986. The various types of decreases in the lakes are extensively discussed, but no explanation is presently available. The reduction in Lake I was of catastrophic proportions, but the speed of recovery of the population was remarkable. Floating was observed only in Lake I, and only during the occurrence of the highest densities on the sediment. Burrowing behaviour was very common, but strongly suppressed under an uninterrupted dark regime. A shift of temperature from 15 to 22°C had the same effect. A number of submerged macrophyte species from Lake I proved to attractP. jenkinsi in the absence of sandy substrate, though these plants were only covered by the snail during the period of the highest densities in 1982. Temperatures of 20°C or lower were well tolerated, unlike temperatures of 25 and 30°C. Growth was distinct at 10, 15 and 20°C. Keeled individuals were encountered in much higher numbers in Lake I than in Lake II.
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  • 185
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 93 (1982), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human lymphocytes ; mitogenic lymphokines ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 186
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 853-856 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: isolated myocardium ; contractility ; temperature ; stretching ; frequency of contractions
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  • 187
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 97 (1984), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ambient atmospheric factors ; temperature ; hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system ; physiological state
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  • 188
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: irradiance ; root development ; root growth ; shoot development ; shoot growth ; temperature ; thermal time ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown in columns of soil until early stem elongation at a wide range of constant root temperatures. Two light environments were imposed and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer added at sowing. Shoot and root development and growth were measured by destructive sampling to investigate the combined effects of temperature and changing nutrient and assimilate supply. Both mainstem leaf and root axis production were linearly related to thermal time above a base temperature of 0°C. Low irradiance affected the appearance of mainstem tillers and associated nodal root axes. Nitrogen had little effect on shoot or root development but increased shoot area between 6 and 8 mainstem leaves. Higher temperatures and supplementary light resulted in larger root systems when compared at equivalent times after sowing. Total root length and root dry weight increased exponentially with thermal time, based on the mean of 4 cm soil and 2 cm air temperatures, but no single relation existed for all temperature and light treatments. Total plant dry matter, root length and root dry weight increased linearly with accumulated, intercepted, photosynthetically active radiation. Root growth responded less than the shoot to supplementary light. Increasing temperature reduced the proportion of root weight to total plant weight.
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Irradiance ; root development ; root growth ; temperature ; thermal time ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat was sown on 2 dates with 3 levels of nitrogen fiertiliser (0, 50 and 200 kg N ha−1) in one year and on 2 sites in a followign season. Shoot and root development and growth were measured between emergence and anthesis in the first season and emergence and 7 mainstem leaves in the second. Differences in temperature and light regime led to significant differences in shoot and root development and growth between sowing dates. A thermal time-scale, based on soil surface or air temperatures, with a base of 0°C, adequately described the production of mainstem leaves and nodal root axes over all treatments. Autumn applied nitrogen had little effect on development. Shoot growth and green area index increased exponentially with thermal time prior to spring nitrogen application and the completion of canopy development. Early-sown crops had larger root systems than late-sown crops prior to winter and this divergence was retained until anthesis. The relationship between root growth and thermal time was little better than with days after sowing and was not improved by either varying the site of temperature measurement or the base temperature used for calculation. Differences in soil texture and drainage, between sites, led to significant changes in root length distribution. Although spring applied nitrogen generally increased root length, its effects were inconsistent. There was a curvilinear relation between root length and the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted; this relation was unaffected by sowing date or nitrogen treatment. The amount of root produced per unit PAR decreased as the season progressed, reflecting the decrease in the proportion of total dry matter partitioned to the root system.
