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  • 1
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 817-819 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Handling ; new environment ; post-isolation ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behaviour of juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) has been used as an indicator of their recovery following handling and transfer to a new environment, both with and without conspecifics. Isolated specimens fed less readily than group-housed fish, or those transferred to the test aquaria in groups of three or five, and continued to do so for at least ten days following isolation. Feeding rank-order frequently changed following isolation, suggesting that better foragers may not take the greatest risks in isolation.
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 268-275 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Intestine ; microvilli ; intramembranous particles ; insecticide ; diazinon ; fish ; Eingeweide ; Mikrovilli ; membranständige Partikel ; Insektenvertilgungsmittel ; Diazinon ; Fische
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des organischen Phosphatinsektizids Diazinon auf die membranständigen Partikel (IMP) der Mikrovilli in intestinalen Epithelzellen vonTilapia nilotica wurde unter Anwendung der Gefrierätztechnik untersucht. Fische, die wiederholt unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen von Diazinon ausgesetzt wurden, zeigten eine signifikante Abnahme der Populationsdichte der IMPs auf P- und F-Flächen. Man nimmt an, daß die IMPs von Mikrovilli in intestinalen Epithelzellen viele Arten von Proteinen einschließlich Enzymen darstellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gefolgert, daß Diazinon eine Reduzierung des Enzymgehalts der Membran verursacht, die mit einer Abnahme der IMP-Dichte von Mikrovilli einhergeht.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the organophosphate insecticide, diazinon on the intramembranous particles (IMPs) of the microvilli of the intestinal epithelial cells ofTilapia nilotica fish was studied using freeze-fracture technique. Exposing fish to different repeated concentrations of diazinon (1/2LC50) caused a significant decrease in population density of IMPs in P- and E-faces. IMPs of microvilli found in intestinal epithelial cells are thought to represent many kinds of proteins including enzymes. In the present work, it is suggested that diazinon induced a reduction in enzymatic content of the membrane which was accompanied by a decrease in IMPs density of the microvilli.
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  • 3
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    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleoecology ; Chaoboridae ; Chironomidae ; fish ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chaoborid and chironomid (Diptera) fossils were examined in sediment cores form nine Ontario Precambrian Shield lakes that were fishless in 1979. An abundance of Chaoborus americamus (intolerant of predation by fish) throughout cores from four lakes indicated that they were fishless historically. Occurrence of Chaoborus punctipennis and C. flavicans and absence of C. americanus in cores, except near the surface in two cases, indicated that four other lakes were inhabited by fish historically. One of these was probably periodically fishless as suggested by fluctuations among these Chaoborus species. The ninth lake was not suitable for Chaoborus; only one specimen of C. trivittatus was found in this core. Chironomid fossil associations were substantially different in historically fishless and inhabited lakes. Fishless lakes had chironomids typical of eutrophic conditions indicating that seasonal oxygen depletion likely was inimical to fish. Chironomid associations of oligotrophic waters occurred in lakes historically inhabited by fish. Both good water quality and accessibility were required for long-term habitation by fish. Partial recovery of alkalinity and rise in pH were accompanied by substantial re-invasion by fish in two lakes which had been inhabited historically by fish. Diptera associations provide valuable information on the historical suitability of lakes for fish and the presence/absence of fish in regions where acidification of surface waters has occurred.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chaoborus ; Chaoboridae ; Diptera ; fish ; acidification ; paleolimnology ; Adirondacks ; Bosmina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnological analyses of Chaoborus mandibles were used to assess the status of fish populations over the previous 150 to 300 years in five lakes from the Adirondack region of New York State. Windfall Pond (pH 6.5) has not acidified and currently has viable fish populations. Big Moose Lake (pH 5.0) has acidified in recent years, and the number of fish populations declined from 14 in the 1930's to seven in the early 1980's. The occurrence of only migratory Chaoborus (subgenus Sayomyia) in the cores indicated the long term presence of fish populations in Windfall Pond and Big Moose Lake. Brooktrout Lake (pH 5.0), Deep Lake (pH 4.7) and Upper Wallface Pond (pH 4.8) have all acidified in recent years, and all three are currently fishless. Chaoborus (Sayomyia) was present throughout the Brooktrout Lake core, but the entirely limnetic species, C. americanus, appeared in the topmost interval in the core. The appearance of C. americanus in the top of the core indicated a recent elimination of fish from Brooktrout Lake, probably during the 1970's. Elimination of fish by the 1940's was inferred for Deep Lake because C. americanus appeared above the 1930 level and replaced C. trivittatus as the dominant. Dominance of C. americanus throughout the Upper Wallface Pond core indicated that planktivorous fish were never present. These results strongly suggest that stratigraphic analyses of Chaoborus mandibles provide a useful assessment of the general status of historical fish populations in Adirondack lakes. The technique should be useful in other regions, as well as for applications other than those concerning lake acidification.
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  • 5
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 141-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lakes ; Cs-137 ; Chernobyl ; fish ; remedial measures ; liming ; potash ; intensive fishing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to give a summary of the work on Cs-137 in Swedish lakes carried out mainly by our group (the Liming-mercury-caesium project) between 1986 and 1990. The focus is on results from extensive field experiments carried out in 41 lakes testing various remedial measures to speed up the natural recovery of Cs-137 in lakes: Lake liming and wet land liming with primary rock lime, sedimentary rock lime and so-called mixed lime, which also contains nutrients; potash treatment and intensive fishing. Selected results: The remedies have given the intended water-chemical response. None of the methods used works effectively as “cure”, i.e., no rapid and clear reduction in the concentrations of radioactive caesium in fish is obtained in comparison with lakes where the waterchemical or biological conditions are not changed. In lakes with long water turnover time and with low values of, foremost, conductivity, hardness and potassium, the fish had relatively higher concentrations at the same fallout levels. The differences present between the lakes as regards the continued magnitude of the change in concentration in fish can foremost be linked to factors controlling the secondary load (i.e., the internal loading and the input from the catchment). A successful potash treatment (in oligotrophic lakes) may imply that the natural recovery will be at the most 5% faster compared to no treatment. This would give quite positive implications in the long run since the ecological half-life for Cs-137 in pike (the top predator in these lake types) is very long. The time interval between the remedies and the latest fish analyses (about 2 years on average) is not sufficient to obtain (statistically) clear-cut results on these the small effects of the remedies. A longer time series of data is required for this.
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  • 6
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    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: fish ; tagging ; method ; verification ; corrections ; equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fish survival, tag retention and tag loss were evaluated in pond experiments and described by linear regression equations. Tagging of fish had no significant influence on their survival. However, loss of tags caused strong differences between actual fish survival and the survival rate e−z estimated on recovered tags. Mathematical functions were derived to correct tag loss. Values of those functions depend upon the type of tag and time after tagging. The B-type of tagging, which approximated the Swedish Carlin method, appeared to be most effective. The rate of tag loss was independent of the fish species (common carp, tench) used in the experiments.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 891-897 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Gene transfer ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gene transfer into fish embryo is being performed in several species (trout, salmon, carps, tilapia, medaka, goldfish, zebrafish, loach, catfish, etc.). In most cases, pronuclei are not visible and microinjection must be done into the cytoplasm of early embryos. Several million copies of the gene are generally injected. In medaka, transgenesis was attempted by injection of the foreign gene into the nucleus of oocyte. Several reports indicate that the injected DNA was rapidly replicated in the early phase of embryo development, regardless of the origin and the sequence of the foreign DNA. The survival of the injected embryos was reasonably good and a large number reached maturity. The proportion of transgenic animals ranged from 1 to 50% or more, according to species and to experimentators. The reasons for this discrepancy have not been elucidated. In all species, the transgenic animals were mosaic. The copy number of the foreign DNA was different in the various tissues of an animal and a proportion lower than 50% of F1 offsprings received the gene from their parents. This suggests that the foreign DNA was integrated into the fish genome at the two cells stage or later. An examination of the integrated DNA in different cell types of an animal revealed that integration occurred mainly during early development. The transgene was found essentially unrearranged in the fish genome of the founders and offsprings. The transgenes were therefore stably transmitted to progeny in a Mendelian fashion. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of possible junction fragments and also of minor bands which may result from a rearrangement of the injected DNA. In all species, the integrated DNA appeared mainly as random end-to-end concatemers. In adult trout blood cells, a small proportion of the foreign DNA was maintained in the form of non-integrated concatemers, as judged by the existence of end fragments. The transgenes were generally only poorly expressed. The majority of the injected gene constructs contained essentially mammalian or higher vertebrates sequences. The comparison of the expression efficiency of these constructs in transfected fish and mammalian cells indicates that some of the mammalian DNA sequences are most efficiently understood by the fish cell machinery. Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene under the control of promoters from Rous sarcoma virus, and human cytomegalovirus, was expressed in several tissues of transgenic fish. Chicken δ-crystallin gene was expressed in several tissues of transgenic fish. Rainbow trout growth hormone cDNA driven by the Rous sarcoma virus promoter was expressed in transgenic carps leading to a faster growth of these animals. The antifreeze protein gene from flounder was expressed in transgenic salmon. These data indicate that transgenesis in fish is relatively easy but that fish gene sequences must be preferably used to obtain a good expression of the transgenes. Fish is a good biological model, specially for developmental studies and it is an increasing part of human food. For these reasons, transgenesis in fish is most likely to be more and more practised in the coming years.
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  • 8
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 109 (1992), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: polyamines ; estradiol ; fish ; vitellogenesis ; liver ; skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were treated with 17-β estradiol to induce vitellogenin synthesis in liver. This led to an increase in liver wet weight and total DNA. After incubation with micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1) less soluble chromatin was obtained from nuclei of the estradiol treated than the control fish, but active gene regions were solubilized by the nuclease. Thus, in the estradiol treated fish soluble mononucleosomes contained hybridizable vitellogenin gene sequences. As a result of estradiol treatment the content in total liver of putrescine rose 3-fold, that of spermidine 2-fold, while spermine was unchanged. In muscle no significant changes were observed. The regulatory functions of polyamines during gene expression were investigated by binding (14C)spermine to isolated liver nuclei depleted of endogenous polyamines. The number of binding sites was higher in nuclei of estradiol treated than control fish. (14C)spermine associated preferentially with micrococcal nuclease insensitive chromatin. Thus, the high content of putrescine and spermidine in liver supported the view of polyamine accumulation in proliferating tissues. The preferential binding to condensed chromatin indicated a stabilizing effect of polyamines on the organization of inactive chromatin structures.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myoglobin ; hemoglobin ; muscle ; heart ; microassay ; mammals ; birds ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel, simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible microassay is described for determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin content of myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from various mammals, birds and fish. As little as 50 mg of tissue is needed and myoglobin concentrations lower than 1 mg% can be detected. Myoglobin and hemoglobin are separated at alkaline pH by ammonium sulfate extraction followed by ultrafiltration. Heme content is determined by absorption of the Soret band when the hemoprotein extract is visibly colored or more sensitively by its peroxidase activity when the extract has low color. The heme reacts with tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide and orthotolidine to generate a blue color. Hemoglobin content is correlated with myoglobin content and is related to aerobic capacity and blood flow to the tissue. Myoglobin content varied over 5 orders of magnitude up to 7 per cent of the weight of tissue, whereas hemoglobin content varied over 2 orders of magnitude up to 6 per cent of tissue weight. Myoglobin content is increased in species with high basal metabolic rate, high physical activity, prolonged diving capacity, fatigue resistance, and red muscle, whereas it is decreased in white muscle, iron-deficient animals, animals with sedentary lifestyles, and in animals and tissues with small fiber diameters such as avian or fish hearts.
