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  • 1
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    [Editors' Choice] Carboxylating stubborn alkyl chlorides (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    [This Week in Science] Olefins enlisted to attack ketones (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-08
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    [This Week in Science] A radical route to ophiobolin rings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    [This Week in Science] A light approach to C-N bond formation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    [Editors' Choice] Iron takes alcohols to carboxylic acids (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-22
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    [This Week in Science] Catalysis gets all tied up in knots (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-24
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    [This Week in Science] Adding two fluorines to just one carbon (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-01
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    [Perspective] Three catalysts for activating carbon-hydrogen bonds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-10
    Beschreibung: Transition metal–catalyzed arylation of C–H bonds has been intensively studied for forming C–C bonds in complex-molecule synthesis (1). An acidic C–H bond (for example, one near a double bond or an O atom) is cleaved to form a carbon–metal bond, which then couples to arene. Many of these organometallic species can be generated catalytically. Much less research has dealt with unreactive nonacidic sp3 C–H bond functionalization (3). On page 1304 of this issue, Shaw et al. (3) report an efficient and general method that focuses on arylation of sp3 C–H bonds at carbon atoms adjacent to amines and to cyclic ethers by combining nickel, visible-light photoredox, and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) catalysis. Author: Corinne Fruit
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    [This Week in Science] A tip of the HAT to C-C bond formation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-10
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    [This Week in Science] A rhodium route from C-H to C-N bonds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 11
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    [This Week in Science] Copper-catalyzed radical relay (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-07
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
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    [In Depth] A modular route to new antibiotics (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-20
    Beschreibung: Antibiotics have been taking it on the chin lately. Not only has resistance to the anti-infective medications been growing, but drug companies have been dropping antibiotic research programs, because the drugs are difficult and expensive to make. Now, new help is on the way. Researchers report this week that they've found a way to churn out new members of one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics. These drugs, called macrolides, were first developed in the 1950s and now represent a major bulwark against infections. A bevy of possible new drugs in this class could lead to new weapons against antibiotic-resistant infections, and possibly save millions of lives. Author: Robert F. Service
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 13
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    [This Week in Science] Copper adds alkyls asymmetrically (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-22
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 14
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    [This Week in Science] EZ catalyst control in olefin metathesis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-29
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 15
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    [This Week in Science] Carbon links without helpful neighbors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-05-13
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 16
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    [Perspective] Rethinking the SN2 reaction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-01
    Beschreibung: The SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, X− + RY → XR + Y−, is a paradigm reaction in organic chemistry (1). The modern understanding of the SN2 reaction mechanism is based on work of Hughes and Ingold (2), who proposed that the nucleophile (X−) approaches the carbon atom that bears the leaving group (Y−). As a result, the bond between the carbon atom and the leaving group becomes weakened. As this bond breaks and a new bond forms between the nucleophile and the carbon atom, the configuration of the carbon atom is inverted. Analyses of gas-phase reaction rates led to the suggestion of a potential energy surface (PES) with two wells connected by a central barrier transition state (3). Electronic structure calculations have confirmed this picture for some SN2 reactions (4), but recent studies have shown that the actual reaction dynamics may be considerably more complex (see the figure) (5–8). Authors: Jing Xie, William L. Hase
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 17
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    [This Week in Science] Beyond textbook SN2 chemistry (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-01
    Beschreibung: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    [This Week in Science] CO takes the lead to make β-lactam rings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-18
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    [This Week in Science] Pluses and minuses of BTX behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-18
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 20
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    [Editors' Choice] Lighting the way to fluorine placement (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-03
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 21
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    [Editors' Choice] A pair of tablemates for aromatic benzene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 22
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    [This Week in Science] Catching a break in polyphenol synthesis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 23
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    [This Week in Science] How to turn olefins into nucleophiles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-10-21
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 24
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    [Editors' Choice] Fluorine frolicking with eight friends (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 25
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    [This Week in Science] Stitching a belt out of carbon rings (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-14
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 26
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    [Perspective] Allotropy by design—Carbon nanohoops (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-14
    Beschreibung: The allotropes formed by carbon reflect differences in its bonding: single bonds in diamond, double bonds in graphite and graphene, and triple bonds in polyynes. Fashioning graphene sheets into bowls, monkey saddles, balls, and tubes has led to a number of molecular allotropes of carbon or carbon-rich quasi-allotropes with novel topologies and shapes. A simple ring of carbon can be reduced to practice in various forms (1): a cyclic array of carbon atoms, a “pearl necklace” of benzene rings, or a cylindrical hoop of flank-fused benzenes, just to name a few. On page 172 of this issue, Povie et al. (2) report on the synthesis of an angular-fused hoop structure, which has been a long-standing target. Author: Jay S. Siegel
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 27
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    [This Week in Science] Stitching one alkyl group to another (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-14
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 28
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    [This Week in Science] Coordinated scission of N–H or O–H bonds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-11
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 29
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    [This Week in Science] A salty route to an all-nitrogen ring (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 30
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    [This Week in Science] Boron choreographs a double reaction (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-03
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 31
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    [This Week in Science] Turning benzene into a C–H bond cleaver (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-01
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Perspective] Polynitrogen chemistry enters the ring (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-27
    Beschreibung: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] A cyclic catalyst to pair up sugars (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-13
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Hyperspectral Image Classification using a Self-Organizing Map (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-03
    Beschreibung: The use of hyperspectral data to determine the abundance of constituents in a certain portion of the Earth's surface relies on the capability of imaging spectrometers to provide a large amount of information at each pixel of a certain scene. Today, hyperspectral imaging sensors are capable of generating unprecedented volumes of radiometric data. The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), for example, routinely produces image cubes with 224 spectral bands. This undoubtedly opens a wide range of new possibilities, but the analysis of such a massive amount of information is not an easy task. In fact, most of the existing algorithms devoted to analyzing multispectral images are not applicable in the hyperspectral domain, because of the size and high dimensionality of the images. The application of neural networks to perform unsupervised classification of hyperspectral data has been tested by several authors and also by us in some previous work. We have also focused on analyzing the intrinsic capability of neural networks to parallelize the whole hyperspectral unmixing process. The results shown in this work indicate that neural network models are able to find clusters of closely related hyperspectral signatures, and thus can be used as a powerful tool to achieve the desired classification. The present work discusses the possibility of using a Self Organizing neural network to perform unsupervised classification of hyperspectral images. In sections 3 and 4, the topology of the proposed neural network and the training algorithm are respectively described. Section 5 provides the results we have obtained after applying the proposed methodology to real hyperspectral data, described in section 2. Different parameters in the learning stage have been modified in order to obtain a detailed description of their influence on the final results. Finally, in section 6 we provide the conclusions at which we have arrived.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the Tenth JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop; 267-274
