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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since the early nineteen-seventies, the parasitic protozoans Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae have consistently deleteriously affected the French production of Ostrea edulis (Linné). Purification and inoculation of B. ostreae that were achieved in the late nineteen-eighties allowed a selection program to be initiated. Two O. edulis strains, S85 and S89, were raised that displayed significant resistance to B. ostreae in the field. Growth was monitored to ensure that the resistant strains grew at a rate comparable to that of controls, using two crosses between the first generation of S89 and the second generation of S85 (G1G2), and between the first generation of S89 and wild oysters (G0G1). Growth and mortality were monitored for seven consecutive months in an intensive open circulating system at the IFREMER station of Bouin (Vendée, France). A Chapman-Richards model of growth revealed that the two “resistant” crosses grew significantly better than two controls from Quiberon Bay (Brittany), an area in which B. ostreae is endemic, and Palavas (Mediterranean Sea), where oysters are less infested by this parasite. The asymptotic values for growth curves ranged between 27.2 and 28.2 g for G1G2 and G0G1 vs 21.0 and 22.8 g for the controls. There was a similar trend in mortality, with G1G2 (11.8%) surviving better than the three other populations (from 28.7 to 57.5%). B. ostreae was not detected during the experiments and mortalities were attributed to feeding conditions that were not optimal, reinforced by gametogenesis and high temperatures during the summer. It is suggested that the better performance of G1G2 and G0G1 resulted from their increased resistance to stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sprinkling, an agricultural irrigation technique, has been tested for the intensive culture of Manila clams up to marketable size (35-50 mm) in coastal ponds 400 m2 in area. The sprinkling system is used for the distribution of seawater and live algal food Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Clev. Sprinkling is a simple, low cost and efficient method of food distribution which resolves the major problem of decreasing bivalve growth associated with single point water entry in small-scale raceways. Uniform growth obtained with sprinkling is principally due to an even scattering of food over the whole surface area of large-scale ponds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Aquaculture 88 (1990), S. 157-178 
    ISSN: 0044-8486
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Aquaculture 123 (1994), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 0044-8486
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: scale-metal interface ; structure of oxide scales ; wustite decomposition ; magnetite ; cooling of steel products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin layer of magnetite is sometimes observed in the scales of hot-rolled sheets and wire rod at the scale-metal interface. The results of this study show that this layer of magnetite is produced, during the cooling of the products, by the wustite decomposition. The time/temperature field in which it appears has been defined. This inner layer is composed of pure magnetite, in epitaxy with the neighboring wustite, and the metal surface is not essential to its nucleation. The proeutectoīd reaction which, during cooling, produces an increase in the oxygen concentration of the wustite in contact with the metal favors the subsequent growth of the magnetite layer.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 69-97 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; decarburization ; Fe-C alloys ; effect of humidity ; effect of microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal oxidation treatments were carried out on an Fe-C alloy (0.4 % C): (a) in almost dry air around A1, and also with an Fe-C alloy (0.5% C) and IRSID pure iron; (b) in dry air ( $${\text{P}}_{H_2 O} \simeq 10^{ - 5} $$ nm Hg); (c) in almost dry air(1–2% water vapor) at 700° C; and (d) in moist air (31% water vapor). Theresults are as follows: The rate of oxidation at a temperature below A1depends chiefly on alloy structure, i.e., on thermal history of the sample.The water vapor content of the air strongly influences the scale adherenceas well as the rate of oxidation of the Fe-C alloys below A1, but has virtuallyno effect on the rate of oxidation of pure iron. Under the same conditions, avery light decarburization of metal occurs in air, whereas no decarburizationoccurred in air with 13% water vapor.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 6-6 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: condition index ; diatom (Skeletonema costatum) ; European oyster (Crassostrea gigas) ; fatty acid ; glycogen ; lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To improve the condition index of European oysters (Crassostrea gigas), Skeletonema costatum was fed to adult oysters. However, the consequences of this practice on compositional traits of oysters were not investigated. This study deals with the chemical changes in oysters fed with Skeletonema costatum for six weeks in ponds. The results showed that: 1. Supplying Skeletonema costatum to oysters for six weeks improved the condition index (from 26 to 56) as a consequence of an increase in glycogen content (from 5.0 to 24.4 g·100 g −1 of dry flesh) while lipid content remained steady (9.9 g·100 g−1 dry flesh). 2. Large changes in fatty acid composition of neutral lipids were observed. Some fatty acids of Skeletonema costatum such as 16:1 ω7 and 20:5 ω3, were directly accumulated into lipid fractions. 3. 16:1 ω7 was elongated into 18:1 ω7 showing that oysters are able to elongate 16 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acids into the corresponding 18 carbon fatty acids. 4. Fatty acids typical of Skeletonema costatum (16:4 ω1, 16:2 ω4, 16:3 ω4) were poorly accumulated into neutral lipids and phospholipids of oysters suggesting that oysters discriminate these fatty acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of scale adhesion on the carbon concentration in the neighbourhood of the steel surfaceThe oxidation of carbon-iron alloys can theoretically proceed with decarburization or carburization depending on the temperature and pertial pressure of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the furnace atmosphere.In the usual conditions only decarburization is observed. Nevertheless a superficial carbon enrichment can temporarily appear despite these theoretical previsions. The latter effect is very important between 730 and 800°C. It disappears above 950°C. The enrichment exists only where the scale is adherent.Ferrous ions cross the oxide but the carbon does not. Furthermore the carbon solubility in wustite is less that 0.5 ppm.The presence of silicon, manganese or nickel includes spalling and consequently the decarburization of subscale metal.With silicon alloys spalling occurs periodically during soaking and the external scale layers consist of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3.With manganese alloys the scale is always non adherent. Separation proceeds either at high temperature or during cooling. In the firs case, over-oxidation of the scale is induced.With nickel alloys the nickel enriched zone, which lies between the compact scale and the metal, adheres very tightly. The porosity of this zone allows rapid decarburization.