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  • 10
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 130 (1994), S. 137-147 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: microtubules ; calcium ; colchicine ; posttranslational modifications ; fish ; cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microtubule proteins were isolated by a temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly method from brain tissue of for cold-temperate fish; one fresh water fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and three marine fish (Labrus berggylta, Zoarces viviparus andGadus morhua). The α-tubulins from all four fish species were acetylated. The α-tubulins from the marine fish were composed of a mixture of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin, while the fresh water fish tubulin only reacted with an antibody against detyrosinated tubulin. The isolated microtubules had a similar MAP composition. A 400 kD protein and a MAP2-like protein were found, but MAP1 was missing. All microtubules disassembled upon cooling to 0°C. In spite of these common characteristics, the assembly of microtubules fromLabrus berggylta was inhibited by colchicine and calcium, in contrast to the assembly of microtubules fromOncorhynchus mykiss andZoarces viviparus. For the latter, colchicine was not completely inhibitory even at a concentration as high as 1 mM, and calcium induced the formation of both loosely and densely coiled ribbons. The effects of calcium and colchicine on microtubules fromOncorhynchus mykiss andZoarces viviparus were modulated by either fish or cow MAPs, indicating that the effects are due to intrinsic properties of the fish tubulins and not the MAPs. In view of these findings, our results suggest that there is not correlation between colchicine sensitivity, inability of calcium to inhibit microtubule assembly, and acetylation and detyrosination.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; Oryzias latipes ; Poecilia reticulata ; laboratory ; toxicological pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper presents an overview of the studies carried out in small laboratory fish species to investigate the usefulness of histopathology as a tool in aquatic toxicology. The studies were performed with medaka (Oryzias latipes) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata) that were exposed to a variety of environmental contaminants for one and three months. Besides the measurement of routine toxicological parameters, total body histopathology was carried out. The data are summarized and evaluated in view of their contribution to the knowledge of toxicology, the specific responsiveness of animals and tissues, and the application in ecotoxicology. It is concluded that histopathology of (small) fish exposed to environmental contaminants may provide useful information as to target organs and mechanism of action: moreover, this technique can be more sensitive than routine parameters.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: food-web dynamics ; bottom-up effects ; population dynamics ; production biology ; predatorprey relationships ; fish ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For more than 20 years scientists of the ‘Food-chain studies’ Group of the former Limnological Institute have been studying interactions within the pelagic food web. Purpose of research was to explain the structure and dynamics of the zooplankton and fish communities in lakes and reservoirs in relation to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. A so-called multi-species approach was used, in which all common and abundant species within a specific ecosystem were studied on the individual and population level with the same degree of detail. The recent results and the scientific approach used are evaluated and the main gaps in knowledge about food-web dynamics in shallow eutrophic lakes are identified and discussed. It is concluded that instead of the purely functional approach used so far, future studies should also include evolutionary aspects which determine the success of an organism in a given environment and that more attention should be paid to central questions in ‘community ecology’.
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  • 13
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    Aquatic ecology 25 (1991), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: mercury ; fish ; sediment ; human hair ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury was measured in different compartments of Lake Xolotlán's (Managua) ecosystemviz., sediments, water, fish and men. Sediments from 18 localities at 5 depths inside the sediment (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) contained an average concentration of 0.62 μg Hg.g−1±0.46 at the surface, with extreme values of 0.16 and 1.8 μg.g−1. The highest concentration was observed at 25 cm depth in front of the chlor-alkaly factory (ELPESA). This maximum is associated with the period of highest production of this factory. The highest mercury concentrations in water were also measured close to the discharge of ELPESA,viz. 787 μg.Hg−1 in January and 506 μg.g−1 in April. The mean mercury concentrations measured in the muscles of the most consumed fish were 0.63 μg.g−1±0.22 (extreme values 0.22 and 1.45) inCichlasoma managuense, and 0.07 μg.g−1±0.14 (extreme values 0.004 and 0.63) inC. citrinellum. The concentration in the liver was 0.79 μg.g−1±1.29 inC. managuense and 0.62 μg.g−1±0.44 inC. citrinellum. Human hairs (n=98) of fishermen and their families contained 5.03 μg.g−1±6.2 (extreme values 0.02 and 38.22). The mean concentration measured in men was 6.22 μg.g−1±6.34 (n=58), and in women 3.39 μg.g−1±5.7 (n=40). The average mercury concentration of hairs of workers of ELPESA was 91.24 μg.g−1±156.9 (extreme values 0.46 and 724.53; n=32). We conclude that total mercury levels in the various ecosystem compartments are very high and mercury contamination in the lake may be considered as dangerous for human health.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: acid sulphate soils ; water quality ; acidity ; fish ; indicator species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The drainage from acid sulphate soils severely affects water quality, with pH values commonly around 3, and toxic concentrations of ferrous iron and aluminium. The water quality in an area of acid sulphate soils on the southern coastal plain of Kalimantan, Indonesia, was examined and an inventory of fish species was made. The ionic composition of the water can be described as a simple dilution series of the hypothetical mineral Fe(II)4Na8Ca2Mg6Al4H10(SO4)27, originating from the oxidation of pyrite and weathering products of clay minerals. The oxygen concentrations were variable, ranging from 〈10% to 〉100% saturation, without a clear relation to ionic concentrations. Fish were encountered over the entire pH range of 2.8–5.2. Although species distribution showed some correlation with water quality, the species showed widely overlapping ranges, and they are not suitable for use as indicator organisms on the present detailed scale. The most likely explanation for the poor correlation between fish distribution and water quality are seasonal and local fluctuations in quality. These presumably eliminated the more sensitive species, and only those with a high acidity tolerance were found in the area.
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  • 15
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 9 (1991), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; trout ; acid water ; alkaline water ; critical velocity ; lactate acid ; acid-base status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at ∼2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; trout ; acid water ; gill potential ; blood acid-base status ; oxygen consumption ; catecholamines ; gill ion permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were exposed in acid water (pH 4.0) for 72h. The gill potential was strongly dependent on water pH, being blood side negative in neutral water, but positive in acid water. Catecholamine levels increased irregularly during acid exposure, and the Bohr and Root effects were not completely erased by the effect of catecholamines during acid exposure. Long term exposure to low water pH, although causing an acidosis in the fish, did not suppress resting oxygen consumption. Prolonged exposure to acid conditions, however, resulted in an increase in ammonia excretion. Changes in plasma sodium and chloride were similar to that reported previously for trout exposed to low calcium, acid water. We conclude that exposure of trout to pH 4 soft water, although impairing oxygen transport, does not limit resting oxygen consumption but does reduce the scope for activity. More extreme acid conditions do impair resting oxygen uptake.
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  • 17
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 9 (1991), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: amylase ; mosquitofish ; fish ; diet ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diets high in various carbohydrates were fed to mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis holbrooki, to determine the effects on amylase expression. Both amylase activity and amount of amylase protein were used as measures of amylase expression. Fish were fed for 21 days in one experiment, seven days in a second experiment and 24 h in a third. The first experiment compared responses of fish fed on a high-starch diet relative to a control diet. The second and third experiments compared responses on four diets relative to the control diet: maltose, starch, glucose, and glucose + cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In the first two experiments whole visceral extracts were used. In the third experiment, gut and hepatopancreatic extracts were examined separately. Diet had a significant affect on the amount of amylase in all three experiments but affected amylase activity only in the 24 h experiment. Generally, glucose decreased amylase expression while maltose or cAMP + glucose increased it. Length of feeding period and tissue type also had significant effects on amylase expression.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: cytochrome P450 ; induction ; isozymes ; β-naphthoflavone ; sex ; storage ; fish ; salmo salar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major components of the cytochrome P450 (P450) system in liver microsomes of Atlantic salmon were studied using spectrophotometric, catalytic and immunochemical techniques. In juvenile fish sampled during the winter season, high basal activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) were found. The Km for 7-ethoxyresorufin was 0.4 µM, and Vmax 1.23 nmol/min/mg protein in juvenile fish. In mature fish sampled from the same group of fish in December, EROD activity was barely detectable (20–30 pmol/min/mg protein). Treatment with the P450 1A1 inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) resulted in almost 2-fold induction of total P450, and 30–40-fold induction of EROD activity in immature fish. A similar fold increase was seen in mature fish. The differences in EROD activity between untreated and BNF-treated fish, was accompanied by similar differences in a P450 1A1 cross-reacting protein (Mr=58,000 D) in immunochemical studies using rabbit anti-cod P450 1A1 IgG. However, judging from these studies, the levels of P450 1A1-protein in mature salmon far exceeded those accounted for by the measured EROD activity in comparison to immature fish (both before and after BNF-treatment), indicating inhibiting effects of sex steroids on the measured activity. This effect was not seen on 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity. A long-term storage experiment indicated that Atlantic salmon liver microsomes can be stored for 2 years at −80°C in 20% glycerol without losing more than 20–40% of its catalytic activity.
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  • 19
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    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 285-295 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biomanipulation ; lake restoration ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; grazing ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biomanipulation was carried out in order to improve the water quality of the small hypertrophic Lake Zwemlust (1.5 ha; mean depth 1.5 m). In March 1987 the lake was drained to facilitate the elimination of fish. Fish populations were dominated by planktivorous and benthivorous species (total stock c. 1500 kg) and were collected by seine- and electro-fishing. The lake was subsequently re-stocked with 1500 northern pike fingerlings (Esox lucius L.) and a low density of adult rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus). The offspring of the rudd served as food for the predator pike. Stacks of Salix twigs, roots of Nuphar lutea and plantlets of Chara globularis were brought in as refuge and spawning grounds for the pike, as well as shelter for the zooplankton. The impact of this biomanipulation on the light penetration, phytoplankton density, macrophytes, zooplankton and fish communities and on nutrient concentrations was monitored from March 1987 onwards. This paper presents the results in the first year after biomanipulation. The abundance of phytoplankton in the first summer (1987) after this biomanipulation was very low, and consequently accompanied by increase of Secchi-disc transparency and drastic decline of chlorophyll a concentration. The submerged vegetation remained scarce, with only 5 % of the bottom covered by macrophytes at the end of the season. Zooplankters became more abundant and there was a shift from rotifers to cladocerans, comprised mainly of Daphnia and Bosmina species, the former including at least 3 species. The offspring of the stocked rudd was present in the lake from the end of August 1987. Only 19% of the stocked pike survived the first year. Bioassays and experiments with zooplankton community grazing showed that the grazing pressure imposed by the zooplankton community was able to keep chlorophyll a concentrations and algal abundance to low levels, even in the presence of very high concentrations of inorganic N and P. The total nutrient level increased after biomanipulation, probably due to increased release from the sediment by bioturbation, the biomass of chironomids being high. At the end of 1987 Lake Zwemlust was still in an unstable stage. A new fish population dominated by piscivores, intended to control the planktivorous and benthivorous fish, and the submerged macrophytes did not yet stabilize.