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    Spatial/Spectral Identification of Endmembers from AVIRIS Data using Mathematical Morphology (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-03
    Beschreibung: During the last several years, a number of airborne and satellite hyperspectral sensors have been developed or improved for remote sensing applications. Imaging spectrometry allows the detection of materials, objects and regions in a particular scene with a high degree of accuracy. Hyperspectral data typically consist of hundreds of thousands of spectra, so the analysis of this information is a key issue. Mathematical morphology theory is a widely used nonlinear technique for image analysis and pattern recognition. Although it is especially well suited to segment binary or grayscale images with irregular and complex shapes, its application in the classification/segmentation of multispectral or hyperspectral images has been quite rare. In this paper, we discuss a new completely automated methodology to find endmembers in the hyperspectral data cube using mathematical morphology. The extension of classic morphology to the hyperspectral domain allows us to integrate spectral and spatial information in the analysis process. In Section 3, some basic concepts about mathematical morphology and the technical details of our algorithm are provided. In Section 4, the accuracy of the proposed method is tested by its application to real hyperspectral data obtained from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imaging spectrometer. Some details about these data and reference results, obtained by well-known endmember extraction techniques, are provided in Section 2. Finally, in Section 5 we expose the main conclusions at which we have arrived.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the Tenth JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop; 309-319
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    Marine ecosystem appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: a case study of the live reef fish food trade (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Our ecological footprint analyses of coral reef fish fisheries and, in particular, the live reef fish food trade (FT), indicate many countries' current consumption exceeds estimated sustainable per capita global, regional and local coral reef production levels. Hong Kong appropriates 25% of SE Asia's annual reef fish production of 135 260-286 560 tonnes (t) through its FT demand, exceeding regional biocapacity by 8.3 times; reef fish fisheries demand out-paces sustainable production in the Indo-Pacific and SE Asia by 2.5 and 6 times. In contrast, most Pacific islands live within their own reef fisheries means with local demand at 〈 20% of total capacity in Oceania. The FT annually requisitions up to 40% of SE Asia's estimated reef fish and virtually all of its estimated grouper yields. Our results underscore the unsustainable nature of the FT and the urgent need for regional management and conservation of coral reef fisheries in the Indo-Pacific.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Ambio (ISSN 0044-7447); Volume 32; 7; 481-8
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    Remote sensing and human health: new sensors and new opportunities (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Since the launch of Landsat-1 28 years ago, remotely sensed data have been used to map features on the earth's surface. An increasing number of health studies have used remotely sensed data for monitoring, surveillance, or risk mapping, particularly of vector-borne diseases. Nearly all studies used data from Landsat, the French Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. New sensor systems are in orbit, or soon to be launched, whose data may prove useful for characterizing and monitoring the spatial and temporal patterns of infectious diseases. Increased computing power and spatial modeling capabilities of geographic information systems could extend the use of remote sensing beyond the research community into operational disease surveillance and control. This article illustrates how remotely sensed data have been used in health applications and assesses earth-observing satellites that could detect and map environmental variables related to the distribution of vector-borne and other diseases.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Emerging infectious diseases (ISSN 1080-6040); Volume 6; 3; 217-27
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    The Sandmeier Field Goniometer: A Measurement Tool for Bi-Directional Reflectance (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-03
    Beschreibung: Recent activities at the Remote Sensing Program at Stennis Space Center have identified the need to properly verify and validate data provided by the remote sensing community. One important variable, which effects remote sensing data is bi-directional reflectance distribution (BRDF). In order to quantify the effects of BRDF on man-made and natural ground targets, the Stennis Verification & Validation (V&V) team commissioned the Systems Engineering Division at NASA Ames Research Center to develop a Field Goniometer for use at the V&V Large Target Range and for various ground truthing missions. The Swiss Field Goniometer (FIGOS) was used as a benchmark instrument to design the new state of the art Sandmeier Field Goniometer (SGF), named after Stefan Sandmeier, developer of FIGOS. After establishing requirements for the SFG, design efforts began in early May 1998. The design of the SFG was completed in September 1998. Manufacturing, construction, and testing was completed in May 1999. The SFG was shipped to NASA SSC and fully operational by June 1999.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: 34th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium; 167-174; NASA/CP-2000-209895
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    Comparative Analysis of Daytime Fire Detection Algorithms, Using AVHRR Data for the 1995 Fire Season in Canda: Perspective for MODIS (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2009-05-20
    Beschreibung: Two fixed-threshold Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and European Space Agency (CCRS and ESA) and three contextual GIGLIO, International Geosphere and Biosphere Project, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (GIGLIO, IGBP, and MODIS) algorithms were used for fire detection with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data acquired over Canada during the 1995 fire season. The CCRS algorithm was developed for the boreal ecosystem, while the other four are for global application. The MODIS algorithm, although developed specifically for use with the MODIS sensor data, was applied to AVHRR in this study for comparative purposes. Fire detection accuracy assessment for the algorithms was based on comparisons with available 1995 burned area ground survey maps covering five Canadian provinces. Overall accuracy estimations in terms of omission (CCRS=46%, ESA=81%, GIGLIO=75%, IGBP=51%, MODIS=81%) and commission (CCRS=0.35%, ESA=0.08%, GIGLIO=0.56%, IGBP=0.75%, MODIS=0.08%) errors over forested areas revealed large differences in performance between the algorithms, with no relevance to type (fixed-threshold or contextual). CCRS performed best in detecting real forest fires, with the least omission error, while ESA and MODIS produced the highest omission error, probably because of their relatively high threshold values designed for global application. The commission error values appear small because the area of pixels falsely identified by each algorithm was expressed as a ratio of the vast unburned forest area. More detailed study shows that most commission errors in all the algorithms were incurred in nonforest agricultural areas, especially on days with very high surface temperatures. The advantage of the high thresholds in ESA and MODIS was that they incurred the least commission errors.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Integrated NASA Lidar System Strategy for Space-Based Remote Sensing (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2009-05-14
    Beschreibung: Recent peer reviews of' NASA's space-based lidar missions and of the technology readiness of lasers appropriate for space-based lidars indicated a critical need for an integrated research and development strategy to move laser transmitter technology from low technical readiness levels to the higher levels required for space missions. This paper presents a multi-Center efforts leading to formulation of an integrated NASA strategy to provide the technology and maturity of systems necessary to make Lidar/Laser systems viable for space-based study and monitoring of the earth's atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Laser Radar Conference; Quebec City; Canada
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    Remote Sensing of Icy Galilean Moon Surface and Atmospheric Composition Using Low Energy (1 eV-4 keV) Neutral Atom Imaging (2004)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2004-10-05
    Beschreibung: We describe a low energy neutral atom imager suitable for composition measurements Europa and other icy Galilean moons in the Jovian magnetosphere. This instrument employs conversion surface technology and is sensitive to either neutrals converted to negative ions, neutrals converted to positive ions and the positive ions themselves depending on the power supply. On a mission such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), two back-to-back sensors would be flown with separate power supplies fitted to the neutral atom and iodneutral atom sides. This will allow both remote imaging of 1 eV 〈 E 〈 4 keV neutrals from icy moon surfaces and atmospheres, and in situ measurements of ions at similar energies in the moon ionospheres and Jovian magnetospheric plasma. The instrument provides composition measurements of the neutrals and ions that enter the spectrometer with a mass resolution dependent on the time-of-flight subsystem and capable of resolving molecules. The lower energy neutrals, up to tens of eV, arise from atoms and molecules sputtered off the moon surfaces and out of the moon atmospheres by impacts of more energetic (keV to MeV) ions from the magnetosphere. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) models are used to convert measured neutral abundances to compositional distributions of primary and trace species in the sputtered surfaces and atmospheres. The escaping neutrals can also be detected as ions after photo- or plasma-ionization and pickup. Higher energy, keV neutrals come from charge exchange of magnetospheric ions in the moon atmospheres and provide information on atmospheric structure. At the jovicentric orbits of the icy moons the presence of toroidal gas clouds, as detected at Europa's orbit, provide M e r opportunities to analyze both the composition of neutrals and ions originating from the moon surfaces, and the characteristics of magnetospheric ions interacting with neutral cloud material. Charge exchange of low energy ions near the moons, and directional distributions of the resultant neutrals, allow indirect global mapping of magnetic field structures around the moons. Temporal variation of the magnetic structures can be linked to induced magnetic fields associated with subsurface oceans.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Workshop on Europa's Icy Shell: Past, Present, and Future; 17; LPI-Contrib-1195
