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  • Scanning electron microscopy
  • oxidation
  • Springer  (228)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (94)
  • 1975-1979  (134)
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Keywords
Publisher
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of microarterial anastomoses with the argon laser (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Arterial microanastomosis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Vessel re-endothelialization ; Collagenous fusion ; Vessel repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Anastomoses micro-artérielles au laser argon: étude en microscopie électronique à balayage. Les auteurs réalisent au laser Argon (Coherent 900) une anastomose carotidienne terminoterminale sur une série de 50 rats Wistar de poids moyen de 260 g. Les impacts laser (en moyenne 19) sont de 300 mW de puissance et d'une durée de 5 s chacun, avec un point de focalisation de 150 μm de diamètre. On réalise sur 13 spécimens un examen en microscopie électronique à balayage. L'impact laser induit sur la paroi artérielle une lésion de 100 μm de large avec une légère nécrose de coagulation de la media et de l'adventice. La ligne de suture est re-endothélialisée dès le quatrième jour, alors qu'une fusion du collagène est observée dans les couches sousendothéliales. L'arrangement longitudinal des cellules endothéliales est retrouvé dés le dixième jour. A long terme, un réseau collagénique serré assure la résistance de la media et un endothélium normal recouvre la ligne de ‘soudure’. Les complications tel que lâchage ou anéurysmes doivent être attribuées aux inconvénients techniques du début de l'expérimentation.
    Notes: Abstract A carotid end-to-end anastomosis was performed in 50 Wistar rats (mean weight 260 g) by means of a Coherent 900 argon laser. Laser pulses (average 19) of 300 mW power and 5 s exposure time were used, the beam being focused to form a spot of 150 μm diameter. From day 0 to day 210, 13 specimens underwent scanning electron microscope examination. The results show that the laser impact produces a wall injury of 100 μm in width with some coagulative necrosis of the media and adventitia. The line of anastomosis became re-endothelialized within four days, at which time collagen fusion was observed in the subendothelial layers. The longitudinal arrangement of the endothelial cells was restored by day 10. In the long term, a thick collagenous meshwork maintained the strength of the media, while normal endothelium covered the anastomosis. Complications such as disruption and aneurysm formation were attributed to technical problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038959
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidation of Cu(I) in electrolyte solutions (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 17 (1988), S. 581-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Copper ; oxidation ; NaCl solutions ; ionic strength ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of oxidation of Cu(I) in air saturated solutions was measured as a function of pH, temperature (5–45°C), and ionic strength (0.5 to 6m) in NaCl and NaCl−NaClO4 solutions. In pure NaCl solutions, the effect of pH is independent of ionic strength and temperature. The overall rate constant is given by logk=12.32+0.12(pH)−2064/T−3.69I1/2+ 0.73I The energy of activitation was 39±2 kJ-mol−1 and is independent of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1, 3 and 6m) in NaCl−NaClO4 mixtures the Cl− dependence of the rates is attributed to the oxidation of the various forms of Cu(I) in the solution. The rate constants for the oxidation of the various species are found to be functions of ionic strength. At a constant ionic strength (I=1) in NaCl−NaClO4 solutions, the effect of temperature is independent of the chloride concentration. The effect of Mg2+ and HCO 3 − on the oxidation rate was determined as a function of chloride concentration (1 to 6m) at 25°C and pH=8. The addition of Mg2+ causes the rate to decrease and the addition of HCO 3 − causes the rate to increase. The possible causes of these effects are discussed. Empirical equations for the rate of oxidation of Cu(I) in Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3 solutions as a function of composition are used to make reliable estimates of the oxidation in seawater and Red Sea waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651464
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ionic strength and ionic interactions on the oxidation of Fe(II) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 18 (1989), S. 585-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Fe(II) ; oxidation ; ionic strength ; NaCl ; NaClO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of oxidation of Fe(II) in NaCl and NaClO 4 solutions were studied as a function of pH (6 to 9), temperature (5 to 25°C), and ionic strength (0 to 6m). The rates are second order with respect to [H+] or [OH−] and independent of ionic strength and temperature. The overall rate of the oxidation is given by $$d[Fe(II)]/dt = - k[Fe(II)][OH^ - ]^2 [O_2 ]$$ where [OH−]=K W * /[H+](K W * is the stoichiometric dissociation constant for water) and [O 2 ] is the molal concentration of the oxygen. The experimental results were fitted to equations of the form $$log{\text{ }}k = log{\text{ }}k_0 + {\rm A}\sqrt {\rm I} + {\rm A}\sqrt {\rm I} /T + CI$$ where log k0=21.56−1545/T, A=0.470, B=−646, and C=0.723 (σ=0.07) for NaCl; A=−1.638, B=0, and C=0.836 (σ=0.11) for NaClO 4 . The lower results in NaCl at higher ionic strengths are attributed to the formation of FeCl+ that has a slower rate of oxidation. The kinetic results giveβ FeCl = 1.2 ± 0.5, which is in reasonable agreement with literature data. Measurements of the effect of various ions on the rates were studied at constant ionic strength. The results were in the order HCO 3 − 〉Br−〉ClO 4 − 〉Cl−〉NO 3 − 〉SO 4 2− 〉B(OH) 4 − and were attributed to the relative strength of the interactions of Fe 2+ with these anions. The strong interactions of Fe 2+ with SO 4 2− and B(OH) 4 − were used to estimate the stability constants, logβ FeSO 4 = 1.8 ± 0.1 and logβ FeB(OH) 4 = 3.2 ± 0.1, which are in reasonable agreement with literature data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664239
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of small α-iron particles from an amorphous Fe91Zr9 alloy (1989)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 3 (1989), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Iron ; zirconium ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Small α-iron particles with diameter less than 10 nm and enlarged lattice constant have been obtained by low temperature oxidation and reduction of an amorphous Fe91Zr9 alloy.In-situ X-ray diffraction has been used to study the transformation of the alloy at 300 °C which is far below the crystallization temperature. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the reacted sample consisted mainly of aggregates of small iron particles. This might offer a promising method for the effective preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763728
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential colonization of Azospirillum lipoferum on roots of two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Mucigel ; Oryza sativa ; Root colonization ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of rice (IR42 and IR50) were aseptically dipped into Azospirillum lipoferum strain 34H suspension under dark, and the presence of bacteria on the differentiating regions of rice roots was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bacterium did not colonize the root tips of IR42, while it colonized this region in the case of IR50, within 24 h after inoculation. In the early stages, most of the bacteria were embedded in the ruptured mucigel below the root cap cells of IR42. Mucigel was hardly detectable in IR50. While the root hair primordia of IR50 were colonized heavily with the bacterium within 24 h, the root hairs of IR42 were colonized 48 and 72 h after inoculation. This phenomenon in relation to plant varietal differences was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280343
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect determination of thionic compounds by nephelometric determination of barium sulfate (1989)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 97 (1989), S. 403-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: thionic compounds ; oxidation ; potassium permanganate ; nephelometric determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect determination of thionic compounds by nephelometric determination of barium sulfate, formed after treatment of the compounds containing the group CS with potassium permanganate in neutral aqueous solutions, has been studied. Allylthiourea, thiourea, thioacetamide and thiosemicarbazide have been tested. The determination limit was 0.05 μg/ml and the RSD less than 10%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242263
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface oxidation of high-surface-area silicon carbide: FT-IR studies (1988)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 95 (1988), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; surface ; oxidation ; FT-IR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The surface of ultrafine silicon carbide powders, prepared by a laser-driven gas-phase reaction was studied as a self-supporting disk by FT infrared spectrometry. After evacuation silicon and carbon atoms located at the surface give rise tovSiH andvCH bands. When heating in oxygen, subtraction spectra showed features which could be strictly correlated with a progressive growth of a silica layer: SiH and CH bands were replaced by new bands characteristic of amorphous silica and the typical band of surface silanol groups on silica (3745 cm−1) simultaneously increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349724
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEM analysis of amphibian mesodermal migration (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Mesoderm ; Gastrulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a “ruffled” morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 μ wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857266
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphyseal chondrocytes ; Freezefracture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell processes ; Membrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 μm diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013264
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010754
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and association of wall fibrils produced by regenerating tobacco protoplasts (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cellulose ; Microfibrils ; Negative staining ; Nicotiana ; Protoplasts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the wall fibrils produced by tobacco protoplasts, using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with negative staining. It has been shown that the fibres seen in scanning electron microscopy correspond to aggregates of microfibrils. These aggregates are only visible where they are lifted clear of the protoplast surface. Negative staining of fixed protoplasts shows that the aggregation of microfibrils into the fibres visible in scanning electron microscopy is probably produced by air-drying. Gentle disruption of microfibrils produces both random broken fragments and bundles of short pieces of fibrillar material about 60 nm in length. This material is present in undisrupted young walls, but not in undisrupted older walls. The microfibrils in young walls seem much more fragile and liable to breakage than those in older walls. These results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of scanning electron microscope images and the mechanism of cellulose microfibril formation by higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388233
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolated generative cells in some angiosperms: a further study (1988)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Generative cell ; Isolation ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence ; Video-enhanced microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generative cells were isolated from the pollen grains of three angiosperm species by a method similar to that previously reported for Haemanthus katherinae (Baker). Both the external appearance and the internal structure of the isolated generative cells were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The dynamic changes occurring in the cells after they had been liberated from the pollen grains were recorded by video-enhanced microscopy. The distribution of microtubules in the isolated cells was revealed by immunofluorescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189268
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal effects on debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotyping (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 441-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: debrisoquine ; oxidation ; diurnal variation ; metabolic ratio ; oxidative phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was performed to show whether debrisoquine phenotyping could be performed as an overnight procedure. Phenotyping of 33 normal volunteers was carried out during the day and night. A good correlation was observed between the day-and night-time metabolic ratios, although wide variation was observed in 3 subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561381
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of α-galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bandeiraea simplicifolia ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; α-Galactomannan-lectin ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an α-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this α-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429323
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of mannan at the surface of yeast protoplasts by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Plasma membranes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β(1→3)glucanase of Basidiomycete QM 806 was used to prepare Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis protoplasts. Plasma membranes isolated from S. cerevisiae contained a small amount of mannose and traces of glucose and ribose. Randomly distributed α-mannan was detected by scanning electron microscopy at the surface of prefixed protoplasts using colloidal gold labelled with Concanavalin A as a marker. C. utilis protoplasts were also marked with anti-mannan antibodies. Again the distribution of mannan was random. This experiment indicated also that plasma membrane mannan has the same immunochemical determinants as cell wall mannan. It is hypothesized that mannan is mainly located in the outer layer of plasma membranes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425106
