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  • Humans  (26,754)
  • Cosmology
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
  • Magnetism
  • Strong Interactions
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  • 1
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    Dalle stelle all'universo. Nascita della cosmologia moderna (2023)
    Milano University Press | Milano University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The homo sapiens has always been fascinated by the spectacle of the starry sky, leading him to ask himself deep questions: what is above us? Is the Universe eternal or was it born, and how, in a remote time? Is it finite or infinite? What is its future? Are we alone or are there other planets, other worlds? To answer to these questions, at least in part, and with the conviction that it is the duty of men of science to transmit to society the news of leading-edge knowledge, we have written this book. Here we tell, with simplicity but with rigor, how in the last century, discovery after discovery, the pattern of the Universe that men had conceived in the past has fallen apart and a different, fascinating and even disturbing picture has gradually emerged. But this story is not just a story of intellect and reason; it is also a story of feelings. It is no accident that the authors of this book, experts in particle physics and astroparticle physics, have been seized by an authentic passion for these cosmological themes, for that extraordinary mystery that encloses the starry sky.
    Description: Published
    Description: Da sempre l’uomo è affascinato dallo spettacolo del cielo stellato che lo porta a porsi grandi domande: cosa sta sopra di noi? L’Universo è eterno o è nato, e come, in un tempo remoto? È finito o infinito? Quale è il suo futuro? Siamo soli oppure ci sono altri pianeti, altri mondi? Per rispondere almeno in parte a queste domande, e con la convinzione che sia un dovere degli uomini di scienza trasmettere alla società notizia delle conoscenze acquisite, abbiamo scritto questo libro. Qui raccontiamo, con semplicità ma con rigore, come nell’ultimo secolo, scoperta dopo scoperta, lo schema dell’Universo che gli uomini si erano fatti nel passato sia andato in pezzi e un quadro diverso, affascinante e anche inquietante sia gradualmente emerso. Questa storia non è però solo una storia dell'intelletto e della ragione; è anche una storia del sentimento. Non è un caso che gli autori di questo libro, esperti di fisica delle particelle e di fisica astroparticellare, siano stati colti da autentica passione per queste tematiche cosmologiche, per quello straordinario mistero che racchiude il cielo stellato.
    Keywords: Cosmology ; History of Science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time
    Language: Italian
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  • 2
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    Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Tivey, M., & Fluegel, B. Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(17), (2022): e2022GL100006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100006.
    Description: Monitoring of active volcanic systems is a challenging task due in part to the trade-offs between collection of high-quality data from multiple techniques and the high costs of acquiring such data. Here we show that magnetic data can be used to monitor volcanoes by producing similar data to gravimetric techniques at significantly lower cost. The premise of this technique is that magma and wall rock above the Curie temperature are magnetically “transparent,” but not stationary within the crust. Subsurface movements of magma can affect the crustal magnetic field measured at the surface. We construct highly simplified magnetic models of four volcanic systems: Mount Saint Helens (1980), Axial Seamount (2015–2020), Kīlauea (2018), and Bárðarbunga (2014). In all cases, observed or inferred changes to the magmatic system would have been detectable by modern magnetometers. Magnetic monitoring could become common practice at many volcanoes, particularly in developing nations with high volcanic risk.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF Grant No 2052963 to J. Biasi and an internal Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grant to M. Tivey.
    Keywords: Magnetism ; Volcanic hazards ; Hawaii ; Iceland ; Volcanology ; Monitoring
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited (2022)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: A prominent issue in many contemporary philosophy of religion debates concerns whether the universe has a Designer. This book moves the discussion ahead in a significant way by devising an original deductive formulation of the Teleological Argument (TA) which demonstrates that the following are the only possible categories of hypotheses concerning fine-tuning and order: (i) chance, (ii) regularity, (iii) combinations of regularity and chance, (iv) uncaused, and (v) design. This book also demonstrates that there are essential features of each category such that, while the alternatives to design are unlikely, the Design Hypothesis is not, and that one can argue for design by exclusion without having to first assign a prior probability for design. By combining the TA with the Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) which it defends against various objections, this book responds to the God-of-the-gaps objection by demonstrating that the conclusion of the KCA-TA is not based on gaps which can be filled by further scientific progress, but follows from deduction and exclusion. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Ultimate Designer ; Cosmology ; Causation ; Fine-Tuning ; First Cause ; Laws of Nature ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAB Philosophy of religion ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPJ Philosophy: metaphysics & ontology ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAB Philosophy of religion ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTJ Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Hidden Depths (2022)
    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Frankenstein (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The original 1818 text of Mary Shelley's classic novel, with annotations and essays highlighting its scientific, ethical, and cautionary aspects. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen-year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms—as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction—Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the fundamental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript—meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robinson, one of the world's preeminent authorities on the text—with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought-provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnston, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordmann
    Keywords: science fiction ; gothic ; horror ; European ; British ; literature ; fiction ; cautionary tale ; STEM ; science ; bioethics ; classic ; bicentennial ; Josephine Johnston ; Cory Doctorow ; Jane Maienschein ; Kate MacCord ; Alfred Nordmann ; Elizabeth Bear ; Anne K. Mellor ; Heather E. Douglas ; Frankenstein ; Creature ; Monster ; Mary Shelley ; Makers ; women in science ; science and anti-science ; values in science ; responsible innovation ; Industrial Revolution ; Mary Wollstonecraft ; William Godwin ; Percy Bysshe Shelley ; Galvanism ; Mount Tambora ; Myths ; Two Cultures ; epistolary novel ; Victor Frankenstein ; Geneva ; Prometheus ; Arctic ; Lord Byron ; John Polidori ; ghost stories ; Revisions ; Electricity ; Lightning ; Vitalism ; Chemistry ; Extinction ; Magnetism ; Moral responsibility ; Legal responsibility ; Social responsibility ; Consequences ; Obligations ; Ethics ; Maker Culture ; DIY ; Technology Adjacent Possible ; Facebook ; Surveillance ; Aristotle ; Fetal development ; Epigenesis ; Embryo ; Person ; Technoscience ; Alchemy ; uncanny valley ; animation ; complexity ; Morality ; Monstrosity ; Christianity ; Otherness ; Gender ; Nature ; Domestic Affections ; Women ; Sexuality ; Technical Sweetness ; Los Alamos ; Trinity Test ; Scientific Responsibility ; Nuclear Weapons ; adjacent possible ; synthetic biology ; robotics ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FB Fiction: general and literary::FBC Classic fiction: general and literary ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FL Science fiction::FLC Classic science fiction
    Language: English
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    Pacific Climate Cultures (2022)
    De Gruyter | De Gruyter Open Poland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This edited volume examines the opportunities to think, do, and/or create jointly afforded by digital storytelling. The contributors discuss digital storytelling in the context of educational programs, teaching anthropology, and ethnographic research involving a variety of populations and subjects that will appeal to researchers and practitioners engaged with qualitative methods and pedagogies that rely on media technology.
    Keywords: Discourse ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Nature ; Oceania ; Resilience ; Environmental Ethics ; Environmental Change ; Worldview ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFC Social impact of disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFH Popular beliefs & controversial knowledge::JFHF Folklore, myths & legends ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Cosmic Order and Divine Power (2021)
    Mohr Siebeck
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: The treatise De mundo offers a cosmology in the Peripatetic tradition which subordinates what happens in the cosmos to the might of an omnipotent god. Thus the work is paradigmatic for the philosophical and religious concepts of the early imperial age, which offer points of contact with nascent Christianity.
    Keywords: Philosophy ; Greco-Roman-Philosophy ; Cosmology ; Peripatetic Tradition ; Reception of Greek Philosophy
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    How nature shaped echolocation in animals (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    One Hundred Years of General Relativity:From Genesis and Empirical Foundations to Gravitational Waves, Cosmology and Quantum Gravity (2021)
    World Scientific Publishing Co.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The aim of this two-volume title is to give a comprehensive review of one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific influences. This unique title provides a broad introduction and review to the fascinating and profound subject of general relativity, its historical development, its important theoretical consequences, gravitational wave detection and applications to astrophysics and cosmology. The series focuses on five aspects of the theory: Genesis, Solutions and Energy Empirical Foundations Gravitational Waves Cosmology Quantum Gravity The first three topics are covered in Volume 1 and the remaining two are covered in Volume 2. While this is a two-volume title, it is designed so that each volume can be a standalone reference volume for the related topic.
    Keywords: General Relativity ; Gravitation ; Quantum Gravity ; Gravitational Waves ; Cosmology
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Chocolate and Health: Friend or Foe? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
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  • 11
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    The Functional Organization of the Auditory System (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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    Spatial memory - a unique window into healthy and pathological ageing (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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    Magnetism and Accelerator-Based Light Sources (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book collects the contributions of the seventh school on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation held in Mittelwihr, France, from 7 to 12 October 2018. It starts with an introduction to the physics of modern X-ray sources followed by a general overview of magnetism. Next, light / matter interaction in the X-ray range is covered with emphasis on different types of angular dependence of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering. In the end, two domains where synchrotron radiation-based techniques led to new insights in condensed matter physics, namely spintronics and superconductivity, are discussed. The book is intended for advanced students and researchers to get acquaintance with the basic knowledge of X-ray light sources and to step into synchrotron-based techniques for magnetic studies in condensed matter physics or chemistry.
    Keywords: Spectroscopy and Microscopy ; Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics ; Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices ; Condensed Matter Physics ; Magnetism, Magnetic Materials ; Semiconductors ; X-Ray Spectroscopy ; Synchrotron Techniques ; Laser-Matter Interaction ; Strongly Correlated Systems ; Magnetism ; x-ray light sources ; x-ray scattering ; spintronics ; Open Access ; Gauge invariance in spectroscopy ; molecular magnestism ; magnetic semiconductors ; Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry ; Scientific equipment, experiments & techniques ; Atomic & molecular physics ; Optical physics ; Applied optics ; Materials / States of matter ; Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism ; Electronic devices & materials ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Physics: Fluid mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFC Electronics: circuits and components
    Language: English
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    Neuropharmacological, Neurobiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Learning and Memory (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Northern Archaeology and Cosmology (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In its analysis of the archaeologies and histories of the northern fringe of Europe, this book provides a focus on animistic–shamanistic cosmologies and the associated human–environment relations from the Neolithic to modern times. The North has fascinated Europeans throughout history, as an enchanted world of natural and supernatural marvels: a land of light and dark, of northern lights and the midnight sun, of witches and magic and of riches ranging from amber to oil. Northern lands conflate fantasies and realities. Rich archaeological, historical, ethnographic and folkloric materials combine in this book with cutting-edge theoretical perspectives drawn from relational ontologies and epistemologies, producing a fresh approach to the prehistory and history of a region that is pivotal to understanding Europe-wide processes, such as Neolithization and modernization. This book examines the mythical and actual northern worlds, with northern relational modes of perceiving and engaging with the world on the one hand and the ‘place’ of the North in European culture on the other. This book is an indispensable read for scholars of archaeology, anthropology, cultural studies and folklore in northern Europe, as well as researchers interested in how the North is intertwined with developments in the broader European and Eurasian world. It provides a deep-time understanding of globally topical issues and conflicting interests, as expressed by debates and controversies around Arctic resources, nature preservation and indigenous rights.