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    Education, outreach and the future of remote sensing in human health (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: The human health community has been slow to adopt remote sensing technology for research, surveillance, or control activities. This chapter presents a brief history of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's experiences in the use of remotely sensed data for health applications, and explores some of the obstacles, both real and perceived, that have slowed the transfer of this technology to the health community. These obstacles include the lack of awareness, which must be overcome through outreach and proper training in remote sensing, and inadequate spatial, spectral and temporal data resolutions, which are being addressed as new sensor systems are launched and currently overlooked (and underutilized) sensors are newly discovered by the health community. A basic training outline is presented, along with general considerations for selecting training candidates. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some current and future sensors that show promise for health applications.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Advances in parasitology (ISSN 0065-308X); Volume 47; 331-44
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    Tropospheric Delay Signal in SAR Interferogram and its Correction for Precise Surface Change Detection (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-23
    Beschreibung: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry has become an important tool for measuring the surface deformation and mapping topography. The largest error source of the SAR interferometry measurements is differential atmospheric delay of water vapor. It reflects detailed distribution of water vapor in troposphere at data acquisition. We found phase difference associated with atmospheric waves and severe local atmospheric phenomena in interferograms. To distinguish phase difference associated with surface deformation from tropospheric effect, we need several SAR interferograms including the time period of the deformation. Averaging the interferograms is an effective way to reduce the tropospheric delay from horizontal inhomogeneity of the water vapor distribution. Apart from the tropospheric delay of the horizontal water vapor inhomogeneity, we often find the differential phase correlated to the topography (elevation) in interferograms, which might cause error in interpretation of surface deformation. This phase is due to the differential tropospheric delay caused by the topography and vertical change of water vapor between two images in different atmospheric condition. Theoretical calculation shows that the phase difference can be approximated by linear expression of the elevation. We applied a simple and effective correction method that the error is removed by subtracting the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) multiplied a coefficient.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II; Volume 4152; 190-197
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    Robust Matching of Wavelet Features for Sub-Pixel Registration of Landsat Data (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: For many Earth and Space Science applications, automatic geo-registration at sub-pixel accuracy has become a necessity. In this work, we are focusing on building an operational system, which will provide a sub-pixel accuracy registration of Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 data. The input to our registration method consists of scenes that have been geometrically and radiometrically corrected. Such pre-processed scenes are then geo-registered relative to a database of Landsat chips. The method assumes a transformation composed of a rotation and a translation, and utilizes rotation- and translation-invariant wavelets to extract image features that are matched using statistically robust feature matching and a generalized Hausdorff distance metric. The registration process is described and results on four Landsat input scenes of the Washington, D.C. area are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Combining Radar and Optical Data for Forest Disturbance Studies (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: Disturbance is an important factor in determining the carbon balance and succession of forests. Until the early 1990's researchers have focused on using optical or thermal sensors to detect and map forest disturbances from wild fires, logging or insect outbreaks. As part of a NASA Siberian mapping project, a study evaluated the capability of three different radar sensors (ERS, JERS and Radarsat) and an optical sensor (Landsat 7) to detect fire scars, logging and insect damage in the boreal forest. This paper describes the data sets and techniques used to evaluate the use of remote sensing to detect disturbance in central Siberian forests. Using images from each sensor individually and combined an assessment of the utility of using these sensors was developed. Transformed Divergence analysis and maximum likelihood classification revealed that Landsat data was the single best data type for this purpose. However, the combined use of the three radar and optical sensors did improve the results of discriminating these disturbances.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Workshop on Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Forest Ecosystem Studies; Unknown
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    The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission: A Global DEM (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: Digital topographic data are critical for a variety of civilian, commercial, and military applications. Scientists use Digital Elevation Models (DEM) to map drainage patterns and ecosystems, and to monitor land surface changes over time. The mountain-building effects of tectonics and the climatic effects of erosion can also be modeled with DEW The data's military applications include mission planning and rehearsal, modeling and simulation. Commercial applications include determining locations for cellular phone towers, enhanced ground proximity warning systems for aircraft, and improved maps for backpackers. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) (Fig. 1), is a cooperative project between NASA and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. The mission is designed to use a single-pass radar interferometer to produce a digital elevation model of the Earth's land surface between about 60 degrees north and south latitude. The DEM will have 30 m pixel spacing and about 15 m vertical errors.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    A Multiple Resource Inventory of Delaware Using an Airborne Profiling Laser (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: An airborne profiling laser is used to monitor multiple resources related to landscape structure, both natural and man-made, across regions encompassing hundreds of thousands of hectares. A small, lightweight, inexpensive airborne profiling laser is used to inventory Delaware forests, to estimate impervious surface area statewide, and to locate potentially Suitable Delmarva Fox Squirrel (Scrotum niger cinereus) habitat. Merchantable volume estimates are within 14% of US Forest Service estimates at the county level and within 4% statewide. Total above-ground dry biomass estimates are within 19% of USES estimates at the county level and within 16% statewide. Mature forest stands suitable for reintroduction of the Delmarva Fox Squirrel, an endangered species historically endemic to the eastern shores of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, are identified and mapped along the laser transacts. Intersection lengths with various types of impervious surface (roofs, concrete/asphalt) and open water are tallied to estimate percent and areal coverage statewide, by stratum and county. Laser estimates of open water are within 7% of photointerpreted GIS estimates at the county level and within 3% of the GIS at the state level.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Fires and Smoke Observed from the Earth Observing System MODIS Instrument: Products, Validation, and Operational Use (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The MODIS sensor, launched on NASA's Terra satellite at the end of 1999, was designed with 36 spectral channels for a wide array of land, ocean, and atmospheric investigations. MODIS has a unique ability to observe fires, smoke, and burn scars globally. Its main fire detection channels saturate at high brightness temperatures: 500 K at 4 microns and 400 K at 11 microns, which can only be attained in rare circumstances at the I kin fire detection spatial resolution. Thus, unlike other polar orbiting satellite sensors with similar thermal and spatial resolutions, but much lower saturation temperatures (e.g. AVHRR and ATSR), MODIS can distinguish between low intensity ground surface fires and high intensity crown forest fires. Smoke column concentration over land is for the first time being derived from the MOMS solar channels, extending from 0.41 microns to 2.1 microns. The smoke product has been provisionally validated both globally and regionally over southern Africa and central and south America. Burn scars are observed from MODIS even in the presence of smoke, using the 1.2 to 2.1 micron channels. MODIS burned area information is used to estimate pyrogenic emissions. A wide range of these fire and related products and validation are demonstrated for the wild fires that occurred in northwestern United States in the summer of 2000. The MODIS rapid response system and direct broadcast capability is being developed to enable users to obtain and generate data in near real time. It is expected that health and land management organizations will use these systems for monitoring the occurrence of fires and the dispersion of smoke within two to six hours after data acquisition.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Seasonal Snow Extent and Snow Volume in South America Using SSM/I Passive Microwave Data (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Seasonal snow cover in South America was examined in this study using passive microwave satellite data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSM/I) on board Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. For the period from 1992-1998, both snow cover extent and snow depth (snow mass) were investigated during the winter months (May-August) in the Patagonia region of Argentina. Since above normal temperatures in this region are typically above freezing, the coldest winter month was found to be not only the month having the most extensive snow cover but also the month having the deepest snows. For the seven-year period of this study, the average snow cover extent (May-August) was about 0.46 million sq km and the average monthly snow mass was about 1.18 x 10(exp 13) kg. July 1992 was the month having the greatest snow extent (nearly 0.8 million sq km) and snow mass (approximately 2.6 x 10(exp 13) kg).