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating in Chlamydomonas eugametos (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Chlamydomonas ; Cell agglutination ; Cell fusion ; Flagella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed by which mating gametes of Chlamydomonas eugametos can be studied in the Scanning Electron Microscope. A detailed description of the mating process, from the initial flagellar agglutination until the release of free vis-à-vis pairs, is presented. Flagella appear to agglutinate at random points on their surface. This is followed by a rapid increase of the contact area such that they “line-up” tip to tip. Flagella always exhibit a typical position prior to cell fusion. After cell fusion the flagella of a pair separate rapidly while the female have shortened about 33%. In a vis-à-vis pair the plasma bridge has contracted. The observations are interpreted in terms of a specific reorganization of the sexuale aggregate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425109
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric discharge-induced oxidation of hydrogen cyanide (1986)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 6 (1986), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: AC discharge ; discharge chemistry ; hydrogen cyanide ; cyanogen ; chemiluminescence ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The AC high-voltage discharge-induced decomposition chemistry of trace levels of hydrogen cyanide in helium has been studied. In the absence of oxygen only low levels of molecular nitrogen were evolved. With oxygen added, the principal products were CO, CO2, and N2. No significant concentrations of NO or N2O were observed. The response of a commercial NOx analyzer to HCN and C2N2, in the NOx mode, was determined to be linear through three decades in concentration. The oxidation chemistry of HCN and C2N2 in the stainless steel converter of the analyzer was studied as a function of the amount of added oxygen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573819
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 195-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Uranium ; corrosion ; oxidation ; liquid metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium were studied by modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometric methods. Equivalent pressures of the reactant fluxes on the surface ranged from 6×10 −6 to 2×10−4 torr. Temperatures up to 1570 K were investigated. The metal surface was kept clean during reaction by mechanical removal of the oxide formed with a tungsten needle. For the clean liquid uranium surface, a water reaction probability of ∼0.4 was deduced both from measurement of the reaction-product hydrogen signal and by the temperature dependence of the scattered reactant signal. Based solely on the latter measure, a reaction probability of 0.6 was estimated for oxygen. The reaction probabilities on the clean surface were temperatureindependent. They decreased as the coverage of the surface by islands of oxide increased and, for water, appeared to approach a value of 0.08 for a surface completely covered with an oxide estimated to be 500 Å thick. Bombardment of the surface during reaction with argon ions produced an increase in the reactivity on solid uranium but had a negligible effect on the reaction probability for the liquid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656707
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of grain structure in nickel oxide scales (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 353-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Grain growth ; nickel oxide ; high temperature ; oxidation ; nickel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In systems such as the oxidation of nickel, in which grain-boundary diffusion in the oxide can control the rate of oxidation, understanding of the factors governing the grain structure is of importance. High-purity mechanically polished polycrystalline nickel was oxidized at 700°C, 800°C, and 1000°C for times up to 20 hr in 1 atm O2. The scale microstructures were examined by parallel and transverse cross section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Texture coefficients were found by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Each grain in the transverse section grain boundary networks was systematically analyzed for width parallel to the Ni-NiO interface and perpendicular length, for boundary radius of curvature and for number of sides. The variation of these parameters with depth in the scale was examined. In particular, grains were increasingly columnar (i.e., with ratio of grain length to width 〉1) at higher temperatures and longer times. Columnar grain boundaries tended to be fairly static; the columnar grain width was less than the rate controlling grain size predicted from the oxidation rate. The mean boundary curvature per grain provided a guide to the tendency for grain growth, except in the region of the Ni-NiO interface, where the boundaries were thought to be pinned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666728
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    Observations on the oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr alloys containing minor additions of group III, IV, or V elements (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 347-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; Group III–V elements ; reactive minor additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of a number of experimental ternary Ni-15 wt. % Cr-0.5wt. %X alloys (where X= Y, La, Ce, Sm, Th, U, Zr, or V) has been assessed in pure oxygen at 900° C for periods of exposure up to 450 hr, and compared with the behavior of an Ni-15% Cr control alloy. It has been established that while all of the alloys oxidize in accordance with a protective, approximately parabolic regime, considerable differences in oxidation rates are exhibited. In particular, additions of La, Ce, and Th bring about progressively enhanced rates of oxidation relative to the binary alloy, whereas Y, Sm, V, U, and Zr effect increasingly reduced rates of oxidation in the order given. The rate constant for the Th-bearing alloy is about two orders of magnitude larger than that for the alloy containing Zr. Such differences in behavior seem to be associated with subtle variations in the morphology/composition of the corrosion products from alloy to alloy. The observations are considered in the light of earlier published literature concerning the effects of rare-earth and other reactive elements on the oxidation behavior of Ni/Cr alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612047
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    Development, growth, and adhesion of Al2O3 on platinum-aluminum alloys (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 189-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; platinum ; platinum-aluminum alloys ; alumina (Al2O3) ; oxide-scale adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The development, growth, and adhesion of α-Al2O3 scales on platinum-aluminum alloys containing between 0.5 and 6 wt.% aluminum have been studied at temperatures in the interval between 1000 and 1450° C. The morphologies and microstructures of the α-Al2O3 scales were found to be influenced by the temperature, oxygen pressure, and the microstructures of the alloys. The oxidation rates of the alloys appeared to be controlled by transport of oxygen along grain boundaries in the α-Al2O3 scales. The α-Al2O3 scales adhered to the platinum-aluminum substrates even after extensive periods of cyclic oxidation. The good adhesion of the α-Al2O3 may result from mechanical keying of the oxide to the alloys due to the development of irregular oxide-alloy interfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612159
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    The high-temperature oxidation resistance of iron-silicon-aluminum alloys (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloy ; iron ; aluminum ; silicon ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Silicon or chromium can be used as an oxygen getter in iron-aluminum alloys to prevent the internal oxidation of aluminum. This suppresses the formation of the iron oxide nodules that tend to destroy binary iron-aluminum alloys during high-temperature oxidation. Alloys of iron containing aluminum and silicon in varying proportions were heated in flowing air for 50 hr at 1093°C. Of the alloys tested, one containing 6% aluminum and 1 % silicon was the most resistant to oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618248
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    Defect structure in CoO (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 311-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: defect structure ; CoO ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The total concentration of point defects and deviation from stoichiometry in Co1-yO have been determined experimentally as functions of temperature and equilibrium oxygen pressure in the temperature range 1000–1250°C and oxygen pressure range 10−3-1 atm. This total concentration of defects has also been calculated from known values of the coefficients of chemical diffusion and tracer self-diffusion of cobalt. The results of the two methods agree well. It has been found in the investigated range of temperature and oxygen pressure that the defect structure of cobaltous oxide is composed not only of defects due to deviation from stoichiometry, singly ionized cation vacancies, and an equivalent amount of electron holes, but also of intrinsic defects, probably of the Frenkel type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612029
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    The influence of platinum on the maintenance of α-Al2O3 as a protective scale (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: α-Al2O3 ; platinum ; oxidation ; adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of externally located platinum on the isothermal stability of α-Al2O3 scales formed at high temperatures has been examined. It has been observed that a nickel-base alloy forms an external scale of α-Al2O3 during oxidation at 1200°C, but this scale breaks down isothermally, enabling a faster-growing Cr2O3-rich scale to develop. However, in the presence of platinum metal alongside the specimen in the furnace hot zone, the breakdown of the α-Al2O3 scale is postponed for a substantial period of time. It appears that platinum, as the volatile species PtO2, is incorporated into the growing α-Al2O3 scale where it either influences the stress relief mechanism at temperature or reduces oxidation growth stress generation and thus significantly enhances the isothermal stability of the scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612031
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    Electron re-emission Mössbauer study of the oxidation of metallic iron in oxygen (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 377-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; Mössbauer ; electron re-emission ; ERM spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an electron re-emission Mössbauer (ERM) spectroscopy study of the oxidation of metallic Fe at temperatures from 150 to 500°C in pure oxygen ( $${\text{p}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \approx {\text{ }}10$$ Torr) are presented. The oxidized samples were prepared from a metallic Fe sample enriched to 70% in the Mössbauer isotope Fe57 and the oxidation kinetics were determined volumetrically. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the morphology of the oxide films. The hematite, magnetite, and total-oxide thicknesses were determined from the ERM spectra using a theory recently developed in this laboratory, and the results were found to agree well with the measured oxygen content of the oxide films. For Fe and Fe-base alloys it is shown that the ERM technique is most useful in the oxide-thickness range of approximately 20–3000 Å within that range, oxide-phase identifications and thickness determinations are perhaps more readily determined by ERM spectroscopy than by any competing technique. In particular, the ERM measurement is nondestructive, and no supplementary measurements (such as surface-roughness determinations) or special sample preparations (such as oxide-film stripping) are required
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612049
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    The diffusional growth of a scale with variable composition, diffusivity, and molar volume (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; scale growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Equations are presented to modify the classical theoretical expressions for the parabolic rate constant for the case in which the scale has a large composition range and a large variation in molar volume. The modifications appear as simple averages, together with a factor f.Evaluation of f for some hypothetical cases shows that it is near unity unless the composition gradient has an extreme deviation from linearity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611602
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    Thickness of the oxide layers formed during the oxidation of iron (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; scaling ; wustite ; magnetite ; iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of the growth of two oxide layers by Yurek et al. has been applied to the oxidation of iron at 1100° C. The theoretical parabolic rate constants for the simultaneous growth of the two oxide layers were calculated from radioactive tracer diffusion coefficients for wustite and magnetite. Good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values of the ratio of scale thicknesses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606543
