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  • Articles  (169)
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  • oxidation  (169)
  • Springer  (169)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (169)
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  • Articles  (169)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemiluminescence in evaluating thermal oxidative stability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers. III. Emulsion-grade products (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various formulations based on emulsion-grade ABS was studied by the chemiluminescence technique. Emulsion products were found to be essentially less stable than ionic mass polymerization resins. Among the antioxidants studied, Santonox R is clearly more efficient than Irganox 1076 and Irganox 3114, and its superiority is reflected primarily in improved induction period values. The introduction of Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 328 UV stabilizers into emulsion resins does not change the durability of the products. In mixtures where both Irganox 1076 and UV stabilizers are present, a certain antagonistic effect was noted at high UV stabilizer concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02068674
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of Catalyst Composition on the Oxidation Process of Carbonado Type Synthesized Polycrystalline Diamonds (1997)
    Springer
    Advanced performance materials 4 (1997), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8765
    Keywords: carbonado ; diamond ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds produced from graphite together with catalytic Ni-Mo alloy doped with TiB2 and BNcub was investigated. It was found that the addition of these boron compounds increases the oxidation resistance of the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds. The oxidation mechanism acting on the carbonado type synthesized polycrystalline diamonds and the role of boron compounds in increasing the resistance to the oxygen reaction are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008677105534
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of oxide formation in a plasma (1981)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 217-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Anodization ; oxidation ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The physical processes occurring at the surface and in the bulk of an oxide during plasma oxidation or anodization are discussed. It is shown that (i) the majority of oxygen ions used in the growth are formed by electron-assisted surface processes, (ii) the nature of the oxide surface and especially the presence of electrode contamination can have a determinant role in the oxygen exchange between the plasma and the oxide, and (iii) ion space charge can control the anodization kinetics. Two applications (formation of the insulating barrier of Josephson junctions, and GaAs MOSFET devices) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568831
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric discharge-induced oxidation of hydrogen cyanide (1986)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 6 (1986), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: AC discharge ; discharge chemistry ; hydrogen cyanide ; cyanogen ; chemiluminescence ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The AC high-voltage discharge-induced decomposition chemistry of trace levels of hydrogen cyanide in helium has been studied. In the absence of oxygen only low levels of molecular nitrogen were evolved. With oxygen added, the principal products were CO, CO2, and N2. No significant concentrations of NO or N2O were observed. The response of a commercial NOx analyzer to HCN and C2N2, in the NOx mode, was determined to be linear through three decades in concentration. The oxidation chemistry of HCN and C2N2 in the stainless steel converter of the analyzer was studied as a function of the amount of added oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573819
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetrachlorosilane Consumption in Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (1998)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 18 (1998), S. 509-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF SiCl4 discharge ; mass spectrometry ; kinetics ; decomposition ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved mass spectrometry was used for analysis of the plasma reactions in radio frequency (RF) SiCl 4 and SiCl 4 −O 2 discharges as functions of starting partial pressure and electrical power. Molecular concentrations of the reactants and products from SiCl 4 alone and with O 2 were obtained from the mass spectra and used for plotting the kinetic curves. The SiCl 4 and O 2 consumption rates were calculated from the kinetic curves and compared with results of theoretical simulation of the reaction. Direct electron impact decomposition was found to be the main pathway for pure SiCl 4 conversion. On the contrary, the consumption of SiCl 4 in the SiCl 4 +O 2 mixtures was largely chemical. The experimental macrokinetics are in agreement with a model in which oxidation is caused by the atomic oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021811316740
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of Styrene in a Silent Discharge Plasma (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 131-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Styrene ; oxidation ; silent discharge ; plasma ; dielectric barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A silent discharge plasma reactor has been developed to study the oxidation of styrene vapor in argon/oxygen mixtures. A number of analytical techniques were employed to determine the destruction efficiency and to characterize the intermediate products. The destruction efficiency was measured as a function of initial styrene concentration, temperature, and energy density of the plasma. The formation of solid products was observed in most experiments. At low temperature (100°C), the solid deposit was polymeric in nature, while at high temperature (300°C) the solid appeared to be amorphous carbon. A combination of high temperature and high energy density resulted in high destruction efficiency and minimal production of solid films. The destruction efficiency vs. energy density is shown to be more complex than a simple model predicting exponential behavior. Several reasons for the discrepancy are suggested. The “e-folding” energy density for the destruction of styrene is compared to literature values for other organic compounds, measured using similar types of plasma reactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021812201545
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of Dilute Benzene in an Alumina Hybrid Plasma Reactor at Atmospheric Pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 383-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Nonthermal plasma ; benzene ; Al2O3 ; BaTiO3 ; oxidation ; absorption ; atmospheric pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of plasma discharge and adsorption was examined for oxidation of dilute benzene in air in a plasma reactor packed with a mixture of BaTiO 3 pellets and porous Al 2 O 3 pellets (i.e., an alumina hybrid reactor). The oxidative decomposition of benzene was enhanced by the benzene concentrating on the Al 2 O 3 pellets. Furthermore, there was a higher selectivity to CO 2 in the products from the hybrid than from a plasma reactor packed with BaTiO 3 pellets alone. The presence of the Al 2 O 3 pellets suppressed the formation of N 2 O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021820403362
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation and Reduction Processes During NO x Removal with Corona-Induced Nonthermal Plasma (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 421-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Streamer corona ; NO x removal ; nonthermal plasma ; oxidation ; reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the NO-to-NO 2 conversion in various gaseous mixtures is experimentally investigated. Streamer coronas are produced with a dc-superimposed high-frequency ac power supply (10–60 kHz). According to NO x removal experiments in N 2 +NO x and N 2 +O 2 +NO x gaseous mixtures, it is supposed that the reverse reaction NO 2 +O→NO+O 2 may not only limit NO 2 production in N 2 +NO x mixtures, but also increase the energy cost for NO removal. Oxygen could significantly suppress reduction reactions and enhance oxidation processes. The reduction reactions, such as N+NO→N 2 +O, induce negligible NO removal provided the O 2 concentration is larger than 3.6%. With adding H 2 O into the reactor, the produced NO 2 per unit removed NO can be significantly reduced due to NO 2 oxidation. NH 3 injection could also significantly decrease the produced NO 2 via NH and NH 2 - related reduction reactions. Almost 100% of NO 2 can be removed in gaseous mixtures of N 2 +O 2 +H 2 O+NO 2 with negligible NO production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021824504271
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 195-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Uranium ; corrosion ; oxidation ; liquid metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium were studied by modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometric methods. Equivalent pressures of the reactant fluxes on the surface ranged from 6×10 −6 to 2×10−4 torr. Temperatures up to 1570 K were investigated. The metal surface was kept clean during reaction by mechanical removal of the oxide formed with a tungsten needle. For the clean liquid uranium surface, a water reaction probability of ∼0.4 was deduced both from measurement of the reaction-product hydrogen signal and by the temperature dependence of the scattered reactant signal. Based solely on the latter measure, a reaction probability of 0.6 was estimated for oxygen. The reaction probabilities on the clean surface were temperatureindependent. They decreased as the coverage of the surface by islands of oxide increased and, for water, appeared to approach a value of 0.08 for a surface completely covered with an oxide estimated to be 500 Å thick. Bombardment of the surface during reaction with argon ions produced an increase in the reactivity on solid uranium but had a negligible effect on the reaction probability for the liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656707
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of grain structure in nickel oxide scales (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 353-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Grain growth ; nickel oxide ; high temperature ; oxidation ; nickel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In systems such as the oxidation of nickel, in which grain-boundary diffusion in the oxide can control the rate of oxidation, understanding of the factors governing the grain structure is of importance. High-purity mechanically polished polycrystalline nickel was oxidized at 700°C, 800°C, and 1000°C for times up to 20 hr in 1 atm O2. The scale microstructures were examined by parallel and transverse cross section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Texture coefficients were found by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Each grain in the transverse section grain boundary networks was systematically analyzed for width parallel to the Ni-NiO interface and perpendicular length, for boundary radius of curvature and for number of sides. The variation of these parameters with depth in the scale was examined. In particular, grains were increasingly columnar (i.e., with ratio of grain length to width 〉1) at higher temperatures and longer times. Columnar grain boundaries tended to be fairly static; the columnar grain width was less than the rate controlling grain size predicted from the oxidation rate. The mean boundary curvature per grain provided a guide to the tendency for grain growth, except in the region of the Ni-NiO interface, where the boundaries were thought to be pinned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666728