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Surface Elevation Changes in West Antarctica from Satellite Altimetry: Mass Balance Implications (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Time-series of surface elevation change, which are constructed from 7-years (1992-1999) of ERS-1 and 2 satellite radar altimeter data of Antarctica, show significant seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term changes. Elevation time-series are created from altimeter crossovers among 90-day data periods on a 50 km grid to 81.5 degrees S and fit with a multivariate linear/sinusoidal function to give the average rate of elevation change (dH/dt) and account for seasonal changes. On the major Ronne, Filchner, and Ronne ice shelves, the dH/dt are small or near zero. In contrast, the ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula and along the West Antarctic coast appear to be thinning significantly, with a 23 +/- 3 cm a(exp -1) surface elevation decrease on the Larsen ice shelf and a 65 +/- 4 cm a(exp -1) decrease on the Dotson ice shelf. Significant elevation decreases are obtained over most of the drainage basins of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. Significant increases are obtained over most of the other grounded ice in Marie Byrd Land, the Antarctic Peninsula, and Coates Land. Over the sector from 85 degrees W to 115 degrees W, which includes the Pine Island and Thwaites basins, the average elevation is significantly decreasing by 8.1 cm a(exp -1). The corresponding ice thickness change is about -11 cm a(exp -1), with a corresponding mass loss of 82 Gt a(exp -1), and a 0.22 mm a(exp -1) contribution to global sea level rise. In terms of elevation change, the decrease in the Pine Island-Thwaites sector is largely balanced by the increase in the Marie Byrd Land, but only balanced by about 1/4 in terms of ice thickness change and contribution to sea level rise. The overall average elevation change for the grounded ice is + 1.2 cm a(exp -1). Using an average bedrock uplift of 2.5 cm a(exp -1), implies an average ice thickness decrease of 1.3 cm a(exp -1), a mass loss of 22 Gt a(exp -1), and a 0.06 mm a(exp -1) contribution to global sea level rise.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Validation of MODIS Aerosol Retrieval Over Ocean (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) algorithm for determining aerosol characteristics over ocean is performing with remarkable accuracy. A two-month data set of MODIS retrievals co-located with observations from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) ground-based sunphotometer network provides the necessary validation. Spectral radiation measured by MODIS (in the range 550 - 2100 nm) is used to retrieve the aerosol optical thickness, effective particle radius and ratio between the submicron and micron size particles. MODIS-retrieved aerosol optical thickness at 660 nm and 870 nm fall within the expected uncertainty, with the ensemble average at 660 nm differing by only 2% from the AERONET observations and having virtually no offset. MODIS retrievals of aerosol effective radius agree with AERONET retrievals to within +/- 0.10 micrometers, while MODIS-derived ratios between large and small mode aerosol show definite correlation with ratios derived from AERONET data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    EOS Data Products Handbook (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The EOS Data Products Handbook provides brief descriptions of the data products that will be produced from a range of missions of the Earth Observing System (EOS) and associated projects. Volume 1, originally published in 1997, covers the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Terra mission (formerly named EOS AM-1), and the Data Assimilation System, while this volume, Volume 2, covers the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite (ACRIMSAT), Aqua, Jason-1, Landsat 7, Meteor 3M/Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III). the Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat), the Quick Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (Quik-TOMS), and the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) missions. Volume 2 follows closely the format of Volume 1, providing a list of products and an introduction and overview descriptions of the instruments and data processing, all introductory to the core of the book, which presents the individual data product descriptions, organized into 11 topical chapters. The product descriptions are followed by five appendices, which provide contact information for the EOS data centers that will be archiving and distributing the data sets, contact information for the science points of contact for the data products, references, acronyms and abbreviations, and a data products index.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Outlet Glacier and Margin Elevation Changes: Near - Coastal Thinning of The Greenland Ice Sheet (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Repeat surveys by aircraft laser altimeter in 1993/4 and 1998/9 reveal significant thinning along 70% of the coastal parts of the Greenland ice sheet at elevations below about 2000 m. Thinning rates of more than 1 m/yr are common along many outlet glaciers, at all latitudes and, in some cases, at elevations up to 1500 m. Warmer summers along parts of the coast may have caused a few tens of cm/yr additional melting, but most of the observed thinning probably results from increased glacier velocities and associated creep rates. Three glaciers in the northeast all show patterns of thickness change indicative of surging behavior, and one has been independently documented as a surging glacier. There are a few areas of significant thickening (over 1 m/yr), and these are probably related to higher than normal accumulation rates during the observation period.
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    A New Fast Algorithm to Completely Account for Non-Lambertian Surface Reflection of The Earth (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) influences not only radiance just about the surface, but that emerging from the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In this study we propose a new, fast and accurate, algorithm CASBIR (correction for anisotropic surface bidirectional reflection) to account for such influences on radiance measured above TOA. This new algorithm is based on a 4-stream theory that separates the radiation field into direct and diffuse components in both upwelling and downwelling directions. This is important because the direct component accounts for a substantial portion of incident radiation under a clear sky, and the BRDF effect is strongest in the reflection of the direct radiation reaching the surface. The model is validated by comparison with a full-scale, vector radiation transfer model for the atmosphere-surface system. The result demonstrates that CASBIR performs very well (with overall relative difference of less than one percent) for all solar and viewing zenith and azimuth angles considered in wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared over three typical, but very different surface types. Application of this algorithm includes both accounting for non-Lambertian surface scattering on the emergent radiation above TOA and a potential approach for surface BRDF retrieval from satellite measured radiance.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    A Melting Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: In this study, a 1-D steady-state microphysical model which describes the vertical distribution of melting precipitation particles is developed. The model is driven by the ice-phase precipitation distributions just above the freezing level at applicable gridpoints of "parent" 3-D cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations. It extends these simulations by providing the number density and meltwater fraction of each particle in finely separated size categories through the melting layer. The depth of the modeled melting layer is primarily determined by the initial material density of the ice-phase precipitation. The radiative properties of melting precipitation at microwave frequencies are calculated based upon different methods for describing the dielectric properties of mixed phase particles. Particle absorption and scattering efficiencies at the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager frequencies (10.65 to 85.5 GHz) are enhanced greatly for relatively small (approx. 0.1) meltwater fractions. The relatively large number of partially-melted particles just below the freezing level in stratiform regions leads to significant microwave absorption, well-exceeding the absorption by rain at the base of the melting layer. Calculated precipitation backscatter efficiencies at the Precipitation Radar frequency (13.8 GHz) increase in proportion to the particle meltwater fraction, leading to a "bright-band" of enhanced radar reflectivities in agreement with previous studies. The radiative properties of the melting layer are determined by the choice of dielectric models and the initial water contents and material densities of the "seeding" ice-phase precipitation particles. Simulated melting layer profiles based upon snow described by the Fabry-Szyrmer core-shell dielectric model and graupel described by the Maxwell-Garnett water matrix dielectric model lead to reasonable agreement with radar-derived melting layer optical depth distributions. Moreover, control profiles that do not contain mixed-phase precipitation particles yield optical depths that are systematically lower than those observed. Therefore, the use of the melting layer model to extend 3-D CRM simulations appears justified, at least until more realistic spectral methods for describing melting precipitation in high-resolution, 3-D CRM's are implemented.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    A Catchment-Based Approach to Modeling Land Surface Processes in a GCM (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: A new strategy for modeling the land surface component of the climate system is described. The strategy is motivated by an arguable deficiency in most state-of-the-art land surface models (LSMs), namely the disproportionately higher emphasis given to the formulation of one-dimensional, vertical physics relative to the treatment of horizontal heterogeneity in surface properties -- particularly subgrid soil moisture variability and its effects on runoff generation. The new strategy calls for the partitioning of the continental surface into a mosaic of hydrologic catchments, delineated through analysis of high-resolution surface elevation data. The effective "grid" used for the land surface is therefore not specified by the overlying atmospheric grid. Within each catchment, the variability of soil moisture is related to characteristics of the topography and to three bulk soil moisture variables through a well-established model of catchment processes. This modeled variability allows the partitioning of the catchment into several areas representing distinct hydrological regimes, wherein distinct (regime-specific) evaporation and runoff parameterizations are applied. Care is taken to ensure that the deficiencies of the catchment model in regions of little to moderate topography are minimized.