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  • 20
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    Hydrobiologia 208 (1990), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; yield ; coral ; reef ; artisanal ; fishery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fish yield on Kilifi reef which is about 4 km2 was estimated for three years: 1982–1984. It was found that the yield on the reef ranged from 5.07 t km−2 to 12.9 t km−2 with a mean of 8.8 t km−2 year−1. The major groups of fish caught were mostly Siganidae, Scaridae, Plectorhychidae, Scombridae, Lutjanidae, Serranidae, Carangidae, Sphyreanidae and Ceasiodidae. There were more fish caught during the northeast monsoon when the sea was calm than during the southeast monsoon when the sea was rough.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream acidification ; aluminum ; bacteria ; macroinvertebrates ; fish ; leaf decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of relationships between stream acidity and bacteria, macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Adirondack Mountains of upper New York state and in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains of eastern Tennessee, USA, was conducted. Although the study sites in both regions spanned a pH range from approximately 4.5 to 6.4, considerably greater seasonal variability in pH and higher monomeric Al concentrations characterized the Adirondack sites. Relationships between several biological characteristics and stream water acidity were similar in both regions, including lower production of epilithic bacteria and bacteria on decomposing leaves, lower leaf decomposition rates, lower density and generic richness of scraper/grazer macroinvertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, and lower fish abundance and survival in more acidic streams. Densities of total macroinvertebrates and densities of macroinvertebrates and bacteria inhabiting or closely associated with stream sediments were generally not related to stream water acidity. Regional differences occur in some of the relationships between biological characteristics and stream water acidity. Negative correlations between bacterial production on rocks and pH, between bacterial production on decomposing leaves and pH, and between densities of Ephemeroptera and scrapers and pH were stronger in the Adirondacks than in the Southern Blue Ridge. Higher Al concentrations in the Adirondacks may be responsible for the stronger relationships with pH there. The steeper slopes of the relationships between Ephemeroptera density and all forms of Al in the Adirondacks compared with the Southern Blue Ridge suggests that there may be some adaptation among a few acid/aluminum-tolerant species in the seasonally more constant acidic Southern Blue Ridge streams. Fish bioassays indicated longer survival times in acidic streams in the Adirondacks compared with the Southern Blue Ridge, but these results may be an artifact associated with the use in the Southern Blue Ridge of rainbow trout as the test species which is known to be more acid sensitive compared with brook trout, the test species used in the Adirondacks.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macroinvertebrates ; fish ; saline stream ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial changes in structural and functional characteristics of fish and macroinvertebrate communities in eastern Kentucky were investigated in a drainage system chronically exposed to high levels of chloride salts from nearby oilfield operations. Salinity levels at biological monitoring stations ranged from 0.12–31.3‰. Lotic regions with salinities greater than 10‰ were dominated by larvae of the dipterans Ephydra and Culicoides. In regions with salinities less than 10‰ species richness increased more or less linearly with decreasing levels of chloride salts. Ephemeropterans appeared to be one of the major invertebrate groups least tolerant of elevated NaCl levels and were absent in regions with salinities greater than 2‰ Availability of food resources, such as periphyton and particulate organic matter, did not appear to be grossly altered in disturbed regions, and it is suggested that the observed distribution of macroinvertebrate fauna was largely in response to taxonomic differences in salt tolerance. Fish seemed to be more tolerant of highly saline conditions, and several species were observed in regions experiencing salinities as high as 15‰. Accordingly, assemblages of fish taxa along the salinity gradient may have been influenced by trophic factors, such as spatial limitations in availability of invertebrate prey.
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  • 23
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Cladocera ; fish ; interaction ; production ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics, community structure, and productivity of planktonic rotifers were studied during 3 years in two lakes near St. Petersburg (Russia). One lake was repeatedly stocked with larvae of the fish Coregonus peled; the other contained no fish. Fish addition led to a shift in plankton community structure. Population densities of some rotifer species (Keratella cochlearis, K. irregularis, Asplanchna priodonta) increased as a result of the elimination of large crustaceans by fishes during summer and autumn. An inverse relationship was found between the biomass of rotifers and Daphnia.
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  • 24
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    Hydrobiologia 272 (1994), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: feeding ; fish ; planktivory ; predation ; reproduction ; swarming ; zooplankton ; vertical migration ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the most obvious features of tropical lakes and reservoirs is the small body size of their zooplankton taxa. It is believed that this is the result of high and persistent predation by abundant planktivorous fish, which select large-bodied zooplankton prey thus making them more vulnerable to extinction in tropical as compared to temperate habitats. Do these extinctions result directly from fish predation? Could the high predation-induced mortality alone be responsible for an extermination of the population from a habitat? Or could indirect effects of predation be responsible? Some important indirect effects can be seen at the demographic level; these include reduced reproduction in the population resulting from higher vulnerability of ovigerous females to predation by visually oriented planktivores. Other important indirect effects can be observed at the individual level; these include shifts in behavior (from foraging to predator avoidance) and adjustments in physiology (from high to low feeding rate) in those planktonic animals which detect danger from their predators by sensing either the ‘predator odor’ or an ‘alarm substance’ originating from injured conspecific prey. Although a zooplankton species density may mostly result from the brutal force of direct predator impact on the population (mortality), it is more likely that its distribution in time and space could be attributed to a combination of indirect effects of predation on individual behavior and physiology. An example of periodicity in density and depth distribution patterns of Cahora Bassa zooplankton species and their periodic exterminations seems to confirm the role of indirect effects of predation by planktivorous fish.
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  • 25
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    Hydrobiologia 272 (1994), S. 105-123 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Zooplankton ; fish ; fisheries ; tropical freshwaters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract About 40% of all fish species occur in freshwater, although only 1% of the globe is occupied by freshwaters. The tropics harbour a high percentage of these fishes. Freshwater zooplankton on the other hand is far less diverse than its marine counterpart and the tropics do not harbour a markedly high percentage of freshwater species either. The antecedents of freshwater zooplankton appear to have come from riverine and terrestrial habitats via temporary habitats (ponds, floodplains). The present zooplankton composition has also been shaped by, among other factors, the highly efficient zooplanktivorous modern teleosts which have restricted the formerly widespread Branchiopoda mainly to fishless freshwaters. Those Branchiopoda frequently co-existing with fishes (Cladocera) have their size composition strongly influenced by fish predation. Circumstantial evidence indicates that pelagic zooplankton (Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera) appear to provide a relatively scarce food supply relative to the littoral region for the early stages of fishes. Also, unpredictability of zooplankton may be involved here. These factors have led to the loss of planktonic eggs and the siting of fish breeding in shallow littoral situations, where other animal foods besides zooplankton are also available, especially for later stages of juvenile fish. The Ostariophysi breed in the shallow expanses of flood waters while the Cichlidae, some of which breed like Ostariophysi, also breed in standing waters in the littoral of lakes or floodplains. In all these locations zooplankton and benthic organisms, especially insects, are available. The cichlids are, in addition, provided with parental care. Predation on young fishes is also reduced by these strategies. Young fishes may also be adapted to feed on patches of zooplankton and other food in their breeding grounds. Tropical pelagic clupeids and cyprinids may breed continuously. Some of these clupeids in rivers breed at low water. Zooplankton, supplemented by other animal food is more critical to achieving the potential fish yields in the tropics than in temperate freshwaters because fish yields in the tropics can be very high indeed. The high metabolic rate of young fishes in the tropics adds to the demand for food. Tropical freshwaters have a relatively high primary production but a low zooplankton/phytoplankton ratio. Zooplankton is kept small in size and biomass by continuous predation. Herbivorous fishes can sustain very high fish yields in the tropics but they must have a high fecundity and high survival of young produced seasonally, mainly in rivers or even continuously as in lakes and reservoirs to weather predation. Rich littoral zooplankton and benthos combined with omnivory and a higher efficiency in the use of the available animal food by newly hatched fishes may be critical factors linking fish yields to zooplankton in tropical freshwaters. The ability of herbivorous tilapias to give very high fish yields in shallow tropical lakes may also be due to their efficient use of animal food, algae and microphagy in young stages besides other favourable adaptations like opportunistic feeding on detrities and the ability to feed on and digest cyanobacteria, abundant in the tropics.
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  • 26
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    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 185-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water quality ; sediment ; nutrients ; nonpoint source runoff ; urban runoff ; agricultural runoff ; benthos ; macroinvertebrates ; fish ; North Carolina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three streams in the Piedmont ecoregion of North Carolina were studied to evaluate the effect of land use (forested, agricultural, urban) on water quality and aquatic biota. In comparison with the forested stream, there were few changes in water quality at the agricultural and urban streams. Suspended-sediment yield was greatest for the urban catchment and least at the forested catchment. Suspended-sediment concentrations during storm events followed this same pattern, but at low-moderate flows suspended-sediment concentrations were greatest at the agricultural site. Most nutrient concentrations were highest at the agricultural site, and the amount of ‘available’ dissolved nitrogen was elevated at both the urban and agricultural sites. High concentrations of metals (totals) in the water column were sometimes observed at all sites, but maximum average concentrations were recorded at the urban site (especially Cr, Cu, and Pb). Maximum sediment metal concentrations, however, were not found at the urban site, but were usually recorded at the forested site. Only minor differences were noted between fish communities of the forested and agricultural sites, although both abundance and average size of some species increased at the agricultural site. The fish community at the urban site was characterized by low species richness, low biomass, and the absence of intolerant species. Invertebrate taxa richness, a biotic index, and the number of unique invertebrate species (found at only one site) indicated moderate stress (Fair water quality) at the agricultural site and severe stress (Poor water quality) at the urban site. At the agricultural site, declines in taxa richness within intolerant groups were partially offset by increases within tolerant groups. The agricultural stream had the highest abundance values, indicating enrichment. The urban site, however, was characterized by low species richness for most groups and very low abundance values. Analysis of seasonal patterns suggested detritus was the most important food source for invertebrates in the forested stream, while periphyton was of greater importance in the agricultural stream. Dominant macroinvertebrate groups shifted from Ephemeroptera at the forested site, to Chironomidae at the agricultural site, and Oligochaeta at the urban site. There was little between-site overlap in dominant species (8–7%), indicating that land use strongly influenced the invertebrate community. Chemical and physical parameters measured at the three sites did not seem sufficient to account for all of the observed differences in the invertebrate communities, suggesting some unmeasured toxicity. Biological measurements, especially macroinvertebrates community structure, consistently indicated strong between-site differences in water and habitat quality.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton collapses ; hypertrophic lake ; high pH ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since 1983 severe phytoplankton collapses have occurred 1–4 times every summer in the shallow and hypertrophic Lake Søbygård, which is recovering after a ten-fold decrease of the external phosphorus loading in 1982. In July 1985, for example, chlorophyll a changed from 650 µg l−1 to about 12 µg 1−1 within 3–5 days. Simultaneously, oxygen concentration dropped from 20–25 mg O2l−1 to less than 1 mg O2l−1, and pH decreased from 10.7 to 8.9. Less than 10 days later the phytoplankton biomass had fully recovered. During all phytoplankton collapses the density of filter-feeding zooplankton increased markedly, and a clear-water period followed. Due to marked changes in age structure of the fish stock, different zooplankton species were responsible for the density increase in different years, and consequently different collapse patterns and frequencies were observed. The sudden increase in density of filter-feeding zooplankton from a generally low summer level to extremely high levels during algae collapses, which occurred three times from July 1984 to June 1986, could neither be explained by changes in regulation from below (food) nor from above (predation). The density increase was found after a period with high N/P ratios in phytoplankton or nitrate depletion in the lake. During that period phytoplankton biomass, primary production and thus pH decreased, the latter from 10.8–11.0 to 10.5. We hypothesize that direct or indirect effects of high pH are important in controlling the filter-feeding zooplankton in this hypertrophic lake. Secondarily, this situation affects the trophic interactions in the lake water and the net internal loading of nutrients. Consequently, not only a high content of planktivorous fish but also a high pH may promote uncoupling of the grazing food-web in highly eutrophic shallow lakes, and thereby enhance eutrophication. A tentative model is presented for the occurrence of collapses, and their pattern in hypertrophic lakes with various fish densities.