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the possible fcc stabilizers Mn, Fe, and Ni on the high-temperature oxidation of Co-Cr alloys (1974)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 8 (1974), S. 393-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt alloys ; oxidation ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have suggested that manganese might be attractive as an alternative fcc stabilizer to nickel in cobalt base alloys because of its beneficial effect on the sulfidation resistance. Because it has relatively high oxygen affinity, it seemed possible that it might modify the ability of the alloys to form a protective Cr 2O3 scale. Thus, a range of alloys having compositions close to the critical Co-20 Cr value have been investigated in the temperature range 900–1150° C for times up to 240 hr in air and oxygen. Similar, but less extensive studies, have been conducted on alloys containing iron or nickel. None of these elements has a significant effect on the oxidation behavior, or on the ability of the alloys to develop a protective Cr 2O3 layer. However, manganese has a significant adverse effect on the scale spallation, apparently because of its increasing the brittleness of the oxide, particularly the CoO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603389
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution to the understanding of the parabolic oxidation mechanism of dilute alloys. Part I: Oxides with metal excess or oxygen deficit (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: dilute alloys ; oxidation ; Wagner-Hauffe rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Concerning the parabolic oxidation of alloys with a low content of a different valence element, we show that the Wagner-Hauffe valence approach contains some inaccuracies. This paper is devoted to the growth of an oxide MO with metal excess or oxygen deficit. The analytical processing consists in solving the differential equation connecting the point defect flux to the oxygen pressure. This equation has been solved analytically in the case where the foreign-element concentration is very high compared to that of the point defects in the pure oxide. On this assumption with a lower-valence dopant, as long as the oxide conductivity remains essentially electronic, the oxidation is limited only by the transport of ionic defects across the scale under the electric-potential gradient. Moreover, an increase of the dopant concentration may lead to an oxide exhibiting partial ionic conductivity. Consequently, the parabolic constant variations as a function of the dopant concentration is not monotonic, contrary to results published before. With a higher-valence dopant, the conductivity always remains electronic, and this result agrees with predictions based on the Wagner Hauffe approach, though the demonstrations are fundamentally different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046881
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of short-circuiting on the oxidation kinetics of copper and its doped varieties in the temperature range of 523–1073 K (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 73-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; copper ; Li-doped copper ; Cr-doped copper ; short-circuiting ; Mott's parabola ; Wagner's parabola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of shorting circuitry attachment between metal-oxide and oxideoxygen interfaces on the oxidation kinetics of copper, lithium-doped copper (Li: 400 ppm), and chromium-doped copper (Cr: 12 ppm) have been studied in dry air $$(P_{O_2 } = 21.27kPa)$$ in the temperature range of 523–1073 K. Oxide film or scale growth under short-circuiting as well as under normal oxidation conditions conforms to the parabolic rate law. The oxidation kinetics under short-circuiting resulted in decreased rates for Cu and Li-doped Cu up to a temperature of 773 K, while Cr-doped Cu exhibited an enhancement in rate compared to its normal oxidation in the same temperature range. However, above 873 K, all three systems under shorting circuitry attachment exhibited enhanced rates compared to their normal oxidation rates in conformity to the existing theoretical model. Use of additional resistances in series in the outer short-circuit Pt path have clearly established that below 773 K Mott's fieldinduced migration plays the most important role, while at elevated temperatures Wagner's electrochemical potential-gradient factor acts as the main driving force in the scale-growth process. The results have been interpreted on the basis of average defect concentration, the electrochemical potential gradient, electrical field gradient, and transport coefficient in the Cu2O layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046885
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Cr, Co, and Ti additions on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Ni3Al (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 109-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Ni3Al base alloy ; chromium ; cobalt ; titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ni3Al+2.90 wt.% Cr, Ni3Al+3.35 wt% Co, and Ni3Al+2.99 wt.% Ti alloys was studied in 1 atm of air at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C. Isothermal tests revealed parabolic kinetics for all three alloys at all temperatures. Cyclic oxidation for 28 two-hour cycles produced little spallation at 1000°C, but caused partial spallation at 1100°C. Especially, at 1200°C severe spallation in all three alloys was observed. Although additions of Cr, Co, or Ti to Ni3Al alloys slightly increased the isothermal-oxidation resistance, the additions tended to decrease the cyclic-oxidation resistance. The major difference in the oxidation of the three alloys compared with the oxidation of pure Ni3Al alloys was the existence of small α-Al2O3 particles in the middle of the α-Al2O3 scale and the formation of irregularly shaped Kirkendall voids at the alloy-scale interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046886
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation behavior of several chromia-forming commercial nickel-base superalloys (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Base superalloys ; Astroloy ; Waspaloy ; Udimet 720 ; oxidation ; chromia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several commercially available Ni-base superalloys were exposed isothermally in air at temperatures between 750° and 1000°C and also under cyclic conditions at 1000°C. The kinetics of oxidation were determined and the scales were analyzed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thin adherent chromia-rich scales formed on the alloys at 750°C after 1000 hr. Although Waspaloy showed the lowest weight gain in this test, it also showed the deepest internal corrosion due to oxidation of the grain-boundary carbides. At temperatures up to 1000°C the external scales were also chromia-rich but there was greater internal corrosion. Titanium in the alloys oxidized, diffusing through the chromia scale to form faceted rutile (TiO2) grains at the surface as well as forming TiO2 and TiN internally. The amount of rutile at the oxide surface increased with temperature and alloy Ti concentration. Alumina formed as discrete internal oxides below the chromia scale, although Astroloy when oxidized isothermally at 1000°C developed a semicontinuous internal layer of alumina due to its higher Al content. Under cyclic conditions Astroloy formed a thicker, less-protective scale of transition oxides probably due to its lower Cr content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134783
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation behavior of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy at high temperature in Ar-H2O atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 411-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Incoloy 909 ; superalloy ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy (Incoloy 909 type alloy), was investigated at temperatures between 1000 K and 1400 K in Ar-(1, 10%)H20 atmosphere using metallographic, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The oxide scales consist of an external scale and an internal scale which has an intergranular scale (above 1200 K) and an intergranular scale. The oxide phases in each scale are identified asα-Fe2,O3 (below 1200 K) or FeO (above 1300 K) and CoO · Fe2O3 and FeO · Nb2O5, respectively. The morphologies, the oxide phases and the oxidation rates do not depend on the partial pressure of H2O in the range between one and ten percent in Ar gas. The rate constants for the intergranular-scale formation in this alloy are about one-tenth as large as those in Fe-36%Ni alloy reported previously. At all the temperatures the scales grow according to a parabolic rate law and the apparent activation energies for the processes are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134784
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-vapor-effect on the oxidation of Fe-21.5 wt.%Cr-5.6 wt.%Al at 1000°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 445-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; water vapor ; ESCA ; RHEED
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-21.5 wt. %Cr-5.6 wt. %Al oxidation, at 1000°C, in dry or wet oxygen shows that steam has an influence on the oxide-scale growth mechanism. Steam modifies the kinetics of early-stage oxidation. In dry oxygen, an initial fast linear regime is observed during one hour. Under wet conditions, weight-gain curves follow the same parabolic regime over the entire oxidation test. The scale structure strongly depends on the presence of steam in the gaseous environment. With dry oxygen, the scale is composed mainly ofα-Al2O3 after the initial formation ofγ-Al2O3 identified by ESCA and RHEED. The kinetics transient stage corresponds to the necessary time for the internal part of the initialγ-Al2O3 scale to transform into a continuousα-Al2O3 diffusion barrier. Under wet oxygen conditions, transient oxides are identified as (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)2O4, MgAl2O4 (orthorhombic), Al2O3 (hexagonal), these oxides transform into MgAl2O4 (cubic), Cr3O4, Fe2O3,α-Al2O3, with time. When water vapor does not change drastically oxidation kinetics, the induced presence of iron and chromium in the oxide scale could be responsible for weakening the protectiveness of alumina scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134786