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    A Catchment-Based Approach to Modeling Land Surface Processes in a GCM (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The viability of a new catchment-based land surface model (LSM) developed for use with general circulation models is demonstrated. First, simple empirical functions -- tractable enough for operational use in the LSM -- are established that faithfully capture the control of topography on the subgrid variability of soil moisture and the surface water budget, as predicted by theory. Next, the full LSM is evaluated offline. Using forcing and validation datasets developed for PILPS Phase 2c, the minimally calibrated model is shown to reproduce observed evaporation and runoff fluxes successfully in the Red-Arkansas River Basin. A complementary idealized study that employs the range of topographic variability seen over North America demonstrates that the simulated surface water budget does vary strongly with topography, which can, by itself, induce variations in annual evaporation as high as 20%.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    A Melting Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The one-dimensional, steady-state melting layer model developed in Part I of this study is used to calculate both the microphysical and radiative properties of melting precipitation, based upon the computed concentrations of snow and graupel just above the freezing level at applicable horizontal gridpoints of 3-dimensional cloud resolving model simulations. The modified 3-dimensional distributions of precipitation properties serve as input to radiative transfer calculations of upwelling radiances and radar extinction/reflectivities at the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) frequencies, respectively. At the resolution of the cloud resolving model grids (approx. 1 km), upwelling radiances generally increase if mixed-phase precipitation is included in the model atmosphere. The magnitude of the increase depends upon the optical thickness of the cloud and precipitation, as well as the scattering characteristics of ice-phase precipitation aloft. Over the set of cloud resolving model simulations utilized in this study, maximum radiance increases of 43, 28, 18, and 10 K are simulated at 10.65, 19.35 GHz, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz, respectively. The impact of melting on TMI-measured radiances is determined not only by the physics of the melting particles but also by the horizontal extent of the melting precipitation, since the lower-frequency channels have footprints that extend over 10''s of kilometers. At TMI resolution, the maximum radiance increases are 16, 15, 12, and 9 K at the same frequencies. Simulated PR extinction and reflectivities in the melting layer can increase dramatically if mixed-phase precipitation is included, a result consistent with previous studies. Maximum increases of 0.46 (-2 dB) in extinction optical depth and 5 dBZ in reflectivity are simulated based upon the set of cloud resolving model simulations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    The Use of Multi-Source Satellite and Geospatial Data to Study the Effect of Urbanization of Primary Productivity in the United States (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Data from two different satellites, a digital land cover map, and digital census data were analyzed and combined in a geographic information system to study the effect of urbanization on photosynthetic vegetation productivity in the United States. Results show that urbanization can have a measurable but variable impact on the primary productivity of the land surface. Annual productivity can be reduced by as much as 20 days in some areas, but in resource limited regions, photosynthetic production can be enhanced by human activity. Overall, urban development reduces the productivity of the land surface and those areas with the highest productivity are directly in the path of urban sprawl.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    High Resolution Surface Geometry and Albedo by Combining Laser Altimetry and Visible Images (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The need for accurate geometric and radiometric information over large areas has become increasingly important. Laser altimetry is one of the key technologies for obtaining this geometric information. However, there are important application areas where the observing platform has its orbit constrained by the other instruments it is carrying, and so the spatial resolution that can be recorded by the laser altimeter is limited. In this paper we show how information recorded by one of the other instruments commonly carried, a high-resolution imaging camera, can be combined with the laser altimeter measurements to give a high resolution estimate both of the surface geometry and its reflectance properties. This estimate has an accuracy unavailable from other interpolation methods. We present the results from combining synthetic laser altimeter measurements on a coarse grid with images generated from a surface model to re-create the surface model.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Annapolis, MD; United States
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    Validation of MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval Over Land (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Aerosol optical depths are derived operationally for the first time over land in the visible wavelengths by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) onboard the EOSTerra spacecraft. More than 300 Sun photometer data points from more than 30 AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites globally were used in validating the aerosol optical depths obtained during July - September 2000. Excellent agreement is found with retrieval errors within (Delta)tau=+/- 0.05 +/- 0.20 tau, as predicted, over (partially) vegetated surfaces, consistent with pre-launch theoretical analysis and aircraft field experiments. In coastal and semi-arid regions larger errors are caused predominantly by the uncertainty in evaluating the surface reflectance. The excellent fit was achieved despite the ongoing improvements in instrument characterization and calibration. This results show that MODIS-derived aerosol optical depths can be used quantitatively in many applications with cautions for residual clouds, snow/ice, and water contamination.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    MODIS Snow-Cover Products (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: On December 18, 1999, the Terra satellite was launched with a complement of five instruments including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Many geophysical products are derived from MODIS data including global snow-cover products. These products have been available through the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) since September 13, 2000. MODIS snow-cover products represent potential improvement to the currently available operation products mainly because the MODIS products are global and 500-m resolution, and have the capability to separate most snow and clouds. Also the snow-mapping algorithms are automated which means that a consistent data set is generated for long-term climates studies that require snow-cover information. Extensive quality assurance (QA) information is stored with the product. The snow product suite starts with a 500-m resolution swath snow-cover map which is gridded to the Integerized Sinusoidal Grid to produce daily and eight-day composite tile products. The sequence then proceeds to a climate-modeling grid product at 5-km spatial resolution, with both daily and eight-day composite products. A case study from March 6, 2000, involving MODIS data and field and aircraft measurements, is presented. Near-term enhancements include daily snow albedo and fractional snow cover.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; Unknown
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    ESTAR Measurements During the Southern Great Plains Experiment (SGP99) (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: During the Southern Great Plains experiment, the synthetic aperture radiometer, ESTAR, mapped L-band brightness temperature over a swath about 50 km wide and about 300 km long extending west from Oklahoma City to El Reno and north from the Little Washita River watershed to the Kansas border. ESTAR flew on the NASA P-3B Orion aircraft at an altitude of 7.6 km and maps were made on 7 days between July 8-20, 1999. The brightness temperature maps reflect the patterns of soil moisture expected from rainfall and are consistent with values of soil moisture observed at the research sites within the SGP99 study area and with previous measurements in this area. The data add to the resources for hydrologic modeling in this area and are further validation of the technology represented by ESTAR as a potential path to a future mission to map soil moisture globally from space.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Satellite Ocean Color: Present Status, Future Challenges (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: We are midway into our 5th consecutive year of nearly continuous, high quality ocean color observations from space. The Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner/Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (OCTS/POLDER: Nov. 1996 - Jun. 1997), the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS: Sep. 1997 - present), and now the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS: Sep. 2000 - present) have and are providing unprecedented views of chlorophyll dynamics on global scales. Global synoptic views of ocean chlorophyll were once a fantasy for ocean color scientists. It took nearly the entire 8-year lifetime of limited Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) observations to compile seasonal climatologies. Now SeaWIFS produces comparably complete fields in about 8 days. For the first time, scientists may observe spatial and temporal variability never before seen in a synoptic context. Even more exciting, we are beginning to plausibly ask questions of interannual variability. We stand at the beginning of long-time time series of ocean color, from which we may begin to ask questions of interdecadal variability and climate change. These are the scientific questions being addressed by users of the 18-year Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer time series with respect to terrestrial processes and ocean temperatures. The nearly 5-year time series of ocean color observations now being constructed, with possibilities of continued observations, can put us at comparable standing with our terrestrial and physical oceanographic colleagues, and enable us to understand how ocean biological processes contribute to, and are affected by global climate change.