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    Oxidation-sulfidation behavior of iron-chromium-nickel alloys (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; iron-chromium-nickel alloy ; thermochemical diagram ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation-sulfidation studies of Fe-Cr-8Ni alloys with 4, 12, and 22 wt. % Cr were conducted at 750 and 875°C in multicomponent gas mixtures that contained CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and H2S. The reaction processes resulted in parabolic kinetics. A chromium concentration in the range 0–12 wt. % in the alloy had a negligible effect on the parabolic rate constant; however, the rate constant for the alloy with 22 wt. % Cr was significantly lower. For a given sulfur partial pressure, the oxygen partial pressures required for the formation of a continuous oxide layer in an Fe-22Cr-8Ni alloy were ∼102 to 103 times those calculated for Cr-Cr2O3 equilibrium at temperatures of 875 and 750° C, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616098
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    Oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C in air containing HCl gas (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 451-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: HCl gas ; H2O vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Moist air containing HCl gas caused the oxide formed on a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C to crack during the early stages of growth, and extensive blistering and spalling occurred on cooling. In dry air containing HCl gas no oxide cracking was observed at temperature although the oxide blistered and spalled on cooling. In dry or moist air free from HCl an adherent protective oxide formed which did not spall on cooling. The oxide cracking at temperature has been attributed to the production of hydrogen by reaction of Cr and Al in the alloy with water vapor and the removal of NiO as NiCl2 by reaction with HCl gas. Hydrogen produced by reaction of water vapor or HCl with Cr or Al dissolved in the alloy at temperature, but on cooling the hydrogen was released, causing the oxide to blister and spall. Preoxidation of the alloy in HCl-free atmospheres eliminated these effects of HCl gas in short-term isothermal tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612090
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    The oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of tungsten-fiber reinforced composites (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 45-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; nickel alloys ; composites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of a tungsten-fiber, reinforced Ni~ 20Cr alloy has been examined under the following exposure conditions: (a) pure oxygen at 1 atm pressure; (b) sulfidation in H2–10 %H2S; (c) presulfidation in H2–10 %H2S followed by oxidation in oxygen; and (d) oxidation in 1 atm oxygen after precoating with approximately 1 mg/cm2 of Na2SO4. Rapid oxidation of the tungsten fibers causes considerable distortion of the matrix and catastrophic degradation of the matrix follows. Inter diffusion between the matrix and the fibers is also important. During sulfidation, only the matrix forms sulfides, the fibers remaining unaffected. Consequently, presulfidation, although having a dramatic effect on the oxidation of the matrix does not have a damaging effect on the fibres. Equally, the presence of sodium sulfate is not critical, although severe oxidation of the exposed tungsten fibers is still observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613494
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    The high-temperature oxidation of Ni-20%Cr alloys containing various oxide dispersions (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 275-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Ni-Cr alloys ; rare-earth oxide dispersion ; dispersion-strengthened alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ni-20%Cr alloys containing approximately 3 vol.% Y2O3, ThO2, and A12O3 as dispersed particles has been examined in the temperature range 900 to 1200° C in slowly flowing oxygen at 100 Torr. The results show that the oxidation behavior of the Y2O3-, ThO2-, Al2O3-, and Ce02-containing alloys is very similar and that some anomalies in the behavior of the ThO2-containing alloy might be explained by the slower rate of chromium diffusion in this coarse-grained alloy. Two Al2O3-containing alloys were studied. One with a relatively coarse dispersoid size behaved in a manner analogous to a dispersion-free Ni-30% Cr alloy at 1100°C. The other alloy contained a dispersion of fine Al2O3 particles and behaved exactly like the Y2O3-containing alloy at 1000 and 1100°C, but at 1200° C oxidized at a faster rate. It has been shown that the adherent scales on dispersion-containing alloys have a stabilized fine grain size, whereas the nonadherent scales on dispersion-free alloys undergo grain growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613277
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    Study of the oxidation kinetics of vanadium carbide (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: vanadium carbide ; vanadium oxycarbide ; oxidation ; parabolic rate law ; cubic rate law ; chemisorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an oxycarbide of vanadium, VO0.6C0.7, and of a vanadium carbide, VC0.98, was studied athermally up to temperatures of 800° C and isothermally between 400 and 580° C at oxygen pressures ranging from 10−2 to 1 atm. The oxycarbide followed the parabolic rate law below 450° C with V2O5 forming as the only reaction product. The activation energy was 49 kcal/mole. VC0.98 did not form an oxide in this temperature range, but rather dissolved oxygen, the activation energy being 26.6 kcal/mole. No oxygen pressure dependence on the kinetics was found for either sample in this temperature range. Both samples followed the cubic rate law during oxidation in the range of 500–580° C during which V2O5 formed. There was a P1/3 dependence and the activation energy was the same for both materials, 51 kcal/mole. The cubic rate law and the positive pressure dependency (rather than an anticipated negative dependency) were attributed to an electric field associated with oxygen ions chemisorbed on a thin layer of V2O5.
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    Effect of oxide grain structure on the high-temperature oxidation of Cr (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 459-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; Cr2O3 grain size ; short-circuit diffusion ; surface ; preparation ; Fe-Cr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cr was oxidized in 1 aim O2 at 980, 1090, and 1200°C. ElectropolishedCr and some orientations of etched Cr oxidize rapidly and develop compressive stress in the growing Cr2O3; other orientations oxidize slowly, apparently free of stress. SEM examination of fracture sections shows that the thick oxide is polycrystalline whereas the thin oxide on etched Cr is monocrystalline. It is deduced that the monocrystalline oxide grows by lattice diffusion of cations outward, and the polycrystalline layer by the two-way transport of cation diffusion outward and anion diffusion inward along oxide grain boundaries. The consequent formation of oxide within the body of the polycrystalline layer generates compressive stress and leads to wrinkling by plastic deformation. The activation energy for oxidation of Cr by cation lattice transport is 58 kcal/mole. Polycrystalline Cr2O3 forms on Fe-26Cr alloy, whether electropolished or etched; oxidation is accordingly rapid and accompanied by compressive stress.
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    Fatty acid oxidation and myocardial phospholipase A2 activity (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 88 (1989), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: phospholipase A2 ; fatty acids ; oxidation ; suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cis-unsaturated fatty acids, but not saturated fatty acids, inhibited phospholipase A2 activity (PLA2) in vitro, and may function as endogenous suppressors of lipolysis. To probe the possible role of lipid peroxidation in the regulation of myocardial lipid catabolism, a neutral-active and Ca2+-dependent PLA2 was extracted from rat heart and was partially purified by sulfopropyl cation exchange chromatography. Myocardial PLA, activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids; the IC50 for arachidonic acid was approx 65 μM. Palmitic acid was not inhibitory. When arachidonic acid was incubated at 37°C, exposed to air, there was a time- and pH-dependent peroxidation of the arachidonic acid as monitored by turbidity, thiobarbituric acid reactivity, and thin layer chromatography. Peroxidation was increased as the pH was lowered from 7.5 to 4.5, and was accompanied by a decrease in PLA2 inhibitory potency. Thus, arachidonate incubated for 24 hours at pH's 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 lost 84%, 32%, and 20% respectively, of its inhibitory potency. Therefore, in vitro acidosis promotes the oxidation of cis-unsaturated fatty acids and relieves their inhibitory or suppressive activity toward PLA2s. Increased lipid peroxidation of unesterified unsaturated fatty acids during acidosis may therefore promote lipolysis observed during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223437
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    Kinetics of high-temperature oxidation of boron carbide in oxygen (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: boron carbide ; oxidation ; kinetics ; chromatography method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermogravimetry and gas-adsorption chromatography were used to study the kinetics of formation of solid and gaseous products during the hightemperature oxidation of compact boron carbide in oxygen at 740 Torr. Oxidation resistance was observed at temperatures up to 1200°C. The main oxidation products were B2O3 and CO2. Oxidation was paralinear; the carbon consumption exceeded the consumption of boron as compared to the ratio of these elements in the compound B4C. This difference resulted in carbon depletion of the carbide layer in the substrate near the scale〉.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614238
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    Microstructures of the scales formed on zircaloy-4 in steam at elevated temperatures (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 255-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Zircaloy-4 ; zirconium ; alloy ; oxidation ; microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The ZrO 2 scales formed on Zircaloy-4 PWR tubes during corrosion in steam in the temperature range of 1000–1300°C have been found to contain a metallic phase that is relatively rich in Sn. The precise composition of the metallic phase has not been determined. Most of the metallic phase is located in a line of metallic particles, which is oriented parallel to the alloy-scale interface and located near the center of the scale. The exact morphology of the scale on either side of the particle line has not been identified. The oxide between the metallic particles and the scale-steam interface contains very little Sn, except for a narrow zone adjacent to the scale-steam interface, which was formed in the beginning of the reaction. It appears that the scale between the metallic particles and the alloy-scale interface consists of thin columnar grains of ZrO 2 with a very fine metallic phase probably located at the ZrO 2 grain boundaries. The experimental evidence presently available indicates that the metallic phase exists in the scales at the reaction temperature. If the metallic particles were rich enough in Sn, then a liquid metallic phase would exist in the oxide during the reaction. Kinetic studies demonstrate that these particles move with respect to the scale-steam interface toward the center of the alloy during the course of the oxidation reaction. It appears that the presence of the line of metallic particles could, under certain conditions, markedly influence the mechanical properties of the oxide scales formed on Zircaloy-4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618247
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    Behavior of oxide films on high-temperature alloys in carbonaceous gas atmospheres (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 23-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; carbonaceous gases ; superalloys ; stainless steels ; film formation ; structure of oxide scales ; preoxidation ; metal dusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Formation and deterioration of oxide films on several contemporary high-temperature alloys was studied in various carbonaceous gas atmospheres. Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic examination were applied to films on Fe-Cr-Ni and Ni-Cr-Al type alloy compositions exposed in CH 4/H2 and CO/CO2 atmospheres at temperatures up to 900° C and pressures up to 900 psi (6.2 × 106 N/m2). The effects of various preoxidation treatments were evaluated. Reduction of certain oxide phases is observed to promote catalytic gas decomposition. Al2O3 components in the films are observed to be stable under the reducing conditions experienced. Carbon uptake by various alloys is found to be quite sensitive to surface finish, with an observed increase in penetration with surface roughness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611601
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    Oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures at925°C has been studied. The oxygen pressure was close to 0.5 atm in all experiments, and partial pressures of the second component of from 0 to 180 Torr were employed. Spherical specimens were used to provide quantitatively significant kinetic data. A model has been proposed which suggests that the oxygen pressure at the reaction interface close to the metal surface is lower than the external pressure because of the finite permeability of the porous outer oxide layer, and that the inert gas effectively reduces the permeability. The model gives good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606059
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    A microstructural study of the influence of NaCl vapor on the oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot-salt corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin protective oxide formed on a Ni-19.7 Cr-2.4 Al alloy in air at 850°C. Microstructural examination of stripped films showed that the oxide was duplex with an inner chromium-rich layer of NiCr2O4 + Cr2O3 with probably some NiAl2O4 + Al2O3, and an outer nickel-rich layer, principally NiO. The oxide grew faster in the presence of NaCl and it differed significantly in microstructure and composition from a very early stage. The thicker regions of the oxide assumed regular polyhedral shapes in air + NaCl, rather than the irregular nodular shape exhibited in clean air, as well as becoming richer in chromium. The results suggest that chloride vapor increases cationic mobility in the oxide. It is proposed that Cl− ions are incorporated in the oxygen close-packed lattice, thereby increasing ionic mobility in Cr2O3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609972