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transient state in the oxidation of binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide: A numerical solution (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 507-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloys ; high temperature ; oxidation ; transient state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The initial transient high-temperature oxidation stage for binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide has been examined by means of a numerical procedure based on the finite-difference method. At variance with previous models, the present treatment takes into account the effect of the rate of the reaction at the scale/gas interface over the corrosion kinetics. The calculations concerning the transient stage are developed either using the general parabolic rate law to represent the overall scaling kinetics or using the rate law of the reaction at the scale/gas interface as a boundary condition without imposing any particular rate law to the overall process. A correct analysis of the oxidation behavior of binary alloys during the transient stage must take into account the kinetics effect of the rate of the surface reaction. The concentration of the most-reactive element at the alloy/scale interface changes regularly with time, decreasing gradually from the initial bulk value to its final steady-state value. The present results are in good agreement with those obtained by means of an approximate analytical model developed previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134789
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An approximate treatment of the transient state in the oxidation of binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide. Part II: Single-phase alloys in systems with a solubility gap (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 525-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: high temperatures ; oxidation ; transient state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transient state in the oxidation of solid solutions of a most-noble componentA in a most-reactive componentB (beta phase) for binaryA-B alloys presenting a limited reciprocal solubility of the two metals has been examined assuming that theirB content is sufficient for the exclusive growth of externalBO scales. Above a criticalB content of the alloy theBO scales may grow directly on the surface of the beta phase, while below this limit they can only form over a layer ofB-depleted solid solution ofB inA (alpha phase), which appears after a critical time. An approximate analytical expression for the profile of concentration ofB in the alloy has been adopted to calculate the flux ofB in the metal. Moreover, the effect of the reaction between the gas and the external oxide surface has been taken into account using a procedure developed by Wagner for the oxidation of pure metals. The corrosion kinetics as well as all the parameters involved, such as the concentration ofB at the alloy-scale interface, have been calculated as functions of the corrosion time. The results show that, as time proceeds, the instantaneous parabolic rate constant increases and the concentration ofB at the alloy-scale interface decreases, both tending gradually to their corresponding steady-state values. It is also predicted that if the rate of transformation of the beta phase in the alpha phase after the alloy reaches the composition of equilibrium at the interface with the oxide is lower than the corresponding rate of displacement of the alloy surface due to scale growth, the corrosion of beta phase alloys may eventually lead to the formation of two phase mixtures of alpha phase andBO which are expected to grow at much larger rates than in the presence of a uniform continuous alpha layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134790
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    Evolution of oxides on Ni-base ODS superalloys (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 1-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-base ODS superalloys ; oxidation ; initial stages of oxidation ; alumina ; chromia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanically-alloyed Ni-base ODS superalloys currently receive attention for application in future gas turbines because they exhibit outstanding mechanical properties at high temperatures. They also protect themselves against oxidation by forming chromia and/or alumina scales. However, little attention has been given so far to the initial stages of oxidation of Ni-base ODS superalloys, containing Cr as well as Al in considerable amounts. In the current work, oxidation at 1150°C was studied for different holding times up to 200 hr for the commercial materials MA6000 and PM3030 which contain. Al in increasing amounts. MA 754, a chromia former, was investigated as a reference. It was shown that for the potential alumina formers MA6000 and PM3030 the continuity and therefore protectiveness of the secondary Al2O3 at later stages is indeed determined by the initial stages of oxidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675260
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  • 21
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    Decarburization and internal oxidation in a commercial-grade nickel (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: decarburization ; nickel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A commercial-grade nickel containing small amounts of carbon, manganese, and silicon was exposed to air for periods up to 288 hr at 1050°C to study the effect of oxidation on the formation of oxides of these impurity elements. Exposure of nickel to air led to decarburization. The maximum amount of decarburization occurred during the initial period of air exposure and the loss in carbon was more in the metal with a smaller section size. Decarburization in the metal produced voids in the oxide scale due to the formation of CO2 gas. It has been shown further that CO and/or CO2 gas bubbles, which form in high purity nickel on grain boundaries during exposure to air at elevated temperatures, cannot exist in commercial-grade nickel where manganese is present as an impurity. Instead, oxides of manganese form in the grain boundaries as well as in the matrix. This is because manganese oxide is more stable than CO or CO2 gas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675265
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    On the oxidation ofα-Fe andε-Fe2N1−z : I. Oxidation kinetics and microstructural evolution of the oxide and nitride layers (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 87-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; iron ; iron-nitride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z at 573 K and 673 K in O2 at 1 atm was investigated by thermogravimetrical analysis, X-ray diffraction, light-optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Upon oxidation at 573 K and 673 K, on α-Fe initially α-Fe2O3 develops, whereas on ɛ-Fe2N1−z initially Fe3O4 develops. In an early stage of oxidation the oxidation rate of ɛ-Fe2N1−z appears to be much larger than of α-Fe. This can be attributed largely to an effective surface area available for oxygen uptake, which is much larger for ɛ-Fe2N1−z than for α-Fe due to the porous structure of ɛ-Fe2N1−z as prepared by gaseous nitriding of iron. The development of a magnetite layer in-between the hematite layer and the α-Fe substrate, at a later stage of oxidation, enhances layer-growth kinetics. After 100 min oxidation at 673 K the (parabolic) oxidation rates for α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z become about equal, indicating that on both substrates the oxide growth is controlled by the same rate limiting step which is attributed to short-circuit diffusion of iron cations. Oxidizing ɛ-Fe2N1−z increases the nitrogen concentration in the remaining ɛ-iron nitride, because the outward flux of iron cations, necessary for oxide growth, leads to an accumulation of nitrogen atoms left behind.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675263
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    Effect of niobium additions on CO2-enhanced oxidation of titanium-aluminum intermetallic alloys (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium-aluminum alloys ; niobium ; intermetallics ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In a recent study, CO2 has been reported to enhance the oxidation rate of binary titanium-aluminum alloys. The detrimental effect of CO2 was not, however, observed in a ternary alloy containing niobium. In this paper, possible explanations for these observations are examined. First, results from the literature regarding the effects of niobium in improving the resistance of titanium-aluminum alloys are briefly reviewed. Second, a thermodynamic analysis which offers a possible explanation for the beneficial effect of niobium in eliminating the CO2-enhanced oxidation of titanium-aluminum alloys is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670499
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    The effect of nanocrystallization on the selective oxidation and adhesion of Al2O3 scales (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nanocrystallization ; oxidation ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Many mechanisms for the effect of reactive elements on the selective oxidation and scale adhesion of alloys have been proposed. However, nanocrystallization (or microcrystallization) has recently been found to have almost the same effect as that of reactive elements. This note reviews the effect of nanocrystallization on the selective oxidation and adhesion of Al2O3 scale with particular reference to the author's own results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670500
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  • 25
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    High-temperature oxidation of pure titanium in CO2 and Ar-10%CO2 atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; rutile ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of pure titanium has been investigated in the temperature range of 1000 K to 1300 K in CO2 or Ar-10%CO2. Optical microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and X-ray measurements on the oxide scales formed during oxidation indicate that their structures are nearly independent of temperature and the corrosion atmosphere. The scales consisted of two layers, an external one and an internal one, having a rutile (TiO2) structure. The parabolic rate law was confirmed for growth of the external scale and the permeation depth of oxygen in titanium with apparent activation energies of 266 and 226 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate-determining diffusion species in the oxidation processes are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670504
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    Phase analysis by variable-incidence X-ray diffraction: Application to zirconium oxidation (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 329-345 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: zirconium ; X-ray diffraction ; oxidation ; phase analysis ; texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of zirconium at high temperature (T〉 400°C) leads to reaction products of two allotropic oxide (ZrO2 monoclinic and ZrO2 tetragonal). The distribution and proportion of these two phases were studied as a function of time and space by X-ray diffraction techniques. Quantitative analyses are possible after some corrections, and we demonstrate the presence of a phase gradient in the oxide scale. The interest of this nondestructive method is then discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670506