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Satellite Remote Sensing: Passive-Microwave Measurements of Sea Ice (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Satellite passive-microwave measurements of sea ice have provided global or near-global sea ice data for most of the period since the launch of the Nimbus 5 satellite in December 1972, and have done so with horizontal resolutions on the order of 25-50 km and a frequency of every few days. These data have been used to calculate sea ice concentrations (percent areal coverages), sea ice extents, the length of the sea ice season, sea ice temperatures, and sea ice velocities, and to determine the timing of the seasonal onset of melt as well as aspects of the ice-type composition of the sea ice cover. In each case, the calculations are based on the microwave emission characteristics of sea ice and the important contrasts between the microwave emissions of sea ice and those of the surrounding liquid-water medium.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Trends in the Length of the Southern Ocean Sea Ice Season: 1979-1999 (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Satellite data can be used to observe the sea ice distribution around the continent of Antarctica on a daily basis and hence to determine how many days a year have sea ice at each location. This has been done for each of the 21 years 1979-1999. Mapping the trends in these data over the 21-year period reveals a detailed pattern of changes in the length of the sea ice season around Antarctica. Most of the Ross Sea ice cover has undergone a lengthening of the sea ice season, whereas most of the Amundsen Sea ice cover and almost the entire Bellingshausen Sea ice cover have undergone a shortening of the sea ice season. Results around the rest of the continent, including in the Weddell Sea, are more mixed, but overall, more of the Southern Ocean experienced a lengthening of the sea ice season than a shortening. For instance, the area experiencing a lengthening of the sea ice season by at least 1 day per year is 5.8 x 10(exp 6) sq km, whereas the area experiencing a shortening of the sea ice season by at least 1 day per year is less than half that, at 2.8 x 10(exp 6) sq km. This contrasts sharply with what is happened over the same period in the Arctic, where, overall, there has been some depletion of the ice cover, including shortened sea ice seasons and decreased ice extents.
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    A Methodology for Surface Soil Moisture and Vegetation Optical Depth Retrieval Using the Microwave Polarization Difference Index (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: A methodology for retrieving surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth from satellite microwave radiometer data is presented. The procedure is tested with historical 6.6 GHz brightness temperature observations from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer over several test sites in Illinois. Results using only nighttime data are presented at this time, due to the greater stability of nighttime surface temperature estimation. The methodology uses a radiative transfer model to solve for surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth simultaneously using a non-linear iterative optimization procedure. It assumes known constant values for the scattering albedo and roughness. Surface temperature is derived by a procedure using high frequency vertically polarized brightness temperatures. The methodology does not require any field observations of soil moisture or canopy biophysical properties for calibration purposes and is totally independent of wavelength. Results compare well with field observations of soil moisture and satellite-derived vegetation index data from optical sensors.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Airborne Laser Altimetry Mapping of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Application to Mass Balance Assessment (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: In 1998 and '99, the Arctic Ice Mapping (AIM) program completed resurveys of lines occupied 5 years earlier revealing elevation changes of the Greenland ice sheet and identifying areas of significant thinning, thickening and balance. In planning these surveys, consideration had to be given to the spatial constraints associated with aircraft operation, the spatial nature of ice sheet behavior, and limited resources, as well as temporal issues, such as seasonal and interannual variability in the context of measurement accuracy. This paper examines the extent to which the sampling and survey strategy is valid for drawing conclusions on the current state of balance of the Greenland ice sheet. The surveys covered the entire ice sheet with an average distance of 21.4 km between each location on the ice sheet and the nearest flight line. For most of the ice sheet, the elevation changes show relatively little spatial variability, and their magnitudes are significantly smaller than the observed elevation change signal. As a result, we conclude that the density of the sampling and the accuracy of the measurements are sufficient to draw meaningful conclusions on the state of balance of the entire ice sheet over the five-year survey period. Outlet glaciers, however, show far more spatial and temporal variability, and each of the major ones is likely to require individual surveys in order to determine its balance.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Ocean Raman Scattering in Satellite Backscatter UV Measurements (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Ocean Raman scattering significantly contributes to the filling-in of solar Fraunhofer lines measured by satellite backscatter ultraviolet (buy) instruments in the cloudless atmosphere over clear ocean waters. A model accounting for this effect in buy measurements is developed and compared with observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GONE). The model extends existing models for ocean Raman scattering to the UV spectral range. Ocean Raman scattering radiance is propagated through the atmosphere using a concept of the Lambert equivalent reflectively and an accurate radiative transfer model for Rayleigh scattering. The model and observations can be used to evaluate laboratory measurements of pure water absorption in the UV. The good agreement between model and observations suggests that buy instruments may be useful for estimating chlorophyll content.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    The Impact of Detailed Snow Physics on the Simulation of Snow Cover and Subsurface Thermodynamics at Continental Scales (2000)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The three-layer snow model is coupled to the global catchment-based Land Surface Model (LSM) of the NASA Seasonal to Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) project, and the combined models are used to simulate the growth and ablation of snow cover over the North American continent for the period 1987-1988. The various snow processes included in the three-layer model, such as snow melting and re-freezing, dynamic changes in snow density, and snow insulating properties, are shown (through a comparison with the corresponding simulation using a much simpler snow model) to lead to an improved simulation of ground thermodynamics on the continental scale.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Lidar Remote Sensing (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The laser radar, or lidar (for light detection and ranging) is an important tool for atmospheric studies. Lidar provides a unique and powerful method for unobtrusively profiling aerosols, wind, water vapor, temperature, and other atmospheric parameters. This brief overview of lidar remote sensing is focused on atmospheric applications involving pulsed lasers. The level of technical detail is aimed at the educated non-lidar expert and references are provided for further investigation of specific topics. The article is divided into three main sections. The first describes atmospheric scattering processes and the physics behind laser-atmosphere interactions. The second section highlights some of the primary lidar applications, with brief descriptions of each measurement capability. The third section describes the practical aspects of lidar operation, including the governing equation and operational considerations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    ECHO Responds to NASA's Earth Science User Community (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Over the past decade NASA has designed, built, evolved, and operated the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Information Management System (IMS) in order to provide user access to NASA's Earth Science data holdings. During this time revolutionary advances in technology have driven changes in NASA's approach to providing an IMS service. This paper will describe NASA's strategic planning and approach to build and evolve the EOSDIS IMS and to serve the evolving needs of NASA's Earth Science community. It discusses the original strategic plan and how lessons learned help to form a new plan, a new approach and a new system. It discusses the original technologies and how they have evolved to today.