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  • General Chemistry  (19,361)
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  • Genetics  (650)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A genetic basis of oviposition preference in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Oviposition preference ; Genetics ; Oncopeltus fasciatus ; Hemiptera ; Lygaeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Oncopeltus fasciatus von 6 verschiedenen Herkünften und deren F1 und F2 Hybriden wurde die bevorzugte Eiablagestelle untersucht. In drei Versuchsreihen erwiesen sich dabei alle an einer Lokalität gesammelten Proben als statistisch homogen. Ferner bilderen alle in Nordamerika gesammelten Proben eine statistisch homogene Gruppe, die sich von der puertoricanischen Herkunft unterschied. F1 and F2 Hybriden nicht puertoricanischer Herkunft unterschieden sich nicht wesentlich voneinander. Hybriden zwischen puertoricanischen und nordame-rikanischen Herkünften zeigten in F1 eine dominante Neigung in Richtung der puertoricanischen Eiablagepräferenz; diese Neigung verlor sich in F2. Aufgrund dieses Verlusts wurde geschlossen, dass die Eiablagepräferenz polygenisch bestimmt ist.
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition site preferences were examined in descendents of milkweed bugs collected in six geographic areas and in their F1 and F2 hybrids. Within an area, samples were stastically homogeneous in oviposition preference across three trials. All samples from within the continental USA formed a statistically homogeneous group and, as a group, were different in oviposition preference from the Puerto Rican collection. F1 and F2 hybrids with no Puerto Rican ancestry were not significantly different from each other in oviposition preference. Hybrids with Puerto Rican ancestry exhibited a “dominance” deviation in favor of the Puerto rican oviposition site preference in the F1 generation, but lost that deviation in the F2 generation. This loss was interpreted as evidence that oviposition preference in Oncopeltus fasciatus was polygenically controlled. Probable selection pressures affecting oviposition preferences in O. fasciatus and the advantages of polygenic control of this trait were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186915
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The locus ceruleus: a possible neural focus for genetic differences in emotionality (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; stress ; emotionality ; locus ceruleus ; Maudsley strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01958923
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii and its inheritance in hybrid progeny (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplast ; DNA ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The density, molecular weight, and cellular repetition of DNA molecules associated with the β-DNA satellite of the interfertile algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii are reported. The similarities between these values and those for the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the related alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicate that these satellites represent cpDNA. The buoyant densities of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs are indistinguishable from one another, as are those of their respective nuclear DNAs. These densities differ slightly from the densities of the homologous components of C. reinhardtii whole cell DNA. All three species differ with respect to additional minor satellite DNAs and low molecular weight DNAs of unknown cellular location. Differences in the Aval and Smal restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs were employed to study the inheritance of cpDNA in an F1 hybrid which had inherited a non-Mendelian streptomycin resistance marker (sr-2) from the C. eugametos mating-type plus (mt +) parent and in two homoplasmic mitotic segregants from a B 1 hybrid (F1 × C. moewusii) which had been initially heteroplasmic for the resistance marker. Although the cpDNA patterns in the F1 hybrid were similar to those of the C. eugametos ml 1 parent, important differences were noted which suggest that recombination between C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA had occurred. Homoplasmic streptomycin resistant and sensitive mitotic segregants recovered from the B1 hybrid product reveal Aval restriction patterns similar to those of the respective resistant and sensitive parents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the sr-2 marker is located in cpDNA and that C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA sequences can coexist in the same chloroplast and, at least sometimes, segregate without extensive recombination. The transmission of low molecular weight DNAs characteristic of C. moewusii but of unknown cellular origin shows no direct correlation with the transmission of the sr-2 marker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420626
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical foundations for quantitative paleogenetics (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 211-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleic acids ; Proteins ; Natural selection ; Genetics ; Nonrandom molecular divergence ; Nonrandom REH theory ; Evolution ; mRNA ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary REH theory is extended by deriving the theoretical equations that permit one to analyze the nonrandom molecular divergence of homologous genes and proteins. The nonrandomicities considered are amino acid and base composition, the frequencies with which each of the four nucleotides is replaced by one of the other three, unequal usage of degenerate codons, distribution of fixed base replacements at the three nucleotide positions within codons, and distributions of fixed base replacements among codons. The latter two distributions turn out to dominate the accuracy of genetic distance estimates. The negative binomial density is used to allow for the unequal mutability of different codon sites, and the implications of its two limiting forms, the Poisson and geometric distributions, are considered. It is shown that the fixation intensity — the average number of base replacements per variable codon - is expressible as the simple product of two factors, the first describing the asymmetry of the distribution of base replacements over the gene and the second defining the ratio of the average probability that a codon will fix a mutation to the probability that it will not. Tables are given relating these features to experimentally observable quantities inα hemoglobin,β hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin group of proteins and to the structure of their corre-sponding genes or mRNAs. The principal results are (1) more accurate methods of estimating parameters of evolutionary interest from experimental gene and protein sequence data, and (2) the fact that change in gene and protein structure has been a much less efficient process than previously believed in the sense of requiring many more base replacements to effect a given structural change than earlier estimation procedures had indicated. This inefficiency is directly traceable to Darwinian selection for the nonrandom gene or protein structures necessary for biological function. The application of these methods is illustrated by detailed consideration of the rabbitα -andβ hemoglobin mRNAs and the proteins for which they code. It is found that these two genes are separated by about 425 fixed base replacements, which is a factor of two greater than earlier estimates. The replacements are distributed over approximately 114 codon sites that were free to accept base mutations during the divergence of these two genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804977
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The estimation of genetic divergence (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Genetics ; REH theory ; Mutations ; Natural selection ; Nucleic acids ; Proteins ; Paleogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have independently repeated the computer simulations on which Nei and Tateno (1978) base their criticism of REH theory and have extended the analysis to include mRNAs as well as proteins. The simulation data confirm the correctness of the REH method. The high average value of the fixation intensity μ2 found by Nei and Tateno is due to two factors: 1) they reported only the five replications in which μ2 was high, excluding the forty-five replications containing the more representative data;and 2) the lack of information, inherent to protein sequence data, about fixed mutations at the third nucleotide position within codons, as the values are lower when the estimate is made from the mRNAs that code for the proteins. REH values calculated from protein or nucleic acid data on the basis of the equiprobability of genetic events underestimate, not overestimate, the total fixed mutations. In REH theory the experimental data determine the estimate T2 of the time average number of codons that have been free to fix mutations during a given period of divergence. In the method of Nei and Tateno it is assumed, despite evidence to the contrary, that every amino acid position may fix a mutation. Under the latter assumption, the measure X2 of genetic divergence suggested by Nei and Tateno is not tenable: values of X2 for theα hemoglobin divergences are less than the minimum number of fixed substitutions known to have occurred. Within the context of REH theory, a paradox, first posed by Zuckerkandl, with respect to the high rate of covarion turnover and the nature of general function sites in proteins is resolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733911
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population biology of two land snails (Mesomphix spp.): variation among six southern appalachian sites with differing disturbance histories (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 372-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segregation and transmission of mitochondrial markers in fusion products of the asporogenous yeast Torulopsis glabrata (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Protoplast ; Fusion ; Mitochondrial ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a protoplast fusion technique we have been able to locate to the mitochondrial genome of the asporogenous yeast Torulopsis glabrata mutations conferring resistance to oligomycin, antimycin and diuron. When two strains differing in the size of their mtDNAs were fused the mitochondrial markers from the parent with the larger mtDNA (71–91) were transmitted predominantly among the fusion products. Both genetical and physical evidence support the occurrence of recombination in T. glabrata mitochondrial genome. Segregation of the mitochondrial genome appears to take place before the separation of the first bud from the fusion product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376789
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of mitochondrial mutants in hybridization of industrial yeasts (1981)
    Springer
    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetics ; Yeasts, protoplasts ; Saccharomyces ; Hansenula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts of petites of strains 625-CI of Saccharomyces diastaticus and NCYC 1085 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, originally obtained from the National Collection of Yeast Cultures, England, were fused with protoplasts of Candida pseudotropicalis, Saccharomyces rosei, Yaccharbmycesmontanus, Pichiamembranefaciens, Hansenula anomala, Hansenula capsulata, and Schizosac-charomyces pombe. The respiratory-competent products of the fusions were selected on the basis of using at least one of the carbon sources utilized by the petite parent and not by the other. The products of the fusion of C. pseudotropicalis x 1085(p−) consisted of two cell types; an oval cell which utilized both lactose and maltose and fermented lactose vigorously, and a cylindrical form which fermented maltose slowly. The S. rosei x 1085(p−) hybrids had acquired the ability to metabolize and ferment galactose, and to ferment maltose, from the petite parent. The P. membranaefaciens x 625(p−) hybrids acquired the ability to metabolize galactose, sucrose and maltose, but fermented only glucose, weakly, like the P. membranaefaciens parent strain. The H. capsulate x 625(p−) hybrids, unlike the hybrids with P. membranaefaciens or S. rosei, resembled the petite parent morphologically and also had the fermentative abilities of this strain (galactose, maltose, sucrose and starch), and the ability to ferment starch was considerably enhanced. The S. montanus x 625(p−) hybrids acquired the ability to utilize starch. Schizosaccharomyces pombe x 625(p−) hybrids resembled S. pombe morphologically, but had the ability to metabolize galactose and starch. Some of the asci produced by these hybrids contained abnormal numbers of spores. H. anomala x 624 x(p−) hybrids fermented starch, though weakly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420495
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and sequence of the mdh structural gene of Escherichia coli coding for malate dehydrogenase (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1987), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Catabolite repression ; Genetics ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Sequence ; CRP binding site ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The malate dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli, which is susceptible to catabolite and anaerobic repression, has been cloned using plasmic pLC32-38 of Clarke and Carbon (1976). The nucleotide sequence was determined of a 2.47 kbp fragment, containing the mdh structural gene. All information necessary for expression of the mdh structural gene was mapped within a 1.3 kbp SphI-BstEII fragment. Compared with the untransformed wild type, transformations with pUC19 vector, containing this fragment, gave up to 40-fold more malate dehydrogenase activity in both E. coli wild type and mdh mutant recipients. Catabolite repression was not affected in the transformants. A possible CRP binding site in the promotor region of the mdh gene provides evidence for a co-regulation with fumA gene, the structural gene of fumarase, which is also subject to catabolite repression. The structures for transcription initiation and termination were similar to those previously described for E. coli. Amino acid sequence homologies between pro- and eucaryotic malate dehydrogenases are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423133
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homology and distribution of CO dehydrogenase structural genes in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Plasmids ; CO dehydrogenase subunits ; N-terminal sequences ; Oligonucleotides ; Hybridization ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 17 (S), 30 (M) and 87 kDa (L) subunits of CO dehydrogenases from the CO-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena and Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 were isolated and purified. The N-terminal sequences of same subunits from different bacteria showed distinct homologies. Dot blot hybridization employing oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S-subunit of P. carboxydovorans OM5 and the M-subunit of P. carboxydohydrogena and DNA of the plasmid-containing CO-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes carboxydus, Azomonas B1, P. carboxydoflava, P. carboxydovorans OM2, OM4 and OM5 indicated that all genes encoding these subunits reside on plasmids. That in P. carboxydovorans OM5 CO dehydrogenase structural genes are located entirely on plasmid pHCG3 was evident from the absence of hybridization employing DNA from the cured mutant strain OM5-12. CO dehydrogenase structural genes could be identified on the chromosome of the plasmid-free bacteria Arthrobacter 11/x, Bacillus schlegelii, P. carboxydohydrogena and P. carboxydovorans OM3. There was no example of a plasmid-harboring carboxydotrophic bacterium that did not carry CO dehydrogenase structural genes on the plasmid. The N-terminal sequences of CO dehydrogenase structural genes were found to be conserved among carboxydotrophic bacteria of distinct taxonomic position, independent of the presence of plasmids. It is discussed whether this might be the consequence of horizontal gene transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425170