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Cosmology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: English
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    The Fourteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting:On Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics, and Relativistic Field Theories (In 4 Volumes) (2021)
    World Scientific Publishing Co.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The four volumes of the proceedings of MG14 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 35 morning plenary talks over 6 days, 6 evening popular talks and 100 parallel sessions on 84 topics over 4 afternoons. Volume A contains plenary and review talks ranging from the mathematical foundations of classical and quantum gravitational theories including recent developments in string theory, to precision tests of general relativity including progress towards the detection of gravitational waves, and from supernova cosmology to relativistic astrophysics, including topics such as gamma ray bursts, black hole physics both in our galaxy and in active galactic nuclei in other galaxies, and neutron star, pulsar and white dwarf astrophysics. The remaining volumes include parallel sessions which touch on dark matter, neutrinos, X-ray sources, astrophysical black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, binary systems, radiative transfer, accretion disks, quasars, gamma ray bursts, supernovas, alternative gravitational theories, perturbations of collapsed objects, analog models, black hole thermodynamics, numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, large scale structure, observational cosmology, early universe models and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, inhomogeneous cosmology, inflation, global structure, singularities, chaos, Einstein-Maxwell systems, wormholes, exact solutions of Einstein's equations, gravitational waves, gravitational wave detectors and data analysis, precision gravitational measurements, quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, strings and branes, self-gravitating systems, gamma ray astronomy, cosmic rays and the history of general relativity.
    Keywords: Binary Systems ; Astrophysics ; Loop Quantum Gravity ; Gravitational Wave Detectors and Data Analysis ; Black Hole Thermodynamics ; Active Galactic Nuclei ; Observational Cosmology ; Gravitational Wave ; X-ray Sources ; Dark Matter ; General Relativity ; Cosmic Rays ; Inflation ; Numerical Relativity ; Neutrinos ; Theoretical Physics ; Large Scale Structure ; Inhomogeneous Cosmology ; Radiative Transfer ; Supernova ; Gravitation ; Black Hole ; White Dwarf ; Precision Gravitational Measurements ; Quantum Gravity ; Quantum Cosmology ; Einstein-Maxwell Systems ; String Theory ; Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies ; Accretion Disks ; Neutron Star ; Gravitational Lensing ; Exact Solutions of Einstein's Equations ; Early Universe Models ; Wormholes ; Cosmology ; Pulsar ; Gamma Ray Burst
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    One Hundred Years of General Relativity:From Genesis and Empirical Foundations to Gravitational Waves, Cosmology and Quantum Gravity (2021)
    World Scientific Publishing Co.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The aim of this two-volume title is to give a comprehensive review of one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific influences. This unique title provides a broad introduction and review to the fascinating and profound subject of general relativity, its historical development, its important theoretical consequences, gravitational wave detection and applications to astrophysics and cosmology. The series focuses on five aspects of the theory: Genesis, Solutions and Energy Empirical Foundations Gravitational Waves Cosmology Quantum Gravity The first three topics are covered in Volume 1 and the remaining two are covered in Volume 2. While this is a two-volume title, it is designed so that each volume can be a standalone reference volume for the related topic.
    Keywords: General Relativity ; Gravitation ; Quantum Gravity ; Gravitational Waves ; Cosmology
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Magnetization reversal signatures of hybrid and pure Néel skyrmions in thin film multilayers (2021)
    AIP
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We report a study of magnetization reversals and skyrmion configurations in two systems, Pt/Co/MgO and Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers, where magnetic skyrmions are stabilized by a combination of dipolar and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions (DMIs). The First Order Reversal Curve (FORC) diagrams of low-DMI Pt/Co/MgO and high-DMI Ir/Fe/Co/Pt exhibit stark differences, which are identified by micromagnetic simulations to be indicative of hybrid and pure Néel skyrmions, respectively. Tracking the evolution of FORC features in multilayers with dipolar interactions and DMI, we find that the negative FORC valley, typically accompanying the positive FORC peak near saturation, disappears under both reduced dipolar interactions and enhanced DMI. As these conditions favor the formation of pure Néel skyrmions, we propose that the resultant FORC feature—a single positive FORC peak near saturation—can act as a fingerprint for pure Néel skyrmions in multilayers. Our study thus expands on the utility of FORC analysis as a tool for characterizing spin topology in multilayer thin films.
    Description: Published
    Description: 111112
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magnetism ; Spintronics ; Skyrmion ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    La Gravitazione Idrodinamica Come Causa Della Espansione Terrestre (2021)
    OGS - TRIESTE
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Dalle Scienze della Terra e dalle evidenze di espansione del pianeta (Egyed, 1961; Hilgenberg, 1967, 1974; Carey, 1976; Owen, 1976; Maxlow, 2002; Cwojdziński, 2003; Scalera, 1990, 1993, 2001, 2010, 2012, 2020), corroborate oggi dagli esperimenti di rivelazione dei neutrini terrestri di origine radiogenica (Borexino collaboration, 2017; Shimizu, 2017; Scalera, 2020) proviene la consapevolezza che la causa della espansione sia un flusso di materia costitutiva, o etere, che converge verso il centro del pianeta trasformandosi in materia ordinaria durante il tragitto superficie-geocentro. In questo lavoro adotteremo questa concezione a “torrente centrale”, risalente a Johann Bernoulli, e tenteremo un primo passo verso la conoscenza dei parametri caratterizzanti l’etere: densità, velocità, portate.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: ONLINE
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Keywords: Expanding Earth ; Hydrodinamic Gravitation ; Cosmology ; Aether parameters ; Expanding Earth and Gravitation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Extended abstract
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  • 20
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    Hydrodynamic Gravitation as Cause of Earth Expansion and Red-Shift (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-02
    Description: This text is a preprint
    Description: From Earth Sciences come clues converging on an important role of the aether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, as well as all the structures of the universe. Paleogeographic reconstructions allow a rough quantitative evaluation of the amount of new ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the unity of time, and the consequent statement of some cosmological consequences and inferences on the inner energy balance of the Earth. The concept of central flow of aether is defended here. Its antique origin can be found in Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and less vaguely in John Bernoulli (1667-1748). With the help of astrophysical phenomena the aether’s density, flow rate, and velocity are computed. An intimal interrelation of these aether parameters with the actually known cosmological parameters (H0, G, c) is found.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Not submitted
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic Gravity ; Aether ; Expanding Earth ; Cosmology ; Aether flow, Expanding Earth, Earth’s inner Energy, Gravitation, Cosmology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: manuscript
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  • 21
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    Gravitazione idrodinamica: suo legame con l’espansione dei corpi celesti e con i redshifts – Dalla storia all’oggi (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: The concept of central flow of aether has antique origins that can be found in Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and less vaguely in John Bernoulli (1667-1748). From Earth Sciences come clues on an important role of the aether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, as well as of the universe. Paleogeography allows a rough evaluation of the new ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the unity of time, and consequent cosmological consequences and inferences on the Earth inner energy balance. With the help of modern astrophysical phenomena the aether’s density, flow rate, and velocity can be computed. An intimal interrelation of these aether parameters with the actually known cosmological parameters (H0, G, c) is found. The expansion of the celestial bodies is linked to a revision of the concepts of physics and cosmology, in which a role play the preferred conception of Hubble and several of his colleagues of the time (Kragh 2017) in explaining the cosmological redshift: the idea of “tired light”.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Arezzo e online
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic Gravity ; Aether ; Expanding Earth ; Cosmology ; Storia della teoria della gravitazione, della espansione terrestre e della cosmologia
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 22
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    Can the history of the ether receive new boost from geosciences? (2020)
    Pavia University
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: A discussion of several kinds of ether as they can be inferred from Geosciences, and what the existence of the ether could imply for Physics and Cosmology. A tribute to the memory of my mentor Franco Selleri.
    Description: This article is written in honor of my mentor Franco Selleri who has helped to consolidate my awareness of the existence of a medium subtended to ordinary matter, and from which everything comes. From my field, the Earth Sciences, come clues converging on an important role of the ether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, as well as all the structures of the universe. Paleogeographic reconstructions allow a rough quantitative evaluation of the amount of new ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the unity of time, and the consequent statement of some cosmological consequences and on the inner energy balance of the Earth. The concept of central flow of ether defended here is different from the Lorentian stationary ether, but the two concepts could be made compatible.
    Description: SISFA
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-316
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: Expanding Earth ; History ; Geophysics ; Physics ; Ether flow ; Earth's inner heat balance ; Cosmology ; History and Philosophy of Science
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 23
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    Enabling Entry Technologies for Ice Giant Missions (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: The proposed poster will highlight two NASA developed entry technologies that are enablers for Ice Giant Missions. They are: (1) Heat-shield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET), and (2) Adaptable, Deployable, Entry, and Placement Technology (ADEPT), a mechanically deployable entry system. HEEET development is complete and is at TRL 6. HEEET is ready for Ice Giant in situ probe missions, and HEEET is an enabler for either direct ballistic entry or entry from Orbit. NASA plans to sustain the HEEET capability as it is needed for Venus, Saturn and higher speed sample return missions in addition to Ice Giant Missions. The emerging recognition among the scientific community that by delivering the probe from orbit will allow for simultaneous in-situ and orbital measurement can be enabled by aerocapture using ADEPT. The drag modulated aerocapture (DMA) with ADEPT is the simplest approach that can deliver an orbiter and probe together and without the significant penalty associated with propulsive insertion. Studies performed by JPL and NASA Ames teams point to this very promising possibility. Numerous DMA with ADEPT studies point to its applicability to small spacecraft missions as well as Ice Giant missions. The poster will present the current state of readiness of HEEET, ADEPT and DMA.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN76382 , Ice Giants Systems; Jan 20, 2020 - Jan 22, 2020; London, England; United Kingdom
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  • 24
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    Enabling Entry Technologies for Ice Giant Missions (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: The highest priority science goals for Ice Giant missions are: 1) Interior structure of the Planet, and 2) Bulk composition that includes isotopes and noble gases. The interaction between the planetary interior and the atmosphere requires sustained global measurements. Noble gas and Isotope measurements require in situ measurement. Drag modulated aerocapture utilizing ADEPT offers more mass delivered to the Ice Giants than with propulsive orbit insertion. The Galileo Probe entered at a hot spot which created interpretation challenges. Juno is providing valuable orbital measurements, but without in situ measurements the story is incomplete. Planetary scientists interested in Ice Giant missions should perform mission design studies with these new Entry System technologies to assess the feasibility within the context of the international collaboration framework. A mission architecture that includes probe(s) along with an orbiting spacecraft can deploy the probes at the desired location while taking simultaneous measurements from orbit to provide invaluable data that can correlate both global and local measurements. Entry System Technologies currently being developed by NASA are poised to enable missions that position the Orbiter & Probes through drag modulated aerocapture (ADEPT), and HEEET enables the Probes to survive the extreme environments encountered for entry into the atmospheric interior.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN77152 , Ice Giants Systems; Jan 20, 2020 - Jan 22, 2020; London, England; United Kingdom
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    Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy with LUVOIR (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-18
    Description: Transmission spectroscopy is one of our primary tools for measuring the structure and composition of exoplanet atmospheres, especially for close-in exoplanets. During an exoplanet transit part of the host stars' light passes through the planet's atmosphere imparting atomic and molecular absorption features on top of the stellar spectrum.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76096 , Meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS); Jan 04, 2020 - Jan 08, 2020; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    Consequences of Tidal Dissipation in a Putative Venusian Ocean (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-25
    Description: The solar tide in an ancient Venusian ocean is simulated using a dedicated numerical tidal model. Simulations with varying ocean depth and rotational periods ranging from minus 243 to 64 sidereal Earth days are used to calculate the tidal dissipation rates and associated tidal torque. The results show that the tidal dissipation could have varied by more than 5 orders of magnitude, from 0.001 to 780 gigawatts (GW), depending on rotational period and ocean depth. The associated tidal torque is about 2 orders of magnitude below the present day Venusian atmospheric torque, and could change the Venusian daylength by up to 72 days per million years depending on rotation rate. Consequently, an ocean tide on ancient Venus could have had significant effects on the rotational history of the planet. These calculations have implications for the rotational periods of similarly close-in exoplanetary worlds and the location of the inner edge of the liquid water habitable zone.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68852 , The Astrophysical Journal Letters (ISSN 2041-8205) (e-ISSN 2041-8213); 876; 2; L22