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    The air oxidation of two-phase Cu-Cr alloys at 700–900°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 357-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; copper ; binary alloys ; two-phase alloys ; oxidation ; high temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation in air of three two phase Cu-Cr alloys with nominal Cr contents of 25, 50, and 75 wt. % was studied at 700–900°C. The alloys corroded nearly parabolically, except at 900°C, when the corrosion rates decreased with time more rapidly than predicted by the parabolic rate law. The corrosion rate decreased for higher Cr contents in the alloy under constant temperature and generally increased with temperature for the same alloy composition. The scales were complex and consisted in most cases of an outermost copper oxide layer free from chromium and an inner layer composed of a matrix of copper oxide or of the double oxide Cu2Cr2O4, often containing particles of chromium metal surrounded by chromia and then by the double oxide. Metallic copper was also frequently mixed with chromia. Cr-rich regions tended to form continuous chromia layers at the base of the scale, especially at the highest temperature. No chromium depletion was observed in the alloy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153456
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    Influence of ceria coatings on growth stresses developed in wüstite scales formed on pure iron at 800°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 417-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: iron ; oxidation ; CeO2 coating ; in situ ; growth stress ; residual stress ; texture ; X ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In situ XRD stress determinations have been performed during oxidation of pure iron (p(O2=2 × 10−3 Pa,T=800°C)). The compressive stress, initially present in the substrate due to surface preparation, is completely released at 400°C. Under the test conditions, the in situ compressive-stress level determined in the FeO scale during oxidation is not strongly dependent upon the presence of a ceria coating. On blank and coated specimens, the compressive stress varies from −400 ± 80 MPa to −150 ± 100 MPa during 30 hr oxidation. The decrease is quicker at the beginning of the test performed on blank specimens. Epitaxial relationships between the wüstite scale and iron (under low-pressure starting conditions) caused thein situ compressive stress in the oxide scale to be two times greater compared to the usual test conditions. This indicates that epitaxial relationships can be a source of stress in an oxide scale that ceria coatings may lower compressive stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153459
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  • 29
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    Chloridation-oxidation of Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys at 800°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 527-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chloridation ; oxidation ; Fe-Cr alloys ; Ni-Cr alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The chloridation-oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr (0–25 wt. %Cr) and Ni-Cr (0–20 wt.%Cr) alloys was studied at 800°C in three different H2-HCl-H2O(ν) environments. In a low-HCI and low-H2O(ν) environment, where Cr2O3 is thermodynamically stable, the corrosion resistance of the Fe-Cr alloys increased with increasing Cr content in the alloys. In a high-HCl and high-H2O(ν) environment, where FeCr2O4 is stable and CrCl2 is metastable, the corrosion resistance of the Fe-Cr alloys depended similarly on the Cr content. Low-Cr-Fe-Cr alloys exhibited large weight losses, while Fe-Cr alloys with higher than 19 wt. %Cr showed good corrosion resistance. In an environment of high-HCl in the absence of H2O(ν), the evaporative corrosion rate was fast and limited by gas phase diffusion, and independent of the Cr content in the Fe-Cr alloys. Ni and Ni-Cr alloys generally showed good corrosion resistance in the environments of high H2O(ν) because of the low NiCl2 vapor pressure and formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale. However, in the environment of high HCl in the absence of H2O(ν), selective formation and evaporation of CrCl2 occur, which results in Cr depletion and networks of voids for even a high-Cr Ni-Cr alloy.
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    Chloridation-oxidation of nine commercial high-temperature alloys at 800°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 553-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chloridation ; oxidation ; HCl ; high-temperature alloys ; high-temperature corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Chloridation-oxidation studies of nine commercial high-temperature alloys were carried out at 800°C in three different H2-HCl-H2O(ν) environments: (A) both low HCl and H2O(ν) partial pressures, where either Cr2O3 or FeCr2O4 is stable, (B) both high HCl and H2O(ν) partial pressures, where FeCrO4 is stable and CrCl2 is metastable, and (C) high HCl partial pressure in the absence of H2O(ν), where either CrCl2 or Cr2O3 is stable. Although alloy 600 has the lowest Cr content of these nine alloys, it showed excellent corrosion resistance in all three environments because of its high Ni content. Alloy 304, with the lowest Ni content of the nine alloys, exhibited poor corrosion resistance in the environment C, fair resistance in the environment B and good resistance in the environment A. Alloy 800 showed very good resistance in Environment A, and fair corrosion resistance in Environment B; however, it suffered linear weight-loss kinetics when exposed to Environment C The alloys 617, 214, HR-160, X, 230 and 86 have good corrosion resistance in Environments A and B because of their relatively high contents of oxide-scale-forming elements Cr and/or Al. In Environment C, chlorine dramatically decreased the adhesion of the scale on the surface, and aluminum in alloys 617 and 214 hardly showed its usual beneficial effect in combating corrosion, nor does silicon in alloy HR-160. Different corrosion mechanisms are proposed for the alloys in the different environments.
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    High-temperature oxidation of directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 31-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; directionally solidified eutectic alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal oxidation behavior of a directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic alloy in flowing air at 1100° C has been studied using various physical techniques. Initially, the alloy oxidizes relatively slowly as a protective α- Al2O3 layer develops on its surface. However, this layer breaks down mechanically at temperature, enabling a more rapidly growing Cr2O3 -rich scale to develop, the carbide fibers supplying chromium for the oxidation process. The extent of oxidation is further increased by the development of substantial amounts of internal oxide in the alloy beneath this scale, with some preferential oxidation down the alloy-carbide fiber interfaces. The influence of carbide fiber orientation on the oxidation behavior is considered and discussed in relation to proposed oxidation mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00604102
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    The oxidation of Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 263-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Ni-Cr alloys ; two-phase alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of the relatively simple, two-phase alloy Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K results in the formation of a Cr2O3 scale containing less than O.5 wt.% Ni in solid solution. The oxidation kinetics are irreproducible for an initial period, which is brief at 1073 and 1273°K but much more pronounced at 1473°K, both in duration and degree. This behavior is associated with the failure of the protective Cr2O3 scale. However, after longer periods a compact layer of Cr2O3 becomes established under isothermal conditions and results in a change to more reproducible kinetics, especially at 1073 and 1273°K. Oxidation causes chromium depletion and the formation of a single-phase zone which separates the scale and the two-phase bulk alloy. The depth of Cr2O3 internal oxide coincides with this zone. The oxidation behavior is compared with that of more Ni-rich, single-phase Ni-Cr alloys, with particular reference to the effects of the constitution of the underlying alloy and the integrity of the protective oxide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00604568
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    Oxidation and hot corrosion of coated and bare oxide dispersion strengthened superalloy MA-755E (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 251-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxide dispersion strengthening ; oxidation ; hot corrosion ; powder metallurgy ; porosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic hot corrosion and oxidation testing of an experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloy MA-755E were conducted in a hot gas stream at Mach 0.3. The response of the ODS alloy, bare or with protective coatings, was similar to that of a conventional cast alloy, IN-792, in hot corrosion at 900°C. However, during oxidation at 1100 and 1150°C the ODS alloy differed from the cast alloy by developing a greater amount of subsurface porosity. Compared with a diffused aluminide coating, an electron beam vapor deposited NiCrAlY coating offered superior oxidation protection and decreased porosity formation. In additional testing, the tendency to form porosity was associated with the large grains of recrystallized powder metallurgy alloys but was independent of the presence of an oxide dispersion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058828
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    Determination of the thickness of hematite and magnetite layers on oxidized iron by electron reemission Mössbauer spectroscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; Mössbauer ; conversion electron ; ERM Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A reanalysis of earlier electron reemission Mössbauer (ERM) data obtained from iron oxidized in pure oxygen at 150 to 500°C is presented. The new data analysis utilized the same theoretical method used previously, but with significantly altered values for the electron attenuation coefficients determined from recent experimental work by Graham, Mitchell, and Channing. The recalculated oxide-thickness values were found to be in much better agreement with the volumetrically measured oxygen uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058832
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    The effects of gaseous pretreatment and oxide sintering on oxidation of Ti-4.32 wt.%Nb alloy (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 549-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; microhardness data ; sintering experiments ; electron microprobe analyses.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation kinetics in either air or oxygen of prenitrided Ti-4.32 wt.% Nb alloy are investigated in the temperature range of 900–1200°C. Based on X-ray and electron microprobe analyses, thermogravimetric measurements, microhardness data, and sintering experiments, a quantitative oxidation model is developed to explain the gas-metal reactions. Temperature cycling experiments, in the temperature range of 900–1200°C and for a 12-hr duration, are performed in an attempt to reduce the oxidation rates of the alloy in air or oxygen. The oxidation resistance of nitrogen pretreated alloy is comparable to that in air and it is considerably higher than in oxygen alone.