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolutionary effect of endemic infectious disease: Continuous models for an invariant pathogen (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 15 (1982), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Epidemics ; Genetics ; Continuous models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Continuous deterministic models are used to investigate the relationship between the epidemiology of endemic infectious disease and the genetics of natural selection in the host population when a specific genetic locus controls susceptibility to disease under a variety of circumstances. One locus, two allele genes are considered in the contexts of haploid and diploid host populations while the agent of infection is assumed to be invariant. It is found that polymorphic equilibria exist and are stable for certain parameter combinations in each of the cases studied. The equilibrium levels of gene frequencies and disease prevalence depend on both genetic and epidemic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275789
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models of epidemics and endemicity in genetically variable host populations (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 17 (1983), S. 289-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Endemicity ; Epidemics ; Genetics ; Deterministic models ; Stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A discrete time genetics model is developed for populations that are undergoing selection due to infectious disease. It is assumed that the generation time of the host and infectious agent are non-synchronous and that only the host population is evolving. Two classes of epidemic processes are considered. The first class is for infectious agents that confer immunity following infection, while the second class is for those that do not confer immunity. The necessary and sufficient conditions are found in order for the disease to persist in a stable polymorphic host population. These conditions are shown to depend on the density of susceptibles, the selection coefficients, and the severity and class of the disease process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276518
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultivar and cultivar x environment effects on the development of callus and polyhaploid plants from anther cultures of wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum L. ; Doubled-haploids ; Genetics ; Androgenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants of three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars and one randomly selected doubled-haploid line derived by anther culture from each of the three cultivars were each grown in three environments, a field environment, a greenhouse environment, and a growth chamber environment. Anthers containing largely miduninucleate to late uninucleate microspores were cultured and calli were induced to regenerate plants in order to assess the effects of cultivar, cultivar family (cultivar and corresponding doubled-haploid derivative), anther-donor plant environment, and cultivar X environment interaction on androgenic responses. Large differences in response were observed among cultivars as well as between cultivars and doubled-haploids. Differences between cultivar and doubled-haploid within cultivar family usually resulted from higher frequency of response in the cultivar, contrary to the hypothesis that anther culture per se constitutes a general selective device for superior androgenic responses. Also, in a second experiment, anther callusing frequency was greater in the cultivar ‘Kitt’ than in any of five unique doubled-haploid lines derived from ‘Kitt’. Significant effects were also observed in the first experiment for the interactions of cultivar family X environment as well as doubled-haploid vs. cultivar X environment, although the effect of environment itself was less significant than these interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317054
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of nitrogen metabolism and physiological/biochemical selection for increased grain crop productivity (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Nitrogen ; Grain crops ; Selection ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is necessary to increase protein productivity of grain crops to meet present and future world protein requirements. Conventional plant breeding methodology has been to select genotypes with enhanced yield or grain protein concentration. In addition to this determination of end product, we suggest measurements of a number of physiological and biochemical processes of nitrogen (N) metabolism which precede plant maturity as selection criteria for enhanced N metabolism and grain crop productivity. The measurement across the growing season of genotypic variation in components of N metabolism would constitute a physiological/biochemical selection program to be incorporated with the determination of harvestable end product. A properly designed physiological/biochemical selection program would integrate the effects of plant genotype, environment, and their interactions allowing identification of the factors limiting productivity of particular genotypes, and would also estimate end product. Our review of literature pertinent to whole plant N metabolism suggests that such a selection program initially include NO 3 - uptake, N2 fixation, N accumulation, N remobilization, seed protein synthesis, and Nitrogen Harvest Index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317013
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of heat tolerance and thyroid function in Athens-Canadian randombred chickens (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Heat tolerance ; Thyroid function ; Chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five experiments were conducted to assess the genetic variation in thyroid function (T3, T4), body weight and heat stress survival time in chickens. Thyroxine (T4) levels were found to be elevated in response to 4 and 8 μg bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in experiment I. In experiment II, 4 μg of TSH was injected into chickens from 30 sire families of the Athens-Canadian Randombred population. The heritability of T4 levels after TSH injection was high. In experiment III, families identified as having innate high or low T4 levels after TSH injection and a group of control birds were subjected to a heat Stressor of 50 °C for up to 240 min at six weeks of age and heat stress survival time was studied. The groups did not differ from each other in heat stress survival time. Experiment IV was similar to experiment I except triiodothyronine (T3) was also measured after TSH injection. Both T4 and T3 levels after TSH injection were moderately heritable. In experiment V birds were reared to six weeks of age and heritability calculated for body weight, T4, T3, and heat stress survival time. Heritabilities were high for body weight, moderate for T4 and heat stress survival time, and low for T3. Phenotypic correlations were significant and negative for heat stress survival time with body weight and T4, and for body weight with T3 after TSH. Significant positive correlations were found for T4 with T3 after TSH and also T4 and body weight. Analysis of genetic correlations suggested that none of the traits studied would be an adequate selection parameter for achieving heat tolerance without reducing body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262530
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of heterozygosity at the af, st and tl loci in peas (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Peas ; Genetics ; Foliage ; Heterozygosity ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eight near-isogenic lines of pea representing all the homozygous combinations of three genes af, st and tl, which modify leaf shape and size, were crossed in all possible ways excepting reciprocals. An analysis of the resulting 36 families has shown that homozygous mutant alleles at the tl locus acting with homozygous mutant alleles at the af and st loci increase both seed weight and plant haulm weight. The mutant alleles at the af and st loci seem, when homozygous, to have little effect by themselves upon seed weight but they do increase or decrease haulm weight, respectively. There is clear evidence of heterotic effects resulting from heterozygosity at each one of the three loci which modify seed weight, haulm weight and basal branching. The implications of such heterotic effects in pea breeding programmes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278251
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental effects on zein chromatograms of maize inbred lines revealed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Germplasm identification ; Varietal identity ; Environmental interaction ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alcohol soluble seed storage proteins (zeins and alcohol soluble glutelins) of maize (Zea mays L.) were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The objectives were to assess the reproducibility of chromatographic profiles using seed of inbred lines that had been produced in different locations and years. Reproducible differences between sources were seen but these were restricted to proteins that contributed 2% or less to an inbred profile. The majority of variation (93% for peak percent area; 99.8% for elution time) was between inbreds. RP-HPLC can therefore provide distinctive phenotypic profiles that are largely characteristic of genotype. Such qualitative and quantitative data will be valuable for studies of taxonomy, evolution, genetics, and germplasm identification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264264
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    Genetic analysis of gliadin-encoding genes reveals gene clusters as well as single remote genes (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 278-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Gliadins ; Gene clusters ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of F2 grains from two different crosses has revealed a complex organization of the family of gliadin-coding genes located on chromosomes of the first homoeological group in hexaploid wheat. Chromosome 1A of variety ‘Bezenchukskaya 98’ was found to carry at least five gliadin-coding genes of which three genes form a cluster controlling the synthesis of the GLD1A1 block. Two additional genes are located on the both sides of this cluster and recombine with it at frequencies of 5±1.3% and 13±2.9%. Gliadinencoding genes recombining with the main clusters were also found on chromosomes 1B and 1A in the ‘Bezenchukskaya 98’ and ‘Saratovskaya 210’ varieties, respectively. In ‘Chinese Spring’, widely used in genetic studies, we discovered a recombination between genes located on chromosome 1A and controlling the synthesis of ω- and γ-gliadins. Varieties and biotypes of one variety may differ by the presence or absence of such “selfish” (not included in clusters) gliadin components. The similarity of organization of prolamine-coding genes on chromosomes in different cereals is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289286
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    Genetics of α-amylases from rye endosperm (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 440-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale L. ; Genetics ; α-Amylase ; Isozymes ; Modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen inbred lines of rye, F1 and F2 progenies from crosses between lines were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conventional genetic analysis of α-amylase zymograms showed that the 19 bands detected in the endosperm of germinating caryopses were controlled by three linked structural loci and one independent modifying locus, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of isozymes. Two codominant alleles were found at the α-Amy1, α-Amy2 structural loci and the M-α-Amy modifying locus while the α-Amy3 locus had three alleles. Double-banded expression of the α-amylase alleles was probably due to the simultaneous presence of modified and unmodified forms of isozymes on the zymogram.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262513
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    Genetical control and linkage relationships of isozyme markers in sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five isozyme systems were genetically investigated. The different separation techniques, the developmental expression and the use as marker system in sugar beet genetics and breeding is discussed. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was controlled by two genes. The gene products form inter- as well as intralocus dimers, even with the gene products of the Icd gene in B. procumbens and B. patellaris. Adenylate kinase was controlled by one gene. Three different allelic forms were detected, which were active as monomeric proteins. Glucose phosphate isomerase showed two zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic. Three allelic variants, active as dimers, were found. Phosphoglucomutase also showed two major zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic and coded for monomeric enzymes. Two allelic forms were found in the accessions studied. The cathodal peroxidase system was controlled by two independent genes, of which only one was polymorphic. The gene products are active as monomers. Linkage was found between red hypocotyl color (R) and Icd 2. Pgm 1, Gpi 2, Ak 1 and the Icd 2-R linkage group segregated independently.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299761
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    Optimising visual selection in early clonal generations of potato based on genetic and economic considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 665-671 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Genetics ; Breeding ; Plant appearance ; Economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1985, 1986 and 1987, 600 clones were visually assessed at harvest on plant appearance. The clones were harvested 80 days after planting in the first year, in the following years after approximately 80 days as well as after 145 days. The correlation coefficients between years and between harvest times were low to medium. Simulating different selection intensities using the performance of these 600 clones in two successive years, the relation between selection pressure in the first year and the retained proportion of well performing clones in the second year was described. Including the costs of testing, the most economic selection procedure was calculated. This procedure consisted in testing 1,579 first-year clones and 499 second-year clones for every 100 third-year clones required. The optimal period of the main evaluation in the second clonal year is at ware potato harvest time. This selection procedure also provides good selection possibilities for underwater weight and foliage maturity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262562