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    European journal of plant pathology 88 (1982), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: coffee leaf rust ; complete resistance ; major gene resistance ; temperature ; heterogeneous reaction type ; components of resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Resistentie van koffie tegen fysio II vanHemileia vastatrix werd getoetst in milieus bij lichtintensiteiten (LI), die varieerden van 17 tot 100% van de totale instraling. Negen behandelingen, bestaande uit de combinaties van drie niveaus van LI vóór inoculatie en drie ná inoculatie, werden toegepast op zaailingen van het vatbareCoffea arabica ras Mundo Novo. Toenemende LI vóór inoculatie veroorzaakte een significante toename in lesiedichtheid, terwijl het tegenovergestelde werd waargenomen bij de behandeling na inoculatie. Maximale verschillen in lesiedichtheid waren drievoudig. De interactie tussen behandelingen vóór en ná inoculatie was ook significant. Bij extreem hoge LI ná inocultie trad necrose van de lesies op. Genotypen van de Icatu populatie en van hetC. canephora ras Kouillou, met verschillende ziektescores in het veld, werden beproefd in verschillende milieus, waarbij een constante LI voor en na inoculatie werd toegepast. De resistentie van de meeste genotypen kwam beter tot uiting bij lage LI dan bij hoge LI, wat ook waargenomen werd voor het controle ras Mundo Novo. Bij het ras Kouillou werden de dichtheid van sporulerende lesies, de latentieperiode en het reactietype significant beïnvloed door LI en genotype. De interactie tussen LI en genotype was ook significant voor dichtheid van sporulerende lesies en voor reactietype, voornamelijk doordat het meest resistente genotype niet, of in de omgekeerde richting, beïnvloed werd door LI. De expressive van het resistentiegen Sh4 bleek ook afhankelijk van het milieu. Waarnemingen aan een uitsplitsende F2-populatie duidden op een dominante genwerking in de kas (lage LI) en een incompleet dominante, of bijna recessieve, genewerking in de kwekerij (hoge LI). Deze incomplete dominantie uitte zich d.m.v. heterogene tot vatbare reactietypes van heterozygote planten (SH4sH4) onder hoge LI. Enkele ecologische en veredelingstechnische aspecten van de waargenomen invloed van LI worden besproken.
    Notes: Abstract Resistance of coffee to race II ofHemileia vastatrix was tested in different environments at light intensities (LI) from 17 to 100% of total outdoor radiation. Nine treatments, in which three levels of LI before inoculation were combined with three levels of LI after inoculation, were applied to seedlings of the susceptible cv. Mundo Novo. Higher LI before inoculation induced a significant increase in lesion density, whereas the opposite was observed for treatments after inoculation. Maximum differences in lesion density were threefold. The interaction between pre-and post-inoculation treatments was also significant. Necrosis of lesions occurred under extremely high LI after inoculation. Genotypes of the Icatu population and ofCoffea canephora cv. Kouillou, which varied in disease level in the field, were tested in different environments, constant LI being applied before and after inoculation. Most genotypes were more resistant at low LI than at high LI, paralleling the results obtained for the control cv. Mundo Novo. With cv. Kouillou, sporulating lesion density, latency period and reaction type were significantly affected by LI and genotype. The interaction between LI and genotypes was significant for sporulating lesion density and reaction type, mainly because the most resistent genotype was not affected, or affected in opposite direction, by LI. Environment affected the expression of the resistance gene SH4. Observations on a segregating F2 population indicated dominant gene action in the greenhouse (low LI) and incomplete dominant to nearly recessive gene action in the nursery (high LI). Incomplete dominance was expressed by heterogeneous to susceptible reaction types of heterozygote plants (SH4sH4), under high LI. Some ecological and breeding aspects of the observed effect of LI on resistance to coffee leaf rust are discussed.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif/fix genes ; Escherichia coli minicells ; Transcription regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary On the Rhizobium leguminosarum PRE sym plasmid, fixABC and a novel gene fixW were identified upstream of the regulatory gene nifA. The molecular masses of FixABC, 29, 44 and 50 kDa respectively, were estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and of FixW, 25 kDa, by PAGE and nucleotide sequencing. Hybridization studies using bacteroid mRNA as a probe showed that fixABC is one operon which can be transcribed independently of fixW. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that both fixW and fixA are preceded by a nif consensus promoter. The fixA promoter partly overlaps the 3′-terminal coding region of fixW, indicating that readthrough from fixW into fixA is possible. Two open reading frames, ORF71 and ORF79, precede fixW and form one operon with fixW. ORF71 contains sequences homologous to the fixA promoter and 5′-terminal coding region. One more duplication of fixA sequences was detected, also located within the sym plasmid nif/fix clusters. One duplication of fixW sequences was found. No fixW homologue could be found in other nitrogen fixing organisms except in a number of R. leguminosarum strains.