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    The Potential of Using Landsat 7 Data for the Classification of Sea Ice Surface Conditions During Summer (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: During spring and summer, the Surface of the Arctic sea ice cover undergoes rapid changes that greatly affect the surface albedo and significantly impact the further decay of the sea ice. These changes are primarily the development of a wet snow cover and the development of melt ponds. As melt pond diameters generally do not exceed a couple of meters, the spatial resolutions of sensors like AVHRR and MODIS are too coarse for their identification. Landsat 7, on the other hand, has a spatial resolution of 30 m (15 m for the pan-chromatic band). The different wavelengths (bands) from blue to near-infrared offer the potential to distinguish among different surface conditions. Landsat 7 data for the Baffin Bay region for June 2000 have been analyzed. The analysis shows that different surface conditions, such as wet snow and meltponded areas, have different signatures in the individual Landsat bands. Consistent with in-situ albedo measurements, melt ponds show up as blueish whereas dry and wet ice have a white to gray appearance in the Landsat true-color image. These spectral differences enable the distinction of melt ponds. The melt pond fraction for the scene studied in this paper was 37%.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Analysis of Radar Images of Angkor, Cambodia (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: During the 1996 AIRSAR Pacific Rim Deployment, data were collected over Angkor in Cambodia. The temples of Angkor date the succession of cities to the 9th-13th century AD, but little is known of its prehistoric habitation. A related area of archaeological debate has been the origin, spiritual meaning and use of the hydraulic constructions in the urban zone. The high resolution, multi-channel capability of AIRSAR, together with the unprecedentedly accurate topography provided by TOPSAR, offer identification and delineation of these features. Examples include previously unrecorded circular earthworks around circular village sites, detection of unrecorded earthwork dykes, reservoirs and canal features, and of temple sites located some distance from the main temple complex at Angkor.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Profiles from Satellites and Aircraft (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-23
    Beschreibung: A future hyperspectral resolution remote imaging and sounding system, called the GIFTS (Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer), is described. An airborne system, which produces the type of hyperspectral resolution sounding data to be achieved with the GIFTS, has been flown on high altitude aircraft. Results from simulations and from the airborne measurements are presented to demonstrate the revolutionary remote sounding capabilities to be realized with future satellite hyperspectral remote imaging/sounding systems.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Land and Atmosphere; Volume 4151; 94-102
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    Geostationary Imaging FTS (GIFTS) Data Processing: Measurement Simulation and Compression (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-23
    Beschreibung: GIFTS (Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer), a forerunner of next generation geostationary satellite weather observing systems, will be built to fly on the NASA EO-3 geostationary orbit mission in 2004 to demonstrate the use of large area detector arrays and readouts. Timely high spatial resolution images and quantitative soundings of clouds, water vapor, temperature, and pollutants of the atmosphere for weather prediction and air quality monitoring will be achieved. GIFTS is novel in terms of providing many scientific returns that traditionally can only be achieved by separate advanced imaging and sounding systems. GIFTS' ability to obtain half-hourly high vertical density wind over the full earth disk is revolutionary. However, these new technologies bring forth many challenges for data transmission, archiving, and geophysical data processing. In this paper, we will focus on the aspect of data volume and downlink issues by conducting a GIFTS data compression experiment. We will discuss the scenario of using principal component analysis as a foundation for atmospheric data retrieval and compression of uncalibrated and un-normalized interferograms. The effects of compression on the degradation of the signal and noise reduction in interferogram and spectral domains will be highlighted. A simulation system developed to model the GIFTS instrument measurements is described in detail.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Land and Atmosphere; Volume 4151; 103-114
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    New Examination of the Raman Lidar Technique for Water Vapor and Aerosols (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The intent of this paper and its companion is to compile together the essential information required for the analysis of Raman lidar water vapor and aerosol data acquired using a single laser wavelength. In this first paper several details concerning the evaluation of the lidar equation when measuring Raman scattering are considered. These details include the influence of the temperature dependence of both pure rotational and vibrational-rotational Raman scattering on the lidar profile. These are evaluated for the first time using a new form of the lidar equation. The results indicate that, for the range of temperatures encountered in the troposphere, the magnitude of the temperature dependent effect can reach 10% or more for narrowband Raman water vapor measurements. Also the calculation of atmospheric transmission is examined carefully including the effects of depolarization. Different formulations of Rayleigh cross section determination commonly used in the lidar field are compared revealing differences up to 5% among the formulations. The influence of multiple scattering on the measurement of aerosol extinction using the Raman lidar technique is considered as are several photon pulse-pileup correction techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Relationship Between Surface Reflectance in the Visible and Mid-IR used in MODIS Aerosol Algorithm-Theory (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: Data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument that flies in polar orbit on the Terra platform, are used to derive the aerosol optical thickness and properties over land and ocean. The relationships between visible reflectance (at blue, rho(sub blue), and red, rho(sub red)) and mid-infrared (at 2.1 microns, rho(sub 2.1)) are used in the MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm to derive global distribution of aerosols over the land. These relations have been established from a series of measurements indicating that rho(sub blue) is approximately 0.5 rho(sub red) is approximately 0.25 rho(sub 2.1). Here we use a model to describe the transfer of radiation through a vegetation canopy composed of randomly oriented leaves to assess the theoretical foundations for these relationships. Calculations for a wide range of leaf area indices and vegetation fractions show that rho(sub blue) is consistently about 1/4 of rho(sub 2.1) as used by MODIS for the whole range of analyzed cases, except for very dark soils, such as those found in burn scars. For its part, the ratio rho(sub red)/rho(sub 2.1) varies from less than the empirically derived value of 1/2 for dense and dark vegetation, to more than 1/2 for bright mixture of soil and vegetation. This is in agreement with measurements over uniform dense vegetation, but not with measurements over mixed dark scenes. In the later case the discrepancy is probably mitigated by shadows due to uneven canopy and terrain on a large scale. It is concluded that the value of this ratio should ideally be made dependent on the land cover type in the operational processing of MODIS data, especially over dense forests.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Galactic Noise and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing from Space At L-Band (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: The spectral window at L-band (1.4 GHz) is important for passive remote sensing of soil moisture and ocean salinity from space, parameters that are needed to understand the hydrologic cycle and ocean circulation. At this frequency, radiation from extraterrestrial (mostly galactic) sources is strong and, unlike the constant cosmic background, this radiation is spatially variable. This paper presents a modern radiometric map of the celestial sky at L-band and a solution for the problem of determining what portion of the sky is seen by a radiometer in orbit. The data for the radiometric map is derived from recent radio astronomy surveys and is presented as equivalent brightness temperature suitable for remote sensing applications. Examples using orbits and antennas representative of those contemplated for remote sensing of soil moisture and sea surface salinity from space are presented to illustrate the signal levels to be expected. Near the galactic plane, the contribution can exceed several Kelvin.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Combined Use of Satellite and Surface Observations to Infer the Imaginary Part of Refractive Index of Saharan Dust (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-29
    Beschreibung: We present a method for retrieval of the imaginary part of refractive index of desert dust aerosol in the near UV part of spectrum. The method uses Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) measurements of the top of the atmosphere radiances at 331 and 360 run and aerosol optical depth provided by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Obtained values of imaginary part of refractive index retrieved for Saharan dust aerosol at 360 nm are significantly lower than previously reported values. The average retrieved values vary between 0.0054 and 0.0066 for different geographical locations. Our findings are in good agreement with the results of several recent investigations.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    NCA-LDAS Land Analysis: Development and Performance of a Multisensor, Multivariate Land Data Assimilation System for the National Climate Assessment (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-03-13