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; benthic nutrient recycling ; trophic cascade ; plankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mesocosms were used in a shallow hypereutrophic lake, and three treatments were established in duplicate: (a) Fish — stocked with native fish at their natural relative densities, (b) Fish/Net — stocked with fish, but with a net blocking access to the sediments, and (c) No Fish. Total P and chlorophyll concentrations reached 140 and 170 µg l−1 in the Fish treatment. Total P was below 40 µg l−1 in both the Fish/Net and No Fish treatments. However, despite the nearly identical total P concentrations, chlorophyll averaged 40 µg l−1 in the No Fish treatment, where zooplankton biomass was high and the large cladoceran Moina was abundant, and 50 µg l−1 in the Fish/Net treatment, where zooplankton biomass was low and large herbivores were rare. The results showed that both benthic nutrient recycling and cascading trophic interactions were regulators of algal biomass, but that the former effect was by far the more important, accounting for roughly 60% of the chlorophyll increase associated with the presence of fish.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: France ; rivers ; Index of Biotic Integrity ; fish ; water pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) is a measure of fish assemblage ‘health’ that has been used to assess catchment and stream quality throughout North America. It reflects human perturbations on natural environmental structures and processes. While preserving the ecological foundation of the original North American metrics, we have modified and adapted the IBI to the mainstem Seine River and its major tributaries in France. This successful modification of the IBI to a considerably different fish fauna on a different continent further supports its wider use outside the midwestern United States. Using data collected in 1967, 1981, and 1988–1989 from a total of 46 sites, we show spatial and temporal variation in the Seine as indicated by IBI scores. Statistically significant relationships were found between IBI and catchment area but insignificant relationships existed between IBI and an independent Water Quality Index (WQI) based on water chemistry. Comparisons between the IBI and the WQI indicate that the former is a more sensitive and robust measure of water body quality. Our results demonstrate that the IBI, combined with a statistically designed national monitoring program, would offer a reliable means of assessing spatial patterns and temporal trends in water body improvement or degradation in France. The more primitive fish families in the Basin were affected first by perturbations. These families include all the diadromous species found in the Seine and suggest serious disruption of their life histories.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; Lake Ontario ; ecotone community ; quantitative structure ; community diversity ; thermal perturbations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecotone fish community of the littoral waters is a mixture of onshore migratory pelagian species and littoral species. It is characterized by high numeric and diversity variations produced under the effect of migrations, thermal perturbations and the local habitat variations. The sixty analyzed sampling units belong to five years of records, three seasons and three types of littoral habitats. The Kendall tau test identifies the seasonal variation as a significant criterion for sample classification. From the ecological view point it corresponds to phases of the thermal stratification. The start of the thermal stratification identifies the season of a highest pelagian onshore migration. The maximum thermal stratification shows the community structure at the end of a massive pelagian return. The late fall circulation describes the community structure prevailed by the local populations. The quantitative patterns were evaluated for each season based on a 95% confidence interval of the mean and on normalized weighed averages. A comparison of subsequent community structures allowed a species classification by the magnitude of their numeric variations. Regarding the analyses of the diversity variations, a new strategy was introduced based on independently derived indices of the community diversity. The strategy identifies two features: the seasonal models of the diversity variation and the abnormal cases. The models depict the trends/features of the diversity variations. The abnormal cases evaluate the local/temporal side effects.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: insects ; moss ; diversity ; drift ; substrate ; cover ; fish ; community ; invertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macroinvertebrate density, biomass and drift were studied from moss-covered and moss-free channels in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho. Insect densities were compared for 10 different substrate types and locations involving moss (Fontinalis neo-mexicana), sand, pebbles and cobbles. An ANOVA test demonstrated that insect densities varied significantly with substrate type (P 〈 0.05), and that total insect density in moss clumps differed significantly from densities in mineral substrates. Insect densities were 4–18 times greater in moss clumps than in mineral substrates under and adjacent to moss; sands under moss supported the lowest densities. During most tests, densities in pebble and cobble substrates adjacent to moss clumps were not significantly different from those found in similar substrates in the moss-free channel. The 20% moss-covered channel had 1.6 to 7.2 greater insect density and 1.4 to 6.1 greater biomass than did the moss-free channel for the tests conducted. Generally, midges (Chironomidae) made up over 50% of the insect community; annelids were the principal non-insect invertebrates. In spite of greater insect density and biomass in a moss-covered than in the moss-free channel, we did not demonstrate universally increased drift of the immature stages from the moss-covered channel, at least during daylight hours. As a consequence, we infer that salmonid fishes, feeding primarily on drifting insects during the daytime, may not derive increased caloric benefit from moss habitats until the insects emerge as adults.
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  • 32
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    Hydrobiologia 198 (1990), S. 41-50 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia ; invertebrates ; fish ; predation ; cyclomorphosis ; allometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal morphological changes in three Daphnia species were followed over a two-year period in two lakes that differ in invertebrate and fish pressure. Whereas the morphology of D. hyalina, the biggest of the three species, varied little from season to season, D. cucullata, the smallest, exhibited the most pronounced seasonal changes in head height/carapace length ratio. The pattern of seasonal changes of body proportions was similar in all size classes and isometric growth of the head was reported for D. cucullata. Unlike the head, tail spine length/carapace length ratio almost did not vary seasonally. Strong negative allometry of tail spine growth was observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that helmets and tail spines provide protection against invertebrates in the two smallest, thus most endangered species.
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  • 33
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    Hydrobiologia 210 (1991), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: salinity ; Murray-Darling ; fish ; tolerances ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salinity tolerances of four species of small fishes native to the Murray-Darling river system were measured. Slow acclimation LD50s were 43.7 ± 1.7 g L−1 for Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum Gunther, 38.0 ± 1.1 g L−1 for Hypseleotris klunzingeri (Ogilby), 58.7 ± 0.9 g L−1 for Retropinna semoni (Weber), and 29.8 ± 0.7 g L−1 for Melanotaenia splendida (Castelnau). The salinity tolerance of M. splendida was also measured by direct transfer, providing an estimated LD50 (infinite exposure time) of 20.8 g L−1, ∼ 70% of the slow acclimation value. Results suggest that at least adults of the species studied are under no threat from present or foreseeable salinities in the Murray River.
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  • 34
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    Hydrobiologia 219 (1991), S. 1-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic environment ; plants ; invertebrates ; fish ; birds ; man's impact ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The St. Marys River provides vital habitat for many species of plants, invertebrates, fish, and birds. It is also subject to many at times conflicting uses, including recreational boating, sport and subsistence fishing, municipal and industrial withdrawals and inputs, as well as commercial ship traffic and hydroelectric power generation. In 1984, the United States and Canada jointly initiated the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study to identify and quantify the impacts of contaminants on these channels and their biota and to develop recommendations for more effective pollution control and surveillance programs. Results of the study in the St. Marys River showed that water entering the river from Lake Superior is of excellent quality. Industrial and municipal discharges in the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario area have resulted in heavily contaminated sediments and a severely impaired benthic invertebrate community in this area and downstream; however, no major impacts on fish have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, major impacts of man on fish spawning and rearing habitats and on benthic and fish productivity have resulted from the alteration of channels, construction of navigation locks, and regulation of flow in the St. Marys Rapids. Increases in the productivity of such raptors as osprey during the 1980s suggest a reduction in organochlorine contaminants levels in their diet; however, the increasing numbers of gulls with low concentrations of PCBs, p,p′-DDE and other organochlorines in their eggs may adversely affect gull young or their predators.
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  • 35
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    Hydrobiologia 219 (1991), S. 269-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water ; sediments ; oil ; heavy metals ; PCBs ; plankton ; clams ; fish ; birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite extensive urbanization of its watershed, the Detroit River still supports diverse fish and wildlife populations. Conflicting uses of the river for waste disposal, water withdrawals, shipping, recreation, and fishing require innovative management. Chemicals added by man to the Detroit River have adversely affected the health and habitats of the river's plants and animals. In 1985, as part of an Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study sponsored by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, researchers exposed healthy bacteria, plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds to Detroit River sediments and sediment porewater. Negative impacts included genetic mutations in bacteria; death of macroinvertebrates; accumulation of contaminants in insects, clams, fishes, and ducks; and tumor formation in fish. Field surveys showed areas of the river bottom that were otherwise suitable for habitation by a variety of plants and animals were contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals and occupied only by pollution-tolerant worms. Destruction of shoreline wetlands and disposal of sewage and toxic substances in the Detroit River have reduced habitat and conflict with basic biological processes, including the sustained production of fish and wildlife. Current regulations do not adequately control pollution loadings. However, remedial actions are being formulated by the U.S. and Canada to restore degraded benthic habitats and eliminate discharges of toxic contaminants into the Detroit River.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; invertebrate prey ; rivers ; habitat preference ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stone loach and bullhead were given a choice of Chironomus and Asellus prey in experiments using solitary fish and fish in company. Solitary fish ate more than fish in company. The effect of light and substratum type on feeding was investigated. Both species ate more prey items on gravel than silt when a significant difference was observed. Bullhead ate more than loach in the light on both substrata. The only experiment in which loach ate more than bullhead was on a silt substratum in the dark. It is concluded that these two species utilise different components of the available food resources in chalk streams by adopting different habitats.
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  • 37
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    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; filter-feeding ; food assimilation ; filtering rate
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis Rich., dry weight food assimilation rates ranged from 37 to 49% (average 43%). The filtration rate ranged from 185 to 256 ml h−1 g−1 and was higher in larger fish. Bighead carp filtered Chlorella vulgaris (6 ± 0.4 µ diam) inefficiently (0.1 %), but the efficiency increased to 13 % for the larger Scenedesmus sp. (12 ± 1.7 µ diam). Fish kept in cages were forced to filter-feed, whereas fish kept free in the same pond were opportunistic plankton and bottom feeders. Free fish grew faster.
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  • 38
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    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fungi ; fish ; infections ; freshwater ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey was carried out on the species of fungi associated with mycotic infections of fish in a Nigerian freshwater fish pond. A total of 24 fungal species belonging to 6 genera of aquatic phycomycete were isolated from the infected fishes. Achlya racemosa, Aphanomyces laevis, Dictyuchus sterile, Saprolegnia ferax, S. litoralis and S. parasitica had 100% frequency of occurrence amongst the infected fishes. There were similarities in the species of fungi isolated from the infected fishes in the fish pond and those isolated from the hatchery. Of the infected fishes, Clarias lazera had the highest number of fungal isolates. It was followed by Tilapia zilli, then by Chanos chanos, Ethmalosa fimbriata and finally by Cyprinus carpio. The implications of the results obtained on the development of fish farming in Nigeria are discussed.