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    A new approach to the study of the oxidation of metals in hostile environments (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 83-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; chromium ; Fe-9% Cr alloy ; Auger electron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation or general corrosion behavior of metals at pressures of 1 atm or more is usually investigated by oxidizing samples under prescribed conditions and then subsequently characterizing the surface produced using one or more of the experimental methods available. This article describes a method which obviates the necessity of transferring samples from the oxidizing environment to the instrument for analysis, is nondestructive, and monitors the oxidizing surface in situ. The oxidation of iron, chromium, and a 9% chromium-iron alloy in carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure and at 773°K is described. The surfaces of these materials were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy during exposure to the gas. Spectra and diagrams illustrating the variation in surface composition as oxidation proceeded are shown and possible mechanisms for the oxidation reactions are briefly discussed. The formation of the surface oxide on iron and on the 9% Cr-Fe alloy appears to follow very similar paths under the conditions of oxidation used. In all the materials studied trace impurities such as sulfur participated in the oxidation reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609976
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    High-temperature oxidation of copper-manganese alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 181-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; scale composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of copper-manganese alloys (2–35 wt. % Mn) in pure oxygen at 760 Torr was investigated at 100° intervals between 550 and 850°C. Gravimetric measurements of the oxidation kinetics have been combined with microstructural studies of the reacted samples in order to evaluate the reaction mechanisms. The scales formed on Cu-2Mn, Cu-5Mn, Cu-10Mn are always composed of three different layers; in any case manganese is present only in the inner layer. The scales formed on Cu-20Mn and Cu-35Mn are composed of two layers, both containing manganese, with a more Cu-rich outer layer. In all the samples internal oxidation in combination with external scale formation is observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611978
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    High-temperature oxidation kinetics of Cu-Si alloys containing up to 4.75 wt.% Si in $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ =0.01 atm and pure CO2 (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cu-Si alloys ; oxidation ; kinetics ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Cu-Si alloys (containing up to 4.75 wt. % Si) in $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ =0.01 atm from 800 to 1000°C has been investigated using thermogravimetry and other techniques. A 0.04% Si alloy followed a parabolic oxidation law with a rate similar to that of pure Cu. As the Si concentration increased the rate decreased and became irregular owing to SiO2 particles or flakes at the alloy-scale interface. It is considered that sintering of SiO2 particles and rupture of the sinter because of contraction during sintering are responsible for the irregular kinetics. A SiO2 layer forms directly on the 4.75% Si alloy which oxidizes uniformly. The SiO2 was always amorphous. In pure CO2 a similar pattern of amorphous SiO2 particles, flakes, and layers occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603576
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    The oxidation of Fe-Cr surface and bulk alloys at 300°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; surface alloys ; Fe-Cr alloys ; iron ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of several surface and bulk Fe-Cr alloys and iron at 300°C and 4×10−6 Torr oxygen was studied. The surface alloys were fabricated by implantation of 25 keV Cr ions into the outermost 300Å of polycrystalline iron samples. The oxide thickness as a function of oxygen exposure was obtained using proton-excited X-ray analysis, and composition profiles of oxide films were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy and ion sputtering. The addition of Cr to Fe by surface and bulk alloying caused the oxidation rate to decrease and changed the oxidation kinetics from parabolic (for Fe) to logarithmic (for Cr concentrations ≥4.7at.%). Interpretation of the data in terms of simple oxidation theories indicates that the Cr additions may reduce the oxidation rate by altering the electronic properties of the metal-oxide interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603672
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    Oxidation of iron-nickel aluminum alloys in oxygen at 600–800° C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; oxide maps ; alloying additives ; Fe-Ni-Al alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of iron-nickel-aluminum alloys containing 0–40 wt.% nickel and 0–30 wt.% aluminum has been investigated at 600 and 800° C. Through the construction of “oxide maps” it can be shown that three possible oxide morphologies may exist: Alloys containing less than approximately 5 wt.% aluminum form scales consisting of predominantly Fe2O3 and spinel; alloys with between 5 and 10 wt.% aluminum form Al2O3 scales interspersed by Fe2O3 nodules, and alloys with greater than 10 wt.% aluminum form predominantly γ-Al2O3 scales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609303
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    Surface oxidation of nickel metal as studied by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; surface reactions ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the oxidation of polycrystalline nickel metal. The results indicate that the oxidation process takes place in three stages; associative adsorption of molecular oxygen, followed by the combination of oxygen atoms with surface nickel atoms and, ultimately, the formation of bulk oxide. At room temperature only the first two stages can be detected. For exposures below 1 L the O 1s photoelectron spectrum is considered to be characteristic of an associatively adsorbed oxygen species, but for exposures above this value evidence for the formation of a monolayer of “NiO” is suggested by the development of an O 1s peak at 529.9 eV. Incorporation of oxygen into the nickel lattice is observed at temperatures 〉500°K. The activation energy for this place-exchange process was estimated at 1.80±0.06 eV.
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    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys at 700°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 255-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; graphite deposition ; nonadherent oxide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe-C alloys containing 0.5 and 1.0% C was studied in 1 atm O2 at 700° C. The oxidation rate is considerably slower than for pure Fe. The oxide scale formed is detached, multilayered, and overoxidized, containing little or no FeO. A thin film of graphite was identified at the metal-oxide interface by electron diffraction. It is proposed that the slow oxidation and abnormal scale are caused by a residue of graphite left at the metal surface from the oxidation of Fe3C. This inhibition of the oxidation of Fe by carbon at 700°C is in contrast to the stimulation observed at 500°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603670
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    Effect of yttrium additions on the oxidation of nickel (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 133-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; nickel ; yttrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Ni, Ni-0.1 wt.% Y, and Ni-0.3 wt.% Y alloys was carried out in the temperature range 500–900°C at pO 2= 1 atm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664229
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    A review of the role of short-circuit diffusion in the oxidation of nickel, chromium, and nickel-chromium alloys (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 177-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; short-circuit diffusion ; nickel ; chromium ; binary Ni-Cr alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The evidence for short-circuit diffusion during the oxidation of nickel, chromium, and nickel-chromium alloys is reviewed. On the basis of experimental evidence for the Ni/NiO and Cr/Cr2O3 systems, inferences are made about the role of short-circuit diffusion through the oxide scales forming on the binary nickel-chromium alloys. The review highlights the importance of scale microstructure in governing oxidation rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664231
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    The oxidation of cobalt-chromium-titanium alloys at 1000°C (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Co-Cr-Ti alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cobalt-based alloys containing 3,5,10,15, and 20% Cr with 1 and 3% Ti were oxidized at 1000°C in slowly flowing oxygen gas. In general, titanium additions decreased the oxidation rate with the most pronounced effect being observed at the 10% Cr level. Titanium accelerated the formation of Cr2O3 layers at the metal-oxide interface. Faceted CrxTiyOz spinel particles were found at the metal-oxide interface which varied in composition according to microprobe results. There was no evidence of spalling on the Co-Cr-Ti alloys studied in contrast to the severe spalling normally encountered in Ni-Cr-Ti alloys. Distinct morphological differences existed on the outer CoO layer of the 1% Ti alloys in comparison to the O and 3% Ti alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664278
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    High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; metals ; high temperatures ; oxidation theory ; oxidation kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt ≫ τ, we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J ≠ 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.
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    NaCl-induced accelerated oxidation of chromium (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; NaCl ; chloride ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes new phenomena about chloride-induced accelerated oxidation of chromium. Thermal analysis was adopted to examine the oxidation, which was studied particularly in the case of NaCl. The presence of NaCl remarkably accelerates the oxidation of chromium. The process occurs below the melting point of NaCl, and the main reaction product is Cr2O3. In the accelerated oxidation NaCl plays a catalytic role because it is not consumed significantly in the process. DTA analysis reveals that the heat of reaction also accelerates the rate of oxidation, especially at an early stage of the reaction. The accelerated oxidation takes place similarly under the presence of chlorides other than NaCl, but the oxidation rate depends on the kind of salt. Therefore the Cl− anion plays an important role in the process, while the nature of the cation affects the rate of acceleration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659184
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    Oxidation of commercial purity titanium (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; thermogravimetry ; microhardness ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics of commercial purity Ti-A55 exposed to laboratory air in the 593–760°C temperature range were continuously monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. The oxide thickness was measured by microscopy and the substrate contamination was estimated from microhardness measurements. The microhardness depth profiles were converted to oxygen composition profiles using calibration data. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in alpha-Ti appears to be approximately concentration independent in the 1–10 at. % oxygen range. The combination of an “effective diffusion coefficient” and an “effective solubility” at the oxide-metal interface usefully describes the diffusion process over the entire composition range. A model for the total parabolic oxidation kinetics, accounting for the two individual components, oxide growth and solid solution formation, has been proposed. Diffusion coefficient for oxygen in TiO2 has been estimated as a function of temperature and is found to be about 50 times the value in alpha-Ti. The metallographically prepared cross-sections of the oxidized specimens revealed a “moving boundary” in the substrate, parallel to the oxide-metal interface. This boundary was associated with a specific oxygen level of 5.0±0.5 at.%. It occurred at a distance from the oxide-metal interface which was correlatable with temperature and time of exposure. The diffusion coefficient corresponding to the composition of this moving boundary is in excellent agreement with the effective diffusion coefficient for the substrate contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659186
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    Distribution and characterization of high temperature air corrosion products on iron-chromium alloys by Raman microscopy (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 57-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Raman microscopy ; Fe-Cr alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Raman microscopy has been used to study the nature and distribution of corrosion products formed on iron and iron-chromium alloys in air at high temperatures. Fe and Fe-Cr alloys containing 2, 5, 14, and 18% Cr were oxidized at 400, 600, and 850°C for 2 hr, in addition samples of each alloy were oxidized for 24 hr at 400°C to obtain thicker scales at this temperature. The corroded samples showed varying distributions of the oxides Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were formed exclusively on the pure iron and the 2 and 5% chromium alloys at all temperatures and on the 14% chromium alloy at 400°C. The 14 and 18% Cr alloys formed scales containing Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 at the higher temperatures (600 and 850°C). Examples of small regions of Fe2O3 being formed within Cr2O3-FeCr2O4 scales are suggested as possible indications of breakaway corrosion initiation sites.