    Abstract: Einfluß der Zunderhaftung auf die Kohlenstoffkonzentration in der Nähe der StahloberflächeDie Oxydation von FeC-Legierungen kann theoretisch unter Entkohlung oder Aufkohlung ablaufen, je nach temperatur und Partialdruck des Kohlenmonoxids und des Kohlendioxids in der Atmosphäre. Unter normalen Bedingungen tritt jedoch nur Entkohlung auf. Trotz der theoretischen Vorausberechnungen Kann es jedoch zeitweilig zu einer Kohlenstoffanreicherung an der Oberfläche kommen; diese Erscheinung ist zwischen 730 und 800°C stark ausgeprägt, verschwindet jedoch oberhalb 950°C. Die Anreicherung findet sich nur an den Stellen mit fest haftendem Zunder. Das Oxid wird dabei von Eisen-II-ionen durchdrungen, die zum Zunderwachstum beitragen, während es für den Kohlenstoff nicht permeabel ist. Versuch, markierten Kohlenstoff in Eisen-II-Oxid in Lösung zu bringen haben gezeigt daß die Löslichkeit unter 0,5 ppm liegt.Die Entkohlung erfolgt örtlich, und zwar an Oberflächendefekten, und breitet sich mit der fortschreitenden Ablösung des Zunders aus.Silicium, Mangan oder Nickel begünstigen die Ablösung der Oxidschichten und damit die Entkohlung des darunterliegenden Metalls.Im Falle von Silicium und bei längeren Behandlungszeiten kommt es zu mehreren aufeinander folgenden Ablösungen, wobei die äußeren Schichten ausschließlich aus Hämatit und Magnetit bestehen. Im Falle von Magnan platzt die Zunderschicht immer ab und man beobachtet eine weitere Oxidation des Substrats, auch in der Kälte. Im Falle von Nickel haftet die an der Grenzfläche befindliche und stark mit metallischem Nickel angereicherte Schicht fest auf dem darunterliegenden Metall. Zwischen dieser Schicht und dem Fe-II-oxid kommt es jedoch zu einer Trennung. Da die Mischoxidschicht porös ist, beobachtet man, wie auch in den anderen Fällen, eine Entkohlung.
    Notes: L'oxydation d'alliages Fe—C peut théoriquement se produire avec décarburation ou carburation, suivant la tempéature et les pressions partielles de l'oxyde de carbone et du gaz carbonique dans l'atmosphère. Dans les conditions usuelles, seule la décarburation se produit. Cependant, un enrichissement superficiel, temporaire, en carbone peut exister en déipt des prévisions theéoriques. Ce dernier effet est très important entre 730 et 800°C; il disparaît au-dessus de 950°C. L'enrichissement n'a lieu qu'aux endroits où la calamine est adhérente. L'oxyde est traversé par les ions ferreux qui contribuent à sa croissance, mais il est imperméable au carbone. Des essais de mise en solution dans le protoxyde de fer de carbone marqué ont montre que la soubilité de cet élément dans cet oxyde est inférieure à 0,5 ppm.La décarburation se produit localement à l'endroit des défauts de surface et se propage par suite du décollement progressif de la calamine.La présence de silicium, de manganèse ou de nickle, favorise le décollement des couches d'oxyde et en conséquence la décarburation du métal sous-jacent.Dans le cas du silicium et pour les temps de traitement les plus longs, plusieurs décollements successifs ont lieu, les couches externes étant constituées uniquement d'hématite et de magnétite. Dans le cas du manganése, la couche de calamine est toujours décollée, soit à chaud et l'on observe une suroxydation, soit à froid. Dans le cas du nickel, la couche mixte qui se trouve à li'interface, et qui est fortement enrichie en nickel métallique, adhére aumétal sous-jacent. Un décollement a lieu entre cette couche mixte et le protoxyde. La couche mixte étant poreuse, on observe, comme dans les autres cas, une décarburation du métal.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 20 (1937), S. 892-894 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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