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  • 39
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    Hydrobiologia 252 (1993), S. 175-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; birds ; mammals ; stream ; diet ; overlap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The food resource use of a stream in NW Spain by fish (Salmo trutta L. and Anguilla anguilla L.), birds (Cinclus cinclus L. and Motacilla cinerea L.) and mammals (Galemys pyrenaicus G. and Neomys anomalus C.) was studied. Data on seasonal diets and stream benthos prey were used to determine prey selection patterns. Caddisfly larvae are the main resource for Cinclus and Galemys, but these predators also consumed other benthic prey. Salmo fed on a wide range of benthic invertebrates, emergent pupae and terrestrial prey, whereas Anguilla consumed primarily benthic invertebrates, especially Lumbricids. Neomys fed mainly on terrestrial prey (Gasteropods and Lumbricids), but also consumed aquatic prey. Motacilla captured aquatic insects both in larval and aerial stages, as well as terrestrial prey. Both prey availability and selection led to seasonal differences in the use of food resources. All species showed a marked prey selection of aquatic taxa. Prey size plays an important role in this selection, most species consuming the largest of available prey sizes. In spite of the fact that all species feed upon freshwater invertebrates, substantial resource partitioning was observed in all seasons. This partitioning may be attributable to morpholological and physiological differences. Nevertheless, Anguilla and Galemys, two quite different animals, did feed on the same prey much of the time.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; zooplankton ; Chaoborus ; reservoir ; limnocorral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the effects of planktivorous Holeshestes heterodon Eigenmann (Characidae) predation on the plankton community of a small subtropical reservoir, using four enclosures (volume about 17.5 m3), open to the sediment, established in the littoral zone. Two enclosures were stocked with fish (mean TL 5.7 cm), at a density of about 4–5 fish m−3 (approx. 8 g m−3), whereas two remained fishless. The experiment lasted a little longer than one month. In the fish enclosures, most Crustacea and Chaoborus larvae remained scarce, probably as a result of visually selective fish predation. In both fishless enclosures, Chaoborus larvae became abundant. However, in only one of these did large individuals become relatively numerous; this discrepancy in the demographic structure of the Chaoborus populations between the two fishless enclosures is unexplained. Only in the fishless enclosure without appreciable numbers of large Chaoborus did densities of Crustacea increase greatly. It is suggested that in the enclosure containing large Chaoborus individuals, crustacean populations were prevented from developing due to predation pressure, while the small Chaoborus larvae of the other enclosure could not readily consume these prey. Rotifers were low in abundance in the absence of fish, probably as a consequence of Chaoborus predation. Phytoplankton density increased in all four enclosures, due probably to the lack of water flow. Only in the fishless enclosure with high densities of crustaceans did phytoplankton abundance decrease markedly at the end of the experiment, perhaps because of grazing losses.
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  • 41
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    Hydrobiologia 258 (1993), S. 185-196 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Banc d'Arguin ; fish ; Mauritania ; nursery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of the Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania) for juvenile fish has been investigated in September 1988. Fish have been sampled with a 2 m beam trawl at 50 locations in the coastal zone between Cap Sainte Anne and Cap Timiris. Water depth varied between 1 and 16 metres. Temperature and salinity at each station have been measured, as well as the weight of the catch and total length of the individual fish. The largest catches — in numbers as well as in weight — were obtained around the shallows of Tidra and Arel. This region has a large diversity in species, and contains large numbers of juvenile fish and cephalopods. The deeper areas seem to be much poorer in species, but average length and weight of the sampled fish are higher than around Tidra and Arel.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: IGF-I mRNA ; solution hybridization assay ; tissue distribution ; growth hormone ; somatolactin ; prolactin ; hepatocyte ; fish ; Oncorhynchus kisutch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Afin d'étudier les régulations homronales et nutritionnelles de l'expression des ARNm de l'IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I), un dosage spécifique par hybridation en solution des ARNm d'IGF-I de saumon coho et protégé des RNases, a été développé. Ce dosage, à la fois rapide et sensible, présente un faible coefficient de variation inter- (〈 15%) et intra- (〈 5%) dosage. L'étude de la distribution tissulaire des ARNm de l'IGF-I et des effets de l'hormone de croissance (GH), de la prolactine (Prl) et de la somatolactine (SI) sur l'expression hépatique des ARNm de l'IGF-I, a été entreprise in vivo chez le saumon coho en utilisant ce dosage. Le foie présente les plus grandes quantités d'ARNm d'IGF-I (16 pg/μg d'ADN). Des quantités significatives d'ARNm d'IGF-I ont été également détectées dans tous les autres tissus étudiés (intestin 4,1; rein 3,8; branchie 2,4; ovaire 2,3; muscle 2,1; rate 1,7 et graisse 1,1 pg/μg d'ADN). L'injection à des saumons coho, de GH à des doses de 0,1 et 1 μg/g de poids vif, augmente significativement et de manière dose dépendante les niveaux hépatiques d'ARNm d'IGF-I. L'injection de SI de saumon coho, un membre récemment découvert de la famille GH/Prl, stimule avec la plus haute dose utilisée, l'expression des ARNm d'IGF-I alors que la Prl n'a aucun effet. La GH augmente de manière dose dépendante (0,01–1 μg/ml) l'expression in vitro des ARNm d'IGF-I par des ARNm d'IGF-I par des hépatocytes de saumon coho en culture. Ces résultats indiquent que, chez le saumon coho, l'expression des ARNm d'IGF-I est présente dans le nombreaux tissus et que, l'expression hépatique est, au moins en partie, régulée par la GH et peut-être par d'autres hormones. Le dosage par séquence spécifique mise au point dans le présent travail, peut-être utilisé pour la quantification précise des ARNm, d'IGF-I de salmonidés et devrait permettre une meilleure connaissance de la physiologie de L'IGF-I chez les salmonidés.
    Notes: Abstract To examine the hormonal and nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression, a sequence-specific solution hybridization/RNase protection assay for coho salmon IGF-I mRNA was developed. This assay is both rapid and sensitive and has low inter- (less than 15%) and intra-assay variations (less than 5%). Using this assay, the tissue distribution of IGF-I mRNA and effects of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) on hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression in coho salmon were examined in vivo. Liver had the highest IGF-I mRNA level of 16 pg/μg DNA. Significant amounts of IGF-I mRNA were also found in all other tissues examined (intestine 4.1, kidney 3.8, gill arch 2.4, brain 2.4, ovary 2.3, muscle 2.1, spleen 1.7 and fat 1.1 pg/μg DNA). Injection of coho salmon GH at doses of 0.1 and 1 μg/g body weight significantly increased the hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of coho salmon SL, a recently discovered member of the GH/PRL family, stimulated the IGF-I mRNA expression at the higher dose (1 μg/g), whereas coho salmon PRL had no effect at either dose. Concentration-dependent stimulation by coho salmon GH was also obtained in vitro in primary culture of salmon hepatocytes in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 μg/ml. These results indicate that IGF-I mRNA expression occurs in a variety of tissues in coho salmon, and that at least the hepatic expression is under the regulation of GH and possibly other hormones. The sequence-specific assay established in the present study can be used for accurate quantitation of IGF-I mRNA in salmonid species, and can contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of IGF-I in salmonids.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: plasma ; IGF ; GH ; salmonid ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Using rainbow trout plasma protein (IGF-BP) which specifically binds human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) (Niu and Le Bail 1993), we have developed an assay to measure plasma IGF-like levels in different teleost species. Before the assay and to prevent interference by IGF-BP, IGF-like was extracted from all samples, using SP Sephadex C-25 in acidic conditions. After this treatment, contamination of the IGF fraction by IGF-BP which was estimated by binding assay, was approximately 5%, and was not detectable by western ligand blot. Human IGF-I was used as standard and labelled hormone. Sensitivity of the assay was 0.15–0.40 ng/ml (ED90) and ED50 was 1–3 ng/ml. hIGF-II crossreaction was partial and no significant displacement was observed with Insulin from different species or with other hormones. Inhibition curves were obtained with plasma IGF fractions (but not with tissue extracts) from teleost and mammals and are parallel to the standard curve. These results suggest that the protein binding assay can quantify an IGF-like factor in the plasma of teleost and that the binding sites of IGF are well conserved during vertebrate evolution. Using this IGF binding assay, IGF-like was measured in parallel with growth hormone (GH) in plasma from young rainbow trout killed every 1.5h throughout one day. The daily profiles for both hormones, which appear pulsatile, are similar. A significant correlation was observed between GH levels and IGF-like levels with a 1.5h delay. Analogous observations were obtained in individual catheterized adult rainbow trout. Although plasma GH levels differ greatly between fish, less variability is found with IGF-like. In a third experiment, rainbow trout were starved or submitted to bovine GH treatment for four weeks. Starved fish, in which plasma GH levels increased, had plasma IGF-like level significantly lower than in fed fish. In bGH injected fish, plasma IGF-like level was significantly higher than in non-injected fish. These results suggest that, as in mammals, IGF-like secretion depends on plasma GH level and could be modulated by the nutritional status of fish.
    Notes: Résume Un dosage des somatomédines (IGF) plasmatiques de téléostéens a été mise au point, en utilisant une protéine du sérum de truite qui lie spécifiquement les IGF humains (Niu and Le Bail 1993). Pour éliminer les risques d'interférence dues aux protéines de liaison (IGF-BP), l'activité IGF des différents échantillons a été extraite à l'aide de SP Sephadex C-25 en condition acide. La contamination en IGF-BP de ces extraits est estimée à 5% par dosage de la liaison et n'est pas détectable en western ligand blot. L'IGF-I humain a été utilisée comme standard et comme traceur. La sensibilité du dosage est de 0.15–0.40 ng/ml (ED90) et l'ED50 varie entre 1 et 3 ng/ml. L'IGF-II humain est reconnue partiellement mais aucune réaction croisée n'est observée avec de l'insuline de différentes espèces ni avec les autres hormones testées. Les courbes d'inhibition obtenues avec les sera de mammifères et de téléostéens sont parallèles à la courbe standard. Ces résultats montrent que le dosage par protéine de liaison est capable de quantifier une activité de type IGF dans le sérum des téléostéen, et que le site de liaison des IGF est resté bien conservé au cours de l'évolution des vertébrés. En utilisant ce dosage, nous avons mesuré l'activité IGF et les niveaux d'hormone de croissance (GH) dans des plasmas de jeunes truites arc-en-ciel abattues toutes les heures et demie durant 24h. Les profils nycthémér-aux des deux hormones, qui sont de type pulsatile, apparaissent similaires. Une corrélation significative est observée entre les niveaux de GH et les activités IGF circulant une heure et demie plus tard. Des observations analogues ont été faites chez des truites adultes cathétérisées. Cependant, les niveaux plasmatiques de GH sont très différents d'un animal à l'autre, alors que les variations de l'activité IGF sont moins prononcées. Dans une troisième expérience, des truites ont été réparties en trois groupes: un groupe contrôle, un groupe traité avec de la GH bovine et un groupe soumis à un jeûne prolongé. Chez les animaux à jeun, les niveaux de GH augmentent alors que les activités IGF diminuent. Chez les animaux injectés avec de la GH, les activités IGF sont significativement plus élevées que chez les animaux témoins. Ces résultats suggèrent que, comme chez les mammifères, la sécrétion des IGF plasmatiques est contrôlée par les niveaux circulants de GH et que les variations de la réceptivité tissulaire à la GH dépendent de l'état nutritionnel des animaux.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: aquatic pollutants ; fish ; salmon ; biochemical and physiological effects ; dioxins ; furans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During a 2-year experimental period female baltic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed pellets impregnated with oil extracted from Baltic herring (Clupea harengus). This extract contained lipid-soluble xenobiotics present in Baltic herring, which constitute a major part of the natural diet of Baltic salmon. The fish were examined at the time of ovulation in November each year. After 2 years of feeding, the load of polychlorinated dibenzo-paradioxins and furans in the exposed group was about twice that in the control group, but still low compared with concentrations in feral Baltic salmon. In spite of the relatively low exposure level, several vital biochemical functions were disturbed in the treated fish. Organic skeletal variables were affected indicating that the bone metabolism had been altered. Furthermore, the activities of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis were affected, which could lead to disturbances in reproductive functions. Splenocytes from exposed fish sampled in November 1990 showed a reduced mitogenic response, indicating that their immune system was suppressed. Feeding the salmon with pollutant-impregnated pellets also resulted in an induction of the hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity after only 6 weeks of exposure. Likewise, morphological abnormalities, i.e. hypertrophic hepatocytes and various stages of hepatic degeneration, were already apparent after 6 weeks of exposure. However, no EROD induction or morphological responses were recorded at the second and third sampling event, i.e. after one and 2 years of exposure, respectively. this could indicate that some physiological functions may adapt to a restricted xenobiotic load.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: acidification ; Index of Biotic Integrity ; physical habitat ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to: (1) evaluate the ecological status of acid-sensitive and non acid-sensitive Maryland coastal plain streams using biological (Index of biotic Integrity [IBI] for fish), chemical and physical habitat conditions; (2) determine if a low IBI for coastal plain stream fish can be related to stream sensitivity from acidic inputs and (3) correlate land use activities and watershed size in the coastal plain streams with biological, chemical and physical conditions. IBI values obtained using 12 community metrics for Maryland coastal plain stream fish demonstrated that there were no significant differences in these values when acid-sensitive and non-acid-sensitive streams were compared. However, other complementary data in acid-sensitive streams such as absence of the acid-sensitive species, blacknose dace and higher numbers and biomass of tolerant species suggested that these streams may be impacted. IBI values were also found to be negatively correlated with various trace metals in acid-sensitive streams but not in non-acid-sensitive areas. Chemical conditions such as trace metals and nutrients were associated with land use activities. Highest concentrations of trace metals (chromium, nickel, and cadmium) were found in streams with the highest percentage of low residential housing. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in streams found in agricultural areas than in forested areas. Agriculturally dominated streams with highest nitrate concentrations (〉 10 mg l-1) also contained the highest percentage of livestock feeding operations. The mean IBI score for streams draining agricultural land was higher than the mean value for forested streams when all streams were compared. However, when several streams that were only marginally forested (〈 50%) were removed from the analysis, the IBI scores did not differ significantly by land use. Two physical habitat indices exhibited a strong associated with each other. Each habitat index also correlated with IBI values.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; Anguilla ; reproduction ; neuroendocrinology ; GnRH ; mGnRH ; cGnRH II ; steroid feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au moyen de dosages radioimmunologiques spécifiques de chacune des formes de GnRH présentes chez l'anguille européenne, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH et cGnRH II), nous avons comparé leur répartition dans l'hypophyse et les différentes parties du cerveau, chez l'anguille femelle argentée, ainsi que les modifications de leurs teneurs chez des femelles dont la maturation sexuelle est induite par un traitement à l'extrait hypophysaire de carpe. Chez les témoins, mGnRH est plus abondant que cGnRH II dans l'hypophyse, les lobes olfactifs et le téléncéphale, le di-et mésencéphale, alors que l'inverse est observé dans la partie postérieure du cerveau (mét- et mésencéphale). La maturation expérimentale des gonades entraine une augmentation significative des teneurs en mGnRH de l'hypophyse et des parties antérieures du cerveau; un tel effet positif n'est pas observé sur les faibles teneurs en cGnRH II qui, au contraire, sont diminuées. Ces données indiquent que le rétrocontrôle positif des stéroides gonadiques sur GnRH, que nous avions démontré précédemment, s'exercerait spécifiquement sur la forme mGnRH. Les différences dans la répartition et le contrôle de mGnRH et cGnRH II suggèrent que ces deux formes ont des rôles physiologiques différents chez l'anguille. L'élévation importante de mGnRH lors de la maturation sexuelle suggère l'implication principale de cette forme dans le contrôle neuroendocrine de la fonction de reproduction.