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    High temperature oxidation of silicon carbide based materials (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 83-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; constructional ceramics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The process of high temperature oxidation of two silicon carbide based materials differing by methods of their production and properties has been studied up to 1500°C in air. The oxidation was performed under the isothermal conditions and at the programmed heat rate of 10° per minute. It was found that the oxidation resistance of the material was the function of the presence of extrinsic metals having close affinity for oxygen. It was also found that under heating up to 1500°C in air phase transitions occurred in the SiC surface layer.
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    High temperature oxidation of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al coatings containing 1% dispersed oxides (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 385-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: coatings ; oxidation ; rare earth addition ; dispersed oxides ; scale adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation studies were conducted on plasma sprayed coatings of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al containing one of the following: 1% MgO, 1% La2O3, 1% Y2O3, and 0.8% Y. The alloy powders containing dispersed oxides were prepared by a variety of processes employing attrition and ball milling. The TEM characterization of the plasma sprayed deposits of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al-1Y2O3 indicated that the oxide particles ranged from almost pure aluminum oxide to various compounds of aluminum and yttrium oxide. In cyclic tests conducted at 1150 and 1225°C, the coating containing 1% Y2O3 appeared to provide the best oxidation resistance. The oxidation resistance appeared to be influenced by the size and distribution of the oxide particles.
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    On the reasons for the effects of dispersions of stable oxides and additions of reactive elements on the adhesion and growth-mechanisms of chromia and alumina scales-the “sulfur effect” (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth-mechanisms ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The “sulfur effect” theory proposes that elements such as sulfur segregate to the scale-metal interface, where they have a deleterious effect on scale-metal adhesion, and that reactive elements and dispersions of their oxides are beneficial because they prevent this segregation. Evidence in favor of this theory has been obtained by showing that the adhesion of the scale formed on chromium in 0.1 atm. oxygen at 950°C. is greatly improved if the chromium is annealed beforehand in hydrogen instead of in vacuo. It is shown that the theory can explain not only all the experimental observations regarding the beneficial effects of reactive elements and their oxides on scale-metal adhesion, but also their effects on scale growth-mechanisms.
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    Oxidation and embrittlement of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 105-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; thermogravimetry ; microhardness ; modeling ; mechanical properties ; space shuttle reentry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy is a candidate material for multiwall thermal protection system concepts for advanced space transportation system vehicles. The total oxidation kinetics for this alloy, exposed to laboratory air in the 593–760°C range, were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. The oxide thickness was measured by microscopy and the substrate contamination was estimated from microhardness measurements. Tensile elongation was determined for selected foil specimens after exposure to simulated space shuttle reentry conditions. The variation of total weight gain with time was found to have two distinct parabolic stages separated by a transient region. This transient was due to a process which involved an increase in the parabolic growth rate constant for the oxide and a simultaneous increase in oxygen solubility at the oxide metal interface. The time dependent increase in oxygen solubility at the interface was from about 7 at. % in stage 1 to about 18 at. % in stage 2. The diffusion coefficient for oxygen in the alloy was determined as a function of temperature using the difference between the total weight gain in stage 1 and the corresponding weight gain due to oxide growth. A model for the total oxidation kinetics, accounting for the two individual components namely oxide growth and solid solution formation, is proposed. The activation energy for the diffusion of oxygen in the alpha-solid solution is shown to be roughly equal to the activation energy for the degradation of tensile elongation for the alloy in the foil gage condition.
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    The formation of multilayer scales on pure metals (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 315-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; multilayer oxides ; oxidation kinetics theory ; diffusion mechanisms ; iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative theory for the growth of three-layered oxide scales on pure metals that form MevO, MeδO, and MeɛO has been developed. The theoretical parabolic rate constants,K p (MevO),K p (MeδO), andK p (MeɛO), for the simultaneous growth of each oxide on metals are related to oxidation data of the overall rate constant,K p , and the oxide thickness ratios. These theoretical parabolic rate constants can also be calculated from diffusion data in each oxide, and the oxide thickness ratios can therefore be predicted. To verify the validity of the theory, it was applied to the oxidation of iron in air at temperatures of 800 to 1200° C. Good agreement was found between the theoretical parabolic rate constants calculated from oxidation data and from diffusion data for wustite and magnetite. However, to match with the rate constant calculated from oxidation data, additional information about short-circuit diffusion in hematite is required.
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    The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy in steam at 800°C (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 21-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; steam ; Ni-base superalloy ; Al oxides ; Ti oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy containing 18.89%Cr, 2.13%Al, and 2.41%Ti was investigated in steam at 800°C. A Cr2O3-rich scale was formed on the alloy surface. Aluminum formed only internal oxides below the Cr2O3-rich scale. On the other hand, titanium formed not only internal oxides but also oxides in the scale and the granular particles of TiO2 outside the scale. Agglomeration of the TiO2 particles also occurred. The oxidation behavior of aluminum and titanium was discussed from thermodynamic and kinetics aspects.
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    Laser surface treatment and its influence on the development of healing Cr2O3 scales on nickel-chromium alloys (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 37-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: laser treatment ; chromia scales ; oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; laser glazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of laser surface treatment on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-10%Cr and Ni-15%Cr at 1025°C in oxygen at 1 atm pressure has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the progressive establishment of a Cr2O3 healing layer, which is facilitated by rapid-diffusion paths for chromium to the surface from the bulk alloy. For nonlaser treated alloys, such paths are alloy grain boundaries. A partial Cr2O3 layer forms initially in localized sites at, and immediately adjacent to, these boundaries and progresses into the alloy grains in a stepwise manner following lateral diffusion of chromium from the grain boundaries, thereby developing a contoured configuration. For Ni-15%Cr, there is sufficient chromium in the bulk alloy grains to sustain the eventual development of a self-healing layer parallel to the surface. For Ni-10%Cr, this is not the case and complete development of the healing layer results entirely from the stepwise progression from the grain boundaries. Establishment of the healing layer on laser-glazed surfaces is facilitated by additional rapid-diffusion paths, particularly retained alloy grain boundaries, retained alloy twins, a laser-induced microstructure and solidification artifacts (such as ripples). The relative importance of these features is discussed in relation to the oxidation behavior.