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    The oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr alloys containing HFO2-dispersed phase (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; dispersoids ; scale adherence ; ferritic alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present investigation examines the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr ferritic alloys containing 1.0% Hf which has been convened into an oxide dispersion. The oxide dispersions were produced by an internal oxidation treatment using a 50-50 Cr-Cr2O3 powder mixture in a sealed quartz capsule at 1100°C: the samples were not in direct contact with the powders. The effect of the dispersed oxide was spectacular under isothermal oxidation conditions, but it had almost no effect during thermal cycling conditions. Unlike the TiO2-containing Fe-Cr ferritic alloys, virtually no particle coarsening was observed. The absence of the coarse particles caused poor thermal cycling behavior, whereas in TiO2-containing ferritic alloys, coarse particles acted as oxide pegs giving a keying-on effect.
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  • 37
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    Oxidation properties of Fe-5Cr-4Al (wt.%) alloys in oxygen at temperatures 1000°C–1320°C (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 355-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; α-Al2O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation kinetics of a parent Fe-5Cr-4Al alloy subjected to two types of anneals were investigated at temperatures ranging from 1000°C to 1320°C. The alloy annealed at 850°C exhibited a rapid transient oxidation stage associated with growth of nodules containing iron oxides and internal precipitation of α-Al2O3 in the alloy beneath these nodules. The nodules nucleated and grew from sites located in the regions of the alloy grain boundaries during the period of rapid alloy grain growth. Nodular growth virtually ceased when a continuous α-Al2O3 film formed at the nodule-alloy interface. The alloy subjected to anneal at 1000°C and at the reaction temperature to stabilize the alloy grain size tended upon oxidation to form a protective α-Al2O3, layer by parabolic kinetics at temperatures to 1250°C. If this alloy was oxidized in stages at 1000°C, a protective α-Al2O3 scale was formed up to 1320°C. The temperature coefficient of the parabolic oxidation kinetics was consistent with diffusion processes at boundaries of the α-Al2O3 grains playing an essential role during growth of this protective oxide layer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058835
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  • 38
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    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys in the temperature range 600–850°C (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-carbon ; oxidation ; decarburization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-C alloys in the temperature range 600–850°C has been studied. CO 2 evolved during oxidation was measured using an infrared gas analyzer. The presence of C lowers the oxidation rate relative to that of pure Fe and this has been related to the rejection of carbon at the alloy-scale interface causing poor contact between scale and alloy. As a result, the scale contains a higher proportion of magnetite, which reduces its overall growth rate. Very little carbon is lost to the atmosphere. The ease with which the rejected carbon is incorporated into the alloy depends on the alloy structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611348
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    Reflectance spectroscopy of oxide films. II. Oxide layers on chromium metal (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 157-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: reflectance spectroscopy ; chromium ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Infrared reflectance spectra of oxidized chromium are presented as the first of a series of investigations of the reflectance spectra of oxidized materials. The spectra agree well with the behavior predicted in an earlier note, and confirm that simultaneous identification and thickness measurements of corrosion films are possible using this technique. The most prominent features for identification purposes are absorption bands at 610, 540, and 440 cm −1 for films ⪝1.5-μ thick, and at 610 and 300 cm−1 for thicker films. These bands are discernable despite the complicated effects introduced by interference fringes in the low-energy spectral region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606198
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    Oxidation of nickel-manganese alloys in the temperature range 873–1273 K (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 295-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; solid solution scales ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Mn alloys containing up to 38% Mn have been oxidized in pure oxygen between 873 and 1273 K and the parabolic rate constants measured. The scale morphologies and oxide compositions are interpreted in terms of modifications to the scale on pure Mn caused by the presence of Ni. The scales are composed predominantly of two layers at all temperatures, giving the sequences of phases alloy/cubic monoxide (Ni, Mn)O/ternary spinel, with the cubic (Ni, Mn)O layer always having the greater thickness. There is limited evidence for a third, very thin, outer layer in the scales on all alloys at 873 K and for Ni-38%Mn at 1073 K, which is tentatively considered to be Mn2O3, giving layers in the order alloy/cubic monoxide/ternary spinel/Mn2O3, by analogy with the scale formed on pure Mn. The distribution of the alloy components in the scale is discussed in relation to the Ni-Mn-O phase diagram and in terms of recent theoretical treatments of solid solution scale formation on binary alloys, as far as the available diffusion data allow. The occurrence of internal and intergranular oxidation and the formation of a Mn-depleted zone coincident with the band of uniform internal oxide are considered briefly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656573
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    Oxidation of two-phase Co-54.86 wt.% Cu alloy at 700–1000°C (1983)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 19 (1983), S. 53-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Two-phase alloy ; cobalt-copper ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation in 1 atm of pure oxygen of a binary two-phase Co-Cu alloy has been studied as a simple example of the oxidation behavior of a multiphase alloy. The two-phase alloy oxidizes according to a parabolic rate law to a good approximation throughout the entire exposure period over the temperature range 700–1000°C with an oxidation rate constant greater than that for pure cobalt in the whole temperature range, and greater than that for pure copper at 900–1000°C, but lower below 900°C. The scale presents essentially the same type of layered structure at all the temperatures investigated, with an outer region composed of copper oxides, while cobalt is preferentially accumulated in the inner region of the scale, mainly in the form of CoO. A subscale formed by internal oxidation of the particles of the Co-rich phase is also present. The observed increase of the oxidation rate of the alloy in comparison with pure cobalt is attributed mainly to the presence of a high concentration of copper dissolved in CoO in the form of monovalent ions, which produces a significant modification of the concentration of defects of cobalt oxide with a consequent increase of the oxidation rate constant of the alloy if a suitable model for the defect structure of pure CoO is considered, which takes into account also the presence of a small concentration of interstitial metal ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656230
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    Oxidation of iron-manganese-aluminum alloys at 850 and 1000°C (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-manganese-aluminum ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of austenitic Fe-Mn-Al alloys containing C, Si, and Zr was tested for oxidation resistance in air at 850 and 1000°C. The resultant oxide scales were examined for morphology and elemental distribution. Some alloys, particularly Fe, 32Mn, 7.5Al, 2Si, and 0.6C, had good oxidation resistance at 850°C but none was adequate at 1000°C. Poor oxidation resistance was associated with the internal oxidation of Al and formation of voluminous (Fe, Mn)O scale nodules. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for formation of a protective alumina layer.