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    Somaclonal genetics of rice, Oryza sativa L. (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Somaclonal variation ; Genetics ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and variations of some traits of more than 2,000 somatic cell derived plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated in the second and third generations (T2 and T3) of regenerated plants (somaclones). The percentages of multiploids occurring in somaclones ranged from 0–13.3 in nine varieties (or hybrids) of ‘Hsien’ (indica) group, but no multiploid was found in nine varieties (or hybrid) of ‘Keng’ (japonica) group. A dwarf mutant with the height of only 20 cm was isolated in the T2 of ‘Tai-Zhong-Yu 39’. Genetic analysis indicated that it was controlled by a single recessive gene. The frequencies of chlorophyll mutations probably controlled by cytoplasmic genes decreased gradually with the advance of generations. The variations of five quantitative traits — plant height, grain weight, etc. — in 950 T2 pedigree lines of four varieties were also studied. Only 24.4% of the lines were normal in all the traits studied. Variation frequencies of different traits were from 11.5% to 39.5%. And there was an obvious tendency for the plant height to become shorter, number of productive tillers to increase and 1,000 grain weight to be lighter, whatever the variety studied. Traits were uniform within each of more than 90% of all T2 lines studied. What is more interesting, variations phenotyped in T2 proved to breed true. Causes of somaclonal variations are discussed, as well as their potentials in breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303925
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    Genetical investigations into β-glucan content in barley (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 461-466 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; β-glucan ; Doubled haploids ; Genetics ; Correlated characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random inbred lines produced by doubled haploidy (DH) and single seed descent (SSD) have been used to investigate the genetics of β-glucan (gum) content in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genetical analyses indicated that gum content is controlled by a simple additive genetic system. Significant negative genetic correlations were observed between β-glucan content, thousand grain weight and height in the DH samples. These correlations were much reduced in the SSD samples and would suggest linkage of the genes controlling these characters. The presence of repulsion linkages could be exploited in a barley breeding programme by producing F1 derived DH to generate recombinants with high thousand grain weight and low β-glucan content. Genetical parameters estimated from DH and F3 samples have successfully been used to predict the number of inbred lines transgressing the parental range for β-glucan content and bivariate combinations involving β-glucan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251188
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms as genetic markers in soybean, Glycine max (L.) merrill (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 889-901 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Genetics ; Allele ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) have been identified between widely distant cultivars (‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1 ’) of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Using as probes randomly chosen clones of DNA, one in five probes revealed a polymorphism. More than half of these polymorphisms appear to result from rearrangements of the genomic DNA. Twenty seven markers were analyzed for linkage in F2 plants. Eleven of these markers were contained in four linkage groups. Five cultivars were compared in a search for new alleles. When RFLP markers corresponding to low copy DNA were used to analyze three other cultivars — ‘Sooty’, ‘Forrest’ and ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’ — few new alleles were found. Using these probes, five different markers could be used to differentiate the five cultivars. Complex probes, which correspond to repeated DNA, revealed different polymorphisms in different cultivars and a single such probe could be used to distinguish the five cultivars from each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258050
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    Further characterization of picloram-tolerant mutants of Nicotiana tabacum (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cell culture ; Picloram-tolerance ; Genetics ; Uptake studies ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetic and preliminary biochemical analysis has been performed on four picloram-tolerant mutants of Nicotiana tabacum that were isolated from cell cultures. The four mutations define three distinct linkage groups. Mutant seedlings incorporate radioactively labeled picloram normally and do not modify or degrade the herbicide in a manner that alters its solubility characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277772
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    Linkage of the hordein loci Hor1 and Hor2 with the powdery mildew resistance loci Ml-k and Ml-a on Barley chromosome 5 (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Loci ; Powdery mildew ; Prolamin ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The linkage relationship among the loci Hor1, Hor2, Ml-k and Ml-a on the short arm of chromosome 5 was studied by progeny testing the F2 generation of two crosses. The loci Hor1 and Hor2 code for polypeptides of the storage protein hordein (prolamin) and the loci Ml-k and Ml-a determine the resistance reaction with some powdery mildew fungi cultures. The order of the loci is Ml-k, Hor1, Ml-a, and Hor2, the first named being nearest the centromere. The recombination percentage between Hor1 and Hor2 was determined in the F1 and F2 generations in both crosses, the combined estimate being 7.4±0.9 per cent. The recombination percentage estimated between Ml-k and Hor1 was 4.0±1.3, between Hor1 and Ml-a, 5.3±1.1, and between Ml-a and Hor2, 6.1±1.2. The estimates involving the Ml- loci were all probably a little too high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264664
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    Structural and genetical studies on the high-molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Triticum ; Genetics ; SDS ; Polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin from about 185 varieties were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). About 20 different, major subunits were distinguished by this technique although each variety contained, with only a few exceptions, between 3 and 5 subunits. Further inter-varietal substitution lines to those already described (Payne et al. 1980) were analysed and the results indicate that all the HMW subunits are controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. All hexaploid varieties studied except ‘NapHal’ contained two major subunits controlled by chromosome 1D. Their genes were shown to be tightly linked genetically for only four different types of banding patterns were observed. The nominal molecular weights determined after fractionation in 10% polyacrylamide gels were between 110,000 and 115,000 for the larger of the two subunits and between 82,000 and 84,000 for the smaller. One quarter of the varieties contained only one major HMW subunit controlled by chromosome 1B whereas the rest had two. The chromosome 1B subunits were the most varied and nine different banding patterns were detected. All the subunits had mobilities which were intermediate between those of the two chromosome 1D-controlled subunits. Only two types of HMW subunit controlled by chromosome 1A were detected in all the varieties examined; a single variety never contained both of these subunits and 40% of varieties contained neither. The chromosome 1A-controlled subunits had slightly slower mobilities in 10% gels than the largest HMW subunit controlled by chromosome 1D. About 100 single grains were analysed from each of five different crosses of the type (F1 of variety A × variety B) × variety C. The results indicate that the genes on chromosome 1B which control the synthesis of subunits 6, 7, 13, 14 and 17 are allelic, as are the genes of the chromosome 1A-controlled subunits, 1 and 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342544
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    Genetic studies of the basisdiomycete Agrocybe aegerita (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Agrocybe ; Genetics ; Fruiting ; Biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the edible white rot fungus Agrocybe aegerita the threshold from mycelial growth to fruit body formation is under control of a single gene in both monokaryons and dikaryons. The allele su opens the pathway for fruiting and allows the subsequent expression of the fruiter genes fi+ (fruit body initials) and fb + (fruit bodies). Its allele, su +, suppresses monokaryotic fruiting completely and restricts dikaryotic fruiting drastically. The detection of this threshold gene su +/su and its action and interactions has practical implication in that an opportunity for concerted breeding is created. First results indicate that the fruiter genes are involved in two essential parameters of productivity. Both time of fruiting and biomass production depend on the two fruiter genes fi + and fb +. Comparable results obtained with two other basidiomycetes suggest that the genetic control of fruiting in Agrocybe aegerita is a general mechanism which may be made use of in breeding work with other basidiomycetes of economic value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263714
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    Genetic and environmental factors affecting the suitability of dogs as Guide Dogs for the Blind (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Guide dogs ; Behaviour ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many dogs are found to be unsuitable for training as guide dogs for the blind. Consequently the Royal Guide Dogs for the Blind Association of Australia has embarked on a breeding program to produce a strain of labrador dogs which is suitable for guide dog training. The most common reasons for rejecting dogs are fearfulness, dog distraction, excitability, health and physical reasons and hip dysplasia. The selection program seems to have been successful in improving the success rate mainly by lowering fearfulness, but there has not been a continuing improvement. This is probably due to continual introduction of dogs from other populations into the breeding program. Males suffer from a higher rejection rate due to dog distraction and a lower rejection rate due to fearfulness and excitability than females, so that there is little sex difference in overall success rate. The heritability of success (0.44) is high enough to predict further progress from selection, again mainly against fearfulness. Variation in environment prior to 6 weeks of age, in age when dogs were placed into a private home and in age when males were castrated, had little effect on the success rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293339
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    On the genetic improvement of androgenetic haploid formation in Hordeum vulgare L. (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 233-239 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Haploids ; Androgenetic responsiveness ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anthers of 55 different spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) hybrids and four varieties were cultured in vitro. Microspores of each hybrid gave rise to calluses and subsequently plantlets, from all hybrids, except one. As criteria of microspore responsiveness, callus formation and plant regeneration frequencies were studied in detail. Large differences with regard to these criteria were found, which were traced back to the genotype of the anther donor plant. Callus formation varied between 3.3 and 73.2 per 1,000 anthers plated, whereas green plant regeneration ranged from 0 to 12.7 per 1,000 anthers cultured. Comparisons of microspore regeneration frequencies of hybrids and their parents indicated that culture responsiveness is a heritable, complex character involving at least two different and separately inherited mechanisms: 1) the ability of microspores within anthers to divide and give rise to calluses and subsequently 2) the ability of calluses for morphogenesis, to yield green or albino plants. Because it is heritable, anther culture responsiveness can be transferred to breeding material which is initially non-responsive. This genetic way of improving success in androgenetic haploid production appears to be more realistic than the search for optimum culture conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276246
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    Control of lectins in Triticum aestivum and Aegilops umbellulata by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops umbellulata ; Genetics ; Lectin ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each of the three genomes in hexaploid wheat controls the expression of a specific lectin in the embryo. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using nullisomic-tetrasomic and inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. All three wheat lectins were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Using ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ the lectin genes could be localized on the long arms of chromosomes 1A and 1D. Inter-specific addition and substitution lines of Aegilops umbellulata chromosomes to ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that chromosome 1U, which is homoeologous to the group 1 chromosomes of wheat, controls lectin synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303922
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of 11 barley shrunken endosperm mutants (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 177-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; Grain development ; Mutants ; Ultrastructure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eleven Na-azide induced barley shrunken endosperm mutants expressing xenia (sex) were characterized genetically and histologically. All mutants have reduced kernel size with kernel weights ranging from 11 to 57% of the wild type. With one exception, the mutant phenotypes are ascribable to single recessive mutant alleles, giving rise to a ratio of 3∶1 of normal and shrunken kernels on heterozygous plants. One mutant (B10), also monofactorially inherited, shows a gene dosage dependent pattern of expression in the endosperm. Among the 8 mutants tested for allelism, no allelic mutant genes were discovered. By means of translocation mapping, the mutant gene of B10 was localized to the short arm of chromosome 7, and that of B9 to the short arm of chromosome 1. Based on microscopy studies, the mutant kernel phenotypes fall into three classes, viz. mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a non-viable embryo, mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a viable embryo giving rise to plants with a clearly mutant phenotype, and finally mutants with only the endosperm affected and with a normal embryo giving rise to plants with normal phenotype. The mutant collection covers mutations in genes participating in all of the developmental phases of the endosperm, i.e. the passage from syncytial to the cellular endosperm, total lack of aleurone cell formation and disturbance in the pattern of aleurone cell formation. In the starchy endosperm, varying degrees of cell differentiation occur, ranging from slight deviations from wild type to complete loss of starchy endosperm traits. In the embryo, blocks in the major developmental phases are represented in the mutant collection, including arrest at the proembryo stage, continued cell divisions but no differentiation, and embryos deviating only slightly from the wild type.