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    Acoustic emission technique: An alternative method to study the brittle oxide formed on copper (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; acoustic emission technqiue ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic emission technique has been utilized as an alternative technique to thermogravimetry to study the anomalous behavior of copper metal oxidation at 500°C The present work demonstrates an excellent example of the application of this technique in detecting cracks in growing oxide films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656733
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    High-temperature oxidation of Pt-45Pd-10Rh (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 487-497 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Alloy ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; rhodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The surfaces of Pt-45Pd-10Rh foils oxidized over the range 875–1075 K in a 20% O2-Ar mixture at atmospheric pressure were examined by Auger electron, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. The composition of the oxide formed on the surface was found to vary with temperature from predominantly PdO at 875 K to PdRhO2 at 1075 K. Only a few atomic percent Pt was observed, present in both the metallic and (apparently) +1 oxidation states at 875 K and in the metallic state at 1075 K. The formation of PdRhO2 (and no Rh2O3) at 1075 K was found to persist upon reoxidation following a low-temperature reduction cycle in which the increased Rh concentration on the surface was retained. An oxidation-induced Rh enrichment of the surface of the alloy foil beyond 50 at. % does not appear likely within the temperature/pressure regime investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666847
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    Duplex scale formation during high-temperature oxidation of Ni-0.1 wt.% Al alloy (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 71-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; duplex NiO scale ; segregation ; 18O tracer ; secondary ion-mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The development of a duplex NiO scale microstructure on a Ni-0.1 wt.% Al alloy at 900°C has been examined, principally using secondary-ion mass spectrometry and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The18O-tracer distribution following sequential oxidation in18O2/18O2 showed that the inner NiO layer formed as a result of gaseous-oxygen penetration of the scale. The provision of pathways for oxygen transport as well as the role of Al, Si, and Ce segregation at oxide grain boundaries in influencing the growth rate and spallation behavior of the scale are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665487
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    TEM studies of oxidized NiAl and Ni3Al cross sections (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 431-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminides ; oxidation ; TEM cross sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cross sections of oxide scale/(Ni-Al) intermetallics were prepared by a new method and studied using primarily transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cross sections were prepared by encasing an oxidized metal specimen sandwich in a low-melting-temperature zinc alloy. Observations of oxidized zirconium-doped β-NiAl cross sections revealed crystallographic voids beneath an adherent Al2O3 scale. The oxide-metal interface was incoherent, but a high dislocation density in the metal near the interface suggested that a large tensile stress was induced by the attached oxide scale. A duplex Al2O3-NiAl2O4 scale formed on zirconium-doped and zirconium/boron-doped γ′-Ni3Al alloys. Additional results are presented involving oxidation mechanisms and oxide-metal interface structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666466
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    Oxidation behavior of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel-yttria composites with various additions (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 317-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: 316L austenitic stainless steel ; porosity ; various additions in stainless steel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel-Y2O3 composites and the effect of various additions, such as copper (up to 3 wt.%), bronze (up to 3 wt.%), phosphorus (up to 2 wt.%), and silicon (up to 5 wt.%) have been studied at 550°C inflowing oxygen at one atmosphere pressure for a maximum period of 9 hr. Among all the alloys studied, 316L-1% P showed excellent oxidation resistance. Under the general conditions, Cr2O3 is always the preferred protective scale. In general, Y2O3-containing composites showed greater oxidation as compared to 316L with other additions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664804
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    Effect of water vapor on oxidation and creep behavior of incoloy 800 at temperatures between 850 and 980°C (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 295-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-base superalloy ; oxidation ; corrosion in water vapor ; creep rupture strength in water vapor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and creep behavior of Incoloy 800 were studied in air and in water vapor charged with oxygen. Oxidation kinetics were determined by thermogravimetry. The creep behavior of samples tested in air and in H2O∶O2=1∶1 atmospheres was investigated by electron microscopic techniques. The oxidation rate of samples tested in air was governed by a p-conducting chromia interlayer. Depending upon water vapor pressure, chromia became n-conductive. As a consequence, a continuous rate-governing silica interlayer formed. The oxygen activity in the alloy was established by the dissociative pressure of the respective diffusion-rate-governing oxide scale. The stability of the dispersion-hardening Ti(C, N) particulates within the alloy was affected by the respective oxygen activity. In the samples tested in air, partial oxidation of the particulates due to enhanced oxygen activity caused a loss of coherency with the matrix. As a result, the deformation behavior during creep was changed to planar-slip mode, bringing about loss of creep resistance and ductility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664803
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    The oxidation and decarburizing of Fe-C alloys in air and the influence of relative humidity (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 69-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; decarburization ; Fe-C alloys ; effect of humidity ; effect of microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal oxidation treatments were carried out on an Fe-C alloy (0.4 % C): (a) in almost dry air around A1, and also with an Fe-C alloy (0.5% C) and IRSID pure iron; (b) in dry air ( $${\text{P}}_{H_2 O} \simeq 10^{ - 5} $$ nm Hg); (c) in almost dry air(1–2% water vapor) at 700° C; and (d) in moist air (31% water vapor). Theresults are as follows: The rate of oxidation at a temperature below A1depends chiefly on alloy structure, i.e., on thermal history of the sample.The water vapor content of the air strongly influences the scale adherenceas well as the rate of oxidation of the Fe-C alloys below A1, but has virtuallyno effect on the rate of oxidation of pure iron. Under the same conditions, avery light decarburization of metal occurs in air, whereas no decarburizationoccurred in air with 13% water vapor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613495
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    The oxidation behavior of an aligned Co-TaC eutectic alloy (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 225-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; eutectic alloys ; refractory metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of the directionally aligned eutectic alloy, TaC-Co50B, has been examined between 600 and 1155°C. Parabolic oxidation behavior, isotropic in nature, is found to 800°C. Above 800°C, the oxidation behavior is no longer either parabolic or isotropic. The interaction between the Co matrix alloy and the TaC fibers adjacent to the oxidizing interface is reported as a function of temperature in oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613275
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    Role of kinetic effects on metal partition at the alloy-scale interface during the oxidation of alloys (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cation diffusion ; oxidation ; metal partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An alternative mass balance at the alloy-scale interface is proposed for the Wagner theory of binary alloy oxidation. A simple relation between the bulk composition of the alloy and the scale composition at the alloy-scale interface, ξ′, is derived in terms of the transport properties of the scale and the limit of application of the relation defined. There is good agreement between calculated and measured values of ξ′.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613274
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    The high-temperature oxidation resistance of Co-Al alloys (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 427-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt ; cobalt-aluminum alloys ; oxidation ; thermal cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Most Ni and Co-base alloys used for high-temperature service rely on the production of a compact, stable Cr2O3 scale for their oxidation resistance. However, as operating temperatures have risen above 900–950° C, the loss of Cr2O3 as the volatile CrO3 has led to an inadequate life span of these alloys, particularly in rapidly flowing, turbulent gas streams. As a result of this, it has been necessary to examine the possibility of using Al2O3 as the protective scale. Al2O3 has a lower growth rate than Cr2O3, it is nonvolatile, and, unlike Cr-containing systems, it is less likely to form compound oxides such as spinels. In this study, the amount of Al which must be present in the Co-Al system to form a continuous layer of Al2O3 in the temperature range 800–1000° C has been determined. The quantity was found to rise from about 7–10 wt. % at 800° C to 10–13 wt. % at 900° C and 13 wt. % at 1000° C. Notice has also been taken of the abilities of the alumina-forming alloys to re-form a protective oxide in the event of spalling, blistering, or any other disruptions of the scale, and some “cyclic-oxidation” checks have been conducted on the Co13Al alloy at 900 and 1000° C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611691
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    Kinetic comparison of ouabain-resistant K:CI fluxes (K:Cl [Co]-transport) stimulated in sheep erythrocytes by membrane thiol oxidation and alkylation (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 82 (1988), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: sheep red blood cells ; membrane thiols ; oxidation ; alkylation ; ouabain-resistant ; Cl-dependent ; K transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The stimulatory effects of two thiol (SH) group oxidants, methylmethane thiosulfonate (MMTS) and diazene dicarboxylic acid bis [N,N-dimethylamide] (diamide), on the kinetics of ouabain-resistant (OR) K:Cl [co]-transport in low K (LK) sheep red blood cells were compared with the effects of alkylating agents, notably N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). At low concentrations, both MMTS and diamide stimulated K:CI [co]-transportv and with a latency period, as measured by OR zero-trans K efflux and OR uptake of external Rb, Rbo, as K congener in Cl and NO3 media. At high concentrations the effect of diamide saturated, and that of MMTS disappeared. The stimulatory effect of MMTS was partially reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) known to fully restore the diamide-activated K flux (Lauf, J. Memb. Biol. 101:179–188, 1988). In diamide pre-equilibrated LK sheep red cells, the Km of K:Cl [co]-transport for external Cl, Clo, was 84.3 mM, and 18.7 mM for Rbo, with nearly identical Vmax values around 4 mmol Rb/L cells × h for K (Rb) fluxes in Cl and after correction for the small Cl-independent component. Zero net K (Rb) flux existed at Kc (cell K)/Rbo concentration ratios, [K]c/[Rb]c, of 0.8 i.e. when the electrochemical driving forces across the membrane were about equal. The measured K efflux/Rb influx ratios were almost twice those predicted from [K]c/[Rb]o and the Cl equilibrium potential suggesting that the diamide-stimulated K (Rb) flux may occur through non-diffusional, carrier-mediated transport. The effects of NEM and of A23187 plus/minus Ca or chelators on K: [co]Cl-transport (Lauf, Am. J. Physiol. 249:C271–278, 1985) consisted primarily of Vmax changes. Thus, all chemical interventions resulted in an increase of the number of actively transporting K:Cl [co]-transport units or an augmented turnover number per existing site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242523
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    High-temperature oxidation of SiC in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; molecular oxygen ; glow-discharge oxygen plasma ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and structure of the oxide scales formed on high-density SiC were studied in molecular oxygen at 740 Torr and in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma at 0.1 Torr at temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200°C. The monatomic oxygen formed by the glow discharge markedly increased the reaction rate and the vaporization of some of the oxidation products. The marked differences in kinetics suggest that the rate-controlling step during oxidation in molecular oxygen is the dissociation of adsorbed diatomic oxygen to the monatomic species. Films formed in molecular oxygen were mostly amorphous SiO2 with small inclusions of SiC and graphite, whereas films formed in dissociated oxygen were primarily amorphous SiO2 containing SiO, S2O3, and the coesite form of SiO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614239
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    The effect of ΔT (oxidizing temperature minus cooling temperature) on oxide spallation (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; cyclic ; spallation ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several alloys (one iron base and five nickel base) were cyclically oxidized in a series of tests in which the higher temperature (1100 or 1200° C) of the cycle was fixed at a level to allow ample oxidation in reasonable time and the lower temperature was variable to allow cycle temperature differences (ΔT s ) of up to 1400°C. The alloys oxidized included those which formed simple oxides such as Al2O3 or Cr2O3, as well as those which formed complex scales. Cooling rates were relatively low to minimize thermal shock effects. Each cycle consisted of 1 hr at the higher temperature and 1/2 hr at the lower temperature. Samples were tested up to 370 cycles. The extent of attack was determined by specific weight change which was continuously monitored. For all nickel alloys, as ΔT increased the extent of spallation increased. This effect was attributed to thermal expansion mismatches between the oxide and the nickel substrate. The FeCrAl alloy was not sensitive to ΔTand resisted spalling at ΔT levels to 1400°C. FeCrAl, and the Al2O3 scale which forms on it, have thermal expansion coefficients which are substantially more alike than any of the other oxide-metal combinations tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612137
