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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C in air containing HCl gas (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 451-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: HCl gas ; H2O vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Moist air containing HCl gas caused the oxide formed on a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C to crack during the early stages of growth, and extensive blistering and spalling occurred on cooling. In dry air containing HCl gas no oxide cracking was observed at temperature although the oxide blistered and spalled on cooling. In dry or moist air free from HCl an adherent protective oxide formed which did not spall on cooling. The oxide cracking at temperature has been attributed to the production of hydrogen by reaction of Cr and Al in the alloy with water vapor and the removal of NiO as NiCl2 by reaction with HCl gas. Hydrogen produced by reaction of water vapor or HCl with Cr or Al dissolved in the alloy at temperature, but on cooling the hydrogen was released, causing the oxide to blister and spall. Preoxidation of the alloy in HCl-free atmospheres eliminated these effects of HCl gas in short-term isothermal tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612090
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anin situ investigation of the tensile failure of oxide scales (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 431-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: acoustic emission ; oxide failure ; mechanisms ; iron oxide ; nickel oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A small four-point-bend jig has been used in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to monitor the tensile fracture processes in iron and nickel oxide scales in situ. The scales were 3–40 μm thick, the strain rate was 4×10−5 sec−1 and acoustic emission (AE) was used to correlate signals with specific cracking events. The technique provided detailed information of the failure processes, and several micrographs were taken as the crack pattern developed during testing. Failure started with short random through-scale cracks. These cracks soon formed a regular pattern. Spallation only occurred at much higher strains and resulted in very energetic AE signals. These signals were used together with the SEM observations to determine the strain to cause spallation. Measurements of the crack spacing as a function of strain showed that plastic stress relaxation by interfacial slip and/or substrate yielding processes affected cracking. Thus, the oxide remained attached to the substrate longer than would be expected from purely elastic behavior. An analysis based on the observed crack spacing at the onset of spallation gave ratios of 0.8–1.9 and ∼0.9 between tensile and interfacial strength for iron and nickel oxides scales, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046759
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A microstructural study of the influence of NaCl vapor on the oxidation of a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot-salt corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin protective oxide formed on a Ni-19.7 Cr-2.4 Al alloy in air at 850°C. Microstructural examination of stripped films showed that the oxide was duplex with an inner chromium-rich layer of NiCr2O4 + Cr2O3 with probably some NiAl2O4 + Al2O3, and an outer nickel-rich layer, principally NiO. The oxide grew faster in the presence of NaCl and it differed significantly in microstructure and composition from a very early stage. The thicker regions of the oxide assumed regular polyhedral shapes in air + NaCl, rather than the irregular nodular shape exhibited in clean air, as well as becoming richer in chromium. The results suggest that chloride vapor increases cationic mobility in the oxide. It is proposed that Cl− ions are incorporated in the oxygen close-packed lattice, thereby increasing ionic mobility in Cr2O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609972
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of boron additions on the oxidation of Fe-Cr alloys in high-temperature steam: Analytical results and mechanisms (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 35 (1991), S. 375-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; boron ; steam ; EELS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxide films formed on iron-chromium alloys in superheated steam have been investigated using a variety of microanalytical techniques, most notably electron energy loss spectroscopy. The addition of boron dopants leads to the rapid formation of a microcrystalline film of composition (Cr) x B 1}-x 2 O 3,which resists further oxidation. Analysis of the near-edge structures associated with each core-loss edge after different oxidation times allows us to postulate various mechanisms for the observed behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664709
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation growth stresses in an alumina-forming ferritic steel measured by creep deflection (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxide growth stresses ; deflection test ; creep analysis ; alumina ; Fecralloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Deflection tests have been used to estimate the stresses developed in the alumina layer formed during short-term oxidation of a Fe-22Cr-5Al-0.3Y Fecralloy steel at 1000°C. Elastic analysis of the deflecting specimen is inappropriate under these test conditions because of the low creep strength of the alloy. Accordingly, a recent creep analysis has been used in this work using currently determined creep properties of the alloy substrate. The results of the analysis show that for the thin oxides produced (〈1 μm), the planar stress within the oxide layer is everywhere compressive. Average values are approximately 850 MPa after 0.5 hr oxidation but reduce to 〈200 MPa after 6.5 hr. These values are very much less than would be expected under conditions of elastic deformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670498
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Points to be considered in thermogravimetry (1993)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 44 (1993), S. 345-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Thermogravimetrie zu berücksichtigende HinweiseKontinuierliche Thermogravimetrie ist eine verbreitete Methode, um Werkstoffe in korrosiven Gasen bei hohen Temperaturen zu prüfen und um Kinetik und Mechanismen der Hochtemperaturkorrosion aufzuklären. Hier werden Empfehlungen zur Durchführung thermogravimetrischer Tests zusammengestellt, Hinweise gegeben betreffend Probengröße und -form, Oberflächenpräparation, Reaktionsrohr, Start des Experiments, besonders empfindliche Messungen und Gasströmung und -regelung. Die Veröffentlichung ist als Grundlage und Startpunkt für zu entwickelnde Richtlinien für die Hochtemperaturkorrosionsforschung gedacht.
    Notes: Continuous thermogravimetry is a common method to test materials in gaseous corrosive environments at high temperatures and to elucidate kinetics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion. Recommendations how to conduct thermogravimetric tests are collected here, points to be considered including sample size and form, surface preparation, reaction chamber, starting procedure, sensitive measurements, gas supply and dosing. This study is meant as a starting foundation for establishing guidelines in high temperature corrosion research.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19930440805
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of high temperature sulphidation protection provided by amorphous Si/SiO2 coatings produced by ArF excimer laser chemical vapour deposition (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1994), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592605
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