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    The effect of the 4B chromosomes of hexaploid wheat on the growth and regeneration of callus cultures (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 439-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Tissue culture ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of nine lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). These were the euploid lines Chinese Spring and Cappelle-Desprez, a line of Chinese Spring ditelocentric for the long arm of 4B, four substitution lines of Chinese Spring in which chromosome 4B has been replaced by its homologues from different wheat varieties and substituted into Chinese Spring and a substitution line of Besostaya I 4B into Cappelle-Desprez. The calli from these lines were found to differ in their growth rates and morphogenic and regenerative activities. The substitution of different 4B chromosomes into Chinese Spring significantly increased morphogenesis and shoot regeneration from callus. The potential for developing wheat lines with improved culture characteristics is discussed.
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    Biochemical correlates of selection for weight-for-age in chickens: twenty-fold higher muscle ornithine decarboxylase levels in modern broilers (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 432-437 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chicken ; Muscle ; Genetics ; Growth differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Little is known about the biochemical correlates of selection for growth in farm or laboratory animals, or the identity of the gene products affected or produced by ‘trait-genes’. Modern broiler chickens have about 8-fold greater breast muscle mass than layer chickens at 7 weeks of age and over 2-fold greater breast muscle mass than their 1972 counterparts. This increase in muscle mass is associated with over 20-fold higher levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in broiler chickens at 1 week of age as compared with layer strain chickens; there is a comparable increase in a relaxed-selection strain of broilers. The increase in ODC levels is larger than the differences in muscle or body weight between broilers and layers at 7 weeks of age, occurs at an age when there is no difference in weights between the strains and precedes the major growth spurt. Increases in ODC levels and hence polyamine synthesis have been associated with, and usually precede, rapid growth and cell proliferation in a wide range of cell types and organisms in response to many different stimuli. Therefore, the correlation of ODC levels with genetic differences in muscle growth make it worth investigating the control of ODC gene expression in these strains.
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    Variation in kafirin and alcohol-soluble glutelin chromatograms of sorghum inbred lines revealed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 97-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Germplasm identification ; Varietal identity ; Environmental interaction ; Genetics ; Multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Separations of kafirin and alcohol soluble glutelin proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from 7 inbreds and one hybrid of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and one source of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.] were compared. Objectives were to assess the stability of protein profiles for seed sources produced at different locations and in different environments to examine the potential of RP-HPLC to provide genotypic profiles for sorghum. Analyses of variance data showed that levels of variation due to environments and locations were small; the majority of variation (93%) was among genotypes. Associations among inbreds revealed by multivariate and cluster analysis showed similarity with those that would be expected on the basis of pedigree. A chi-square analysis showed no deviation in the hybrid profile from the expected 2∶1 ratio of peaks from the female and male inbred parents, respectively. Improvements in the ability to correctly assign common peaks are necessary before associations among numerous sorghum genotypes can be reliably demonstrated by analysis of data from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
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    Genetic control of maternal haploidy in maize (Zea mays L.) and selection of haploid inducing lines (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 405-410 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Haploid induction ; Gynogenesis ; Genetics ; Inducer line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of genotype on maternal haploid plant production in maize was studied. The frequency of gynogenetic plants when “Stock 6” was used as pollinator varied according to the female parent genotype. No simple relation was observed between genotypic aptitudes for gynogenetic and androgenetic development, which occured after pollination of “W23” plant carrying the “indeterminate gametophyte” gene. Furthermore, the population NS, a favorably responsive genotype to anther culture, does not exhibit exceptional ability for in vivo gynogenesis. The effect of inbreeding and the influence of maternal haploid origin suggest that specific genes control maternal haploid initiation and development. However, gynogenetic development is not limited to a particular genotype. The frequency of maternal haploids may be increased by using specific pollen parents. Attempts were made to select for a high haploidyinducing trait and the present study reports the successful development of lines that can be utilized as pollen parents to induce haploids for experimental purposes and breeding programmes. When an inbred line “WS14”, derived from the cross W23 x Stock 6, was used as pollen parent, 2%–5% maternal haploids were obtained according to the female parent genotype. A high haploidy-inducing potential is a heritable trait and may be controlled by a limited number of genes. Genetic determination of the haploidy-inducing character was examined in relation to the efficiency of the selecting method and the mechanisms involved in the origin of maternal haploids.
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    An experimental test of the efficiency of family selection in chickens (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 5-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Poultry ; Family selection ; Individual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Responses to single trait selection on individual phenotype and sire-family mean phenotype for survivor's egg weight and rate of lay were measured for a single generation in 13 replicates. Each replicate-selection criterion-trait subclass consisted of eight sire families or 72 females measured and was reproduced from the best 25% of the families or individuals. The realized heritability of egg weight was 0.39 and that of rate of lay was 0.31, both of which were significantly greater than zero but not significantly different from the predicted values based on halfsib correlations in the base population. The standardized response to sire-family selection was less than the response to individual selection for both traits and the difference was significant for rate of lay (0.10; 0.31) but not for egg weight (0.22; 0.39). The predicted responses to sire-family selection were less than those for individual selection for both traits, and the observed responses to sire-family selection were not significantly different from the predicted values for either trait. These experimental results do not disagree with the theoretical expectations of the relative efficiencies of individual and sire-family selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264420
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    Control by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of the high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin, a major protein of wheat endosperm (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Triticum ; Genetics ; SDS-polyacrylamide ; Gel-electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The electrophoretic mobilities of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin from 7 varieties were compared by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In total, 12 subunits were clearly resolved and they had nominal molecular weights of between 95,000 and 140,000. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using monosomic lines and inter-varietal substitution lines. All subunits were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Each variety contains between 3 and 5 HMW subunits; two are under the control of the 1D chromosome, 1 or 2 are controlled by chromosome 1B and 0 or 1 by chromosome 1A. The segregation of two 1D-controlled subunits of similar electrophoretic mobilities were analysed in the F2 progeny of crosses between ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Holdfast’. The results suggest that the genes which code for the two proteins are allelic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263101
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    A comparison of muscle precursor replication in crush-injured skeletal muscle of Swiss and BALBc mice (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myogenesis ; Muscle regeneration ; Genetics ; Autoradiography ; Tritiated thymidine ; Mouse (Swiss;BALBc)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle precursor replication in Swiss mice, in which muscle regeneration is exceptionally vigorous, was compared with previous data for regeneration in BALBc mice. The tibialis anterior muscles of 23 male and 15 female inbred Swiss SJL/J mice were crush injured, and tritiated thymidine injected into mice at various times after injury to label replicating muscle precursors. Lesion samples were taken 10 days after injury, processed for autoradiography, and grain counts of myotube nuclei analysed. Muscle regeneration was more vigorous in male compared with female Swiss mice, and in both was strikingly greater than that in BALBc mice in which there was extensive fibrous connective tissue throughout the lesions. Autoradiographic analysis showed that muscle precursor replication started at 24 hours in Swiss mice, 6 hours earlier than the onset at 30 hours in BALBc mice. Muscle precursor replication appeared to be more active 96 hours after injury in female Swiss compared with male BALBc and male Swiss mice respectively, although numbers of precursor cells replicating at other times were similar. It is not known whether the slight difference in onset of muscle precursor replication can alone account for the more complete muscle regeneration seen in Swiss mice. Similar studies were carried out in 11 male and 10 female F1 hybrid (SJL/J x BALBc) mice. Analysis of labelled myotube nuclei showed that muscle precursors did not synthesise DNA prior to 30 hours after injury, and regeneration resembled that of the parental BALBc strain.
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    Analysis of the K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli: Definition of three functional regions for capsule production (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 242-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: E. coli ; Genetics ; Polysaccharide biosynthesis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transposon and deletion analysis of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli revealed that approximately 17 kb of DNA, split into three functional regions, is required for capsule production. One block (region 1) is required for translocation of polysaccharide to the cell surface and mutations in this region result in the intracellular appearance of polymer indistinguishable on immunoelectrophoresis to that found on the surface of K1 encapsulated bacteria. This material was released from the cell by osmotic shock indicating that the polysaccharide was probably present in the periplasmic space. Insertions in a second block (region 2) completely abolished polymer production and this second region is believed to encode the enzymes for the biosynthesis and polymerisation of the K1 antigen. Addition of exogenous N-acetylneuraminic acid to one insertion mutant in this region restored its ability to express surface polymer as judged by K1 phage sensitivity. This insertion probably defines genes involved in biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Insertions in a third block (region 3) result in the intracellular appearance of polysaccharide with a very low electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes on a multicopy plasmid in an E. coli K-12 strain did not increase the yields of capsular polysaccharide produced compared to the K1+ isolate from which the genes were cloned.
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    Regulation of NAD metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium: Genetic analysis and cloning of the nadR repressor locus (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: NAD metabolism ; Regulation ; nadR ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nadR locus (99 min) controls the transcription of several genes involved with either the biosynthesis (nadAB) or recycling (pncB) of NAD in Salmonella typhimurium. Point mutations in this locus were found to cause defects either in the transport of nicotinamide mononucleotide (PnuA-), the regulation of nadAB (NadR-) or both transport and regulation (PnuA-NadR-). Deletions or insertions into nadR always resulted in the PnuA- NadR- phenotypes. Merodiploids constructed with various combiminations of PnuA-, NadR- or PnuA-NadR- strains indicate a single complementation group. The results suggest the NadR product is a bifunctional regulatory protein. Operon fusions to lacZ (nadR:: Mud1-8) were used to show that nadR is not autoregulated and is transcribed in a clockwise direction. The gene was also cloned and located within a 2 kb EcoR1-BglII fragment.
