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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1968-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8898
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5767
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1957-04-10
    Print ISSN: 0365-110X
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-8642
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Surface Technology 9 (1979), S. 317-322 
    ISSN: 0376-4583
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 190-193 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Preferred orientation can lead to considerable errors in the determination of the amount of retained austenite in rolled steels. This source of error can be eliminated by averaging the diffracted intensities over the half sphere of the poles corresponding to each family of planes. To this end, an apparatus using an oscillating and rotating hemispheral specimen has been built. Its efficiency has been verified by tests on samples free of preferred orientation. Some examples of its application are given for steels transformed during rolling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: scale-metal interface ; structure of oxide scales ; wustite decomposition ; magnetite ; cooling of steel products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin layer of magnetite is sometimes observed in the scales of hot-rolled sheets and wire rod at the scale-metal interface. The results of this study show that this layer of magnetite is produced, during the cooling of the products, by the wustite decomposition. The time/temperature field in which it appears has been defined. This inner layer is composed of pure magnetite, in epitaxy with the neighboring wustite, and the metal surface is not essential to its nucleation. The proeutectoīd reaction which, during cooling, produces an increase in the oxygen concentration of the wustite in contact with the metal favors the subsequent growth of the magnetite layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 69-97 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; decarburization ; Fe-C alloys ; effect of humidity ; effect of microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal oxidation treatments were carried out on an Fe-C alloy (0.4 % C): (a) in almost dry air around A1, and also with an Fe-C alloy (0.5% C) and IRSID pure iron; (b) in dry air ( $${\text{P}}_{H_2 O} \simeq 10^{ - 5} $$ nm Hg); (c) in almost dry air(1–2% water vapor) at 700° C; and (d) in moist air (31% water vapor). Theresults are as follows: The rate of oxidation at a temperature below A1depends chiefly on alloy structure, i.e., on thermal history of the sample.The water vapor content of the air strongly influences the scale adherenceas well as the rate of oxidation of the Fe-C alloys below A1, but has virtuallyno effect on the rate of oxidation of pure iron. Under the same conditions, avery light decarburization of metal occurs in air, whereas no decarburizationoccurred in air with 13% water vapor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 10 (1957), S. 259-260 
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of scale adhesion on the carbon concentration in the neighbourhood of the steel surfaceThe oxidation of carbon-iron alloys can theoretically proceed with decarburization or carburization depending on the temperature and pertial pressure of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the furnace atmosphere.In the usual conditions only decarburization is observed. Nevertheless a superficial carbon enrichment can temporarily appear despite these theoretical previsions. The latter effect is very important between 730 and 800°C. It disappears above 950°C. The enrichment exists only where the scale is adherent.Ferrous ions cross the oxide but the carbon does not. Furthermore the carbon solubility in wustite is less that 0.5 ppm.The presence of silicon, manganese or nickel includes spalling and consequently the decarburization of subscale metal.With silicon alloys spalling occurs periodically during soaking and the external scale layers consist of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3.With manganese alloys the scale is always non adherent. Separation proceeds either at high temperature or during cooling. In the firs case, over-oxidation of the scale is induced.With nickel alloys the nickel enriched zone, which lies between the compact scale and the metal, adheres very tightly. The porosity of this zone allows rapid decarburization.
    Abstract: Einfluß der Zunderhaftung auf die Kohlenstoffkonzentration in der Nähe der StahloberflächeDie Oxydation von FeC-Legierungen kann theoretisch unter Entkohlung oder Aufkohlung ablaufen, je nach temperatur und Partialdruck des Kohlenmonoxids und des Kohlendioxids in der Atmosphäre. Unter normalen Bedingungen tritt jedoch nur Entkohlung auf. Trotz der theoretischen Vorausberechnungen Kann es jedoch zeitweilig zu einer Kohlenstoffanreicherung an der Oberfläche kommen; diese Erscheinung ist zwischen 730 und 800°C stark ausgeprägt, verschwindet jedoch oberhalb 950°C. Die Anreicherung findet sich nur an den Stellen mit fest haftendem Zunder. Das Oxid wird dabei von Eisen-II-ionen durchdrungen, die zum Zunderwachstum beitragen, während es für den Kohlenstoff nicht permeabel ist. Versuch, markierten Kohlenstoff in Eisen-II-Oxid in Lösung zu bringen haben gezeigt daß die Löslichkeit unter 0,5 ppm liegt.Die Entkohlung erfolgt örtlich, und zwar an Oberflächendefekten, und breitet sich mit der fortschreitenden Ablösung des Zunders aus.Silicium, Mangan oder Nickel begünstigen die Ablösung der Oxidschichten und damit die Entkohlung des darunterliegenden Metalls.Im Falle von Silicium und bei längeren Behandlungszeiten kommt es zu mehreren aufeinander folgenden Ablösungen, wobei die äußeren Schichten ausschließlich aus Hämatit und Magnetit bestehen. Im Falle von Magnan platzt die Zunderschicht immer ab und man beobachtet eine weitere Oxidation des Substrats, auch in der Kälte. Im Falle von Nickel haftet die an der Grenzfläche befindliche und stark mit metallischem Nickel angereicherte Schicht fest auf dem darunterliegenden Metall. Zwischen dieser Schicht und dem Fe-II-oxid kommt es jedoch zu einer Trennung. Da die Mischoxidschicht porös ist, beobachtet man, wie auch in den anderen Fällen, eine Entkohlung.
    Notes: L'oxydation d'alliages Fe—C peut théoriquement se produire avec décarburation ou carburation, suivant la tempéature et les pressions partielles de l'oxyde de carbone et du gaz carbonique dans l'atmosphère. Dans les conditions usuelles, seule la décarburation se produit. Cependant, un enrichissement superficiel, temporaire, en carbone peut exister en déipt des prévisions theéoriques. Ce dernier effet est très important entre 730 et 800°C; il disparaît au-dessus de 950°C. L'enrichissement n'a lieu qu'aux endroits où la calamine est adhérente. L'oxyde est traversé par les ions ferreux qui contribuent à sa croissance, mais il est imperméable au carbone. Des essais de mise en solution dans le protoxyde de fer de carbone marqué ont montre que la soubilité de cet élément dans cet oxyde est inférieure à 0,5 ppm.La décarburation se produit localement à l'endroit des défauts de surface et se propage par suite du décollement progressif de la calamine.La présence de silicium, de manganèse ou de nickle, favorise le décollement des couches d'oxyde et en conséquence la décarburation du métal sous-jacent.Dans le cas du silicium et pour les temps de traitement les plus longs, plusieurs décollements successifs ont lieu, les couches externes étant constituées uniquement d'hématite et de magnétite. Dans le cas du manganése, la couche de calamine est toujours décollée, soit à chaud et l'on observe une suroxydation, soit à froid. Dans le cas du nickel, la couche mixte qui se trouve à li'interface, et qui est fortement enrichie en nickel métallique, adhére aumétal sous-jacent. Un décollement a lieu entre cette couche mixte et le protoxyde. La couche mixte étant poreuse, on observe, comme dans les autres cas, une décarburation du métal.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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