    Notes: Abstract Using specific radioimmunoassays for the two GnRH molecular forms present in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, (mGnRH and cGnRH II), we compared their distributions in the pituitary and different parts of the brain of female silver eels, as well as the modifications of their levels in experimentally matured female eels (treated with carp pituitary extract). In control eels, mGnRH levels were higher than cGnRH II levels in the pituitary, olfactory lobes and telencephalon, di- and mesencephalon, while the opposite was found in the posterior part of the brain (met- and myelencephalon). Experimental sexual maturation of the gonads significantly increased mGnRH levels in the pituitary and anterior parts of the brain; such a positive effect was not observed on the low cGnRH II levels, which were, in contrast, reduced. These data indicate that the positive feedback of gonadal hormones on GnRH, that we previously demonstrated, would specifically affect the mGnRH form. The differential distribution and control of mGnRH and cGnRH II suggest that these two forms have different physiological roles in the eel. The large increase in mGnRH during sexual maturation suggests the prime implication of this form in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
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  • 47
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: GH ; GRF ; GnRH ; IGF-I ; testis ; ovary ; steroids ; gametogenesis ; amphibians ; fish ; mammals ; human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.
    Notes: Résumé Les interactions entre les fonctions de croissance et de reproduction mises en évidence chez de nombreux vertébrés, sont particulièrement aigües à certaines étapes du cycle vital des poissons. Nous décrivons les interactions endocrines existant entre les axes somatrope et gonadotrope en insistant sur le rôle joué par l'hormone de croissance (GH). L'analyse comparée de ces phénomènes chez les mammifères, les poissons et les amphibiens permet de suggérer que la GH joue un rôle spécifique dans la physiologie de la puberté, la gamétogénèse et la fertilité. Nous mettons en évidence l'apport original des études effectuées sur le modèle poisson dans ce champ d'investigation.
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  • 48
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: catecholamines ; cortisol ; cyclic AMP ; fish ; red blood cell ; hepatocyte ; hypoxia ; stress ; oxygen ; adrenoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élévation des niveaux de cathécolamines plasmatiques pendant un stress aigu déclenche une série de mécanismes physiologiques et biochimiques de compensation destinés à suprimer les effets destructeurs du stress sur les transport d'oxygène par le sang. L'activation β-adrénergique de l'antipore Na+/H+ associé à la membrane des globules rouges du sang (rbc) est particulièrement importante. Après activation, l'antipore Na+/H+ excrète du globule rouge H+ et l'alcalinisation du milieu intérieur du globule qui en résulte sert à stimuler l'affinité et la capacité de liaison hémoglobine-O2. L'activation de l'échangeur Na+/H+ est dépendante de l'accumulation intracellulaire d'AMP cyclique. La quantité d'AMP cyclique accumulée est déterminée en partie par le nombre et/ou l'affinité des β-adrénorécepteurs situés à la surface des cellules. Des études récentes montrent que le nombre de β-adrénorécepteurs de surface augmente rapidement pendant une hypoxie aigue et que ce phénomène pourrait expliquer la stimulation de la réponse des globules rouges hypoxiques à des cathécolamines exogènes. Dans certains cas, les niveaux plasmatiques de cortisol et de cathécolamine augmentent simultanément. Nous avons récemment montré qu'une augmentation chronique (10 jours) des niveaux de cortisol in vivo ou une élévation de courte durée (24h) in vitro conduisent à une augmentation des β-adrénorécepteurs internalisés. Suite à l'exposition de globules rouges à une hypoxie, ces nouveaux récepteurs sont rapidement recrutés à la surface de la cellule où ils deviennent fonctionnellement couplés à l'adénylate cyclase. En dernier lieu donc, une élévation chronique des niveaux de cortisol augmente la réponse des globules rouges aux cathécolamines circulants. Nous avons récemment identifié une augmentation similaire des β-adrénorécepteurs de surface cellulaire par le cortisol et une réponse physiologique (glycogénolyse) stimulée par les cathécolamines dans les hépatocytes de truite. Ainsi, une élévation chronique des niveaux de cortisol semble être en général adaptative et augmentant la sensibilité du système de transduction du signal β-adrénergique dans au moins 2 types de cellules (les globules rouges et les hépatocytes) impliquées dans l'amélioration du stress aigu quand les niveaux de cathécolamine plasmatique augmentent.
    Notes: Abstract The elevation of plasma catecholamine levels during acute stress initiates a series of compensatory physiological and biochemical mechanisms to alleviate the disruptive effects of stress on blood oxygen transport. Of particular importance is the β-adrenergic activation of a Na+/H+ antiporter associated with the red blood cell (rbc) membrane. Upon activation, the Na+/H+ antiporter extrudes H+ from the rbc and the resultant alkalinization of the rbc interior serves to enhance both the affinity and the capacity of haemoglobin O2 binding. The activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger is dependent upon the intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP. The extent of cyclic AMP accumulation is determined, in part, by the number and/or affinities of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors. Recent studies have shown that the number of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors are rapidly increased during acute hypoxia and that this phenomenon may explain the enhanced responsiveness of hypoxic rbc's to exogenous catecholamines. In certain instances, plasma catecholamine and cortisol levels rise concurrently. We recently have shown that chronic (10 day) elevation of cortisol levels, in vivo, or short-term (24h) elevation, in vitro, caused significant elevation of internalized β-adrenoreceptors. Upon exposure of the rbc's to hypoxia, these additional receptors are rapidly recruited to the cell surface where they become functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase. Ultimately, therefore, chronic elevation of plasma cortisol levels increases the responsiveness of the rbc to circulating catecholamines. We recently have identified similar enhancement of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors by cortisol and increased physiological responsiveness (glycogenolysis) to catecholamines in trout hepatocytes. Thus, chronic elevation of cortisol levels appears to be generally adaptive for increasing the sensitivity of the β-adrenergic signal transduction system of at least two cell types (rbc's, hepatocytes) involved in the amelioration of acute stress when plasma catecholamine levels rise.