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    An investigation of pack-aluminide coating on steel (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 391-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Aluminide coating ; steel ; diffusion ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aluminide coatings are known to protect steels from oxidation and corrosion in hydrocarbon and sulfur-bearing atmospheres. Pack cementation is ideally suited for forming these coatings on small intricate components, wherein a diffused layer is formed which is well bonded to the substrate. Even though pack aluminide coated steels are being commercially used, there has not been any systematic investigation of the factors that control the coating formation. The present investigation has been carried out to define the boundary conditions under which diffusion in the solid phase determine the coating kinetics. The effect of pack activity and temperature on the structure and kinetics of aluminde layer formation on EN-3 steel has been investigated. The coating characteristics were evaluated by metallography, EPMA, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Oxidation resistance of the coated samples were compared to that of 304 stainless steel after heating in air at 900°C for 72 h. The surface aluminum composition was found to be about 20% by weight which remained constant with time in the temperature range of 750°C–900°C. Weight gains and layer thicknesses obeyed parabolic relationship with time at all temperatures. Under these conditions, the system constitutes a vapor-solid diffusion couple. Interdiffusion coefficient $$(\tilde D)$$ values in the Fe-Al system have been determined, and the activation energy has been calculated to be 57 Kcals/mole, which agrees well with the literature values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00742119
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    Effect of creep on the oxidation characteristics of Fe-Si alloys at 973–1073 K (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-silicon ; oxidation ; creep ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the simultaneous creep and oxidation of Fe-1Si and Fe-4Si alloys at a constant tensile stress of 16 N· mm−2 at 973–1073 K have shown that scales formed at oxygen partial pressures of 20–1013 mbar were thicker by a factor of 2 than those formed on uncrept specimens. Scales on uncrept alloys comprised alternate layers of wustite and fayalite, whereas scales on crept alloys exhibited an additional external layer of magnetite. Only intergranular oxidation (fayalite) was observed in uncrept alloys, but crept alloys showed both intra- and intergranular oxidation (silica). Uniquely nodular scales were formed only on the Fe-4Si alloy on crept and uncrept specimens. Oxidized, uncrept Fe-1Si showed a fine-grained ferrite substrate which was absent in the crept alloy. It is believed that oxide growth stresses stimulated a recrystallization process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662033
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    Influence of chromium on the oxidation of titanium between 550° and 700°C (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 205-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; chromium ; adherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ti-Cr alloys (1, 4, 11, and 19% chromium by weight) was investigated, between 550 and 700°C, in air and in oxygen, for a maximum duration of about 800 hr. The kinetics results revealed a significant influence of the chromium content with a maximum, in the unfavorable sense, around 4%. Moreover, the analysis of kinetics curves showed that stable rate constants could be obtained only if the duration of oxidation was sufficiently long. The oxide layers were duplex with a much higher chromium content in the inner layer. The morphological investigations performed on cross-sections of the oxidized specimens showed that the chromium modifies the crystallization of the oxide layers. The adherence of the oxide layers evolves nonmonotonically as a function of chromium content for the same degree of progression of the reaction and as a function of the oxidation rate, which is itself dependent on chromium content.
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    Behavior of Galvalume coated sheet steel at elevated temperatures in O2 and O2/H2O atmospheres (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 285-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Galvalume ; elevated temperature ; intermetallic formation ; Al13Fe4 ; oxidation ; vaporization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Galvalume (trademark of Bethlehem Steel Corp.) sheet steel samples were heated in pure oxygen and 97% O2/3% H2O atmospheres at temperatures ranging from 300 to 670°C. Time at a particular temperature was varied but did not exceed 48 hr. Above 480°C, the Galvalume coating became rapidly alloyed with iron to form Al13Fe4, and zinc was lost by vaporization. The Zn content dropped to about 15 wt%. The time required to fully alloy the overlay at 490°C was less than 4 hr. Below 480°C, only minor microstructural changes occurred, and coating integrity was maintained. No differences in behavior were observed by the addition of 3% water vapor to the gas stream.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656837
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    On the development of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (1983)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 20 (1983), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Thermal barrier coating ; plasma spraying ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Various zirconate coatings were prepared on bare Nimonic-75 and on CoCrAlY bond coat by plasma spraying. The cyclic oxidation and hotcorrosion resistance of these coatings have been evluated. The wide difference in the properties of these coatings has been rationalized in terms of the thermal expansion mismatch between the coating and the substrate. On continued thermal cycling and in presence of molten salt, the life-limiting factor has been identified to be oxidation of the bond coat. The interconnected porosity in the ceramic coating is mainly responsible for such oxidation, and controlling this porosity would lead to life improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662041
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    Effect of yttrium additions on the oxidation of nickel (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 133-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; nickel ; yttrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Ni, Ni-0.1 wt.% Y, and Ni-0.3 wt.% Y alloys was carried out in the temperature range 500–900°C at pO 2= 1 atm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664229
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    A review of the role of short-circuit diffusion in the oxidation of nickel, chromium, and nickel-chromium alloys (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 177-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; short-circuit diffusion ; nickel ; chromium ; binary Ni-Cr alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The evidence for short-circuit diffusion during the oxidation of nickel, chromium, and nickel-chromium alloys is reviewed. On the basis of experimental evidence for the Ni/NiO and Cr/Cr2O3 systems, inferences are made about the role of short-circuit diffusion through the oxide scales forming on the binary nickel-chromium alloys. The review highlights the importance of scale microstructure in governing oxidation rates.
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    The oxidation of cobalt-chromium-titanium alloys at 1000°C (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Co-Cr-Ti alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cobalt-based alloys containing 3,5,10,15, and 20% Cr with 1 and 3% Ti were oxidized at 1000°C in slowly flowing oxygen gas. In general, titanium additions decreased the oxidation rate with the most pronounced effect being observed at the 10% Cr level. Titanium accelerated the formation of Cr2O3 layers at the metal-oxide interface. Faceted CrxTiyOz spinel particles were found at the metal-oxide interface which varied in composition according to microprobe results. There was no evidence of spalling on the Co-Cr-Ti alloys studied in contrast to the severe spalling normally encountered in Ni-Cr-Ti alloys. Distinct morphological differences existed on the outer CoO layer of the 1% Ti alloys in comparison to the O and 3% Ti alloys.
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    High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; metals ; high temperatures ; oxidation theory ; oxidation kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt ≫ τ, we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J ≠ 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.
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    NaCl-induced accelerated oxidation of chromium (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 201-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; NaCl ; chloride ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes new phenomena about chloride-induced accelerated oxidation of chromium. Thermal analysis was adopted to examine the oxidation, which was studied particularly in the case of NaCl. The presence of NaCl remarkably accelerates the oxidation of chromium. The process occurs below the melting point of NaCl, and the main reaction product is Cr2O3. In the accelerated oxidation NaCl plays a catalytic role because it is not consumed significantly in the process. DTA analysis reveals that the heat of reaction also accelerates the rate of oxidation, especially at an early stage of the reaction. The accelerated oxidation takes place similarly under the presence of chlorides other than NaCl, but the oxidation rate depends on the kind of salt. Therefore the Cl− anion plays an important role in the process, while the nature of the cation affects the rate of acceleration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659184
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    Oxidation of commercial purity titanium (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; thermogravimetry ; microhardness ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics of commercial purity Ti-A55 exposed to laboratory air in the 593–760°C temperature range were continuously monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. The oxide thickness was measured by microscopy and the substrate contamination was estimated from microhardness measurements. The microhardness depth profiles were converted to oxygen composition profiles using calibration data. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in alpha-Ti appears to be approximately concentration independent in the 1–10 at. % oxygen range. The combination of an “effective diffusion coefficient” and an “effective solubility” at the oxide-metal interface usefully describes the diffusion process over the entire composition range. A model for the total parabolic oxidation kinetics, accounting for the two individual components, oxide growth and solid solution formation, has been proposed. Diffusion coefficient for oxygen in TiO2 has been estimated as a function of temperature and is found to be about 50 times the value in alpha-Ti. The metallographically prepared cross-sections of the oxidized specimens revealed a “moving boundary” in the substrate, parallel to the oxide-metal interface. This boundary was associated with a specific oxygen level of 5.0±0.5 at.%. It occurred at a distance from the oxide-metal interface which was correlatable with temperature and time of exposure. The diffusion coefficient corresponding to the composition of this moving boundary is in excellent agreement with the effective diffusion coefficient for the substrate contamination.
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    Distribution and characterization of high temperature air corrosion products on iron-chromium alloys by Raman microscopy (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Raman microscopy ; Fe-Cr alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Raman microscopy has been used to study the nature and distribution of corrosion products formed on iron and iron-chromium alloys in air at high temperatures. Fe and Fe-Cr alloys containing 2, 5, 14, and 18% Cr were oxidized at 400, 600, and 850°C for 2 hr, in addition samples of each alloy were oxidized for 24 hr at 400°C to obtain thicker scales at this temperature. The corroded samples showed varying distributions of the oxides Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were formed exclusively on the pure iron and the 2 and 5% chromium alloys at all temperatures and on the 14% chromium alloy at 400°C. The 14 and 18% Cr alloys formed scales containing Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 at the higher temperatures (600 and 850°C). Examples of small regions of Fe2O3 being formed within Cr2O3-FeCr2O4 scales are suggested as possible indications of breakaway corrosion initiation sites.