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    A Limited Habitable Zone for Complex Life (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-29
    Description: The habitable zone (HZ) is commonly defined as the range of distances from a host star within which liquid water, a key requirement for life, may exist on a planet's surface. Substantially more CO2 than present in Earth's modern atmosphere is required to maintain clement temperatures for most of the HZ, with several bars required at the outer edge. However, most complex aerobic life on Earth is limited by CO2 concentrations of just fractions of a bar. At the same time, most exoplanets in the traditional HZ reside in proximity to M dwarfs, which are more numerous than Sun-like G dwarfs but are predicted to promote greater abundances of gases that can be toxic in the atmospheres of orbiting planets, such as carbon monoxide (CO). Here we show that the HZ for complex aerobic life is likely limited relative to that for microbial life. We use a 1D radiative-convective climate and photochemical models to circumscribe a Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) based on known toxicity limits for a range of organisms as a proof of concept. We find that for CO2 tolerances of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 bar, the HZCL is only 21%, 32%, and 50% as wide as the conventional HZ for a Sun-like star, and that CO concentrations may limit some complex life throughout the entire HZ of the coolest M dwarfs. These results cast new light on the likely distribution of complex life in the universe and have important ramifications for the search for exoplanet biosignatures and technosignatures.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70116 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 878; 1; 19
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    GRAIL-Identified Gravity Anomalies in Oceanus Procellarum: Insight into Subsurface Impact and Magmatic Structures on the Moon (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-29
    Description: Four, quasi-circular, positive Bouguer gravity anomalies (PBGAs) that are similar in diameter (~90-190 km) and gravitational amplitude (〉 140 mGal contrast) are identified within the central Oceanus Procellarum region of the Moon. These spatially associated PBGAs are located south of Aristarchus Plateau, north of Flamsteed crater, and two are within the Marius Hills volcanic complex (north and south). Each is characterized by distinct surface geologic features suggestive of ancient impact craters and/or volcanic/plutonic activity. Here, we combine geologic analyses with forward modeling of high-resolution gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission in order to constrain the subsurface structures that contribute to these four PBGAs. The GRAIL data presented here, at spherical harmonic degrees 6660, permit higher resolution analyses of these anomalies than previously reported, and reveal new information about subsurface structures. Specifically, we find that the amplitudes of the four PBGAs cannot be explained solely by mare-flooded craters, as suggested in previous work; an additional density contrast is required to explain the high-amplitude of the PBGAs. For Northern Flamsteed (190 km diameter), the additional density contrast may be provided by impact-related mantle uplift. If the local crust has a density ~2800 kg/cu.m, then ~7 km of uplift is required for this anomaly, although less uplift is required if the local crust has a lower mean density of ~2500 kg/cu.m. For the Northern and Southern Marius Hills anomalies, the additional density contrast is consistent with the presence of a crustal complex of vertical dikes that occupies up to ~50% of the regionally thin crust. The structure of Southern Aristarchus Plateau (90 km diameter), an anomaly with crater-related topographic structures, remains ambiguous. Based on the relatively small size of the anomaly, we do not favor mantle uplift; however, understanding mantle response in a region of especially thin crust needs to be better resolved. It is more likely that this anomaly is due to subsurface magmatic material given the abundance of volcanic material in the surrounding region. Overall, the four PBGAs analyzed here are important in understanding the impact and volcanic/plutonic history of the Moon, specifically in a region of thin crust and elevated temperatures characteristic of the Procellarum KREEP Terrane.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN69978 , Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 331; 192-208
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    A New Model of the Crustal Magnetic Field of Mars Using MGS and MAVEN (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-02
    Description: While devoid of an active magnetic dynamo field today, Mars possesses a remanent magnetic field that may reach several thousand nanoteslas locally. The exact origin and the events that have shaped the crustal magnetization remain largely enigmatic. Three magnetic field data sets from two spacecraft collected over 13 cumulative years have sampled the Martian magnetic field over a range of altitudes from 90 up to 6,000 km: (a) Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetometer (19972006), (b) MGS Electron Reflectometer (19992006), and (c) Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) magnetometer (2014 to today). In this paper we combine these complementary data sets for the first time to build a new model of the Martian internal magnetic field. This new model improves upon previous ones in several aspects: comprehensive data coverage, refined data selection scheme, modified modeling scheme, discrete-to-continuous transformation of the model, and increased model resolution. The new model has a spatial resolution of 160 km at the surface, corresponding to spherical harmonic degree 134. It shows small scales and well-defined features, which can now be associated with geological signatures.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70068 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
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    The Refractive Index of Amorphous and Crystalline Water Ice in the UV-vis (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-18
    Description: Amorphous solid water (ASW) is found on icy dust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM), as well as on comets and other icy objects in the outer solar system. The optical properties of ASW are thus relevant for many astrophysical environments, but in the ultravioletvisible (UVvis), its refractive index is not well constrained. Here, we introduce a new method based on UVvis broadband interferometry to measure the wavelength dependent refractive index n() of amorphous water ice from 10 to 130 K, i.e., for different porosities, in the wavelength range of 210757 nm. We also present n() for crystalline water ice at 150 K, which allows us to compare our new method with literature data. Based on this, a method to calculate n(, ) as a function of wavelength and porosity is reported. This new approach carries much potential and is generally applicable to pure and mixed ice, both amorphous and crystalline. The astronomical and physicalchemical relevance and future potential of this work are discussed.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68160 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 875; 2
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    The Distribution, Composition, and Particle Properties of Mars Mesospheric Aerosols: an Analysis of CRISM Visible/near-IR Limb Spectra with Context from Near-Coincident MCS and MARCI Observations (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-18
    Description: The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectral Mapper (CRISM) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) obtains pole-to-pole observations (i.e., full MRO orbits) of vertical profiles for visible/near-IR spectra (=0.44.0 m), which are ideally suited to identifying the composition and particle sizes of Mars ice and dust aerosols over 50100 km altitudes in the Mars mesosphere. Within the coverage limitations of the CRISM limb data set, a distinct compositional dichotomy is found in Mars mesospheric ice aerosols. CO2 ice clouds appear during the aphelion period of Mars orbit (Solar Longitudes, Ls0160) at low latitudes (20S10N) over specific longitude regions (Meridiani, Valles Marineris) and at typical altitudes of 5575 km. Apart from faint water ice hazes below 55 km, mesospheric H2O ice clouds are primarily restricted to the perihelion orbital range (Ls160 350) at northern and southern mid-to-low latitudes with less apparent longitudinal dependences. Mars mesospheric CO2 clouds are presented in CRISM spectra with a surprisingly large range of particle sizes (cross section weighted radii, Reff=0.3 to 2.2 m). The smaller particle sizes (Reff 1 m) appear concentrated near the spatial (latitude and altitude) boundaries of their global occurrences. CRISM spectra of mesospheric CO2 clouds also show evidence of iridescence, indicating very narrow particle size distributions (effective variance, Veff0.03) and so very abrupt CO2 cloud nucleation. Furthermore, these clouds are sometimes accompanied by altitude coincident peaks in 1.27 m O2 dayglow, which indicates very dry, cold regions of formation. Mesospheric water ice clouds generally exhibit small particle sizes (Reff=0.10.3 m), although larger particle sizes (Reff=0.40.7 m) appear infrequently. On average, water ice cloud particle sizes decrease with altitude over 5080 km in the perihelion mesosphere. Water ice mass appears similar in clouds over a large range of observed cloud particle sizes, with particle number densities increasing to 10 cm3 for Reff=0.2 m. Near coincident Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature and aerosol profile measurements for a subset of CRISM mesospheric aerosol measurements indicate near saturation (H2O and CO2) conditions for ice clouds and distinct mesospheric temperature increases associated with mesospheric dust loading. Dayside (3 pm) mesospheric CO2 clouds with larger particle sizes (Reff 0.5 m) scatter surface infrared emission in MCS limb infrared radiances, as well as solar irradiance in the MCS solar band channel. Scattering of surface infrared emission is most strikingly presented in nighttime (3 am) MCS observations at 5560 km altitudes, indicating extensive mesospheric nighttime CO2 clouds with considerably larger particle sizes (Reff7 m). Mesospheric CO2 ice clouds present cirrus-like waveforms over extensive latitude and longitude regions (1010), as revealed in coincident Mars Color Imager (MARCI) nadir imaging. Solar tides, gravity waves, and the large orbital variation of the extended thermal structure of the Mars atmosphere influence all of these behaviors. Mesospheric dust aerosols appear infrequently over the non-global (planet encircling) dust storm era of the CRISM limb data set (20092016), and exhibit smaller particle sizes (Reff=0.20.7 m) relative to dust in the lower atmosphere. One isolated case of an aphelion (Ls=96) mesospheric dust layer with large dust particle sizes (Reff 2 m) over Syria Planum may reflect high altitude, non-local transport of dust over elevated regions.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68079 , Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 328; 246-273
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    Co-orbital Asteroids as the Source of Venus's Zodiacal Dust Ring (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photometry from the Helios and STEREO spacecraft revealed regions of enhanced sky surface-brightness suggesting a narrow circumsolar ring of dust associated with Venus's orbit. We model this phenomenon by integrating the orbits of 10,000,000+ dust particles subject to gravitational and non-gravitational forces, considering several different kinds of plausible dust sources. We find that only particles from a hypothetical population of Venus co-orbital asteroids can produce enough signal in a narrow ring to match the observations. Previous works had suggested such objects would be dynamically unstable. However, we re-examined the stability of asteroids in 1:1 resonance with Venus and found that ~8% should survive for the age of the solar system, enough to supply the observed ring.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67865 , The Astrophysical Journal Letters,; 2; 873; L16
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    A 3 Gyr White Dwarf with Warm Dust Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Infrared excesses due to dusty disks have been observed orbiting white dwarfs with effective temperatures between 7200 and 25,000 K, suggesting that the rate of tidal disruption of minor bodies massive enough to create a coherent disk declines sharply beyond 1 Gyr after white dwarf formation. We report the discovery that the candidate white dwarf LSPM J0207+3331, via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science project and Keck Observatory follow-up spectroscopy, is hydrogen dominated with a luminous compact disk (L IR/L star = 14%) and an effective temperature nearly 1000 K cooler than any known white dwarf with an infrared excess. The discovery of this object places the latest time for large-scale tidal disruption events to occur at ~3 Gyr past the formation of the host white dwarf, making new demands of dynamical models for planetesimal perturbation and disruption around post-main-sequence planetary systems. Curiously, the mid-infrared photometry of the disk cannot be fully explained by a geometrically thin, optically thick dust disk as seen for other dusty white dwarfs, but requires a second ring of dust near the white dwarf's Roche radius. In the process of confirming this discovery, we found that careful measurements of WISE source positions can reveal when infrared excesses for white dwarfs are co-moving with their hosts, helping distinguish them from confusion noise.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67863 , The Astrophysical Journal Letters; 2; 872; L25
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    Wrinkle Ridges on Mercury and the Moon Within and Outside of Mascons (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-26
    Description: Found on all terrestrial planets, wrinkle ridges are anticlines formed by thrust faulting and folding resulting from crustal shortening. The MErcury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft's orbital phase returned high resolution images and topographic data of the previously unimaged northern high latitudes of Mercury where there are large expanses of smooth plains deformed by wrinkle ridges. Concurrently, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is obtaining high resolution images and topographic data covering lunar mare wrinkle ridges. These data allow quantitative comparison of the scale of wrinkle ridges in smooth plains volcanic units on Mercury with mare wrinkle ridges. We evaluate the topographic relief of 300 wrinkle ridges within and outside of mascon basins on the Moon and Mercury. Measured wrinkle ridges range from ~112 to 776 m in relief with a mean of ~350 m (median = ~340 m, n = 150) on Mercury and from ~47 to 678 m in relief with a mean of ~198 m (median = ~168 m, n = 150) on the Moon. Wrinkle ridges on Mercury thus are approximately twice as large in mean relief compared to their counterparts on the Moon. The larger scale of Mercury's wrinkle ridges suggests that their formation can be attributed, in part, to global contraction. As global contraction on the Moon is estimated to be an order of magnitude smaller than on Mercury, the smaller scale of lunar wrinkle ridges suggests they most likely form primarily by load induced subsidence of the mare basalt. Wrinkle ridges located in lunar mascon basins and in the Caloris mascon on Mercury are not statistically significantly different in relief than ridges in non-mascon regions, suggesting comparable levels of contractional strain. The fact that mascon basins do not host wrinkle ridges with greater structural relief relative to non-mascon units may indicate the critical role lithospheric thickness plays in controlling subsidence and contraction of thick volcanic sequences on the Moon and Mercury.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70101 , Icarus (e-ISSN 0019-1035); 331; 226-237