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  • 49
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; rainbow trout ; brain ; cytochrome P450 ; CYP1A1 ; induction ; subcellular fractions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 participates in the activation as well as detoxification of environmental pollutants such as aromatic hydrocarbons. This CYP form is also efficiently induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of CYP 1A1 in the brain might thus be of physiological and toxicological importance. In the present investigation on rainbow trout, the distribution of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, a cytochrome CYP 1A1 catalyzed reaction, was measured in whole tissue homogenates from brain parts. In control fish, a relatively high activity was found in the rainbow trout olfactory bulb compared to the other brain parts. Although an EROD induction (3 to 7-fold) by β-naphthoflavone (BNF) was recorded in all brain parts from the rainbow trout, the highest induced activity was measured in the olfactory bulbs. To ascertain the distribution of EROD activity in cells, whole brain tissue was subfractionated by differential centrifugation. The fractionation scheme separated mitochondria (P2 fraction) and microsomes (P3 fraction) as determined by marker enzymes and electron microscopy. In control rainbow trout, a low EROD activity could be measured in the P2 fraction. BNF induced the EROD activity in both P2 and P3 fractions. Western blotting showed the induction by BNF of a protein band in the P2 and P3 fractions with a molecular mass around 58,000 when highly specific anti-cod CYP 1A1 antibodies were used. ELISA measurements confirmed the induction of CYP 1A1 protein in the rainbow trout brain subcellular fractions.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: swim tunnel ; respirometer ; computer control ; data acquisition ; fish ; swimming ; oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the design of a modified Brett-type respirometer for use with fish up to 2 kg at swimming speeds as high as 2.5 m·s-1. Control of the respirometer, experimental monitoring and data acquisition are performed by computer. Water velocity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide can be controlled at predetermined levels to enable experiments to be conducted over several days with minimal deterioration in water quality.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; rainbow trout ; Salmo gairdneri ; kidney ; cytochrome P-450 ; metabolism ; xenobiotics ; steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The regional distribution of microsomal cytochrome P-450-mediated reactions with exogenous and endogenous substrates in the kidney of rainbow trout was studied. The cytochrome P-450-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin- and 7-ethoxycoumarin-0-deethylase activities were significantly higher (3–4 and 10–14 fold, respectively) in the trunk kidney than in the head kidney, whereas ethylmorphine-N-demethylase activity was evenly distributed along the kidney. The microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent steroid hydroxylases and steroid reducing enzymes when using androstenedione as substrate also exhibited a regional distribution in trout kidney. The 6β- and 16-hydroxylase activities as well as the 5α-reductase and 17 hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities were higher in the anterior part of the trunk kidney than in the head kidney and posterior trunk kidney.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: kallikrein-kinin system ; fish ; kinin ; kallikrein inhibitors ; gills ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cardiovascular effects of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) have not been completely characterized in lower vertebrates. In the present study, a specific, irreversible kallikrein inhibitor, Phe-Phe-Arg-chloromethyl ketone (PPACMK) was used to examine: 1. the role of the KKS in blood pressure regulation in vivo; 2. the nature of the pressor substance formed by the action of kallikrein on trout plasma in vivo and in vitro; and 3. the presence of kallikrein in trout gills and kidney. Dorsal aortic cannulated rainbow trout were used for in vivo blood pressure assays and two colorimetric serine-protease assays were used to examine tissue kallikrein activity. PPACMK alone had no effect on blood pressure in vivo. Pretreatment of porcine kallikrein with PPACMK inhibited the enzyme's pressor effect in trout by 80% and significantly attenuated the synthesis of vasopressor substance(s) from heat-treated trout plasma in vitro. Approximately 30% of gill serine protease activity was inhibited by pretreatment with PPACMK; no PPACMK-sensitive kallikrein activity was observed in the kidney. Salt water adaptation did not affect kallikrein-specific activity in the gill. These results show that the salmonid KKS does not appear to be involved in the regulation of systemic blood pressure. Further, the formation of pressor substances from trout plasma in vivo and in vitro is due to kallikrein activity and the peptides generated are similar. A kallikrein, similar to the mammalian enzyme, is found in trout gills, suggesting that the salmonid KKS may be a local mediator of gill function.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: temperature ; growth rate ; metabolic capacities ; muscle ; fish ; stickleback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal acclimation may directly modify muscle metabolic capacities, or may modify them indirectly via effects upon physiological processes such as growth, reproduction or senescence. To evaluate these interacting effects, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation and acclimatization upon muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in 1 + stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in which confounding interactions between temperature and senescense should be absent. Furthermore, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation upon individual growth rate, muscle enzyme levels and tissue masses in 2 + stickleback sampled at the beginning of their final reproductive season. For 1 + stickleback, cold acclimation more than doubles mitochondrial enzyme levels in the axial muscle. Thermal acclimation did not change the condition of 1 + stickleback at feeding levels which could not maintain the condition of 2+ stickleback. Compensatory metabolic responses to temperature were not apparent in field acclimatized 1 + stickleback. The growth rate of 2 + stickleback was markedly affected by temperature: warm-acclimated fish generally lost mass even at very high levels of feeding (up to 78 enchytraid worms per day) while cold-acclimated fish gained mass. This suggests that warm temperatures accelerate the senescence of 2 + stickleback. Generally, muscle enzyme activities increased with growth rate. In axial muscle, the relationships between CS activity and growth rate differed with acclimation temperature. Independent of the influence of growth rate, CS activities were consistently higher in cold- than warm-acclimated 2 + stickleback, suggesting compensatory increases of CS activity with cold acclimation.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: circadian rhythms ; diel cycles ; feeding time ; demand feeder ; fish ; glycogen ; lipid ; liver weight ; fatty acids ; glucose ; T3 ; T4 ; growth hormone ; cortisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The circadian patterns of several tissue and plasma metabolites, and several plasma hormone concentrations are described in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were held in groups under three different photoperiod regimes, and given free access to a demand-feeder. Regardless of photoperiod regime, all the measured parameters showed significant diel rhythms that appeared to be synchronized by dawn; dawn was represented by the concomitant onset of both light and feeding. The diel increases in hepatic glycogen content, and plasma T4 and cortisol concentrations were in phase with the main period of feeding activity, whereas the peaks in plasma T3 and glucose concentrations that may also be triggered by feeding activity, were delayed by several hours. The peaks in hepatosomatic index, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and plasma growth hormone concentrations were 180° out of phase with the main period of feeding activity, and associated with periods of hypophagia and low activity.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: purification ; gonadotropins ; GTH I ; GTH II ; red seabream ; Pagrus major ; teleost ; fish ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two gonadotropic glycoproteins (PmGTH I and II) were purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative SDS-PAGE, from pituitaries of red seabream, a marine teleost which has an asynchronous-type ovary and spawns almost daily during the spawning season. The glycoproteins were composed of distinct subunits and the molecular weights were estimated to be 32 and 38 kDa for PmGTH I and PmGTH II, respectively. Both PmGTH I and II were active in two homologous bioassays: in vitro oocyte maturation and/or in vitro estradiol-17β production assays. These two GTHs were distinct in electrostatic properties, molecular weight, stability and yields from pituitaries during the spawning season. These properties suggest that PmGTH I and II correspond to salmon GTH I and II, respectively. A homologous radioimmunoassay with which to measure PmGTH II was developed using a rabbit antiserum against the β subunit of PmGTH II and intact PmGTH II as standards and radioactive competitors. Competition curves for red seabream plasma and pituitary extract were parallel to the standard curve, while PmGTH I had low cross-reactivity (3.1 %) with the antibody. This specific RIA system showed an in vivo LHRHa induced GTH surge in the plasma of female red seabream.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; sea raven ; gluconeogensis ; hepatocytes ; redox ; LDH ; isozymes ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have reported very low rates of gluconeogenesis from lactate in sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) hepatocytes compared to other teleosts studied. This study examines whether hepatic cell redox or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) characteristics may explain this observation. Sea raven hepatic optimal LDH activities (pyruvate reductase direction) were more than 40 times less compared with rainbow trout liver values (40 vs 1914 μmol·min−1·g−1 protein). The Km(lactate) was 9.24 and 0.86 mM for sea raven and trout hepatic LDH, but the Km(pyruvate) was similar between the two species (0.11 and 0.21 mM, respectively). These results suggested that sea raven liver LDH did not favour lactate use and was more indicative of the mammalian M-isozyme. Gel electrophoresis showed a predominant intermediate isozyme, with a small amount of the M-type LDH. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was localized to the mitochondrial compartment, while there was no apparent mitochondrial glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity. No in vitro lactate flux to glucose was found in untreated, 10 mM ethanol-treated, or 3 mM NH4Cl-treated sea raven hepatocytes, although CO2 production from lactate was decreased by ethanol and increased by NH4Cl. These results provide evidence that cell redox does not limit gluconeogenesis from lactate, while low activities and the kinetic characteristics of LDH may partially explain the low lactate gluconeogenesis reported in sea raven hepatocytes.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; chloride cell ; morphology ; kinetics ; Km ; Jmax ; acid-base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marked morphological responses occur in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout in response to experimental acid-base disturbance and these responses play an important role in acid-base correction. Compensated respiratory acidosis induced by 70h exposure to environmental hyperoxia (elevated water PO2) caused a 33% decrease in branchial chloride cell fractional surface area (CCFA). Metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery (6h) from hyperoxia (72h) caused a 50% increase in CCFA, whereas metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion (19h) of NaHCO3 caused a 70% rise. However, the largest increase (135%) in CCFA was seen in response to infusion (19h) of HCl. NaCl infusion had no effect. A particular goal was to assess the relative importance of changes in CCFA vs. changes in internal substrate (HCO3 −) availability in regulating the activity of the branchial Cl−/HCO3 − exchange system. For each of the experimental treatments, the accompanying blood acid-base status and branchial transport kinetics (Km, Jmax) for Cl− uptake had been determined in earlier studies. In the present study, a positive linear relationship was established between CCFA and JCl− max in individual control fish in the absence of an acid-base disturbance. By reference to this relationship, observed changes in JCl− max during metabolic acid-base disturbances were clearly due to changes in both CCFA and internal substrate levels (plasma [HCO3 −]) with the two factors having approximately equal influence.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; trout ; stress ; macrophage ; phagocytosis ; corticosteroids ; adrenergic agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acute and chronic stress on the phagocytic activity of putative macrophages from the rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss has been assessed, using an in vitro phagocytic index, in which the average number of engulfed yeast cells in a population of phagocytes is determined. An injection stress given under light anaesthesia, or a longer noise stress combined with confinement, both significantly reduced, within 3 h, the level of phagocytic activity of macrophages from the spleen and pronephros. Daily injection stress over six days had a lesser effect on the proportion of phagocytically active cells even though plasma cortisol levels were equally raised. Daily dexamethasone injection depressed the proportion of phagocytically active cells more than saline injection. In these in vivo experiments, it was not possible to determine whether stress and steroids depressed the phagocytic activity of individual macrophages or caused the active macrophages to migrate out of the spleen and pronephros. Administration of cortisol (200 nM) to trout macrophages in vitro failed to depress phagocytic activity within a 3h period but both α- and β-adrenergic agonists (10 μM) were usually depressive. It is proposed that the autonomic nervous system may be an early regulator of macrophage phagocytosis following stress and that corticosteroids only exert their suppressive effect on macrophage activity in the longer term.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemoreception ; garter snakes ; Thamnophis sirtalis ; chemical cues ; Lumbricus terrestris ; earthworm ; Pimephales promelas ; fish ; prey odors ; glycopeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Materials previously shown to elicit increased tongue-flicking and prey attack in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) were isolated from both earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and fish (Pimephales promelas). Both high- and low-molecular-weight components from earthworms and fish stimulated attacks and increased tongue-flicking in previously unfed neonate garter snakes relative to distilled water controls. Earthworm collagen was also effective, but even concentrated fractions were less effective than raw extract. Conflicting reports on the effectiveness of collagen suggest that the salient chemical(s) is a smaller molecule tightly bound to collagen and resisting standard purification methods.