    Beschreibung: This article describes one of the first successful examples of multisensor, multivariate land data assimilation, encompassing a large suite of soil moisture, snow depth, snow cover and irrigation intensity environmental data records (EDRs) from Scanning Multi-channel Mi-crowave Radiometer (SMMR), the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E and AMSR2), the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. The analysis is performed using the NASA Land Information System (LIS) as an enabling tool for the U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA). The performance of NCA Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) is evaluated by comparing to a number of hydrological reference data products. Results indicate that multivariate assimilation provides systematic improvements in simulated soil moisture and snow depth, with marginal effects on the accuracy of simulated streamow and ET. An important conclusion is that across all evaluated variables, assimilation of data from increasingly more modern sensors (e.g. SMOS, SMAP, AMSR2, ASCAT) produces more skillful results than assimilation of data from older sensors (e.g. SMMR, SSM/I, AMSR-E). The evaluation also indicates high skill of NCA-LDAS when compared with other LSM products. Further, drought indicators based on NCA-LDAS output suggest a trend of longer and more severe droughts over parts of Western U.S. during 1979-2015, particularly in the Southwestern U.S., consistent with the trends from the US drought monitor, albeit for a shorter 2000-2015 time period.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN54682 , Journal of Hydrometeorology (ISSN 1525-755X ) (e-ISSN 1525-7541)
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    Landsat's Enduring Legacy: Pioneering Global Land Observations from Space (2017)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-10
    Beschreibung: It is our hope that the "Landsat Legacy" story will appeal to a broader audience than just those who use Landsat data on a regular basis. In an era when ready access to images and data from Earth-observing satellites is routine, it is hard to believe that only a few decades ago this was not the case. As the world's first digital land-observing satellite program, Landsat missions laid the foundation for modern space-based Earth observation and blazed the trail in the new field of quantitative remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48821
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    Sensible Success (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-09
    Beschreibung: Commercial remote sensing uses satellite imagery to provide valuable information about the planet's features. By capturing light reflected from the Earth's surface with cameras or sensor systems, usually mounted on an orbiting satellite, data is obtained for business enterprises with an interest in land feature distribution. Remote sensing is practical when applied to large-area coverage, such as agricultural monitoring, regional mapping, environmental assessment, and infrastructure planning. For example, cellular service providers use satellite imagery to select the most ideal location for a communication tower. Crowsey Incorporated has the ability to use remote sensing capabilities to conduct spatial geographic visualizations and other remote-sensing services. Presently, the company has found a demand for these services in the area of litigation support. By using spatial information and analyses, Crowsey helps litigators understand and visualize complex issues and then to communicate a clear argument, with complete indisputable evidence. Crowsey Incorporated is a proud partner in NASA's Mississippi Space Commerce Initiative, with research offices at the John C. Stennis Space Center.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Spinoff 2001: Special Millennium Feature; 88; NASA/NP-2001-04-264-HQ
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    Air-sea interaction with multiple sensors - Seasat legacy (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: By flying a number of ocean observing sensors together, Seasat demonstrated potential of not only sensor synergism, but also science synergism, which has illuminated the path of spacebased air-sea interaction studies in more than two decades since its demise.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS 2003; Nice; France
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  • 85
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    The capability of multi-angle and multi-channel remote sensing observations to distinguish mineral dust CSS (composition-shape-size) types (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: The Second International Workshop on Mineral Dust; Paris; France
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    Continuous strife for better coverage and more details in ocean surface winds measurements - from Midori and ADEOS-2 to GCOM (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The series of joint U.S.-Japan spaceborne scatterometers missions to provide continuous measurements of ocean wind vectors is reviewed. Examples of the scientific impact of the continuous effort in improving spatial resolution and coverage are provided. The plan for the future is reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE IGARSS 2001; Sydney; Australia
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    Current status of spaceborne imaging spectrometer design to match AVIRIS performance (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: 2001 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Workshop; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    Satellite remote sensing: wind, surface (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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    Estimating forest variables from fusion of SAR and TM data and analytical scattering and reflectance models (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: A method for simultaneous integration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical remote sensing data in an estimation algorithm is presented which results in estimates of foliage mass over a larger range of values and more accurately than would be possible with either data type alone.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS '01; Sydney; Australia
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    Role of AirMISR in Radiometric Calibration and Geophysical Product Validation of Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    AVIRIS/SeaWIFS Cross-Calibration for 1999 (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Earth Science and Applications Workshop; Pasadena, CA; United States
    Format: text
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    Remote sensing tools to study ocean biogeochemistry: the state of the art (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Brazilian Symposium on Remote Sensing; Brazil
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    Monitoring boreal ecosystem phenology with integrated active/passive microwave remote sensing (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The important role of the high latitudes in the functioning of global processes is becoming well established. The size and remoteness of arctic and boreal ecosystems, however, pose a challenge to quantification of both terrestrial ecosystem processes and their feedbacks to regional and global climate conditions. Boreal and arctic regions form a complex land cover mosaic where vegetation structure, condition and distribution are strongly regulated by environmental factors such as moisture availability, permafrost, growing season length, disturbance and soil nutrients.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Hyperspectral sensor systems data sources for enhanced analysis (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS); Toulouse; France
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    Monitoring high-resolution wind field during storm over the Great Lakes using QuikSCAT/SeaWinds scatterometer data (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2003; Toulouse; France
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    A passive spaceborne concept for remote sensing of forest structure and biomass (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA Workshop on Forest Structure and Remote Sensing; Annapolis, MD; United States
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    PALS observations of soil moisture in SMEX02 (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Toulouse; France
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    Aquarias instrument design for sea surface salinity measurements (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Sea surface salinity is a key parameter for the study of ocean circulation, global water cycle and hence climate changes.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Toulouse; France
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    Quantitative analysis of SMEX'02 AIRSAR data for soil moisture inversion (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: This paper discusses in detail the characteristics of the AIRSAR data acquired, and provides an initial quantitative assessment of the accuracy of the radar inversion algorithms under these vegetated conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS'03; Toulouse; France
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    Development of a high stability L-band radiometer for ocean salinity measurements (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: An NEDT analysis of a Dicke radiometer with noise diode injenction is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Toulouse; France
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