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    Mars Phoenix EDL Trajectory and Atmosphere Reconstruction Using NewSTEP (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: This document describes the trajectory and atmosphere reconstruction of the Mars Phoenix Entry, Descent, and Landing using the New Statistical Trajectory Estimation Program. The approach utilizes a Kalman filter to blend inertial measurement unit data with initial conditions and radar altimetry to obtain the inertial trajectory of the entry vehicle. The nominal aerodynamic database is then used in combination with the sensed accelerations to obtain estimates of the atmosphere-relative state. The reconstructed atmosphere pro le is then blended with pre-flight models to construct an estimate of the as-flown atmosphere.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NASA/TM–2019–220282 , L-21028 , NF1676L-33202
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    Lifetimes and Occurrence Rates of Dark Vortices on Neptune from 25 Years of Hubble Space Telescope Images (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-13
    Description: We scoured the full set of blue-wavelength Hubble Space Telescope images of Neptune, finding one additional dark spot in new Hubble data beyond those discovered in 1989, 1994, 1996, and 2015. We report the complete disappearance of the SDS-2015 dark spot, using new Hubble data taken on 2018 September 910, as part of the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program. Overall, dark spots in the full Hubble data set have lifetimes of at least one to two years, and no more than six years. We modeled a set of dark spots randomly distributed in time over the latitude range on Neptune that is visible from Earth, finding that the cadence of archival Hubble images would have detected about 70% of these spots if their lifetimes are only one year, or about 85%95% of simulated spots with lifetimes of two or more years. Based on the Hubble data set, we conclude that dark spots have average occurrence rates of one dark spot every four to six years. Many numerical models to date have simulated much shorter vortex lifetimes, so our findings provide constraints that may lead to improved understanding of Neptunes wind field, stratification, and humidity.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68800 , Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256) (e-ISSN 1538-3881); 157; 4; 152; April 2019
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    Cross-Program Design Specification for Natural Environments (DSNE) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: This document is derived from the former National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Constellation Program (CxP) document CxP 70023, titled The Design Specification for Natural Environments (DSNE), Revision C. The original document has been modified to represent updated Design Reference Missions (DRMs) for the NASA Exploration Systems Development (ESD) Programs.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: SLS-SPEC-159 Revision F , M19-7505
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    Picture this SELFI: Submillimeter Enceladus Life Fundamentals Instrument (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Submillimeter Enceladus Life Fundamentals Instrument (SELFI) is a passive remote sensing submillimeter heterodyne spectrometer being developed at NASA GSFC under NASA's Maturation of Instruments for Solar System Exploration (MatISSE) program. SELFI will advance submillimeter receiver technology by 1) investigating the chemical and isotopic compositions and corresponding densities of Enceladus' plume material, their vertical thermal structures, and the transport mechanisms within the plumes, and 2) characterizing the source regions from which the plumes emerge. The Enceladus plumes are important in the context of life and habitability of its subsurface ocean environment. SELFI remote sensing measurements will 1) measure the spatial and temporal variabilities in the plume chemical compositions, 2) provide insight in to Enceladus' subsurface ocean environment by monitoring H2O, HDO, d18O, and d17O, 3) constrain the oxidation state of the subsurface ocean using H2O2 and O3, and 4) utilize the SO2 and H2S spectral signatures to constrain the impact arising from both the sea-floor volcanoes and pre-biotic molecules. Moreover, the detection of the remaining molecular species (14 in total) is vital to improving the current state of knowledge of Enceladus' subsurface ocean habitability this also permits us to explore the chemical alteration processes arising from primordial volatiles that have been observed in comets. Lastly, SELFI's continuum observations enable the correlation between observed variations in plume activity with surface temperatures.SELFI is currently being developed under a technology maturation program that will advance the RF-to-digital electronics of a submillimeter-wave heterodyne spectrometer to simultaneously observe fourteen molecular species with resonances between 530 GHz and 600 GHz. SELFI will have fine radiometric resolution, high spectral resolution (resolving power R 〉 106), multiple continuum channels and a high dynamical range, necessary to map Enceladus across its 30 K to 250 K temperature range. Under the MatISSE program, SELFI will advance from TRL 4 to 6 four key technologies of the RF-to-digital subsystem, which are: 1) the RF low noise amplifier design; 2) the single-sideband (SSB) mixer and local oscillator; 3) the IF assembly down-converter that maps the fourteen species to 2 x 500 MHz bandwidth; and 4) the digital spectrometer electronics.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64627 , National Radio Science Meeting (NRSM); Jan 09, 2019 - Jan 12, 2019; Boulder, CO; United States
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    The Mars Global Dust Storm of 2018 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Mars is a dusty planet. Wind often lifts dust from the surface into the air forming clouds of dust at different locations across Mars. These dust storms typically last up to a couple days and grow to a few hundred km in size. However, once in a long while when conditions are just right, localized dust storms can interact in a way that optically thick suspended dust covers nearly the entire planet remaining aloft for weeks to months. These global-scale dust storms are the most dramatic of all weather phenomena on Mars, greatly altering the thermal structure and dynamics of the Martian atmosphere and significantly changing the global distribution of surface dust. Such a global-scale dust storm occurred during the summer of 2018, the first such event since 2007. The global dust storm was observed by an international fleet of spacecraft in Mars orbit and on the surface of Mars providing an unprecedented view of the initiation, growth, and decay of the storm as well as the physical properties of the dust during the storm's evolution. The 2018 global-scale dust storm was observed to grow from several localized dust-lifting centers with wind-blown dust suspended in the atmosphere encircling Mars after about two weeks of activity. Dust column optical depths recorded by the Opportunity and Curiosity rovers on the surface were the highest ever recorded on Mars. Peak global intensity of the dust storm was reached in early July 2018. Over the next couple months, the dust settled out and the atmosphere returned to its climatological average. Only a small number of global-scale dust storms have been observed on Mars, and so detailed analysis of the observations of this storm will provide important new insight into how these events occur and their effect on the current Mars climate.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN69947 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    3d Crystallographic Orientation of Olivine in Bjurble Chondrules (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The crystallographic orientations of chondrule minerals can provide important insights into their formation and deformational history. For example, the orientations of the olivine bars and surrounding rim in barred olivine chondrules provide information and on the conditions of crystallization and the orientations and shapes of olivines within porphritic chondrules can record the reactions with the surrounding nebular gas during chondrule formation. Later deformation on the parent body can cause crystal-plastic deformation of chondrule minerals that is evident through their intracrystalline lattice misorientations. Typically these crystal orientations and lattice misorientations are determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on thin sections but this gives only a 2D picture for what is actually a 3D texture. While it is possible to combine EBSD with serial sectioning to build a 3D dataset of texture, this is a destructive, time-intensive process. A recent technological development that enables non-destructive, 3D crystallographic orientation measurement is X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), which uses the X-ray diffraction of the crystal lattice to determine orientation. Originally only possible using monochromatic X-ray beams at 3rd generation synchrotron light sources, DCT has been recently adapted to polychromatic sources of laboratory X-ray microscopes (referred to as Lab-DCT). Up to this point LabDCT has only been applied to large, well-formed crystals of high symmetry (i.e., metals), but we recently acquired DCT datasets for a pair Bjurble chondrules to determine the applicability of the technique to natural, mutlimineralic samples composed predominately of olivine (i.e., chondrules).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN68323 , Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 12, 2019; Sapporo; Japan
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    Future Planetary Instrument Capabilities Made Possible by Micro- and Nanotechnology (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A number of new instrument capabilities are currently in maturation for future in situ use on planetary science missions. Moving beyond the impressive in situ instrumentation already operating in planetary environments beyond Earth will enable the next step in scientific discovery. The approach for developing beyond current instrumentation requires a careful assessment of science-driven capability advancement. To this end, two examples of instrument technology development efforts that are leading to new and important analytical capabilities for in situ planetary science will be discussed: (1) an instrument prototype enabling the interface between liquid separation techniques and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and (2) an addressable excitation source enabling miniaturized electron probe microanalysis for elemental mapping of light and heavy elements.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67623 , SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing; Apr 14, 2019 - Apr 18, 2019; Baltimore, MD; United States
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    Aqueous Alteration on Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The occurrence of extensive valley networks and layered deposits of phyllosilicates and sulfates during the late Noachian/Hesperian periods (approx. 3-4 Gyrs) indicates a past martian climate that was capable of maintaining liquid water at the surface. The planets climate drastically changed after these early episodes of water to a drier and colder environment during the Amazonian period (past 3.0 Gyrs). The objective of this paper is to describe aqueous alteration/weathering scenarios on Mars based on observations returned by rover and lander missions. The chemistry of most outcrops, rocks, and soils that have interacted with water has not been extensively changed from average Mars crustal basaltic composition. Little chemical variation suggests closed hydrologic systems were prominent on early Mars and/or the water/rock ratios were low. Open hydrologic systems occur at local scales, e.g., high Si and Ti rocks and soil deposits around a volcanic feature in Gusev crater. Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous alteration include jarosite and other Fe-sulfates at several locations suggesting acid-sulfate alteration conditions. High Si and Ti rocks, sediments, and soil deposits are consistent with basaltic residues extenively leached by extremely acidic fluids. Variations in the Fe/Mn ratio of fracture veins infilled with sulfate-rich materials suggest changes in redox and/or pH conditions of the migrating fluids. The increase of nanophase iron oxides and salts with depth in several soil pits escavated by the Spirit rovers wheel in Gusev crater suggests the translocation/mobolization of these phases by liquid water. This pedogenic process is the result of limited water movement through the surface sediments during the Amazonian period; however, it is likely that paleosols exist on Mars that formed during the early wetter history of the planet. Soil scientists have the opportunity to continue to (and should) be involved in the exploration of the Red planet.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN63042 , 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 09, 2019; San Deigo, CA; United States
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    Mercury's Internal Structure (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We describe the current state of knowledge about Mercury's interior structure. We review the available observationalconstraints, including mass, size, density, gravity eld, spin state, composition, and tidal response. These data enablethe construction of models that represent the distribution of mass inside Mercury. In particular, we infer radial prolesof the pressure, density, and gravity in the core, mantle, and crust. We also examine Mercury's rotational dynamicsand the inuence of an inner core on the spin state and the determination of the moment of inertia. Finally, we discussthe wide-ranging implications of Mercury's internal structure on its thermal evolution, surface geology, capture in aunique spin-orbit resonance, and magnetic eld generation.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67157 , Mercury: The View after MESSENGER; 85-113
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    Estimation of the Seismic Moment Release Rate of Mars from InSight Seismic Data (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Seismicity models for Mars usually estimate the long-term average annual seismic moment rate, and also the average annual event rate. This holds for estimations based on geological evidence (Golombek et al., 1992, Golombek, 2002, Taylor et al., 2013) as well as for models based on thermal evolution and cooling of the Martian interior (Phillips, 1991, Knapmeyer et al., 2006, Plesa et al., 2018). All studies are compatible with the conclusion based on the non-observation of any unambiguous event by Viking (Anderson et al., 1977, Goins & Lazarewicz, 1979) that Martian seismicity lies somewhere between that of the Moon and that of the Earth. We developed tools to derive reasonable estimations of the annual seismic moment rate from a number of events as small as one, provided that the observed events are beyond the global completeness threshold for observable events. Numerical tests as well as evaluation of terrestrial data shows the feasibility of the approach.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67424 , European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2019; Apr 07, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Vienna; Austria