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; draT ; draG ; TTG initiation codon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixation activity in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum is controlled by the reversible ADP-ribosylation of the dinitrogenase reductase component of the nitrogenase enzyme complex. This report describes the cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the ADP-ribosyltransferase (draT) and the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase (draG) involved in this regulation. These genes are shown to be contiguous on the R. rubrum chromosome and highly linked to the nifHDK genes. Sequence analysis revealed the use of TTG as the initiation codon of the draT gene as well as a potential open reading frame immediately downstream of draG. The mono-ADP-ribosylation system in R. rubrum is the first in which both the target protein and modifying enzymes as well as their structural genes have been isolated, making it the model system of choice for analysis of this post-translational regulatory mechanism.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Frankia ; Nif genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plasmid ; Actinorhizal symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report that in DNA from one Frankia sp. strain at least some of the nif genes are located on a large indigenous plasmid of 190 kb. Using the cloned nitrogenase structural genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae as hybridization probes, homology was detected with a 5.6 kb EcoRI fragment from the Frankia sp. plasmid. This 5.6 kb fragment was cloned; used as a probe it hybridized to the nif K, D and H genes from Rhizobium meliloti and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The nif probes also hybridized on total DNA blots to a 10 kb EcoRI fragment that is not present on plasmid DNA, suggesting that the nif genes could be located on more than one replicon.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; Azotobacter vinelandii ; Tn5 mutants ; Gene banks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tn5 was introduced into Azotobacter vinelandii on a suicide vector, pGS9. Three Nif- mutants were found to carry Tn5 in nifH (MV6), in nifN (MV22), and in or near nifM (MV21), from the results of hybridisation experiments. For MV21 and MV22 this was also shown by complementation with the nif genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae on pRD1. MV6 failed to synthesis the nifH, D and K gene products. MV6 and MV22 fixed nitrogen in the absence of supplied molybdenum while mutant MV21 did not, suggesting that the nifM gene product may be required for the alternative nitrogenase system synthesised in azotobacteria under conditions of molybdenum deprivation. Reconstitution experiments with mutant extracts showed that MV22 (nifN -) lacked the FeMo cofactor and that MV21 (NifM-) synthesised inactive Fe protein. These biochemical phenotypes are identical to those of the K. pneumoniae nifN and nifM mutants, respectively, demonstrating that these genes have the same function in both K. pneumoniae and A. vinelandii. Complementation of the A. vinelandii mutants with pLAFR1 gene banks of A. vinelandii or a. chroococcum yielded three cosmids of interest. pLV10 complemented UW91, a nifH mutant, and corrected the defect in MV6 after recombination with the mutant genome. It also carried nifD (but not nifK) and about 18 kb of DNA upstream from nifH. pLV1 from the A. vinelandii gene bank complemented both MV21 and MV22 as did pLC11, isolated from the A. chroococcum gene bank. Both pLV1 and pLC11 carried part of the nif cluster downstream of nifHDK which also includes nifEN and nifMVS on about 22 kb of DNA.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Anabaena doliolum ; Sporulation ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Cell constituents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Anabaena doliolum (AdS strain) altered with respect to the time of initiation and degree of sporulation were isolated following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydroxylamine. The non-sporulating mutant showed a high phycocyanin (Pc): chlorophyll a (chl a) ratio (ca. 7.2) as compared to sporulating strains (Pc:chl a, 4.7–5.3). Also this strain seemed to have higher RNA pools per unit of genomic material as reflected in a higher RNA:DNA ratio. The data suggest that degradaton of phycocyanin and controlled RNA synthesis are prerequisites for sporulation. Mutants exhibiting non-sporulation and delayed initiation of sporulation accumulated more nitrogen through nitrogen fixation, probably indicating nitrogenase function over an extended vegetative phase.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Transposon Tn5 ; Mutants ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two strains of the soybean endosymbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum, USDA 110 and 61 A101 C, were mutagenized with transposon Tn5. After plant infection tests of a total of 6,926 kanamycin and streptomycin resistant transconjugants, 25 mutants were identified that are defective in nodule formation (Nod-) or nitrogen fixation (Fix-). Seven Nod- mutants were isolated from strain USDA 110 and from strain 61 A101 C, 4 Nod- mutants and 14 Fix- mutants were identified. Subsequent auxotrophic tests on these symbiotically defective mutants identified 4 His- Nod- mutants of USDA 110. Genomic Southern analysis of the 25 mutants revealed that each of them carried a single copy of Tn5 integrated in the genome. Three 61 A101 C Fix- mutants were found to have vector DNA co-integrated along with Tn5 in the genome. Two independent DNA regions flanking Tn5 were cloned from the three nonauxotrophic Nod- mutants and one His-Nod- mutant of USDA 110. Homogenotization of the cloned fragments into wild-type strain USDA 110 and subsequent nodulation assay of the resulting homogenotes confirmed that the Tn5 insertion was responsible for the Nod- phenotype. Partial EcoR1 restriction enzyme maps around the Tn5 insertion sites were generated. Hybridization of these cloned regions to the previously cloned nod regions of R. meliloti and nif and nod regions of B. japonicum USDA 110 showed no homology, suggesting that these regions represent new symbiotic clusters of B. japonicum.
