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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 23 (1976), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simulated neuron was constructed in which effects on spike discharge of altering certain fundamental biophysical parameters could be studied. The simulation was performed by use of a digital computer. The simulation was tested by comparing performance of the simulated neuron with that of actual neurons. Rates and patterns of spike discharge were achieved for the simulated neuron that were comparable to those recorded from units in the motor cortex of awake cats. Altering biophysical parameters such as firing threshold, levels of synaptic input or rates of transverse and longitudinal current spread produced appropriate alterations of discharge rate. On the above basis it was possible to investigate interrelated effects on spike discharge of changing levels of synaptic input and rates of current spread within the simulated neuron. With low rates of longitudinal current spread, graded levels of synaptic input produced correspondingly graded levels of ouput discharge. With high rates of longitudinal current spread, the transfer properties of the neuron were markedly altered. The neuron became a bistable operator where synaptic inputs above a certain level were enhanced and all those below were suppressed. A linear relationship was found to exist between firing threshold and the level of synaptic input required to reach the transition from quiescence to near-tetanic rates of discharge. Alterations in behavior are increasingly thought to be subserved by changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission or in the post-synaptic intergrative propeties of neurons. The results of our investigations describe the interplay between those two processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 31 (1978), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In a simulated neuron with a dendritic tree, the relative effects of active and passive dendritic membranes on transfer properties were studied. The simulations were performed by means of a digital computer. The computations calculated the changes in transmembrane voltages of many compartments over time as a function of other biophysical variables. These variables were synaptic input intensity, critical firing threshold, rate of leakage of current across the membrane, and rate of longitudinal current spread between compartments. For both passive and active dendrites, the transfer properties of the soma studied for different rates of longitudinal current spread. With low rates of current spread, graded changes in firing threshold produced correspondingly graded changes in output discharge. With high rates of current spread, the neuron became a bistable operator where spiking was enhanced if the threshold was below a certain level and suppressed if the threshold was above that level. Since alterations in firing threshold were shown to have the same effect on firing rate as alterations in synaptic input intensity, the neuron can be said to change from graded to contrast-enhancing in its response to stimuli of different intensities. The presence or absence of dendritic spiking was found to have a significant effect on the integrative properties of the simulated neuron. In particular, contrast enhancement was considerably more pronounced in neurons with passive than with active dendrites in that somatic spike rates reached a higher maximum when dendrites were passive. With active dendrites, a less intense input was needed to initiate somatic spiking than with passive dendrites because a distal dendritic spike could easily propagate by means of longitudinal current spread to the soma. Once somatic spiking was initiated, though, spike rates tended to be lower with active than with passive dendrites because the soma recovered more slowly from its post-spike refractory period if it was also influenced by refractory periods in the dendrites. The experiment of comparing neurons with active and passive dendrites was repeated at a different, higher value of synaptic input. The same differences in transfer properties between the active and passive cases emerged as before. Spiking patterns in neurons with active dendrites were also affected by the time distribution of synaptic inputs. In a previous study, inputs had been random over both space and time, varying about a predetermined mean, whereas in the present study, inputs were random over space but uniform over time. When inputs were made uniform over time, spiking became more difficult to initiate and the transition from graded to bistable response became less sharp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Spironolactone ; canrenone ; half-life ; cardiac failure ; cirrhosis ; aldosterone antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination half-life (T1/2) of canrenone, the principal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone, was 59 h (range 32–105 h) in 5 patients with chronic liver disease and 37 h (range 19–48 h) in 7 patients with congestive heart failure. In comparison the T1/2 in normal subjects was 13.5–24 h in previous reports and 20.5 h in the present study. However there was no evidence of greater cumulation of canrenone in the plasma of those patients with a prolonged T1/2.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nephrocalcinosis ; Chloride Depletion ; Mitochondrial Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les caractéristiques ultrastructurales de la néphrocalcinose, associée avec une déficience en chlorure chez le rat, sont décrites. L'importance de la calcification est en rapport avec le manque de chlorure. Après 3 jours de suppression de chlorure, des granules denses aux électrons sont déposés, de façon concentrique, au niveau de la bordure en brosse des canalicules proximaux. La confluence des dépots voisins forme de larges plages lobulées avec des laminations, qui rompent puis détruisent la bordure en brosse, pour éroder finalement le cytoplasme des cellules épithéliales. Les noyaux et les organelles cytoplasmiques sont ainsi lésés. Des corps d'allure lysosomique et des mitochondries présentent des dépots opaques aux électrons, pouvant correspondre à une calcification. La membrane basale et le tissu intersticiel ne sont cependant pas atteints. Les caractéristiques ultrastructurales de la néphrocalcinose, induite par déficience en chlorure, sont différentes de celles décrites au cours d'autres formes de calcification rénale expérimentale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturellen Eigenschaften der Nephrocalcinosis, welche bei der Ratte mit Chloridentzug einhergehen, werden beschrieben. Das Ausmaß der Verkalkung schien vom Grad des Chloridmangels abzuhängen. Drei Tage nach dem Chloridentzug wurden elektronendichte Granula am Bürstensaum der proximalen Tubuli in konzentrischer Anordnung abgelagert. Durch Verschmelzung dieser Einzelablagerungen entstanden große gelappte Steinchen mit lamellärem Aufbau, welche zuerst zum Einreißen und dann zur Zerstörung des Bürstensaumes führten und schließlich das Cytoplasma der Epithelzellen erodierten. Die Zellkerne und die cytoplasmatischen Organellen wurden durch diese Erosion verändert. Lysosomartige Körper und Mitochondrien zeigten elektronendichte Ablagerungen, welche der Verkalkung entsprachen. Die Basalmembran und das interstitielle Gewebe waren jedoch nicht beteiligt. Diese Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß die ultrastrukturellen Eigenschaften der durch Chloridentzug bedingten Nephrocalcinosis verschieden sind von denjenigen, welche für andere Formen von experimenteller Nierenverkalkung beschrieben wurden.
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural features of the nephrocalcinosis associated with chloride depletion in the rat are described. The extent of calcification appeared to depend on the degree of chloride restriction. Within 3 days of chloride deprivation electron-dense granules were deposited on the brush border of proximal tubules in a concentric manner. Coalescence of satellite deposits formed large, lobulated liths with laminations, which first disrupted and then destroyed the brush border, finally eroding into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles were altered due to this encroachment. Lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria demonstrated electron-dense deposits consistent with calcification. The basement membrane and the interstitial tissue, however, were not involved. These observations suggest that the ultrastructural characteristics of the nephrocalcinosis induced by chloride depletion are distinct from those described in other forms of experimental renal calcification.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 94-96 (Jan. 1992), p. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 52 (1973), S. 1221-1227 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 45 (1972), S. 530-556 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B+C 148 (1987), S. 509 
    ISSN: 0378-4363
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA - Enzymology 350 (1974), S. 374-382 
    ISSN: 0005-2744
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 152 (1988), S. 113-124 
    ISSN: 0921-4526
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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