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    Genetic analysis of nitrate reductase deficient mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: Evidence for six complementation groups among 70 classified molybdenum cofactor deficient mutants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 206-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia ; Nitrate reductase ; Genetics ; Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A total of 70 cnx mutants have been characterized from a collection of 211 nitrate reductase deficient (NR-) mutants isolated from mutagenized Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplast cultures after chlorate selection and regeneration into plants. They are presumed to be affected in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor since they are also deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase activity but contain NR apoenzyme. The remaining clones were classified as nia mutants. Sexual crosses performed between cnx mutants allowed them to be classified into six independent complementation groups. Mutants representative of these complementation groups were used for somatic hybridization experiments with the already characterized N. plumbaginifolia mutants NX1, NX24, NX23 and CNX103 belonging to the complementation groups cnxA, B, C and D respectively. On the basis of genetic analysis and somatic hybridization experiments, two new complementation groups, cnxE and F, not previously described in higher plants, were characterized. Unphysiologically high levels of molybdate can restore the NR activity of cnxA mutant seedlings in vivo, but cannot restore NR activity to any mutant from the other cnx complementation groups.
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    The pyridine nucleotide cycle of Salmonella typhimurium: Genetic characterization of the pncXA operon (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 507-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Pyridine nucleotide cycle ; NAD metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of Mud1 and Tn10 insertions were identified in the pncA chromosome region of Salmonella typhimurium which is responsible for the production of nicotinamide deamidase. Both pncA (resulting in no nicotinamide deamidase activity) and pncX (resulting in lowered nicotinamide deamidase activity) insertions were constructed. In addition, mutants which could utilize nicotinamide as a sole source of nitrogen were isolated. These mutants, designated pncH, hyperproduce nicotinamide deamidase. Genetic studies utilizing pncX-lacZ and pncA-lacZ operon fusions indicate that pncX::Tn10 insertions reduce transcription of pncA-lac while pncH mutations increase the expression of both pncA-lacZ and pncX-lacZ. The gene order was determined as purB-pncA-pncX-gdh with transcription of both pncA and pncX occurring in the counterclockwise direction. Merodiploid studies suggest a model whereby pncX and pncA form an operon with the major promoter occurring upstream from pncX. A second, weaker promoter for pncA must be situated between pncX and pncA. The pncH mutations appear to occur in the pncX promoter (pncXp) increasing promoter activity.
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    Existe-t-il une hêtraie ‘Méditerranéenne’ distincte des autres forêts de hêtre en Europe occidentale? (1982)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 50 (1982), S. 23-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Beech ; Beechwoods ; Bioclimatology ; Fagus ; Genetics ; Mediterranean region ; Vegetation structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study area is at the southern limit of the beech area, between the rivers Rhône in France and Ebro in Spain. From an analysis of the occurrence of beechwoods in this region and the pluviometric climate, it appears that part of the beechwood is found in a dry climate, which is still mediterranean. This argument seems sufficient to justify the existence of a ‘mediterranean’ beechwood, at least on a climatic level. Beechwood when occurring in a dry climate has special characteristics: - The development of the wood differs with the climate. Young beeches need shadow in a dry climate; they can grow in full light in a moist climate. - The floristic composition is different. - The understorey of dry woods is less structured than that of moist woods. - The genetic structure as measured in the enzymatic system Px1 is polymorphic in the dry and monomorphic in the moist conditions studied. It would be interesting to verify if the characters noted in a dry mediterranean climate are also present in dry atlantic or continental beechwoods. Since the mediterranean climate is drier and more unfavorable to beech than other climates, the particular characters of ‘dry’ beechwoods will be more pronounced near the Mediterranean.
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    Genetic Significance of the relationship between absolute total finger ridge count and its variability (1987)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 2 (1987), S. 141-149 
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    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Absolute finger ridge count ; Genetics ; Dermatoglyphics ; India ; Major gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to test the hypothesis of a major gene effect on absolute total finger ridge count (ATFRC), the nature of relationship between mean ATFRC and its variability was evaluated in a series of 47 population samples from India. Regression analysis showed that both the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are significantly related to mean ATFRC, and about 35% of the variation in ATFRC is explained by the dependent variable coefficent of variation. These results support the hypothesis of a major gene effect on the trait ATFRC.
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    Human-type ABO blood groups as genetic markers for the management of a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) breeding colony (1988)
    Springer
    Primates 29 (1988), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Saimiri ; Human-type ABO blood groups ; Genetics ; Colony management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human-type ABO blood groups were determined for 94 families of the squirrel monkey which included 151 animals. Four phenotypes of ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) were detected. Family analysis revealed that the human-type ABO blood groups in this species were governed by three alleles, codominantA andB and silentO. There were intraspecific differences in the distribution of phenotypes and gene frequency among three populations imported by different routes at different times. The usefulness of ABO blood groups for defining the genetic variability of a squirrel monkey breeding colony through successive generations is discussed on the basis of the difference in distribution of ABO blood groups between wild-originated parental and its first colony-born populations.
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    Tryptophan auxotrophic mutants in Aspergillus niger: Inactivation of the trpC gene by cotransformation mutagenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Genetics ; Transformation ; trpC lacZ gene fusion ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus niger tryptophan auxotrophic mutants have been isolated after UV irradiation of conidiospores. The mutants belong to two different complementation groups, trpA and trpB, which complement each other in heterokaryons. Neither of the mutations could be complemented with the cloned A. niger trpC gene. To obtain A. niger trpC mutants in a direct way, gene inactivation by cotransformation was performed. For this purpose an in-frame gene fusion between the A. niger trpC and Escherichia coli lacZ genes was constructed and shown to be functionally expressed after introduction into A. niger by cotransformation with the pyrA gene as selective marker. Among the β-galactosidase expressing cotransformants, obtained with either circular or linearized vectors, no trpC mutants were detected, even after enrichment. Such mutants, however, could be obtained by cotransformation of A. niger with specific fragments of the fusion gene. Biochemical analysis of the cotransformants indicated that in nearly all cases the fusion gene had replaced the wild-type trpC gene. Genetic analysis showed that the trpC mutation is not linked to any of the A. niger loci described so far. The trpC mutants can be complemented by the cloned A. niger trpC gene as well as by the A. nidulans trpC gene.
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    Concordant variation in thermal tolerance and allozymes of the red shiner, Notropis lutrensis, inhabiting tailwater sections of the Brazos River, Texas (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 13 (1985), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Dam ; Enzymes ; Electrophoresis ; Evolution ; Genetics ; Physiology ; Regulated streams ; Thermal maximum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Critical thermal maxima (CTM) and genetic variation were compared for red shiners, Notropis lutrensis, from regulated and unregulated sites on the Brazos River in northcentral Texas. Tailwater fish acclimated to 25°C had significantly lower CTM's than those from a site upstream from the dam and unregulated downstream sites. Significantly different intrasite variances were observed, with two- and four-fold larger CTM variances in fish from within 1 km and 30 km of the dam. Genetic variation was determined from electrophoretic comparisons at 21 structural gene loci. Mean heterozygosity was greatest at regulated sites. Tests for locus heterogeneity at five variable loci indicated that regulated and unregulated populations are not homogeneous. Fish under regulation were genetically more similar to each other than they were to those not affected by regulation. The proportions of the gene variance attributable to habitat alteration were partitioned, and fully one-third of the gene variation was attributed to stream regulation. Patterns of variation in thermal tolerance and metabolic enzymes in the red shiner correlated closely with temperature regimes associated with hypolimnion release from the dam. These adaptive responses have occurred in less than 40 years.
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    Deviation from morphological intermediacy in interstrain hybrids of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 18 (1987), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; Genetics ; Inheritance ; Meristic ; Salmonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Deviations from morphological intermediacy in six first generation hybrids between three hatchery strains of rainbow trout, raised in a common environment, are reported. Hybrids have higher mean counts of four meristic characters than their maternal parental strain in a significantly greater number of cases (18 out of 24). Furthermore, eight of eleven hybrid indices are not intermediate. These results are discussed in reference to several mechanisms and models proposed to account for observed responses of meristic characters to environmental and genetic influences.
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    Social grouping and genetic variation in common shiners, Notropis cornutus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Behaviour ; Esterase ; Evolution ; Genetics ; Isozymes ; Stock structure ; Schools ; Starch gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Heterogeneous gene frequencies of Est-1 across groups ofNotropis cornutus provide evidence of behaviourally imposed restrictions on stock structuring. Positive fixation indices (F1S = 0.056 and F1T = 0.085) were reflected by a deficiency of heterozygotes for pooled groups. The degree of subdivision ofN. cornutus stocks cannot be evaluated with the present evidence. but it is likely that their schooling behaviour is associated with significant genotypic structuring of the species.
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    The benefits of being gold: behavioral consequences of polychromatism in the midas cichlid,Cichlasoma citrinellum (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 8 (1983), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Amelanism ; Aggression ; Assessing mates ; Assortative mating ; Cheaters ; Chemical communication ; Coloration ; Context model ; Dominance ; Dummies ; Genetics ; Inhibition model ; Metamorphosis ; Nicaragua ; Parental care ; Polymorphism ; Sexual imprinting ; Visual communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The midas cichlid,Cichlasoma citrinellum, occurs in the lakes of Nicaragua. In semi-turbid to turbid lakes about 8% of the adults are amelanic, having lost their melanophores at various ages, and are thus yellow through red and sometimes white. The commonest hues are yellow through orange, called gold. Gold morphs ought to be selected against because they are probably conspicuous to predators and they cannot communicate by changing markings. To maintain the polymorphism, gold coloration must have offsetting advantages. Gold morphs dominate normal ones of equal size, and that improves their access to limiting resources. Gold morphs, however, do not seem to be intrinsically more aggressive but rather attain dominance through the effect of their color on their opponents. This gold effect is affected by experience; it is enhanced by sharing the color of the dominant fish in a group, and by being rare. The midas cichlid mates assortatively but imperfectly. Choice of mate is influenced by color of self and of parents and can be constrained by size-color relationship.