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    Fifty Years of Exploring Pluto: from Telescopes to the New Horizons Mission (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Pluto was discovered in 1930 at Lowell Observatory in the belated resumption of a wide-field photographic search originally be-gun at Percival Lowells direction prior to his death in 1916. Photometry in the 1950s established the rotation period of 6.4 hours and a color redder than the Sun, but the mass, density, size and albedo were unknown. Near-infrared photometry in 1976 indicated the presence of CH4 frost, suggestive of a relatively high surface albedo and a diameter comparable to the Moon. The large satellite Charon was discovered in 1978, followed by an epoch of mutual transits and occultations of Pluto and Charon from 1985 to 1990, as viewed from Earth. These events resulted in reliable sizes and masses of the two bodies, as well as the orbit of Charon. The mutual events also demonstrated that Pluto and Charon are in locked synchronous rotation and revolution, a configuration unique among the planets. The atmosphere of Pluto was discovered in 1988 from a stellar occultation observed from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory and ground stations, with indications of a haze layer (or a temperature inversion) in the lower atmosphere. Sub-sequent stellar occultations showed that the extent of the atmosphere is variable on a timescale of a few years. The spectroscopic detection of N2 and CO ice in 1993 demonstrated that the atmosphere must be primarily composed of N2, with CH4 and CO as minor components; the spectroscopic detection of gaseous CH4 was reported in 1994.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65560 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Experimental Insights into the Geochemistry of Mercury (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: With the recent estimate of Mercury's surface composition from the X-Ray Spectrometer and Gamma-Ray Spectrometer that were onboard NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, we now have our first opportunity to directly investigate the compositions of lavas from the planet Mercury and indirectly investigate the chemical make-up of its interior. Results from MESSENGER showed exotic surface compositions with more than 3 wt% sulfur in some lavas and relatively low amounts of iron (less than 3 wt%) across the surface. These striking features are consistent with magmatism occurring under highly reducing conditions which has an impact on the thermal and chemical evolution of a planetary body. Here we'll explore the geochemical evolution of Mercury through a series of experimental studies and discuss the implications of low oxygen fugacity on elemental behavior and magmatic processes.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN65232 , American Chemical Society National Meeting and Expo; Mar 31, 2019 - Apr 04, 2019; Orlando, FL; United States
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    Returning Geological Samples from Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) Study: Design challenges associated with Mars; Remote; Temperature; Atmosphere; Radiation; Dust. Challenges unique to MAV: No vehicle has ever left the surface of Mars; Completely autonomous; Physical system extremely limited; Martian environment creates a number of issues with traditional propulsion systems.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: M19-7197 , IEEE Aerospace Conference (AeroConf 2019); 2ý9 Mar. 2019; Big Sky, MT; United States
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    Radiation Stability Evaluation of Protein-Based Nanopores for Mars and Europa Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Exploration of our Solar System has revealed a number of locations that are now habitable or could have supported life in the past. One approach to finding life involves detection of informational polymers like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that are definitive biosignatures for life as we know it. Alternatively, structural variants of DNA and RNA, collectively termed xenonucleic acids (XNAs) have been shown in the laboratory to behave similarly. Nanopore-based sequencers differ from traditional sequencing technologies in that they do not explicitly require synthesis of DNA before or during analysis. Because of this, nanopore sequencers have been used for the direct sequencing of RNA, and could be used for the detection and analysis of other charged polymers. Here we describe results of exposing the MinION hardware, flow cells, and key reagents to ionizing radiation at doses relevant to Mars and Europa missions (10 to 3000 silicon-equivalent gray).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66686
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    NASA's Work in Exoplanet Hunting Satellites and Robotic Servicing of Satellites (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: An overview of three missions connected with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center at the present time: (1) NASA's flagship mission, the James Webb Space Telescope, is nearing its 2021 launch date. The James Webb, which is considered the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, will orbit at the Earth-Sun Lagrangian Point Two where it will peer back in time, using infrared detectors, to the beginnings of our Universe. (2) NASA is conducting pioneering work in the field of robotic satellite servicing in earth orbit. The RESTORE-L project, which is slated for a 2021 launch date, is expected to pave the way for the inception of robotic assembly for deep space exploration as well as the commercialization of satellite servicing. (3) The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has been orbiting the Earth actively searching for new planets since April of 2018. The discoveries that TESS has made to-date have benefited from a careful characterization of the refractive lens assemblies on its science instruments. The presentation will provide a detailed description of how the index of refraction of the glasses used to fabricate the TESS lens assemblies were measured at Goddard to an accuracy that enables the ability to make exoplanet discoveries hundreds of light years from Earth.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66421 , NASA''s Work in Exoplanet Hunting Satellites and Robotic Servicing of Satellites; Mar 27, 2019; Mont Claire, NJ; United States
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    In Situ Geochronology on Mars and the Development of Future Instrumentation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Geochronology: More than just rock ages. What are the constraints on the time evolution ofthe dynamic solar system? When did the outerplanets migrate and the asteroid belt lose mass? How did it affect other bodies at that time?
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67597 , EU-IN-TIME Rise Workshop on Geochronology and Mars Exploration; Apr 08, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Austin, TX; United States
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    Distribution of Surface Water Ice on the Moon: An Analysis of Host Crater Ages Provides Insight into the Ages and Sources of Ice at the Lunar South Pole (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66763 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    In-Situ K-Ar Dating Based on UV-Laser Ablation Coupled with a LIBS-QMS System Development, Calibration and Application (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Absolute age determination isnecessary to check and calibratethe relative Martian chronologypresently available from meteoriticcrater counting.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67097 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Lynx: Simply Designed for Maximum Science Return (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67234 , The Space Astrophysics Landscape for the 2020s and Beyond; Apr 01, 2019 - Apr 03, 2019; Potomac, MD; United States
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    Lunar and Martian Vertical Takeoff & Vertical Landing (VTVL) Pad Concepts (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Landing space craft rocket plume exhaust interactions with the regolith surfaces on the Moon and Mars will result in cratering and regolith particle ejecta traveling at velocities up to 2,000 meters per second in the vacuum surroundings. This phenomenon creates hazards for the spacecraft that is landing or launching and may also cause damage to surrounding assets, personnel and infrastructure. One potential solution to this issue is to construct vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) pad infrastructure systems which will mitigate these rocket plume exhaust effects. Concepts will be presented for the construction and maintenance of such VTVL pads in lunar and martian environments.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN65133 , Caltech Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference (EMI 2019); Jun 18, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    Small-Array Location Capabilities Using the Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure (SIIOS): Implications for an Ocean World Lander (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Ocean worlds have thick icy shells covering subsurface oceans. Due to the potential habitability of the subsurface ocean, Europa has become a target for a potential lander mission. Seismology is the preeminent method for constraining the thickness of an icy shell. The Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure (SIIOS) uses flight-candidate instrumentation to develop approaches for seismic studies of icy bodies. The SIIOS team deployed small aperture seismic arrays on Gulkana Glacier in 2017 and in Northwest Greenland in 2018.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66598 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Investigating Diurnal Changes in the Normal Albedo of the Lunar Surface at 1064 nm: A New Analysis with the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The thermal environment of the lunar surface is extreme. At the equator, temperatures drop ~300 K between local noon and night. Laboratory studies demonstrate that minerals common to the lunar surface (e.g.,pyroxene, olivine) show spectral changes with respect to temperature in near infrared wavelengths. Over temperature changes equivalent to the lunar thermal environment (T 300K), the reflectance of pure pyroxene samples can vary by a factor of two.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66761 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    A Glint of Light on Broken Glass: Solar System Bombardment History from Apollo Samples (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Legacy of the Apollo samples is the link forged between radiometric ages of rocks and relative ages from crater counts. Lunar impact history innumerous reviews, including NVM-2.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67098 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Visualization and Analysis of Solar System Small Bodies with NASA's Solar System Treks Project (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: In its investigations of Vesta and Ceres, NASAs Dawn mission has returned spectacular data detailing the surfaces of these two prominent small bodies in our Solar Systems asteroid belt. In order to greatly facilitate dissemination, visualization, and analysis of this data, and public understanding of the mission, the Dawn mission has partnered with NASAs Solar System Treks Project (SSTP). SSTP has recently released an update to the Vesta Trek online portal (https://trek.nasa.gov/vesta/) and has released a new Ceres Trek portal (https://trek.nasa.gov/ceres/). This presentation will showcase the use of the Ceres Trek and Vesta Trek portals and demonstrate how they can be used to visualize and analyze particularly interesting landforms such as the pitted terrain on Vesta and relic cryovolcanoes on Ceres. We will also demonstrate the new VR capability that has been added to the portals, allowing users to generate their own virtual reality flyovers for any user-defined paths along the bodies surfaces. In addition to highlighting the portals for Ceres and Vesta, the presentation will preview additional portals being planned/developed for other small bodies. NASA and JAXA have requested the development of a portal for the asteroid Ryugu to facilitate dissemination, visualization, and analysis of data from Japans Hayabusa2 mission, and a portal for Mars moon Phobos in support of mission planning for Japans MMX mission. We are also planning a portal for the asteroid Bennu with data from the OSIRIS-Rex mission. All of these products are efforts in the NASA Solar System Treks Project (SSTP), available at https://trek.nasa.gov. NASA's Solar System Trek online portals provide web-based suites of interactive data visualization and analysis tools to enable mission planners, planetary scientists, students, and the general public to access mapped data products from past and current missions for a growing number of planetary bodies including the Moon, Mars, Vesta, etc. These portals are being used for site selection and analysis by NASA and a number of its international partners, supporting upcoming missions. In addition to demonstrating the capabilities of selected portals in this presentation, we will solicit input from the community for ideas for future enhancements to the portals.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65591 , Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) Meeting 2019; May 26, 2019 - May 30, 2019; Chiba; Japan
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    Searching for Martian Bio-Indicators and Extant Life Using Spacecraft (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Current environmental conditions at the surface of Mars are hostile to life as we know it, but the near subsurface may well provide sufficient shielding to harbor simple life forms. This discussion focuses on methane which can be produced either abiotically or by microbial life and possible geological or biological sources for that methane in the subsurface.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64269 , Mars Extant Life: Whatýs Next conference; Nov 05, 2019 - Nov 08, 2019; Carlsbad, NM; United States
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    The Sedimentary History of Mars as Observed by Rovers (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Mars has a sedimentary history that spans billions of years. Orbital images have allowed for the identification of vast regional sedimentary deposits that can be traced over 100s of kilometers and are 100s of meters thick including localized alluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine deposits. Detections of secondary minerals in these deposits from orbital spectroscopy suggest the aqueous history of early Mars varied as a function of space and time. Orbital observations, however, provide a simplified and incomplete picture of Mars sedimentary history because measurements for inferring sediment transport and deposition, such as lithology, grain size, and internal structures, and measurements for inferring sediment source and aqueous alteration, such as outcrop-scale mineralogic and geochemical composition and diagenetic features, cannot be identified from orbit. Rover observations have significantly enhanced our view of ancient and modern sedimentary environments on Mars, resulting in detailed reconstructions of paleo-environments and habitability.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66078 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Saponite Dissolution Experiments and Implications for Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Recent work suggests that the mineralogical sequence of the Murray formation at Gale crater may have resulted from diagenetic alteration after sedimentation, or deposition in a stratified lake with oxic surface and anoxic bottom waters. Fe-containing clay minerals are common both at Gale crater, and throughout the Noachian-aged terrains on Mars. These clay minerals are primarily ferric (Fe3+), and previous work suggests that these ferric clay minerals may result from alteration of ferrous (Fe2+) smectites that were oxidized after deposition. The detection of trioctahedral smectites at Gale crater by CheMin suggests Fe2+ smectite was also deposited during the early Hesperian. However, due to their sensitivity to oxygen, Fe2+ smectites are difficult to analyze on Earth and very few saponite dissolution rates exist in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, no experiments have measured the dissolution rates of ferrous saponites under oxidizing and reducing conditions. In order to better understand the characteristics of water-rock interaction at Gale crater, particularly the oxidation state, we report our results to date on ongoing syntheses of ferrous and magnesium saponites and dissolution experiments of natural saponite under ambient conditions. Future experiments will include the dissolution of synthetic ferric, ferrous, and magnesium saponites under oxidizing and anoxic conditions at a range of pH values.