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    Oxidation of an Fe—19 wt. % Ni alloy in CO2 at 700–1000°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology ; EPMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe—19.34 wt. % Ni alloy in dry CO2 has been studied at 700—1000°C using thermogravimetry, metallography, and EPMA. Weight gains for oxygen consumption followed a linear-parabolic-linear sequence at all temperatures. During the initial linear stage the scale consisted mainly of magnetite and the activation energy of 133±25 kJ · mole−1 is considered to be due to dissociation of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen on the outer magnetite surface. During the parabolic oxidation stage a continuous Ni-rich layer containing ∼ 70% Ni forms a barrier to the diffusion which has an activation energy of 192±79 kJ · mole−1. The breakdown of the barrier layer causes a return to linear kinetics with an activation energy of 138±42 kJ · mole−1 for dissociation of CO2 on the outer surface. During the final linear stage there is pronounced general and intergranular subscale formation. Detailed information is presented of the Ni redistribution and concentrations during oxidation and its correlation with the kinetics and morphology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616097
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    The oxidation behavior of CoCrAI systems containing active element additions (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 35-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: CoCrAl ; oxidation ; oxide scale adherence ; rare-earth effect ; hafnium ; yttrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of small amounts of yttrium (up to 1 wt. %) and hafnium (up to 1.5 wt.%) on the oxidation behavior of Co-Cr-Al alloys in the temperature range 1000–1200°C for times up to 1000 hr in air has been studied. The major portion of the study has been concerned with Co-10Cr-11Al base alloys. Both isothermal and cyclic tests have been carried out; the cycle used consisted of 20 hr at temperature, followed by cooling to room temperature. Both additions reduce the overall oxidation, Hf somewhat more so than Y. In part, this is due to the improved adhesion between scale and alloy reducing scale spallation at temperature, and in part due to possible modification of the Al2O3 grain size. The former factor is far more critical under thermal cycling conditions. Under isothermal conditions the oxidation rate increases with increasing Hf content with all but the 1.5 wt.% alloy oxidizing more slowly than the Hf-free alloy; increase in Y content has the reverse effect. Under thermal cycling conditions the 0.3 and 1.0 wt.% Hf alloys show the lowest overall weight gain. Metallographic evidence suggests that the improved scale adhesion is due principally to a pegging mechanism; the active elements promote the growth of intrusions of Al2O3 into the alloy. However, if the intrusions are too large, they can act as initiators of scale failure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609974
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    Application of the Rosenburg kinetic method for determination of the parabolic rate constants for metal oxidation (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 139-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Rosenburg method ; oxidation ; CoO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Rosenburg continuous kinetic method is proposed for the determination of the parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of temperature and oxidant pressure. Using this method, it is possible to make numerous measurements in a continuous manner on a single metal sample left in situ in the furnace, thus eliminating systematic errors due to differences between samples. Moreover, using this method it is possible to determine directly from a given kinetic curve such important parameters as the coefficients of chemical diffusion and self-diffusion of the more mobile species in the studied compound and the total equilibrium defect concentration. The latter parameter has been inaccessible up to now by the experimental method. The limits of applicability of this method are given in the paper. As an example of this method, the kinetics of cobalt oxidation are investigated in the range of temperature 1000–1250°C and oxygen pressure 10−3−1 atm; the results compare favorably with those obtained by other authors. The method is, however, applicable to certain other systems, namely, metal oxides and sulfides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00740256
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    The penetration by sulfur of NiO scales growing on nickel (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; sulfidation ; preoxidation ; scale penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transport of sulfur through growing scales may occur by chemical (solution and diffusion) or physical (gas molecule permeation) mechanisms. Both possibilities are examined theoretically for the case of NiO growing on nickel. Experiments are designed and carried out to establish which mechanism plays the major role in sulfur transport. The results indicate that the physical mechanism is likely to be predominant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00740258
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    Transport processes in the oxidation of Ni studied using tracers in growing NiO scales (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 519-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; transport ; tracer ; duplex scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental techniques have been developed for determining Ni63 and O18 tracer distributions in NiO scales ranging in thickness from ∼0.1 to 100 μ. These have been used to investigate Ni and O transport in scales on {100} Ni crystals and polycrystalline Ni in the temperature range 500–1300° C. NiO grown on {100} Ni crystals at 1000°C was uniform and compact and grew by the bulk diffusion of Ni in NiO by a vacancy mechanism. At temperatures below 800°C the principal transport mechanism was short-circuit diffusion of Ni in NiO. At all temperatures short-circuit diffusion of oxygen contributed to scale growth on polycrystalline Ni and was responsible for growth of the inner layer of duplex scales. The oxygen diffusion paths are believed to be micro-cracks induced by growth stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00812776
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    The effect of cerium on the oxidation of Ni-50Cr alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 159-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; cerium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ni-50Cr alloys with minor cerium additions was studied between 800 and 1100° Cin oxygen, air, and oxygen at reduced partial pressures. Optical and scanning electron metallography, X-ray diffraction, and electron-probe microanalysis techniques were used to characterize the changes in scale and substrate morphology and to identify the oxidation products. Platinum markers were used to determine the direction of ionic transport. The effects of cold work, initial alloy phase distribution, and cyclic oxidation were also studied. The Cr 2 O 3 scales on the cerium-containing alloys grew while being largely separated from the metal substrate. Oxidation rate, oxide grain growth, and the tendency of scales to spall on cooling were reduced substantially with increasing alloy cerium content. The first two effects are suggested to result from the interaction of cerium ions and cerium oxide particles with oxide grain boundaries in reducing grain-boundary diffusion and oxide-boundary mobility. The third is suggested to result from the thinner, finer-grained scales formed on the Ce-containing alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611977
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    Effect of cold work on the oxidation resistance of $$2\tfrac{1}{4}$$ Cr-1 Mo steel (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 17-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cold work ; oxidation ; spinel ; 21/4 Cr-1 Mo steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cold work on the oxidation rate of 21/4 Cr-1 Mo steel in pure oxygen at 1 atm pressure at temperatures ranging from 400 to 950
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095805
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    High-temperature oxidation of transition metal, carbide-dispersed iron-base alloys (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 233-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carbide dispersion ; iron-base alloys ; decarburization ; thermodynamic stability ; oxidation resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-5M-C alloys (where M is Si, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, W, or Ni, and C is 0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.2 wt.%) has been studied in the temperature range of 600–850°C in one atmospheric pressure of oxygen. Except for Si-containing alloys, all the alloys exhibited a parabolic rate law during oxidation, and the oxidation rate increased with increasing carbon content. The deviations from the above generalization can be explained on the basis of either phase composition of the alloy matrix at the oxidation temperature or carbon losses incurred during oxidation. Alloys rich in carbide phases have much lower oxidation rates than alloys containing solid-solution phases. This has been attributed to the decrease in mobility of carbon in iron-base alloys in the presence of a carbide-formin addition. The disruption of the oxide scales, which is the result of decarburization, also influences the oxidation behavior of iron-base alloys. At the 1.2% C level, the parabolic rate constant, Kp, follows the order: $$Fe - 5Cr 〉 Fe 〉 Fe - 5Ni 〉 Fe - 5Ti 〉 Fe - 5Ta 〉 Fe - 5Nb 〉 Fe - 5V 〉 Fe - 5W$$ The order is approximately similar to the increasing free energy sequence for the oxidation of carbides to oxides in Fe-5M-C alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657060
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    A study of the initial stages of oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni-Zr alloysin situ using a high-voltage electron microscope (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 331-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; initial stages ; reactive element addition ; oxide grain growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Structural Fe-Cr-Ni alloys rely upon a thermally formed, protective, surface oxide scale to prevent rapid corrosive degradation. The protective capacity of the surface scale may be strongly influenced by the alloy composition, with minor additions of reactive elements playing an important role in the initial stages of scale formation. The influence of an addition of Zr on initial scale growth on an Fe-Cr-Ni alloy has been investigated in situ utilizing an environmental cell incorporated into a high-voltage electron microscope. Oxidation experiments were conducted on a pure ternary Fe-Cr-Ni alloy and one containing 6 wt.% Zr for durations up to 1800 s. At 500°C in a low oxygen-partialpressure environment, a continuous surface oxide layer formed more quickly on the Zr-free alloy than on the Zr-modified alloy. Also, on the Zr-modified alloy, the scale was richer in Cr, and the rate of increase in oxide grain size was also greater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657064
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  • 84
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    Influence of prior internal oxidation on the oxidation of dilute Co-Cr alloys in oxygen (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; internal oxidation ; annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an initial preinternal oxidation treatment in Co/CoO on the subsequent oxidation behavior of a series of dilute Co-Cr alloys (containing 0–1.5 wt. % Cr) in 105 and 103 Pa oxygen at 1473–1623 Khas been investigated. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the solubility and mobility of Cr3+ ions in CoO. Use has been made of subsequent annealing in argon $$(p_{O_2 } - 10^{ - 1} {\text{ }}Pa)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095808
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  • 85
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    Effect of yttrium additions to nickel on the volume and grain boundary diffusion of Ni in the scale formed on the alloy (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 115-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: grain boundary diffusion ; nickel oxide ; oxidation ; active element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract NiO scales were formed on pure Ni and Ni-0.1 wt.% Y alloy by oxidation in pure O2 at 1200°C, and the grain boundary self-diffusion coefficients of Ni in the dense region of the scale were measured by the tracer-sectioning technique. The volume diffusion coefficient was also measured in the alloy scale. The grain boundary and volume diffusion coefficients and the grain boundary width were found to be the same for the two materials within the experimental uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664228
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  • 86
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    Effect of Y2O3 dispersoids in 80Ni-20Cr alloy on the early stages of oxidation at low-oxygen potential (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 29-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Y2O3 ; dispersoid ; 80Ni-20Cr ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of a 80Ni-20Cr type alloy, with and without Y2O3 dispersoid particles, were oxidized at 1000°C in H2/H2O mixtures where the partial pressure of oxygen (P O 2) was varied between 103 and 1024 atm. Oxide particles nucleated homogeneously on both alloys, and preferential nucleation on dispersoid particles at the surface was not observed. Continuous Cr2O3 films formed slightly faster at aP O 2 of 10−21 atm on the alloy containing the dispersoid, but the difference was negligible at higher pressures. Oxidation atP O 2=10-19 and 10−21 atm involved both the formation of Cr2O3 and the evaporation of chromium. Thin films of α-Al2O3 were observed on both alloys after oxidation atP O 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807995
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  • 87
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    Effect of NaCl vapor on the oxidation of Ni-Cr alloys (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr alloys ; oxidation ; scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Cr alloys are known for their resistance to high temperature oxidation. The kinetics of scale formation and the nature of the scale in these alloys are affected by NaCl liquid or vapor. There have been a few investigations dealing with the influence of NaCl on long-time exposure. But the nature of reaction at short times can provide information on the initiation of such attack. In this investigation, Ni-Cr alloys with Cr varying from 0 to 25 wt% were exposed to NaCl vapor at 850°C for a few minutes. The surface chemistry of these alloys along with the unattached ones was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. The nature of scale and the distribution of chlorine was found to vary with the Cr content in the alloys, which has a direct bearing on the rate of oxidation of these alloys in NaCl vapor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807997