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    Genetics of salt tolerance in higher plants: theoretical and practical considerations (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 199-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Genetics ; Physiology ; Salt tolerance ; Tomato species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An interdisciplinary approach to breeding for stress tolerance in plants has gained considerable recognition in the past few years. Accordingly, this article presents a synthesis of the genetic, physiological, and ecological aspects of salt tolerance in plants. An understanding of these aspects and the interrelationships between them is essential for an efficient breeding program. A significant part of the presentation concentrates on the basic problems associated with the genetics of tolerance to stresses and of quantitative characters in general, since many of the unsolved problems relevant to the genetics of salt tolerance are still general. Significant progress in the breeding of quantitative as well as qualitative traits in multicellular organisms depends on an understanding of the genetic and epigenetic dimensions of gene action. The discussion therefore includes an overview of (1) the limited existing knowledge on the genetic control of salt tolerance and (2) the physiological mechanisms and molecular targets central to the control of salt resistance as expressed by the amount and stability of yield. An additional subject emphasized here concerns the main strategies of adaptation of wild species to their natural habitats. An understanding of them is essential to (1) enable distinction between traits that can increase agricultural yield and traits that are favorable only for survival under natural conditions (such a distinction is essential, especially when wild species are used as a gene source), and (2) predict the best combinations of characters for efficient agricultural production in stressful environments.
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    The genetics of actinorhizalFrankia: A review (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 429-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Frankia ; Genetics ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Multicomponent determinations by a membrane-discriminated gas phase analyzer and successive regression in the fiduciary region (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 3 (1989), S. 601-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Gas phase flow injection analysis ; Membrane-differentiated analysis ; Multicomponent determinations ; Successive linear regression ; Successive regression in fiduciary region ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A membrane-discriminated gas phase analyzer is proposed for multicomponent determinations. Nitrogen gas flows countercurrent through outer and inner channels in a tube-in-tube arrangement. The only communication between the two channels occurs through a 500 μm aperture covered by a porous PTFE membrane. A mixture of organic compounds (up to four components) is injected into the inner channel by a heated backflushed injector and the sample components diffusing into the outer channel are monitored by a flame ionization detector (FID). A calibration set, consisting of pure components, binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures (a total of 64 samples), provides the known data base: temporal profiles of the FID output as a function of sample composition. Although the overall response behavior is not a linearly additive function of individual analyte concentrations, the use of successive inverse multiple linear regression (while continually altering the choice of the calibration samples considered for the forward regression, on the basis of the most recent values of the predicted unknown sample composition) is shown to yield analytical results for unknown samples that are in good agreement with their true values.
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    Product news (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 3 (1989), S. 609-609 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180030409
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    Gas chromatography mass spectrometry of some thermally labile urea pesticides (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to three thermally labile phenylurea pesticides is reported. Using alcohols as solvents the decomposition of the pesticides is followed by a reaction in which esters of N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamic acid are formed. As these reactions occur during the gas chromatographic analysis, it is the esters which are identified in the mass spectrometer. The methyl ester is itself a pesticide so an erroneous conclusion about the original pesticide could be reached when methanol is the solvent.
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    252Cf plasma desorption fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ions produced by 252Cf plasma desorption are detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance techniques. Results for CsI and N,N,N-trimethyl-p-aminophenolate iodide show the feasibility of the technique with high resolution (up to 11 000 at m/z 23) and good signal-to-noise ratio (up to 726).
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    Camera-ready BEMS short communications - guidelines for authors (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 47-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140111
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    BEMS short communication (camera-ready example) (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 49-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140112
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    Forthcoming events (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 51-51 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140113
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    Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of butyloxycarbonyl protected (BOC) peptides (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fast atom bombardment positive ion mass spectra and the [M + H]+ collisional activation spectra of t-butyloxycarbonyl protected peptides and the unprotected analogues have been compared. It is concluded that sequence information, especially from the collisional activation spectra, can better be derived from the underivatized peptides than from the BOC-peptides.
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    Profiling and quantification of biogenic amines in wine by constant B2E linked scan mass spectrometry (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The constant B2E linked scan is shown to be an excellent tool for the profiling of biogenic amines in wine samples. The fragment ion at m/z 169 of the dansylated amines is used for the precursor ion search in combination with direct sample evaporation. Besides the profile a semi-quantification may be achieved when using suitable amines as internal standards with standard deviations of 12-17%. More accurate results with standard deviations of 3-5% are obtained when using deuterated analogues as internal standards. Both methods are applied to the analysis of biogenic amines in synthetic mixtures and actual wine samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140506
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    252-Californium plasma desorption mass spectrometry of glycerophospholipids (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 241-246 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 252-Californium plasma desorption mass spectrometry was applied to the study of five different classes of phospholipids namely phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. Positive and negative ion spectra were compared to spectra obtained using other ionization techniques. Plasma desorption mass spectra provide useful information on the molecular weight of compounds from all classes, particularly in the case of phosphatidylserine - a class that has failed to show satisfactory quasimolecular ions with either Fast atom bombardment, FAB or Field desorption, FD. The observed fragmentation is also indicative of the structure of the studied compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140508
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    Quantitative analysis of S3341 in human plasma and urine by combined gas chromatography - negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry: 15 month inter-day precision and accuracy validation (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new quantitative assay for the determination of S3341, an alpha-2 agonist antihypertensive drug, has been developed using combined gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The [M]-. ions from TFA derivatives of S3341 (m/z 276) and the internal standard (2H4)S3341 (m/z 280) are monitored simultaneously by selected ion monitoring. For S3341 concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (0.2 ng ml-1 using 1 ml of plasma) to 5 ng ml-1, the average assay precision (CV) is approximately 7% while the average assay accuracy (percentage of error) is 4%. Validation of the day-to-day precision and accuracy was realized after analysing control plasma samples (n = 295) concurrently with the biological samples collected during the pharmacokinetic studies conducted over 15 months. The average day-to-day precision (CV) and accuracy (percentage of error) are 10% and 6% respectively, thus indicating that this assay procedure routinely provides reliable analytical data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140608
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    Improvement in sensitivity of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of amino acids by di-isopropylphosphorylation (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 331-333 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric sensitivities of seven amino acids and the corresponding di-isopropylphosphorylated derivatives were carefully compared. Results showed that an improvement in sensitivity by factors of 4-29, mostly above 10, were achieved after the derivatization. The chemical noise derived from glycerol matrix was also greatly reduced by this derivatization.
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    Analysis of cholesterol, cholesterol-5,6-epoxides and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of cholesterol and three of its major oxidative metabolites (the 5α,6α-epoxide, the 3β,5α,6β-triol, and the 5β,6β-epoxide) in a single sample of human breast fluid (2-50 μl), using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. High specificity and reliable quantification is achieved by the use of the inverse stable isotope dilution method, employing deuterium-labeled variants of the compounds as internal standards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200140707
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    Simultaneous determination of pool sizes and fractional turnover rates, of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in man by isotope dilution with 2H and 13C labels and serum sampling (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 609-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes a method for simultaneous determination of the kinetics of the three major bile acids in man using (2,2,4,4-2H4) deoxycholic acid, (24-13C) cholic acid and (24-13C) chenodeoxycholic acid. The gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric-selected ion monitoring technique used provided complete separation of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, which permitted simultaneous measurement of isotope ratios for all three bile acids. Since measurement of all three pool sizes and fractional turnover rates in a single experiment requires different isotopic labels for deoxycholic acid and cholic acid, we investigated the in vivo stability and applicability of (2,2,4,4-2H4) deoxycholic acid as a stable isotope marker for isotope dilution studies in man. No consistent differences were observed between deoxycholic acid pool sizes and fractional turnover rates determined in serum samples after administration of (2,2,4,4-2H4) deoxycholic acid and (24-13C) deoxycholic acid. Simultaneous administration of (2,2,4,4-2H4) deoxycholic acid (24-13C) cholic acid and (24-13C) chenodeoxycholic acid and isotope ratio measurements in serum permitted determination of pool sizes and fractional turnover rates of the three major bile acid and the 7α-dehydroxylation fraction. Pool sizes, fractional turnover rates and synthesis rates (input rates) agreed well with data obtained previously with (24-13C) labels in independent studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200141106
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    Identification of new steroids in patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 633-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Urines of two children with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency contained a number of 5-pregnane- and pregnenediols, -triols and -tetrols with a hydroxy or oxo group in position 11 of the steroid ring. They are formed mainly from progesterone via 11-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnanolone and corticosterone, respectively, or from pregnenolone. Three metabolites not previously described, 16-hydroxypregnenolone, 6,21-dihydroxypregnanediol and 6-hydroxytetrahydrocorticosterone, were identified.
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    Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric studies of the urinary metabolites of male rats given indan (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The identified urinary metabolites of male rats exposed to indan are: 1- and 2-indanone; 1-, 2- and 5-indanol; 2-and 3-hydroxyl-1-indanone; and cis- and trans-indan-1,2-diol. Indan causes kidney damage in male rats in a manner similar to the cyclic hydrocarbons cis- and trans-decalin and JP-10. Lesions produced by indan occur only in male rats and not in female or control rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200141114
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    Routine gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of urinary organic acids. Results over a three-year period (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organic acidaemias are an important part of inborn errors of metabolism. The biochemical diagnosis is based on gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric identification of urinary organic acids. Since 1973 we have used gas chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of urinary organic acids. Mass spectral identification was performed only when an abnormal gas chromatographic profile was suspected. In 1983 we introduced routine gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis organic acids. More than 1500 urine samples from 1000 children have been analysed and we encountered more than 40 abnormal profiles: 18 classical organic acidaemias (propionic, methyl-malonic, isovaleric, glutaric type I and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaric acidaemias); 6 aminoacidopathies with excretion of branched chain keto acids (leucinosis) or succinylacetone (tyrosinosis type I); 14 massive dicarboxylic acidurias with excretion of suberyl and hexanoyl glycine and deficiency of the medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase in four patients. The use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry routinely allows the identification of abnormal metabolites excreted in small amounts: β-methyl-crotonyl glycine indicative of biotin deficiency: γ-hydroxybutyric acid; and 3-methyl-glutaconic + 3-methy-glutaric acid is in a 3-methyl-glutaconic aciduria type II. Abnormal profiles due to metabolites of drugs as valproate, salicylate and barbiturate can be recognized immediately. This simple gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric system can lead to diagnosis, in one day, of rare but severe diseases needing a specific and early treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200141117
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    Determination of serum cortisol by thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Comparison with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 717-722 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of serum cortisol by thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been assessed. The method incorporates stable isotope dilution and innumoadsorption extraction. [M + H]+ ions are monitored during LC/MS. The within-assay reproducibility is satisfactory (coefficient of variation 7% at a concentration of 190 ng ml-1), though inferior to that achieved with the (more lengthy) procedure of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Satisfactory agreement between LC/MS (y) and GC/MS (x) data was observed (y = 0.934x + 12.4 ng ml-1; r = 0.968; n = 14). It is concluded that the generation of precise reference data for the assessment of routine cortisol assays is at present better achieved by GC/MS. LC/MS, however, provides satisfactory quantitative data via a more simple and rapid method.