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66074 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Interpreting Aqueous Alteration in the Murray Formation Using Reactive Transport Modeling (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Abundant evidence for liquid water exists at Gale crater, Mars. However, the characteristics of past water remain an area of active research. The first exposures of the Murray formation in Gale crater, Mars (Fig. 1) were studied with four samples analyzed using CheMin: Buckskin, Telegraph Peak, Mojave, and Confidence Hills. Analyses indicate differences in mineralogy and chemistry between the samples which have been attributed to changes in pH and oxidation state of depositional and diagenetic environments. Recent work also suggests that hydrothermal fluids may have been present based on the presence of Se, Zn, Pb, and other elements.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66065 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Spectral Properties of Hydrated Poorly Crystalline Materials for Spectral Analysis of the Moon and Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Visible/near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of both Mars [1] and the Moon [2] include hydration bands that vary across the planet and are not well explained in some cases. Poorly crystalline phases have been found at ~30-70 wt.% by CheMin in Gale crater, Mars in all samples measured to date [3]. Here we report on VNIR reflectance spectra of a large collection of amorphous and poorly crystalline materials. These include opal, allophane, imogolite, iron hydroxides/ oxyhydroxides (FeOx), and several synthetic materials containing Si, Al and/or Fe. All of these contain hydration bands due to water and OH that can be used to identify these materials remotely on planetary bodies.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66032 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Isolation and Monitoring of Cleanroom-Associated Microbial Contaminates From Geological Collections (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Microbial contamination is of particular interest to geological curation as many microorganisms can change mineral composition and produce compounds used as biosignatures used for the detection of life. Microbial cells can change the mineral composition of rocks through organic acid production and direct enzymatic oxidation/reduction of transition metals. Enzymatic oxidation of iron and manganese can occur at a rate several orders of magnitude faster than under abiotic conditions and produce highly reactive nanoparticle- sized oxides that can react and sorb other metals and organic compounds. Many fungi can also produce organic acids that dissolve and chelate mineral matrices chemically reducing and dissolving rock surfaces. Finally, several common soil-associated bacteria and fungi produce secondary metabolites that contain unusual amino acid analogs and non-ribosomal peptides containing both L- and D- chirality used in characterizing carbonaceous chondrites and the detection of extraterrestrial life.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN65757 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Remarkable Diversity of Refractory Inclusions in the Miller Range 090019 CO3.1 Chondrite (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We have characterized the mineralogy, textures, bulk compositions, modal abundances and some mineral compositions in a suite of approximately 140 refractory inclusions from the MIL090019 carbonaceous chondrite. All of these 140 inclusions are found in a single thin section of this CO3.1 chondrite. These inclusions range from grossite- and hibonite-rich varieties, melilite-, spinel-, fassaite-diopside- and anorthite-rich types, and include a subset of aluminous AOAs (amoeboidal olivine aggregates). Grossite- and hibonite-bearing inclusions were discussed briefly in previous abstracts. X-ray mapping by energy dispersive spectrometry has permitted us to extract the bulk compositions of these inclusions from hyperspectral x-ray datasets. The bulk compositions of these inclusions represent the full range of recognized CAI (Calcium-Aluminumrich Inclusions) types.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN65245 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    The CAESAR New Frontiers Mission: 1. Expected Nature of the Returned Comet Sample (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Comets are time capsules from the birth of our Solar System that record pre-solar history, the initial stages of planet formation, and the sources of prebiotic organics and volatiles for the origin of life. These capsules can only be opened in laboratories on Earth. CAESAR (Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return)s sample analysis objectives are to understand the nature of Solar System starting materials and how these components came together to form planets and give rise to life. Examination of these comet nucleus surface samples in laboratories around the world will also provide ground truth to remote observations of the innumerable icy bodies of the Solar System.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64974 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, Texas; United States
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    Trace Element Abundances of Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions in Shergottites Northwest Africa 7397 and Robert Massif 04262 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MIs) may retain trapped parent magma compositions as well as record progressive differentiation while magmas crystallize and ascend towards the surface [1,2 and references therein]. Major element compositions of the MIs, especially Fe and Mg, can be affected by post-entrapment re-equilibration with their host olivine [1,2]. Therefore, Fe/Mg ratio correction is required to obtain MI bulk compositions following equilibrium with their host olivine. Partition coefficients of most of the trace elements in olivine are very low (i.e. DOL/melt〈0.001). Thus, ratios of trace elements of olivine-hosted MIs are unlikely to be affected by post-entrapment re-equilibration and no correction is necessary [2]. Hence, tracking trace element behavior in MIs may constrain the composition of the parent magma and its evolution yielding insights on magma differentiation of shergottites. However, analyzing MIs for chemical compositions is a challenging task due to their low abundances and small sizes. Using a highly sensitive and precise micro-beam technique is essential to examine olivine-hosted MIs in order to measure trace element abundances. For this purpose, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is an excellent tool due to its wide range of laser spot sizes (1-150 m), ability to obtain raster analysis (several mm2) and lower detection limits (0.1 ppb) [3].
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64818 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    The 2008 Mars Phoenix Lander Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) Dataset: Placing Easily Interpretable Evolved Gas Data on the Planetary Data System (PDS) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Phoenix Scout Lander mission investigated the north polar region of Mars in 2008 with the goal to study the history of water, assess the past/present Martian climate, search for organics, and evaluate the potential for past/present microbial habit-ability on Mars. To accomplish this goal, the Phoenix Landers Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer (TEGA) instrument assessed the gas composition of the Martian atmosphere and evaluated the mineralogy of the Martian regolith. The TEGA instrument consisted of eight small ovens connected to a 4 channel magnetic sector mass spectrometer. The ovens heated soil samples from ambient to 1000C where the gases (e.g., H2O, CO2, etc.) evolved from thermal decomposition of mineral phases were analyzed by the mass spectrometer. Minerals thermally decomposed at characteristic temperatures and the evolving gases indicated the presence of perchlorate, carbonate, and hydrated phases in the Phoenix landing site soils.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64834 , 2019 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Enabling CLPS Mission Success (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66338 , Commercial Lunar Payload Services Program (CLPS); Mar 01, 2018; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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    Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Multi-Transiting Planet Systems.III. Comprehensive Investigation Using All Four Years of Kepler Mission Data (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We study the orbital architectures of planetary systems orbiting within 1 AU of their stars by analyzing the ensemble of Kepler systems having two or more planet candidates. We use data from the entire Kepler mission, and in many cases we apply improved analysis techniques (e.g., replacing histograms by top-hat Kernel Density Estimators that avoid the loss of information resulting from choosing a particular phase for the bin boundaries) to extend and enhance the studies of Lissauer et al. (2011, ApJS 197, 8) and Fabrycky et al. (2014, ApJ 790, 146).These data show ~ 1700 transiting planet candidates in 〉 600 multiple-planet systems, far more than were available for our previous two studies. The increased numbers and better information about planetary radii and the properties of stellar hosts made possible by Gaia DR2 allow more statistically-robust analyses of the entire ensemble of Kepler multis as well as independent analyses of subsets of the population. We are thus able to contrast the dynamical configurations of small and large planets, short-period and longer-period planets, and planets orbiting various types of host stars. We reinforce our previous findings that most pairs of planets within the same system are neither in nor near low-order mean motion resonances and that there is a substantial excess of planets having period ratios slightly larger than those of first-order mean-motion resonances. However, neglecting three systems whose planets are locked in 3- body resonances and summing over all first-order mean motion resonances, the deficit of planet pairs with period ratios just narrow of resonance is as large as the excess of planets wide of resonance (within statistical uncertainties), suggesting that overall there is no overall excess of planet pairs in the vicinity of resonance. Other aspects of our study, including estimates of the typical relative inclinations of planetary orbits and their variations as functions of orbital period, planet sizes and stellar properties, are in progress, with results expected to be available for presentation by the time of the conference.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65422 , Kepler & K2 Svience Conference; Mar 04, 2019 - Mar 08, 2019; Glendale, CA; United States
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    Exploration of Atmospheric Entries at Uranus & Neptune with HEEET as Heatshield TPS (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: One important observation from the recent Ice Giants Study sponsored by NASA was that the predicted and margined thicknesses of HEEET (new NASA TPS technology) were much greater than could be woven with the currently established loom capabilities. Since the cost of a loom upgrade would be substantial, the present work explores the entry trajectory space to determine what combinations of entry parameters would result in HEEET thicknesses that fit within the existing loom infrastructure. Toward this end, the entry trajectory space, parameterized by ballistic coefficient and entry flight path angle, was systematically explored for 45 sphere-cone geometries of 3 different radii 0.2 m, 0.3 m, and 0.4 m which covered the range from Galileo-derived probes considered in the Ice Giants Study, and a follow-on study on the possibility of using a single probe architecture (in terms of size and mass) for various destinations, including Venus, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The entry velocities, latitudes, and azimuths at Uranus and Neptune used in the present work were taken from the Ice Giants Study. For each 3D OF trajectory generated by a NASA Ames in-house code, TRAJ, the material response and thickness were computed using another NASA Ames code, FIAT, along with a margins policy proposed by the HEEET project. In the present work, ballistic coefficients ranging from 200 kg/sqm to 350 kg/sqm were considered along with entry flight path angles ranging from -16 to -36 (primarily to allow deceleration loads to vary between 50 g and 200 g).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65499 , Workshop on In Situ Exploration of the Ice Giants; Feb 25, 2019 - Feb 27, 2019; Marseille; France
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    Apollo 50 Next Giant Leap (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN70754 , Anniversary Apollo NASA Spinoff Presentation; Jul 19, 2019; Ronks, PA; United States
    Format: text
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    Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure (SIIOS) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN70725 , IUGG General Assembly; Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 18, 2019; Montréal, Québec; Canada
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    Recreating in Situ Measurements of Potentially Hazardous Meteoroids (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-23
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: M19-7424 , Meteoroids 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Bratislava, Slovakia
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    Bolides Detected by GLM and Ground-Based Meteor Networks (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: M19-7432 , Meteoroids 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Bratislava, Slovakia; Czechoslovakia
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    Meteor Shower Fluxes with All Sky Cameras (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: M19-7416 , Meteoroids 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Bratislava, Slovakia
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    Deviation of the Shape of Bennu from Rotational Figures of Stability (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Images of asteroid (101955) Bennu acquired by the OSIRIS-REx mission reveal a rocky world covered in rubble; Shape deviates from hydrostatic surface; Internal friction and/or cohesion even if no tensile strength; Understanding the deviation of the surface from idealized shape may help constrain mechanical properties of the interior; Geologic evolution of Bennu is driven by downslope migration of surface material and rubble; May be caused by YORP-induced spin-up, re-accumulation, impact-induced seismic shaking, thermal stresses, or tidal disruption by close encounters to larger bodies.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66762 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Managing Planetary Dust During Surface Operations (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This book chapter describes the issues surrounding managing planetary dust during surface operations. It summarizes the effects of dust on surface operations, the effects of planetary surface environments on dust transport, and a snapshot of current dust mitigation technologies.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN60764
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    Kepler's Multiple Planet Systems (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Among the 1800 Kepler targets that have candidate planets, 20% have two or more candidate planets. While most of these objects have not yet been confirmed as true planets, several considerations strongly suggest hat the vast majority of these multi-candidate systems are true planetary systems. Virtually all candidate systems are stable, as tested by numerical integrations (assuming a nominal mass-radius relationship). Statistical studies performed on these candidates reveal a great deal about the architecture of planetary systems, including the typical spacing of orbits and flatness of planetary systems. The distribution of observed period ratios shows that the vast majority ofcandidate pairs are neither in nor near low-order mean motion resonances. Nonetheless, there are small but statistically significant excesses of candidate pairs both in resonance and spaced slightly too far apart to be in resonance, particularly near the 2:1 resonance. The characteristics of the confirmed Kepler multi-planet systems will also be discussed.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN67246 , Colloquium at Columbia University in New York City; Apr 17, 2019; New York, NY; United States