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    High temperature oxidation of silicon carbide based materials (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 83-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; constructional ceramics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The process of high temperature oxidation of two silicon carbide based materials differing by methods of their production and properties has been studied up to 1500°C in air. The oxidation was performed under the isothermal conditions and at the programmed heat rate of 10° per minute. It was found that the oxidation resistance of the material was the function of the presence of extrinsic metals having close affinity for oxygen. It was also found that under heating up to 1500°C in air phase transitions occurred in the SiC surface layer.
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    High temperature oxidation of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al coatings containing 1% dispersed oxides (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 385-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: coatings ; oxidation ; rare earth addition ; dispersed oxides ; scale adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation studies were conducted on plasma sprayed coatings of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al containing one of the following: 1% MgO, 1% La2O3, 1% Y2O3, and 0.8% Y. The alloy powders containing dispersed oxides were prepared by a variety of processes employing attrition and ball milling. The TEM characterization of the plasma sprayed deposits of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al-1Y2O3 indicated that the oxide particles ranged from almost pure aluminum oxide to various compounds of aluminum and yttrium oxide. In cyclic tests conducted at 1150 and 1225°C, the coating containing 1% Y2O3 appeared to provide the best oxidation resistance. The oxidation resistance appeared to be influenced by the size and distribution of the oxide particles.
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    On the reasons for the effects of dispersions of stable oxides and additions of reactive elements on the adhesion and growth-mechanisms of chromia and alumina scales-the “sulfur effect” (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth-mechanisms ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The “sulfur effect” theory proposes that elements such as sulfur segregate to the scale-metal interface, where they have a deleterious effect on scale-metal adhesion, and that reactive elements and dispersions of their oxides are beneficial because they prevent this segregation. Evidence in favor of this theory has been obtained by showing that the adhesion of the scale formed on chromium in 0.1 atm. oxygen at 950°C. is greatly improved if the chromium is annealed beforehand in hydrogen instead of in vacuo. It is shown that the theory can explain not only all the experimental observations regarding the beneficial effects of reactive elements and their oxides on scale-metal adhesion, but also their effects on scale growth-mechanisms.
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    Oxidation and embrittlement of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 105-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; thermogravimetry ; microhardness ; modeling ; mechanical properties ; space shuttle reentry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy is a candidate material for multiwall thermal protection system concepts for advanced space transportation system vehicles. The total oxidation kinetics for this alloy, exposed to laboratory air in the 593–760°C range, were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. The oxide thickness was measured by microscopy and the substrate contamination was estimated from microhardness measurements. Tensile elongation was determined for selected foil specimens after exposure to simulated space shuttle reentry conditions. The variation of total weight gain with time was found to have two distinct parabolic stages separated by a transient region. This transient was due to a process which involved an increase in the parabolic growth rate constant for the oxide and a simultaneous increase in oxygen solubility at the oxide metal interface. The time dependent increase in oxygen solubility at the interface was from about 7 at. % in stage 1 to about 18 at. % in stage 2. The diffusion coefficient for oxygen in the alloy was determined as a function of temperature using the difference between the total weight gain in stage 1 and the corresponding weight gain due to oxide growth. A model for the total oxidation kinetics, accounting for the two individual components namely oxide growth and solid solution formation, is proposed. The activation energy for the diffusion of oxygen in the alpha-solid solution is shown to be roughly equal to the activation energy for the degradation of tensile elongation for the alloy in the foil gage condition.
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    The formation of multilayer scales on pure metals (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 315-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; multilayer oxides ; oxidation kinetics theory ; diffusion mechanisms ; iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative theory for the growth of three-layered oxide scales on pure metals that form MevO, MeδO, and MeɛO has been developed. The theoretical parabolic rate constants,K p (MevO),K p (MeδO), andK p (MeɛO), for the simultaneous growth of each oxide on metals are related to oxidation data of the overall rate constant,K p , and the oxide thickness ratios. These theoretical parabolic rate constants can also be calculated from diffusion data in each oxide, and the oxide thickness ratios can therefore be predicted. To verify the validity of the theory, it was applied to the oxidation of iron in air at temperatures of 800 to 1200° C. Good agreement was found between the theoretical parabolic rate constants calculated from oxidation data and from diffusion data for wustite and magnetite. However, to match with the rate constant calculated from oxidation data, additional information about short-circuit diffusion in hematite is required.
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    The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy in steam at 800°C (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 21-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; steam ; Ni-base superalloy ; Al oxides ; Ti oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy containing 18.89%Cr, 2.13%Al, and 2.41%Ti was investigated in steam at 800°C. A Cr2O3-rich scale was formed on the alloy surface. Aluminum formed only internal oxides below the Cr2O3-rich scale. On the other hand, titanium formed not only internal oxides but also oxides in the scale and the granular particles of TiO2 outside the scale. Agglomeration of the TiO2 particles also occurred. The oxidation behavior of aluminum and titanium was discussed from thermodynamic and kinetics aspects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656727
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    Laser surface treatment and its influence on the development of healing Cr2O3 scales on nickel-chromium alloys (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 37-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: laser treatment ; chromia scales ; oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; laser glazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of laser surface treatment on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-10%Cr and Ni-15%Cr at 1025°C in oxygen at 1 atm pressure has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the progressive establishment of a Cr2O3 healing layer, which is facilitated by rapid-diffusion paths for chromium to the surface from the bulk alloy. For nonlaser treated alloys, such paths are alloy grain boundaries. A partial Cr2O3 layer forms initially in localized sites at, and immediately adjacent to, these boundaries and progresses into the alloy grains in a stepwise manner following lateral diffusion of chromium from the grain boundaries, thereby developing a contoured configuration. For Ni-15%Cr, there is sufficient chromium in the bulk alloy grains to sustain the eventual development of a self-healing layer parallel to the surface. For Ni-10%Cr, this is not the case and complete development of the healing layer results entirely from the stepwise progression from the grain boundaries. Establishment of the healing layer on laser-glazed surfaces is facilitated by additional rapid-diffusion paths, particularly retained alloy grain boundaries, retained alloy twins, a laser-induced microstructure and solidification artifacts (such as ripples). The relative importance of these features is discussed in relation to the oxidation behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656728
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    Acoustic emission technique: An alternative method to study the brittle oxide formed on copper (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; acoustic emission technqiue ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic emission technique has been utilized as an alternative technique to thermogravimetry to study the anomalous behavior of copper metal oxidation at 500°C The present work demonstrates an excellent example of the application of this technique in detecting cracks in growing oxide films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656733
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    High-temperature oxidation of Pt-45Pd-10Rh (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 487-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Alloy ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; rhodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The surfaces of Pt-45Pd-10Rh foils oxidized over the range 875–1075 K in a 20% O2-Ar mixture at atmospheric pressure were examined by Auger electron, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy. The composition of the oxide formed on the surface was found to vary with temperature from predominantly PdO at 875 K to PdRhO2 at 1075 K. Only a few atomic percent Pt was observed, present in both the metallic and (apparently) +1 oxidation states at 875 K and in the metallic state at 1075 K. The formation of PdRhO2 (and no Rh2O3) at 1075 K was found to persist upon reoxidation following a low-temperature reduction cycle in which the increased Rh concentration on the surface was retained. An oxidation-induced Rh enrichment of the surface of the alloy foil beyond 50 at. % does not appear likely within the temperature/pressure regime investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666847
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    Duplex scale formation during high-temperature oxidation of Ni-0.1 wt.% Al alloy (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 71-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; duplex NiO scale ; segregation ; 18O tracer ; secondary ion-mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The development of a duplex NiO scale microstructure on a Ni-0.1 wt.% Al alloy at 900°C has been examined, principally using secondary-ion mass spectrometry and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The18O-tracer distribution following sequential oxidation in18O2/18O2 showed that the inner NiO layer formed as a result of gaseous-oxygen penetration of the scale. The provision of pathways for oxygen transport as well as the role of Al, Si, and Ce segregation at oxide grain boundaries in influencing the growth rate and spallation behavior of the scale are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665487