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    The alkylthio-isoindole derivatives of biogenic amines: A mass spectrometric study (1987)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 14 (1987), S. 737-738 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200141208
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    Rapid quantification of 11 prostanoids by combined capillary column gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Application to prostanoids released from normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts WI38 in a culture medium (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 25-32 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rapid and simultaneous quantification of 11 prostanoids has been carried out with a short-capillary gas chromatograph and negative ion chemical ionization (ammonia) mass spectrometer.The methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether-pentafluorobenzyl esters (MO-TMS-PFB) of nine prostanoids, PGA1, PGA2, PGB1, PGB2, PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, 6-oxo-PGF1α and TXB2 and the TMS-PFB of two prostanoids, PGF1α and PGF2α, were separated in less than 5.5 min on a bonded OV-1 capillary column 0.25 mm i.d. × 6 m (0.15 μm thickness) using hydrogen as a carrier gas. PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, 6-oxo-PGF1α and TXB2 were quantified up to 2.5 fmol injected (0.1 pmol derivatized) and both PGA2 and PGB2 up to 25 fmol injected (1 pmol derivatized).In order to maintain the stability of the prostanoids containing a carbonyl group, such as TXB2 during the purification and derivatization steps of biological materials, methyl acetate was used in place of methyl formate as an eluant for Sep-Pak C18 purification.Normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts W138 (5.63 × 105 cells in a log phase) produced: PGA2 15.28, PGB2 13.48, PGD2 7.95, PGE1 2.62, PGE2 177.76, PGF2α 25.14, 6-oxo-PGF1α 27.33 and TXB2 61.00 pmol in 10 ml of Eagle minimal essential medium.
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    Measurement of urinary lactic, 3-hydroxybutyric, pyruvic and acetoacetic acids in a single analysis using selected ion monitoring and stable isotope labelling techniques (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium borodeuteride treatment of urine expected to have large concentrations of pyruvic and acetoacetic acids produces lactic and 3-hydroxybutyric acids labelled with deuterium. Mass fragmentographic techniques applied to the trimethylsilyated extract of the urine spiked with more extensively labelled analogues as internal standards permit the reliable determination of lactic, pyruvic, 3-hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acids in a single analysis.
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    Characterization of trichothecenes by ammonia chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ammonia and deuterated ammonia chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectra of ammonium adduct ions are presented for ten trichothecenes. The samples were introduced by direct exposure probe. Effects of ion source temperature and pressure on the ammonia CI gas plasma and the formation of the ammonium adduct ion were studied. The CI conditions were optimized to produce a maximal yield for the ammonium adduct ion of trichothecenes, i.e. the parent ion for tandem mass spectral analysis. Besides source temperature and pressure, proton affinity and the stability of the ammonium adduct ion affect the relative abundance ratio of [M + H]+:[M + NH4]+ in ammonia CI and CAD mass spectra. The ratio [M + H]+:[M + NH4]+, and hence the stability of the ammonium adduct ion, are largely determined by the functional groups (hydroxy, carbonyl, acetoxy, and isovaleroyloxy) and their location in the trichothecene nucleus. The most abundant fragment ions in the ammonia CI spectra and the most abundant daughter ions in the CAD spectra of the ammonium adduct ions are formed by the losses of ammonia and functional groups as neutrals in various combinations.
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    The application of gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques to spin trapping. Conversion of α-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) spin adducts to stable trimethylsilylated derivatives (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of an aminoxyl and the corresponding hydroxylamine with silylating agents is studied in detail. The gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the products is consistent with the production of an unsaturated product when an alkyl group with exchangeable hydrogens is attached to the nitrone group. The structure of this compound is confirmed by deuteration. It is concluded that aminoxyls themselves do not derivatize wth silylating agents.
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    Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of methyl ester/methoxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandins (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 129-138 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron impact mass spectra of methyl ester/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandin F2α and methyl ester/methoxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1α and 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-prostaglandin F1α are presented. Most of the prostaglandins studied have additionally been 2H-labelled at different sites in order to assign the corresponding fragment ions. Collisionally activated decomposition mass spectra of the most intense parent ions in the high-mass region were taken. High-intensity, prostaglandin-characteristic daughter fragments will allow a reliable quantification of prostaglandins in biological fluids and a reduction of sample clean-up.
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    A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for catechol estrogens in microsomal incubations: Comparison with a radiometric assay (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for quantifying two catechol estrogens, 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol, in microsomal preparations is described. The assay employs deuterium-labeled analogs of the catechol estrogens as internal standards and permits quantification of catechol estrogens, in microsomal incubations, at low (1-2) μM concentrations. The compounds are analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives following separation by capillary gas chromatography.
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    Electron capture negative ion chemical ionization analysis of arachidonic acid (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 175-178 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A highly sensitive (subpicomole level) and structural specific method for the analysis of arachidonic acid esterified to complex glycerophospholipids has been developed using combined capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The methodology is based upon the formation of the pentafluorobenzyl ester of arachidonic acid, which is efficiently ionized using electron capture negative ion chemical ionization conditions to yield an abundant carboxylate anion at m/z 301. Quantification is carried out following hydrolysis of the complex glycerophospholipid in the presence of a known amount of (2H8) araachidonic acid. The use of this method is illustrated by the quantification of arachidonic acid within the glycerophospholipid classes isolated from resident peritoneal macrophage cells isolated from HS mice.
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    Mass spectral investigations on trichothecene mycotoxins. V. Direct analysis of satratoxins by tandem mass spectrometric techniques (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Under chemical ionization conditions, satratoxins preferentially produce negatively charged molecular ions (M-·) over the positively charged protonated molecules. Collisionally activated dissociation of the M-· ions resulted in daughter ions and neutral losses which were characteristic of the macrocyclic ester bridges. Direct tandem mass spectrometric methods of analyses wee developed and applied for the detection and quantification of satratoxins in Stachybotrys atra fermentation broths. Minimum detectable levels for satratoxin standards were 5 pg. A synthetically modified macrocyclic trichothecene, 8-ketoverrucarin A, was used as an internal standard for the quantification of satratoxins in fermentation samples.
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    Thermospray liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the elucidation of zolpidem metabolismThis work was presented in part at the 4th Symposium on Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry, Montreux (Switzerland), October 22-24, 1986. (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper discusses the possible advantages of thermospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry LC/MS/MS for metabolic mapping. The technique was applied to the study of the metabolism of zolpidem, a new hypnotic with an imidazo-pyridine moiety. When compared to other chromatographic/mass spectrometric-based techniques, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with thermospray LC/MS/MS appears to be the fastest method available today for elucidation of unknown metabolic structures, since it allows identification by direct injection of concentrated urine. However, it was noted during the thermospray process that loss of formaldehyde from a hydroxymethyl amide metabolite occurred. This degradation was not observed when this metabolite was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following trimethylsilylation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200150406
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    Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of high-molecular-weight fraction of porphyrin-based photodynamic therapy drugs (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the treatment of tumor tissue with a photosensitizer and light to effect the delineation and/or eradication of the tumor. PDT is a two step process: (1) incorporation of photosensitizer into the cell where it must be retained by tumors in vivo; and (2) illumination of the tumor cell with light to effect cell death. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is a complex mixture of porphyrins currently used for PDT in the clinical setting. Hematoporphyrin-based oligomers of up to five subunits were determined using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the high-molecular-weight fraction of the drug. Reduction of this fraction with LiAlH4 permitted determination of the covalent bond linking the monomers in these oligoporphyrins. Application of these analytical procedures to the determination of the composition of different preparations of HPD will be described.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200150505
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    (18O)quinolinic acid: Its esterification without back exchange for use as internal standard in the quantification of brain and CSF quinolinic acid (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the process of developing a high-sensitivity negative chemical ionization gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of quinolinic acid (QUIN, 2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid), (18O4)QUIN was prepared. Its properties as an internal standard were compared with those of the structural isomer 2,4-pyridine decarboxylic acid (2,4-PDC) previously used by others. All oxygen atoms in QUIN were labeled by heating in 3N HCl/(18O)water for 48 h at 80°C. Back-exchange of (18O4)QUIN was prevented during derivatization to an electron-capturing dihexafluoropropanol ester by using trifluoroacetylimidazole as catalyst instead of perfluroacyl anhydrides. When mixtures of QUIN and (18O4)QUIN and/or 2,4-PDC were followed through a procedure to isolate and quantify brain and CSF QUIN, the variability in the ratio of QUIN:2,4-PDC was greater than for QUIN:(18O)QUIN. We conclude that (18O)QUIN is the preferred internal standard in gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric quantification of brain and CSF QUIN, and that (18O)-labeled carboxylic acids may be esterified effectively without back-exchange using acylimidazole reagents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200150509
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    252CF plasma desorption mass spectrometry of a polycyclic peptide antibiotic, Nisin (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polycyclic peptide antibiotic, Nisin, has been analysed by plasma desorption mass spectrometry using two different sample preparation techniques and two versions of the commercial plasma desorption mass spectrometer, and a prototype with high resolving power. The spectra obtained allow identification of a major component and two minor analogues. Extensive fragmentation is observed in samples prepared by the electrospray technique, whereas only ions indicating the molecular weight are produced when the sample is adsorbed on nitrocellulose.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200150602
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    Measurement of mevalonate in human plasma and urine by multiple selected ion monitoring (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 174-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma levels and urinary excretion of mevalonate were reported to be correlated with cholesterol biosynthesis. Evaluation of mevalonate concentration in plasma and urine represents therefore a non-invasive method for studying the modifications of cholesterol synthesis. A method is described here by wich mevalonate in plasma and urine is determined by the selected ion monitoring technique after extraction as mevalonolactone and conversion into the trimethylsilyl ether. Linear responses were obtained in the evaluation of mevalonate added to plasma in the 10-100 ng/ml (r 〉 0.995) and to urine in the 50-1000 ng/ml concentration ranges, respectively. Identity of mevalonate in plasma and urine was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180305
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    Fast atom bombardment of metal-pyochelin complexes: Metastable analysis at constant B/E of zinc-pyochelinMention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the US Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry was used to characterize the pyochelin complexes of iron and zinc. Ferripyochelin readily forms the [M + H]+ and [2M + H]+ ions in a glycerol matrix. The molecular ion was 2.5 fold more abundant when acetic acid was present. Iron was shown to be present in the iron-pyochelin complex as the ferric ion by wet chemical methods. Differentiation between ferric and ferrous ions by FAB was not successful owing to the FAB reducing environment. Ferric ions were reduced by FAB to ferrous ions in the following model salts - ferric chloride, ferric nitrate and ferric sulfate - when dissolved in either glycerol, thioglycerol or the magic bullet matrix. Ferric and ferrous chloride salts gave virtually identical spectra with a glycerol/acetic acid matrix. Zinc-pyochelin readily forms the [M + H]+ and [2M + H]+ ions, but only when acetic acid was present in the glycerol matrix. The FAB mass spectrum of zinc-pyochelin exhibited various fragmentations which can be used in structural analysis. Linked-scan at constant B/E and accurate mass data were used to characterize the fragmentations of the zinc-pyochelin complex. Metastable analysis allowed the fragmentation pathway of zinc-pyochelin to be determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180307