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    Fine-Grained, Spinel-Rich Ca-Al-Rich Inclusions From The Reduced CV3 Chondrite Efremovka: A Genetic Link To Wark-Lovering Rims? (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Fine-grained, spinel-rich Ca-Al-rich inclusions (FGIs) in carbonaceous chondrites, mostly CV3 chondrites, are interpreted as aggregates of nebular gas-solid condensates that escaped significant melting [1]. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a condensation origin for FGIs, including their layered structures and irregular shapes and the fine grain size of numerous spinel-cored nodules [e.g., 2,3], and the distinctive volatility-fractionated group II rare earth element patterns of bulk inclusions and their mineral constituents [e.g., 4,5]. The origin and nature of FGIs are poorly constrained because of their fine grain sizes and intimate intergrowths of refractory phases, combined with their susceptibility to secondary parent body alteration processes, making detailed mineralogical and petrologic characterizations difficult using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe techniques. In this study, we present preliminary transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses of pristine FGIs from the reduced CV3 chondrite Efremovka in order to provide the detailed characterization of their micrometer- to nanometer-scale textures and chemical compositions. Our goals are to better understand the formation processes and conditions of FGIs in the early solar nebula and to explore their possible genetic relationship with other early-formed refractory inclusions and their rims.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66092 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Oxychlorine Detection in Gale Crater, Mars and Implications for Past Environmental Conditions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity has analyzed 3 scooped samples and 15 drilled samples since landing in 2012. Oxychlorine compounds (perchlorate/chlorate) were detected in the first 9 drilled samples but have not been detected in the last 6, starting with the Oudam sample in the Hartmanns Valley member of the Murray formation (Table 1). Scooped samples have all contained detectable oxychlorine. These results suggest that oxychlorine formation and preservation spans the geologic record on Mars but has not been uniform spatially or temporally.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64978 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Using Mineralchemistry in Gale Crater Sedimentary Rocks to Constrain Ancient Igneous Processes on Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Over the last decade, various datasets have shown evidence for unexpected Noachian felsic materials at the surface of Mars. The Martian meteorite NWA 7034, also well-known as Black Beauty, has been identified as a regolith breccia containing mafic clasts along with remarkable felsic igneous clasts dated at 4.43 Gyr and classified as monzonitic [1-2]. In addition, the Curiosity rover has been analyzing felsic materials within Gale crater since its landing in 2012 [3-4]. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) in the CheMin instrument and the laser induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS) ChemCam onboard Curiosity identified plagioclase and K-spar along with augite and pigeonite [3-5]. In sedimentary rocks, those minerals are detrital, coming from a magmatic source of Noachian age that was sufficiently evolved to form K-spar [1,6]. Several igneous materials analyzed by Chem- Cam have been classified as part of the alkaline trend including Harrison, a trachy-andesite [7].
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66077 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Compositional Characteristics and Trends Within the Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars as Determined by APXS: Sedimentary, Diagenetic and Alteration History (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover has spent the last two years investigating a prominent resistant ridge, informally named the Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR), at the base of Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons). The ridge has been a high priority science target for the MSL mission since landing in Gale crater more than 6 years ago because of the detection of a strong hematite spectral signature, and its distinct topography. Examining the chemistry of the ridge can aid in determining the relationship to other rocks analyzed during the rover traverse, specifically the Murray formation (fm) encountered below the ridge. We can also determine compositional trends with elevation and/or laterally within the ridge, and whether spectral properties observed on the ridge, both from orbit and in situ, correspond with changes in chemistry. The composition of the ridge, combined with mineralogy of drilled samples, can help to elucidate bigger picture questions regarding depositional environment, possible changing lake water chemistry and diagenetic/alteration history.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66081 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    X-ray Amorphous and Poorly Crystalline Fe-Containing Phases in Terrestrial Field Environments and Implications for Materials Detected on Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Recent analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data from the CheMin instrument using the FULLPAT program have documented the presence of X-ray amorphous materials at multiple sites within Gale Crater, Mars. These materials are believed to be to be iron-rich based on chemical data, and at least some of them are believed to be weathering products based on volatile contents. However, the characteristics of these proposed Fe-rich weathering products remain poorly understood. To better understand these X-ray amorphous materials on Mars, we are 1) examining weathering products formed on Fe-rich parent material in terrestrial soils across a range of climatic conditions, and 2) performing burial experiments of Fe- and Mg- rich olivine in these soils. We describe each of these approaches below.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66033 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Variations in Visible/Near-Infrared Hematite Spectra Related to Grain Size and Crystallinity (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Drill fines created by the Curiosity rover at Gale Crater, Mars have exhibited variable visible/near-infrared spectral features attributable to the presence of ferrous and ferric minerals. Drilled locations within the Murray formation and on the Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) were shown by the CheMin instrument to contain significant amounts of hematite. However, typical hematite spectral features (e.g., absorptions near 530 nm and 860 nm) have varied inconsistently with hematite abundances. This suggests that other factors such as hematite grain size or crystallinity, the presence of amorphous materials, and/or photometric effects play a role in the observed spectra. Using laboratory spectra of hematite acquired at difference grain sizes, we document the variability in key spectral features. We also compare spectral parameters computed from Mastcam spectra on Mars of three hematite-bearing ChemCam calibration target (CCCT) samples with known hematite and amorphous material abundances.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66067 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    A Kuiper Belt Source for Solar Flare Track-Rich Interplanetary Dust Particles (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The presence of solar flare particle tracks in mineral grains within interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) has long been accepted as proof of their extraterrestrial origin [e.g. 1]. The 10-20 micrometers diameter IDPs released by dust producing objects in the solar system (mainly comets and asteroids) spiral in towards the Sun under the influence of Poynting-Robertson (PR) drag forces [2] and accumulate solar flare energetic particle tracks during their journey. The number of IDPs with well-constrained track density measurements is small, owing to the difficulty in the measurements and the lack of appropriatelysized crystals in which to image them. In order to use track densities as a chronometer of space exposure, the track production rate must be known. All previous work relied on track production rates determined by chemical etching techniques [e.g. 3], but tracks in IDPs are measured using TEM imaging. Here we report measurements of track densities in IDPs from both the anhydrous and hydrated IDP groups. Using the track production calibration determined from TEM observations of anorthite and olivine in lunar rock 64455 [4] we estimate space exposure times for these IDPs to constrain their parent body sources.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66088 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Spectral Interpretation of Magmatic Evolution, Oxidation, and Crystallinity in a Volcanic Planetary Analog System (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Volcanic surfaces are common and varied throughout the terrestrial planets. Remote spectroscopy is often the only method for determining surface chemistry and mineralogy of such provinces, and is thus critical for understanding petrologic processes and constraining planetary interior evolution and chemistry. Natural volcanic systems exhibit variability in magmatic chemical evolution, crystallinity, oxidation, and eruption-related alteration (e.g. hydrothermal). The extent to which spectroscopy can identify these characteristics alongside each other is thus a key question for interpreting volcanic processes from orbit. While the effects of each of these on visible/near infrared (VNIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectra of igneous rocks has been studied separately to varying degrees, their combined spectral effects (and interpretability of such spectra) are understudied.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66079 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 88
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    Thermochemical Modelling of Fluid-Rock Reactions in Vera Rubin Ridge, Galecrater, Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) in Gale Crater, Mars, is a ~200 m wide ~6.5 km long northeast- southwest resistant geomorphological feature on the northern slopes of Aeolis Mons (Mt. Sharp). Analysis of Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) orbital data showed that VRR has strong hematite spectral signatures. Hematite was confirmed in-situ at VRR with the Curiosity rover and has been shown to be present throughout the Mur- ray formation. VRR is stratigraphically continu-ous with the underlying Murray formation. Previous thermochemical modelling showed how hematite at VRR could have formed as the result of open-system weathering at high water/rock ratios. Here we use thermochemical modelling to investigate possible reaction pathways for the hematite-clay- bearing assemblage observed at VRR, starting from an identified least-altered (minimum clay content) Murray composition, and a Mars basal brine.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66082 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Rock Hard Science: Multispectral and Mineralogical Investigations to Understand Bedrock Spectral Properties and Strength at Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Since the beginning of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) has been a location of interest to the MSL science team because of its apparent erosional resistance and strong near-IR (~860 nm) absorption feature seen from orbit in the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data. The strong CRISM absorption feature along VRR was hypothesized to be primarily associated with an increased abundance of crystal-line hematite compared to lower Mt. Sharp units. How-ever, surface multispectral and mineralogic data, from the Mastcam and CheMin instruments onboard the Curiosity rover, suggest hematite is not the only mineral contributing to the near-IR absorption feature measured in VRR or the reason for its relative hardness.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66066 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 90
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    Estimated Refractive Indices of Calcite, Dolomite, and Magnesite: ~0.3-500 M. (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Carbonate minerals are germane to questions involving volatile and climate history on Mars [e.g., 1-2]. In particular, the abundance of carbonate-bearing minerals can provide broad useful bounds on the amount of CO2 out-gassed into the atmosphere over its history and their spatial distribution and mineralogy can yield constraints on the environments in which they were produced. Earth-based, orbital, and landed spectral observations provide evidence for the presence of carbonates in the Martian environment [3-6]. Infrared observations made from spacecraft near Mars were interpreted to indicate the presence of carbonates. [6] associated the carbonates with the surface dust and interpreted the mineralogy as being consistent with magnesite (MgCO3). Near- infrared observations from Mars orbit have been interpreted to suggest magnesite outcrops in restricted locations [7-9]. Quantitative estimates of the abundance of carbonates on Mars range from 0-3% [3], 2-5% [6], less than a few percent [10], and 〈10% [8]. With the growing evidence for magnesite on Mars additional quantitative estimates can be provided via theoretical modeling of the reflectance from the Martian surface. Calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite ((Ca,Mg)CO3) are identified in Asian dust [2-17%], [10] and calcite in Saharan dust [~8-10% [12-15]. The importance of op- tical constants at visible and near-infrared wavelengths as proxies for estimating the effects at infrared wave- lengths, has been investigated [15]. The growing evidence for Mg-carbonates on Mars, the presence of calcite and dolomite in terrestrial aero- sols, and general lack of optical constants for these materials in the visible- to mid-infrared (VMIR, ~0.3-6 m) has motivated the current effort to estimate the optical constants of calcite, dolomite, and magnesite in the VMIR.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65415 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    A Two Gigayear History of Germanium Outgassing from Shergottites (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Germanium (Ge) and Zn enrichment in martian sedimentary rocks has been reported from rocks at Gale Crater, showing concentrations of Ge from tens to hundreds ppm [1]. The Ge concentrations in martian meteorites are significantly lower (0.5-2.5 ppm) [2]. Our recent studies [3-4] have revealed that Ge is lost from shergottites due to volatility. Recent experimental studies confirm that Ge and Zn are both significantly volatile under magmatic conditions [5-7]. Further, Ge is moderately incompatible during magmatic differentiation [8] so Ge contents in olivines or pyroxenes increase during igneous fractionation in nakhlites and chassignites [4]. Shergottites for which Ge abundances had been determined included rocks with ages of 150-600 Ma, while the enrichments reported from Gale Crater rocks likely occurred over 3 Ga ago. The recent discovery of two unpaired ancient (2.4 Ga) depleted shergottites, NWA 7635 [9] and NWA 8159 [10], afforded the prospect of obtaining an extended history of martian volcanic outgassing. Both of the ancient shergottites are depleted in incompatible elements and share a similar GCR exposure age to younger depleted shergottites implying derivation from a single, long-lived (〉2 Ga) volcanic center [9].