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  • 60
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2503-2510 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rubidium determination ; cesium determination ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; fish ; Zooplankton ; chemical interference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interference in the determination of rubidium and cesium in fish and Zooplankton was examined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using synthetic matrices of these organisms at known concentrations and dilutions. Absorbance signals were depressed at dilution factors of less than 100, which confirms that the method is not free of interference for determination of rubidium and cesium in fish and Zooplankton.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fish larvae ; chemical ecology ; feeding suppression ; Cynoscion ; Hydroides ; trochophore ; rotifers ; fish ; polychaete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of exudates from trochophore larvae of the polychaeteHydroides dianthus on feeding in larval weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). Laboratory prey consisted ofH. dianthus trochophores and/or comparably sized rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). When experiments were conducted in filtered seawater, ingestion of rotifers was always greater than ingestion of trochophores. However, consumption of rotifers was depressed when water fromH. dianthus cultures (=trochophore water) was the experimental medium. The same effect was noted whether we added trochophore water from polychaete cultures that were two or five days postfertilization. However, no effect was noted when we used water from rotifer cultures. We concluded thatH. dianthus trochophores release a water-soluble compound that inhibits feeding in weakfish larvae.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lakes ; biological structure ; fish ; Neomysis ; zooplankton ; tropho-dynamics ; biomanipulation ; freshwater ; brackish water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nutrients on the biological structure of brackish and freshwater lakes were compared. Quantitative analysis of late summer fish, zooplankton, mysid and macrophyte populations was undertaken in 20–36 shallow brackish lakes of various trophic states and the findings compared with a similar analysis of shallow freshwater lakes based on either sampling (fish) or existing data (zooplankton, mysids and macrophytes). Special emphasis was placed on differences in pelagic top-down control. Whereas the fish biomass (CPUE, multiple mesh-size gill nets) rose with increasing P-concentration in freshwater lakes, that of brackish lakes was markedly reduced at P-concentrations above ca. 0.4 mg P l-1 and there was a concomitant shift to exclusive dominance by the small sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius); as a result, fish density remained relatively high. Mysids (Neomysis integer) were found at a salinity greater than 0.5‰ and increased substantially with increasing P-concentration, reaching levels as high as 13 ind. l-1. This is in contrast to the carnivorous zooplankton of freshwater lakes, which are most abundant at intermediate P levels. The efficient algal controller, Daphnia was only found at a salinity below 2‰ and N. integer in lakes with a salinity above 0.5‰. Above 2‰ the filter-feeding zooplankton were usually dominated by the less efficient algal controllers Eurytemora and Acartia. In contrast to freshwater lakes, no shift to a clearwater state was found in eutrophic brackish lakes when submerged macrophytes became abundant. We conclude that predation pressure on zooplankton is higher and algal grazing capacity lower in brackish eutrophic-hypertrophic lakes than in comparable freshwater lakes, and that the differences in trophic structure of brackish and freshwater lakes have major implications for the measures available to reduce the recovery period following a reduction in nutrient loading. From the point of view of top-down control, the salinity threshold dividing freshwater and brackish lakes is much lower than the conventionally defined 5‰.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 279-280 (1994), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: loons ; mercury ; fish ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Piscivorous birds and mammals in areas remote from point sources of Hg contamination may be exposed to dietary methylmercury concentrations that are sufficiently high to cause reproductive impairment. Common loons (Gavia immer) were observed to show aberrant nesting behavior and low overall reproductive success when Hg concentrations in prey (small fish and crayfish) averaged 〉 0.3 µg g−1 wet weight (Barr, 1986), levels known to occur in fish from many lakes in central Ontario. We used data on Hg in Ontario fish to estimate the proportion of lakes where fish small enough for loons to eat (〈 250 g) had Hg concentrations that exceeded estimated thresholds for reproductive impairment. Up to 30 % of lakes exceeded thresholds for reproductive impairment, depending on the species of fish and the threshold Hg concentrations chosen. There was a significant negative correlation between fish-Hg concentration and lake pH in most fish species examined. For these species, reductions in sulfate deposition rates are predicted to result in a corresponding reduction of lakes in Ontario having fish with potentially toxic concentrations of Hg.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Omo drainage ; fish ; new records
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four fish species,Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae),Barbus paludinosus, Labeo forskalii (Cyprinidae), andNemacheilus abyssinicus (Balitoridae), new to the Omo-Turkana basin, were recorded from the Gojeb River, a tributary of the Omo River (south-western Ethiopia). Occurrence of the latter species in the upper reaches of the Blue Nile and of the Omo drainage substantiates the belonging of the upper parts of these water systems to the Abyssinian highlands ichthyofaunal province.
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  • 65
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    Hydrobiologia 290 (1994), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: River Endrick ; water quality ; fish ; benthic invertebrates ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term changes in water quality, sources of pollution, and the fish and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the River Endrick catchment are described. The conservation status and management of the river are discussed and the need for research on nutrient loadings and the impact of recent fish introductions is emphasized.
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  • 66
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 10 (1992), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; gill ; gas exchange ; morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure and morphometry of the gills of the marine teleost, red drum, have been studied. The present analysis of gas exchange area of fish gills is one of the most intensive and the results are compared to less intense averaging methods. Based on the gill area estimates, red drum falls into the category of a fish of intermediate activity. Its gill clearly has an exchange area less than that of the tunas, but is slightly greater than that of trout or bass. The three components that contribute to total exchange area (filament length, lamellar density, and area of individual lamellae) are not all greater in species with a greater total exchange area. The best correlate is total filament length.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: circadian rhythms ; feeding time ; demand feeder ; fish ; liver ; free fatty acids ; glucose ; L-thyroxine ; triiode-L-thyronine ; growth hormone ; cortisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Afin d'étudier l'importance relative de l'heure des repas et de l'alternance jour/nuit, en tant que synchroniseurs de paramètres métaboliques et endocriniens ches des truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immatures, 6 lots de 30 individus, avaient accès à un distributeur d'aliments à la demande durant les 3 premières heures du jour (8h–11h), tandis que 6 autres lots de 30 individus n'avaient accès aux distributeurs d'aliments qu'au milieu de la photophase (12h–15h). Durant les 8 derniers jours, l'indice hépatosomatique, le taux de glycogène hépatique, ainsi que les concentrations plasmatiques en glucose, acides gras non-estèrifiès, cortisol, GH et hormones thyroidiennes ont été suivis entre l'aube 2h et l'aube + 12h. Il a alors été observé un effet significatif de l'heure d'accès à la nourriture sur la plupart des paramètres étudiés, se traduisant par une diminution de l'amplitude de variation de ces paramètres, ou encore une diminution de leurs valeurs moyennes, chez les truites ayant accès à la nourriture au milieu de la période d'éclairement par rapport à celles ayant accès aux distributeurs d'aliments à l'aube. Pour certains paramètres, il a aussi été observé une réponse plus directe, avec un changement post-prandrial des valeurs enregistrées, superposé à cet apparent effet dépresseur du décalage de la phase d'alimentation.
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the relative importance of the feeding time and the light/dark alternation, as synchronizers of metabolic and endocrine parameters, the hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen contents, plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, cortisol, growth hormone and thyroid hormone concentrations between dawn −2h and dawn + 12h are described in immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout were held in groups of 30 individuals and given access to a demand-feeder for only 3h per day, between dawn and dawn + 3h for 6 aquaria, and between dawn + 4h and dawn + 7h for another series of 6 aquaria. There was a clear effect of the time of food access on most of the studied parameters, with a decreased amplitude of variation, or a decreased mean level, in the fish eating in the middle of the photophase, compared with the fish eating at dawn. Superimposed on this apparent depressive effect of phase shifting of food access, some parameters also show direct responses to the shift of eating time, with a post-prandial increase or decrease.
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  • 68
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: biomonitoring ; refuges ; contaminant impacts ; fish ; wildlife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Environmental contaminants threaten the biological integrity of aquatic and semi-aquatic communities both inside and outside of U.S. National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the U.S. National Biological Survey are developing a new biomonitoring program, the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program. The BEST Program is being designed to respond to the effects of contemporary environmental contaminant problems associated with fish and wildlife and their habitats. When fully operational, BEST will evaluate the effects of contaminants on fish and wildlife resources; identify and prioritize national, regional, and local contaminant issues for decision makers; monitor national trends of the presence and effects of contaminants; and provide baseline information to support various contaminant investigation activities. The BEST Program will use an integrated network to evaluate contaminant impacts at the tissue, organism, population, community, and ecosystem levels. The sampling approach will be designed around two major components, trust resources on FWS lands (primarily Refuges) and trust species and their habitats outside of FWS lands. The BEST Program is adopting bioassessment techniques from four broad categories including ecological surveys, biomarkers, bioassays and toxicity tests, and residue analysis. Pilot and demonstration projects will be conducted through fiscal year 1997.
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  • 69
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gonadotropin control ; pituitary ; melatonin ; steroids ; reproduction ; teleost ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les Poissons, comme chez tous les Vertébrés, le cerveau est activement impliqué dans les mécanismes de contrôle de la reproduction d'une part, en participant, sous l'influence des facteurs du milieu, à l'établissement d'un état endocrinien adéquat, mais aussi en permettant la synchronisation des individus au moment de la ponte. Il est actuellement bien établi que la régulation de l'activité gonadotrope hypophysaire est multifactorielle et placée sous la dépendance de facteurs inhibiteurs et excitateurs essentiellement originaires de la région préoptique et de l'hypothalamus médiobasal, régions cibles pour les stéroides sexuels. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la transmission de l'information provenant des milieux extérieurs et intérieurs sont moins bien connus. Des résultats récents suggèrent que les androgènes et la mélatonine, connus pour provoquer des réponses comportementales et endocriniennes, agissent au niveau de territoires neuroendocriniens, mais aussi au niveau des systèmes sensoriels qui constituent également les sites d'action des facteurs externes. Dans cet article, nous avons tenté de résumer et d'intégrer les données récentes de la littérature se rapportant au cerveau en tant que participant essentiel des mécanismes endocriniens et comportementaux liés à la reproduction chez les Poissons.
    Notes: Abstract In fish as in other vertebrates, the brain is actively involved in the control of reproduction, first by participating, under the influence of external factors, in the establishment of an appropriate endocrine status, but also by allowing synchronization of the partners by the time of spawning. It is now well established that the pituitary gonadotropic function is controlled by multiple stimulatory and inhibitory factors, originating mainly from the preoptic region and the mediobasal hypothalamus, both target regions for sexual steroids. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the mediation of external and internal factors, however there is indication that internal factors, such as androgens and melatonin, known to trigger particular behavioural and endocrine responses, act both at the level of neuroendocrine territories, but also on sensorial systems, which are the actual sites of action for external factors. This paper represents an attempt to summarize and integrate the recent literature devoted to the different aspects of the brain as a major participant in the complex endocrine and behavioural mechanisms of reproduction in fish.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: permethrin ; blackfly control ; fish ; invertebrates ; non-target fauna ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The side-effects of permethrin (20% EC) as a Simulium larvicide on aquatic invertebrates and fish was studied under operational vector control conditions to contribute to the evaluation of the product for its possible adoption by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. After 15 weekly applications of the formulation at 0.045 litre per m3 of water discharge, drift samples virtually contained no Ephemeroptera. Saxicolous fauna density and proportional diversity were also affected. However, both drift and saxicolous fauna recovered to almost pretreatment levels a month after treatment was terminated. Fish showed some evidence of stress but remained in the active treated zone to make trends of catches in the area comparable with those of the control station. The treatment did not result in fish mortalities, and the condition of fish before and after the experimental period was significantly unchanged. Thus, operational use of permethrin by the Programme would not be expected to have permanent adverse effects on the non-target fauna.
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  • 71
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2697-2704 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Key Words ; Vomiting ; emesis ; terpenoid ; cembranoid ; octocoral ; pukalide ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue and extractable metabolites from the subtropical gorgonianLeptogorgia virgulata (Coelenterata: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) induce vomiting in a variety of fish species. To elucidate the chemical bases of this phenomenon, experiments were undertaken with purified pukalide, a cembranoid diterpene that comprises as much as 0.1–0.5% of the wet tissue weight ofL. virgulata. When incorporated into artificial foods at concentrations corresponding to the levels found inL. virgulata, pukalide induced emesis when delivered orally to killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). The threshold dose for pukalide-induced emesis was 0.05 mg/g fish body weight. Control pellets devoid of pukalide did not induce vomiting. The emetic effect of pukalide was dose-dependent, as fish ingesting more than 0.100 mg pukalide/ g body weight exhibited a significantly higher incidence of vomiting than fish ingesting lower doses of pukalide (G=5.5,df=1,P〈0.025). The elapsed time between ingestion of pukalide-containing pellets and emesis was significantly longer in fish that ingested marginally emetic doses of pukalide (Kruskal-WallisH=4.00, significant withP〈0.05). Although not markedly unpalatable to fish, pukalide may function in nature as a defensive toxin by inducing emesis and learned aversion in potential octocoral predators.
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  • 72
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 284-286 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus ; budu ; fermentation ; fish ; proteases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eight different strains ofBacillus were isolated from fermented fish (Budu) and their proteolytic enzyme activities were determined after 18 h cultivation at room temperature (35° C). Four isolates possessed high protease activities. Optimum pH for these enzymes was between 7.0 and 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 55° C. The proteases retained 40% of their original activity after 20 min at 55° C but lost all activity at 65° C. Three of the four isolates were identified asBacillus subtilis, the fourth asBacillus licheniformis.
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