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    Electron impact mass spectrometry of BHT and its alteration products (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact (EI) mass spectra of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and certain of its alteration products are described in detail. Accurate mass measurements confirm the elemental compositions of important fragment ions in the EI spectra. Collisionally activated mass spectra are also used to study fragmentation and suggest common ion structures. The reference spectra provide the basis for identifying various alteration products of BHT by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) without the necessity of isolating individual components. Application of GC/MS is made to three studies: (i) pyrolysis of hydroperoxy-BHT as a potential pathway to alteration products in food; (ii) GC/MS pyrolysis of hydroperoxy-BHT as a model study; and (iii) alteration of BHT in ethanol/water as a food-simulating solvent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180310
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    Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the D-aldohexoses and some deoxyaldohexoses (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The MI and CA spectra of selected positive and negative ions generated by fast atom bombardment (FAB) of the stereoisomeric aldohexoses can be used to differentiate among these isomers, without prior derivatization or addition of other substances. The main fragmentation routes were traced and compared to those of some 2- and 6-deoxyaldohexoses, which appeared to be suitable model compounds. In both positive and negative ion FAB mass spectrometry, the OH group at the C-2 position plays an important role in the fragmentation reactions of the pseudomolecular [M + glycerol + H]+ and [M - H]- ions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180603
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    Rapid identification of calbindin-D28k cyanogen bromide peptide fragments by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 387-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chicken intestinal calbindin-D28k is an intracellular protein which is believed to have a fundamental role in vitamin D-mediated transport of calcium. A mapping approach based on 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PD mapping) was used to screen the DNA-deduced sequence of calbindin-D28k for sequence changes and posttranslational modifications. In the PD mapping experiment, purified calbindin-D28k was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and the resulting peptides were subjected to PD mass spectrometric analysis either as a mixture or as high-performance liquid chromatography isolated fractions. The DNA-derived primary structure of calbindin-D28k was confirmed by rapid PD mass spectral identification of the CNBr peptide fragments, and the nature of the N-terminal blocking group was readily determined to be an acetyl group. The relatively non-destructive nature of the PD mass spectrometric analysis allowed the mapping of the N-terminal peptide through an additional in situ V8 protease enzymatic reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180605
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    Rapid determination of sequence variations in actinidin isolated from Actinidia chinensis (var. Hayward) using fast atom bombardment mapping mass spectrometry and gas phase microsequencing (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 424-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A current limitation in the use of fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric mapping of peptide mixtures, derived from enzymic digestion of proteins, is that most of the hydrophilic peptides are not observed. However, it has been demonstrated from previous work that esterification of the peptide mixture results in the detection of almost all peptides in FAB mass spectrometry. This strategy of FAB mapping was applied to the protein actinidin, isolated from an Italian variety of Actinidia chinensis. Two of the 12 tryptic peptides in FAB mass spectrometry did not exhibit molecular ions predicted from the known sequence of actinidin isolated from the New Zealand variety of A. chinensis. The two peptides were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography, subjected to Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestion and sequenced by gas-phase microsequencing. Nine changes in amino acid composition were detected using the rapid and powerful combination of FAB mass spectrometric mapping and gas-phase microsequencing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180611
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    Studies on anabolic steroids II - gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric characterization of oxandrolone urinary metabolites in manFor Part I see Ref. 1. (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metabolism of 17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one (oxandrolone) in man has been investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After oral administration of a 10 mg dose to man, five metabolites were detected in the free fraction of the urinary samples. Oxandrolone, the major compound excreted in urine, was detected within 72 h after administration. During this period 35.8 and 8.4% of the administered dose was excreted as unchanged oxandrolone and 17-epioxandrolone, respectively. In addition, minute amounts of 16α- and 16β- hydroxyoxandrolone and a δ-hydroxy acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the lactone group of oxandrolone were detected in the urine samples 8-60 h after administration. Furthermore, the susceptibility of oxandrolone to hydrolysis was investigated under several pH conditions. Extraction and fractionation of steroidal metabolites was achieved by using C18 and silica Sep Pak™ chromatography. The mass spectra of the metabolites are presented and major fragmentation pathways discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180612
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    Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric characterization of precursors on the sesterterpene pathway for steroid biosynthesis (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 572-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An increasing amount of evidence is accumulating to support the proposal that steroidogenesis can occur by a sesterterpene pathway as well as the cholesterol pathway. Key intermediates on the sesterterpene pathway are 23,24-dinor-5-cholen-3β-ol (guneribol) and some of its metabolites, e.g. 23,24-dinor-4-cholen-3-one (guneribone). It has been reported that these intermediates are biosynthesized and converted to steroid hormones by a range of endocrine tissues in vitro. Monitoring the pentafluorobenzyloxime derivatives by negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the electron capture mode provided evidence for the presence of guneribone in extracts of bovine testicular and human adrenal tumour tissue. Complementary evidence was obtained from gas chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric data generated on a triple-quadrupole instrument by monitoring daughter ions (in the multiple ion detection, MID mode) of the molecular anion of derivatized guneribone in both standards and tissue extracts. The present findings that sesterterpene pathway intermediates are present as endogenous compounds in tissue extracts, together with the previously reported radiochemical data, give further support to the sesterterpene pathway hypothesis.
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    Determination of cyclic butylboronate esters of some 1,2- and 2,3-diols in plasma by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 592-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analytical procedure is described to determine glycols in plasma as cyclic butyl boronate esters. The method, involving a pre-deproteinization step, required only 0.25 ml of plasma and a short time (20 min) to react with the derivatizing agent (butyl boronic acid). The gas chromatographic separation on a CP Sil 8 CB silica capillary column coupled to a mass detector assured a complete identification of the compounds. The analytical recoveries (〉95%) with low coefficient of variation (4-11%) assured the feasibility of the method over a concentration range from 5 to 1000 μg ml-1 for each glycol. The lower detection limits, namely 1-5 μg ml-1, confirmed the sensitivity of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180814
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    Isotope labelling of lipids using the Favorsky rearrangement (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 603-612 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of tetradeuterated 10-methylundecanoic acid, dideuterated tetracos-2-enoic acid, (1-14C)pristanic acid and (1-14C)tetracos-2-enoic acid using the Favorsky rearrangement are described. They will be used for studies of long-chain fatty acid metabolism in patients. The positions of isotope labelling were determined by mass spectrometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180816
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    Structure analysis of modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 617-619 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry is used to verify the sequence of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a single modified nucleotide. Both the position in the sequence and the molecular weight of the modified nucleotide can be determined from the 3′ and 5′-phosphate sequence ions which are prominent in the mass spectrum.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180818
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    A comparison of positive ion and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectral data for some sulphonyl hydrazones and derivatives (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 620-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of sulphonyl hydrazones and derivatives have been synthesized and tested for biological activity as pesticides during the crop protection research programme at the Hatfield Polytechnic. A recent comparative ionization study of some of these compounds using electron impact (EI), fast atom bombardment (FAB) and various chemical ionization methods showed FAB mass spectrometry to be the optimum technique to use in terms of molecular weight information obtained. This study compares the FAB mass spectral data in positive and negative ion mode using an alternating positive and negative ion detection system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180819
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    Rapid structural analysis of the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of SK&F 95448 by the combined use of thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 637-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interface has had a major impact on the direct analysis of the metabolic fate of xenobiotics in complex biological media. This paper outlines the rapidity and power of the LC/MS approach, and shows how detailed structural information can be obtained without recourse to individual compound isolation. This provides a great saving in time and effort. The additional specificity of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is highlighted in identifying the sites of metabolic transformation. The ability to handle biological samples with little or no clean-up using wide high-performance liquid chromatographic gradients is a key feature of the success of this methodology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180822
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    Phytochemical studies on the essential oils of species belonging to the Achillea genus by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several populations of Achillea species were collected from Hungarian localities. The characteristic composition cf the essential oils of almost 220 populations were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main component of Achillea asplenifolia, A. setacea and A. collina oils is chamazulene, with a molecular mass of 184. The composition of some A. setacea is different: instead of chamazulene it contains a significant amount of farnesene. Oils of A. distans, A. crithmifolia, A. nobilis, A. pannonica and A. ochroleuca contain some different and specific compounds instead of chamazulene. During the analysis of many essential oils, we found some very interesting differences within species originating from another geographical area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180821
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    Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry of methyl ester/methoxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of thromboxanes (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 15 (1988), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron impact mass spectra of methyl ester/methoxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 2,3-dinor-TxB2 and methyl ester/trimethylsilyl ether derivative of 11-dehydro-TxB2 are presented. Additionally, the derivatives of (2H4)-thromboxanes and methyl ester (2H3)-methoxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of TxB2 and 2,3-dinor-TxB2 and (2H3)-methyl ester/trimethylsilyl ether derivative of 11-dehydro-TxB2 were investigated. Collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of the most intense parent ion in the high-mass region were taken. Collisionally activated decomposition mass spectra of the [C(12)-C(20)]+ ion of TxB2 and 2,3-dinor-TxB2 show an intense but not specific daughter ion, whereas the collison-induced dissociation mass spectrum of the [M - (C(16)-C(20)]+ ion of 11-dehydro-TxB2 results in the formation of numerous daughter ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200150304
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    Quantification of urinary 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid using deuterated 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid as internal standard (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1989), S. 652-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deficiency of biotin at the tissue level can be assessed indirectly by measuring the urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. This paper describes the application of an improved method of quantifying urinary 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid using unlabeled and uniformly deuterated 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. These compounds were synthesized by a modification of the lithioacetic acid method for generation of beta-hydroxy acids. Elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data demonstrated that the compounds are greater than 95% pure. Mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of the unlabeled compound, demonstrated that the deuterated compound is uniformly labeled, and offered insight into the pattern of mass fragmentation. The method for determination of the concentration of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in rat urine uses gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric quantification of the di-trimethylsilyl derivative with the deuterated compound as the internal standard. Results provide evidence that this method is more accurate than a previously published method that did not utilize the unlabeled and deuterated standards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180903
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