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64816 , 2019 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC); Mar 18, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 92
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    Ready for Our Trip to Mars? Turning the Red Planet Blue (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Mars exploration is one of the major current scientific breakthroughs. NASA is actively developing its Mars Exploration Program through several rovers and orbiters to better understand the origin and current conditions of the Red Planet. Since Mars is more Earth-like than any other planet, understanding its formation and evolution could enable to better understand our own origin. Mars is also considered as a future destination for survival of humankind, assuming our ability to face remaining technical challenges, such as radiation risks, extreme conditions, food and medicine supplies. The recent evidence of liquid water on Mars suggests that life could exist, and will be seeked by NASA Mars 2020 rover. Thus, Mars exploration opens remarkable perspectives towards the discovery of new resources and the humanity's expansion. But this tremendous potential also implies completely new questions: what will happen to the Earth if humans are able to escape from global warming and pollution? How will the Martian land be shared between Nations? Will it be impacted by political conflicts on the Earth? If life exists on Mars, will it be compatible with humans? As we get closer to Mars colonization every day, these questions should be addressed and considered as a new chance to envision a world that could benefit from the lessons of History. So, in addition to technical and scientific progress, Mars exploration gives us the chance to redefine our society as a whole.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65420 , TEDx UniversitýLyon3; Mar 05, 2019; Lyon; France
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  • 93
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    Calculated Thicknesses of Volcanically Derived Water Ice Deposits at the Lunar Poles (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Overview - What we know: Volcanically derived volatiles; Timing of volatile release; Current observations of lunar polar volatiles - How volatiles migrated on the Moon - Thickness of resulting deposits - Implications for the current distribution of lunar volatiles.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN66767 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Partially Chloritized Smectites: Analogues of Smectites at Gale Crater, Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Characterizing the structure and composition of phyllosilicates is important for interpreting the aqueous history of Mars and identifying potential habitable environments. Smectites and chlorites are the most dominant clay types on Mars, and there is evidence of the presence of smectite/chlorite intergrades. Smectite has been detected at Gale Crater, Mars, via orbital observations and in-situ measurements, in abundances up to approximately 25 weight percentage of bulk rock. John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) were analyzed by the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) and Samples Analysis at Mars (SAM) evolved gas analysis experiment (EGA) instruments, onboard Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Curiosity, to distinguish clay mineralogy. John Klein has a collapsed 2:1 smectite with a d-spacing of 10 Angstroms, whereas Cumberland smectite did not fully collapse and has a d-spacing of approximately 13.2 Angstroms. It has been suggested that partial chloritization or pillaring could be responsible for the expanded Cumberland smectite because pillaring inhibits the collapse of smectites down to 10 Angstrom, even under the desiccating conditions on the martian surface. Clay minerals have been detected in ancient fluvio-lacustrine rocks throughout Curiositys traverse and catalog the changes of the lake water chemistry and diagenetic conditions at Gale Crater, Mars. Investigating clay minerals is important for identifying them on the Martian surface, in particular as Curiosity proceeds into the upcoming Clay-bearing Unit.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64975 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, Texas; United States
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    Acid-Sulfate Weathering Environment at Shergottite Provenance on Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: In some impact melt (IM) glasses in the shergottites such as EET79001, Shergotty and Tissint, recently showed that secondary mineral assemblages having large sulfur excesses cannot be produced in-situ by impact shock melting of the host rock constituents. Instead, these putative secondary minerals inferred to be present in IM glasses were produced somewhere else in the shergottite source region and were subsequently mobilized into the host rock voids (by lava erosion or aolian activity) prior to impact ejection. In this abstract, we examine the aqueous conditions (pH and water/rock ratios) under which the acid sulfate solutions could have interacted with the primary minerals in the basaltic rocks and precipitated the secondary minerals such as Fe-sulfates in some cases and Ca- and Al-sulfates in other cases under favorable conditions at the shergottite provenance on Mars.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN65247 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    JSC-Rocknest: a Large-Scale Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS) Based Soil Simulant for In-Situ Resource Utilization Water-Extraction Studies (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Johnson Space Center Rocknest (JSC-RN) simulant was developed in response to a need by NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) project for a simulant to be used in component and system testing for water extraction from Mars regolith. JSC-RN was de-signed to be chemically and mineralogically similar to material from the aeolian sand shadow named Rocknest in Gale Crater, particularly the 1-3 weight percentage water release as measured by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument. Rocknest material is a proxy for average martian soils, which are unconsolidated and could be easily scooped by rovers or landers in order to extract water. One way in which water can be extracted from aeolian material is through heating, where adsorbed and structural water is thermally removed from minerals. The water can then be condensed and used as drinking water or split and used as propellant for spacecraft or as a source of breathable O2. As such, it was essential that JSC-RN contained evolved gas profiles, especially low temperature water (less than 400 degrees Centigrade), that mimicked what is observed in martian soils. Because many of these ISRU tests require hundreds of kilograms of Mars soil simulant, it was essential that JSC-RN be cost-effective and based on com-ponents that could be purchased commercially (i.e., not synthesized in the lab). Here, we describe the JSC-RN martian soil simulant, which is ideal for large-scale production and use in ISRU water extraction studies.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN65163 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    A Diversity of Calcium-Rich Carbonates in EETA 79001 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Carbonate minerals of martian origin are present in several martian meteorites in trace concentrations (less than 1 percent) and possess unique isotopic signatures that suggest that the martian environment and/or isotopic reservoirs are very different from the Earths. Carbonates are most common in the older martian meteorites (ALH 84001 and the nakhlites), however, there have been reports of carbonate in the younger shergottites including EETA 79001 (Mars meteorite Elephant Moraine 79001). Acidification studies of Zagami and Shergotty have shown that CO2 is released suggesting that carbonate phases are present in these meteorites, but the origin of these phases is controversial. The young ages of the shergottites makes them important samples for understanding the modern martian environment. The carbonates in EETA 79001 are the best-characterized secondary minerals in a shergottite, but their origin remains controversial. Gooding et al. argued that two types of carbonate occur with-in the glassy parts of the meteorite. One type, nearly pure CaCO3 associated with Ca-sulfate shows textural evidence for being present in the rock prior to it being shocked, suggesting formation on Mars. The second was more abundant and consists of Ca-rich carbonate, possibly with finely intergrown Mg-phosphate, but does not possess any textural relationships indicative of a martian origin. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies of this carbonate yielded oxygen isotopes that potentially suggest a martian origin as well
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66442 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Origin and Speciation of Sulfur Compounds in the Murray Formation, Gale Crater, Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Mars Curiosity rover has traversed nearly 20 km and gained over 350 meters in elevation since landing in Gale crater in August 2012. Through 2250 sols of surface operations, Curiosity has spent approximately 60% of its time investigating the Murray formation, a unit of layered sediments. The occurrence of sulfur compounds in the Murray formation has been established by imaging of light-toned veins by MastCam and MAHLI, chemical compositions measured by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and ChemCam, crystalline phase identifications by the CheMin X-ray diffractometer, and evolved gas analyses from the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64832 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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    Boots on Moon: Going Forward to the Moon to Stay (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This package is for the conduct of a workshop during the International Space University Space Studies Program in the summer of 2019 being held in Strasbourg, France. It gives publicly available information on NASA and international plans to move beyond low Earth orbit to the Moon and discusses challenges and capabilities. This information will provide the participants a basic level of insight to develop a response on their perceived obstacles to a future vision of humans endeavors on the Moon.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN70238 , International Space University Space Studies Program (SSP19): Exploration Workshop; Jun 24, 2019 - Aug 23, 2019; Strasbourg; France
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    Percentage of Water Retained in Icy Lunar Regolith Simulant During Transfer into a Sample Container (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We now know that water ice exists on the lunar surface thanks to the findings of multiple lunar missions such as LRO and LCROSS. However, before we develop systems that can utilize this precious resource at a useful scale, we need to acquire more data about the concentration of water in the lunar regolith and how it may vary by depth and location. The OVEN (Optimized Volatile Extraction Node) system is designed to determine the concentration of water as part of an instrument called WAVE (Water Analysis & Volatile Extraction) which can be deployed during a lunar resource prospecting mission. Experiments were carried out at the Johnson Space Center in order to better understand the potential losses of water that may occur during a prospecting mission when a sample is transferred from a drill to the OVEN. A description of the experiment as well as the results will be presented here.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN69624 , Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2019; Jun 18, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Pasadena, CA; United States
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