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  • 197
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 460-464 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gene fusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plasmids containing hybrid genes, in which different Klebsiella pneumoniae nif (nitrogen-fixation) promoters were fused with the structural part of the Escherichia coli lac operon, were introduced into a double auxotrophic derivative of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. A study of their expression in the new host was made simple by the inherent inability of A. tumefaciens C58 to produce β-galactosidase unless provided with the wild-type lac operon of E. coli. As shown by quantitative measurements of the enzyme, all K. pneumoniae promoters were expressed well in A. tumefaciens C58, even under conditions known to repress them. It also has been shown that the activity of K. pneumoniae nif A is essential for the expression of nifHDK even when introduced into A. tumefaciens. After entering the new host the plasmids, the nif genes and the fusion alleles contained in them, remained stable. Possible mechanisms responsible for the constitutive behaviour of nif promoters in A. tumefaciens are discussed.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Beans ; DNA Sequence ; Gene regulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene termed psi (polysaccharide inhibition), located close to the nodulation genes of the Rhizobium phaseoli symbiotic plasmid pRP2JI inhibited exopolysaccharide synthesis (EPS) and nodulation ability (Nod) in Rhizobium when it was cloned in a multicopy plasmid. The sequence of psi showed that it specified a polypeptide of mol. wt. 10000 that may be associated with the membrane of Rhizobium. A second gene, psr (polysaccharide restoration), was located on pRP2JI. When cloned in multicopy plasmids, psr overcame the EPS and Nod defects in strains carrying multicopy psi. Strains with multicopy psr induced non-fixing nodules on Phaseolus beans. Using gene fusions between psi and lacZ, it was shown that psi inhibited transcription of psr.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 280-287 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nif products ; Tn5 mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Deletions and Tn5 insertions were obtained in a cloned 10 kb BamHI-BglII fragment carrying the nifHDKE region of Rhizobium ORS571 and were recombined into the host genome. Genetic analysis of the mutants, comparison of polypeptides synthesized under conditions of repression and depression of N2 fixation, and biochemical complementation of crude extracts were performed. All Nif- mutants were also Fix-. Three transcription units were identified, nifHDK, nifE and a new nif locus adjacent to nifE; no nif locus was found in the immediate vicinity upstream of nifH. Fifteen polypeptides synthesized under conditions of N2 fixation were characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ten of them are likely to be nif products and polypeptides encoded by nifH, nifD, nifK and tentatively nifE were identified. Physiological and biochemical evidence for the functioning of the second copy of nifH is reported. Nitrogenase component 2 synthesized by this copy could not be differentiated from component 2 synthesized in the wild-type strain. When the function of nifH copy 1 was abolished, the amount of component 2 synthesized was about 30% of that synthesized in the wild-type strain.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 621-626 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; nifA gene ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen control ; Transcriptional control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nifA genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bradyrhizobium japonicum were constitutively expressed from the pBR329-derived chloramphenicol resistance promoter. The inserts of these nifA plasmid constructs were devoid of any other intact flanking genes. The nifA genes thus expressed led to a marked activation of a B. japonicum nifD-lacZ fusion under microaerobic conditions. Under aerobic growth conditions, however, activation was mediated only by the K. pneumoniae nifA gene but not by the B. japonicum nifA gene. This selective effect was observed in both the Escherichia coli as well as the B. japonicum backgrounds. Several lines of evidence suggest that in these experiments oxygen adversely affects B. japonicum nifA-dependent nif gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level, probably even at the post-translational level, and that this effect does not require a nifL-like gene. Models are proposed in which oxygen inhibits the B. japonicum NifA protein either directly or indirectly via other cellular components involved in general protein oxidation pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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