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  • 88
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    Diffusional transport during the cyclic oxidation of γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 75-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Cr-Al Alloys ; oxidation ; diffusional transport ; breakaway oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cyclic oxidation behavior of several cast γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys and one LPPS γ+β, Ni-Co-Cr-Al(Y) alloy was examined (γ, fcc; β, NiAl structure). Cyclic oxidation was performed by cycling between 1200°C and approximately 70°C. Oxide morphologies and microstructural changes during cyclic oxidation were noted. Recession of the high-Al β phase was nonparabolic with time. Kirkendall porosity resulting from diffusional transport within the alloy was observed in the near-surface γ-phase layer of one alloy. Concentration profiles for Ni, Cr, and Al were measured in the γ-phase layer after various cyclic oxidation exposures. It was observed that cyclic oxidation results in a decreasing Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface due to a high demand for Al (a high rate of Al consumption) associated with oxide scale cracking and spalling. In addition, diffusion paths plotted on the ternary phase diagram shifted to higher Ni concentrations with increasing cyclic oxidation exposures. The alloy with the highest rate of Al consumption, and highest Al content, underwent breakaway oxidation after 500 1-hr cycles at 1200°C. Breakaway oxidation occurred when the Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface approached zero. The relationship between the Al transport in the alloy and breakaway oxidation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656350
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  • 89
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    Studies of the mechanism of reaction of nickel with SO2 (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel ; SO2 ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied. The composition and morphology of the scale formed in sulfur dioxide (1.013×105 Pa) at 600°C and the transport phenomena occurring in the growing scale have been investigated. The experimental methods consisted of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of a35S radioisotope. The scale was composed of a NiO and Ni3S2 mixture and grew by the outward diffusion of nickel and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities of the scale. It has been shown that outward transport of sulfur originating from grains of sulfide occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751797
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  • 90
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    Oxidation of Fe-8Cr-14Ni-Al-Si-Mn from 700 to 1000°C (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; aluminum ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports an investigation into reducing the Cr concentration in commercial-grade stainless steels while maintaining oxidation protection at elevated temperatures. Aluminum and Si were added as partial substitute alloy elements to enhance the reduced operation protection resulting from Cr concentration reduced by approximately 50 pct of that found in stainless steels. The goal of this study was to determine the oxidation mechanism of such an Fe, Al-Si alloy: Fe-8Cr-14Ni-1Al-3.5Si-1Mn. During the initial oxidation period the protection resulted from a thin film of Al2O3 over an Fe and Cr spinel. Long-term oxidation protection resulted from the gradual formation of a Cr sesquioxide (Cr2O2) inner oxide layer. Eventually an outer oxide layer formed that was a mixed composition spinel of Cr and Mn (MnO · Cr2O3). The Al2O3, which was part of the original protective layer flaked off early in the oxide testing, and the aluminum oxide that formed later appeared as an internal oxide precipitate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656734
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  • 91
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    The importance of interfacial chemistry in protective oxide scale adherence (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth mechanisms ; sulfur ; impurities ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of studies involving both alumina and chromia formers have demonstrated that segregation of low levels of indigenous impurity elements commonly found in metals and alloys can segregate to the scale-metal interface. Such segregation markedly affects protective-oxide-scale adherence to produce scale exfoliation. The most important element to cause exfoliation effects is sulfur, which is not uncommonly present in metals and alloys to levels of ∼50 ppm. The reduction of such sulfur to the 1–2 ppm range strongly increases oxide scale adherence without requiring additions of “active” elements, such as yttrium. The results of experiments that led to this conclusion are reiterated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666602
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  • 92
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    A solid-state EMF study of the Fe-S-O and Co-S-O ternary systems (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 329-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-S-O ; Co-S-O ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium oxygen potentials of the two-phase equilibria Fe3O4/Fe1−xS, Co1−xS/Co3S4, Co3S4/CoS2, Co1−xS/CoO, and CoO/CoSO4 were measured as a function of temperature. A solid-state emf technique using calcia-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) solid electrolyte was used. These equilibria were studied atP SO2≃1 atm; the equilibrium Co1−xS/CoO was also studied atP SO2≃0.1 atm. Two emf cell designs were used for the measurements atP SO2≃1 atm andP SO2≃1 and 0.1 atm, respectively. The homogeneity range of FeS in equilibrium with Fe3O4 and that of Co1−xS in equilibrium with CoO at ∼ 1073 K andP SO2≃1 atm were measured by electron microprobe analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659004
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    Author's reply (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 267-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666603
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  • 94
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    Oxidation kinetics of chromium and morphological phenomena (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 433-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; oxidation ; scale failure ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics of chromium at 900°C are independent of the oxygen partial pressure. Although this observation gives evidence for a defect mechanism where chromium interstitials account for the chromium transport in the oxide scale, the experimental phenomena do not support one single model. The occurrence of oxide whiskers and oxide ridges are explained by the energy of activation for the breakup of the oxidant molecule. Large oxide pegs are formed at metal multiple-grain junctions after scale breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665448
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  • 95
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    Kinetics of the oxidation of ilmenite (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 99-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; ilmenite ; rutile ; pseudobrookite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of ilmenite (FeTiO3) in air and dry oxygen was investigated over the temperature interval 600 to 970°C. Dense platelets of ilmenite crystals as well as powder samples of ilmenite were oxidized. The weight data were recorded employing a thermobalance. The oxidation kinetics of ilmenite platelets were parabolic except for the initial stages during which logarithmic kinetics were observed. For powder samples the logarithmic rate law was followed primarily. The logarithmic rate law was attributed to free penetration of oxygen through cracks and short-circuit paths. The activation energies associated with the logarithmic rate law were nearly one-half of those obtained from parabolic oxidation. The growth morphology of the products of oxidation of ilmenite was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The effect of growth morphology on the kinetics is discussed, and a probable reaction mechanism is suggested for the oxidation of ilmenite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613496
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  • 96
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    Kinetics and mechanisms of the oxidation of chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 73-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; mixed oxidants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures was studied as a function of gas composition at 900°C. Oxidation kinetics were measured using a thermogravimetric apparatus, and the oxidation products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Chromia scales formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 10 or greater. Scales that comprised a mixture of Cr2O3 and chromium sulfides formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 3, even though Cr2O3 was the thermodynamically stable phase under these conditions; i.e., a kinetic boundary exists for pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures. The transition from chromia scale formation to the formation of scales containing both oxide and sulfide with a change in gas composition (decrease in the H2O/H2S ratio) is associated with an inhibition of the overgrowth of growing, metastable sulfide nuclei by the thermodynamically stable Cr2O2 phase. Presulfidation experiments confirmed that metastable chromium sulfide can continue to grow after H2O is added to the gas phase when the H2O/H2S ratio in the gas phase is less than a critical value at the temperature of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666472
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  • 97
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    Modification of the oxidation behavior of high-purity austenitic Fe-14Cr-14Ni by the addition of silicon (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; film spalling ; fayalite ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-14Cr-14Ni (wt.%) and of the same alloy with additions of 1 and 4% silicon was studied in air over the range of 900-1100° C. The presence of silicon completely changed the nature of the oxide scale formed during oxidation. The base alloy (no silicon) formed a thick outer scale of all three iron oxides and an internally oxidized zone of (Fe,Cr,Ni) spinels. The alloy containing 4% silicon formed an outer layer of Cr2O3 and an inner layer of either (or possibly both) SiO2 and Fe2SiO4. The formation of the iron oxides was completely suppressed. The oxidation rate of the 4% silicon alloy was about 200 times less than that of the base alloy, whereas the 1% silicon alloy exhibited a rate intermediate to the other two alloys. The actual ratio of the oxidation rates may be less than 200 due to possible weight losses by the oxidation of Cr2O3 to the gaseous phase CrO3. The lower oxidation rate of the 4% silicon alloy was attributed to the suppression of iron-oxide formation and the presence of Cr2O3, which is a much more protective scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611695
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  • 98
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    Theoretical study of heterogeneous reaction kinetics: A comparison between microcalorimetric and thermogravimetric curves (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; oxidation ; microcalorimetry ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the kinetic theories of Bodenstein or Semenov the expression for the rate of a chemical reaction with several elementary stages can be expressed by different physical parameters. If two experimental methods are used, one method of necessity being microcalorimetry to measure the thermal flux produced by the reaction, it is possible to distinguish a pure kinetics case from a mixed one. The two-method technique has been verified by a study of the oxidation of niobium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614240
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  • 99
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    The oxidation behavior of dilute Ni-V alloys at 1200°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 109-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-vanadium ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of nickel and dilute Ni-V alloys has been studied in flowing oxygen at 1 atm pressure, using various kinetic and electron-optical techniques. The oxidation rate rises progressively as the alloy vanadium content is increased from 0 to 0.8% and then to 1.7%. However, further additions to 4.2% cause only a slight further increase. These increases in oxidation rate are largely controlled by the extent of doping of the NiO, particularly for the two more dilute alloys, although internal oxidation, spinel blocking effects in the oxide, and dissociation of the NiO affect the weight gains to some extent, particularly for the case of the Ni-4.2% V alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606398
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  • 100
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    The isothermal oxidation of Co-Cr alloys in 760 Torr oxygen at 1000°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 163-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal oxidation of Co-Cr alloys containing 0–30% Cr in 760 Torr oxygen at 1000° C has been studied kinetically and by appropriate physical techniques. Chromium additions to cobalt increase the parabolic oxidation rate to an almost constant level from 2 to 15% Cr, while further additions to 20–30% Cr decrease the rate. All the alloys produce a virtually pure CoO layer outside a layer containing Co-Cr spinel particles in a Cr3+ -doped CoO matrix. The variation of oxidation rate with alloy chromium content is explained in terms of the complex interplay of doping, blocking of cation transport by voids and spinel particles and short circuiting by transport of dissociative oxygen across these voids and other processes, internal oxidation making a negligible direct contribution to weight gain. Complete spinel layers are never quite developed under the conditions studied, although formation of spinel does slow the oxidation rate. The improved protection eventually obtained at higher chromium levels is produced by the tendency to form a Cr2O3 healing layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606542
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