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    TEM studies of oxidized NiAl and Ni3Al cross sections (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 31 (1989), S. 431-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminides ; oxidation ; TEM cross sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cross sections of oxide scale/(Ni-Al) intermetallics were prepared by a new method and studied using primarily transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cross sections were prepared by encasing an oxidized metal specimen sandwich in a low-melting-temperature zinc alloy. Observations of oxidized zirconium-doped β-NiAl cross sections revealed crystallographic voids beneath an adherent Al2O3 scale. The oxide-metal interface was incoherent, but a high dislocation density in the metal near the interface suggested that a large tensile stress was induced by the attached oxide scale. A duplex Al2O3-NiAl2O4 scale formed on zirconium-doped and zirconium/boron-doped γ′-Ni3Al alloys. Additional results are presented involving oxidation mechanisms and oxide-metal interface structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666466
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    Oxidation behavior of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel-yttria composites with various additions (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 317-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: 316L austenitic stainless steel ; porosity ; various additions in stainless steel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel-Y2O3 composites and the effect of various additions, such as copper (up to 3 wt.%), bronze (up to 3 wt.%), phosphorus (up to 2 wt.%), and silicon (up to 5 wt.%) have been studied at 550°C inflowing oxygen at one atmosphere pressure for a maximum period of 9 hr. Among all the alloys studied, 316L-1% P showed excellent oxidation resistance. Under the general conditions, Cr2O3 is always the preferred protective scale. In general, Y2O3-containing composites showed greater oxidation as compared to 316L with other additions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664804
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    Effect of water vapor on oxidation and creep behavior of incoloy 800 at temperatures between 850 and 980°C (1989)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 295-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-base superalloy ; oxidation ; corrosion in water vapor ; creep rupture strength in water vapor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and creep behavior of Incoloy 800 were studied in air and in water vapor charged with oxygen. Oxidation kinetics were determined by thermogravimetry. The creep behavior of samples tested in air and in H2O∶O2=1∶1 atmospheres was investigated by electron microscopic techniques. The oxidation rate of samples tested in air was governed by a p-conducting chromia interlayer. Depending upon water vapor pressure, chromia became n-conductive. As a consequence, a continuous rate-governing silica interlayer formed. The oxygen activity in the alloy was established by the dissociative pressure of the respective diffusion-rate-governing oxide scale. The stability of the dispersion-hardening Ti(C, N) particulates within the alloy was affected by the respective oxygen activity. In the samples tested in air, partial oxidation of the particulates due to enhanced oxygen activity caused a loss of coherency with the matrix. As a result, the deformation behavior during creep was changed to planar-slip mode, bringing about loss of creep resistance and ductility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664803
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    Current limitations of high-temperature alloys in practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 265-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; corrosion ; high temperatures ; erosion ; wear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract There are several engineering systems which require materials of construction to tolerate elevated temperatures, and aggressive environments of one kind or another; and where, furthermore, the performance of the system is limited by the materials capability. This paper reviews a number of these systems, drawn principally from the electric power industry, and describes both the current approaches to improving the materials capability, and potential directions for research and development for the future. Particular emphasis is given to cases where the problems related to oxidation and high-temperature corrosion are of major importance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046730
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    Analytical techniques in high temperature corrosion (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 339-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: analytical techniques ; Fe, Cr, Fe−Cr alloys, Ni, Al, β-NiAl ; oxidation ; transport processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the application of analytical techniques (particularly AES, SIMS, RHEED, laser Raman, Mössbauer, TEM, EELS) to high-temperature oxidation studies. Specific systems reviewed include NiO on Ni, oxides on Fe, Cr and their alloys, and Al2O3 on Al and β-NiAl. The often complementary information provided by the various techniques leads to a better understanding of oxide growth mechanisms on an atomic sale, interfacial segregation phenomena, and the role of reactive elements in modifying transport processes in oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046732
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    High-temperature corrosion in mixed gas environments (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046729
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    Influence of external mechanical loadings (creep, fatigue) on oxygen diffusion during nickel oxidation (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 45 (1996), S. 153-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; 18O diffusion ; nickel ; stress effects on diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the influence of various mechanical loadings (fatigue, creep, creep-fatigue) on oxygen diffusion in a particular system, oxidizing nickel. A distinction between the behavior of the oxide layer and underlying nickel was noted during the first step of oxidation at 550°C, in PO 2=1 atm. Mechanical loading causes a decrease of the oxygen mobility through the oxide scale (factor of 103). The oxide thicknesses on nickel undergoing mechanical loadings are different than for an unloaded sample, due to distinct contributions of the oxygen and nickel fluxes in the growing oxide. In the substrate, the ingress of oxygen becomes easier with a constant tensile load (creep). The intergranular-oxygen diffusion coefficient, Di, is increased by a factor of 102 with respect to other samples. In creep, oxygen diffusion takes place along grain boundaries of a structure with smaller grains than in unstrained Ni. A short fatigue period during creep-fatigue decreases the sensitivity of nickel to intergranular-oxygen diffusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046824
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    Calculations of parabolic rate constants for metal oxidation (1974)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 8 (1974), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; parabolic rate law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The conditions necessary to determine the oxidation kinetics of metals and alloys are discussed quantitatively, and a new method of calculating the rational rate constants was suggested. It was shown that the size and the shape of a metal sample has an effect on the kinetics of oxidation. Further, it was established that the values of the parabolic rate constants of corrosion, calculated from the empirical Pilling and Bedworth equation, contain a serious systematic error, if changes in the metallic core surface area during the oxidation process are neglected.
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    TEM Observation of the Zrc/Zro2 Interface Formed by Oxidation of Zrc Single Crystals (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Transmission electron microscopy observation ; interfacial microstructure ; oxidation ; ZrC ; cubic ZrO2 ; amorphous carbon film
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Microstructure at the interface of ZrC and ZrO2 formed by oxidation of a single crystal of ZrC with 100 faces at 600°C at an oxygen pressure of 2 kPa was observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The ZrO2 scale was shown to consist of two subscales, zones 1 and 2. The interfacial area in zone 1 was composed of regular lattice fringes corresponding to the 111, 200, and 220 lattices of cubic ZrO2 (c-ZrO2) crystallites 2 to 10 nm in size and an amorphous phase. The growth of crystallites occurred in zone 2, which visualized the interface of zones 1 and 2. Black thin films reminiscent of zone 1 were successfully separated, which were composed of amorphous carbon in which c-ZrO2 particles 2 to 20 nm in size were included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022673620322
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    The influence of yttrium additions on the oxidation resistance of a directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic alloy (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; yttrium additions ; directionally solidified eutectic alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal oxidation of a directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic alloy results in development of an external α-Al3O3-rich scale. However, this scale breaks down after relatively short times at temperature and a less protective Cr2O3-rich scale is formed, together with substantial internal oxide in the alloy. In an attempt to maintain the external α-Al2O3-rich scale and prevent damaging subscale oxidation, modified yttrium-containing directionally solidified alloys have been developed. The oxidation resistance of these alloys at 1000 and 1100°C in flowing air has been investigated and found to be considerably better than that of the corresponding yttrium-free alloy. At both temperatures an external α-Al2O3-rich scale is produced and is retained for much longer periods than on the yttrium-free alloys during isothermal and thermal cycling oxidation. Some scale breakdown does occur during thermal cycling at 1100°C, but α-Al2O3 is able to re-form as the surface oxide. However, although external α-Al2O3-rich scales are retained for long periods on these alloys, some oxide penetration into the alloy beneath these scales does occur where coarse carbide fibers intersect the alloy surface. This is associated with relatively poor scale integrity at these intersections.
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    The influence of an intermediate annealing treatment on the oxidation of copper and nickel (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 187-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; annealing ; NiO ; Cu2O ; cation vacancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the effects of an intermediate, isothermal annealing treatment in argon on the oxidation kinetics of copper and nickel in 1 atm oxygen at 800 and 1100°C, respectively, using a semiautomatic microbalance. Changes in scale morphology and composition have been investigated using various physical techniques. The outer CuO layer formed on copper during oxidation dissociates very rapidly on annealing to give CU2O and oxygen since the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas is below the dissociation pressure of CuO but above that of Cu2O at 800°C. The CuO layer is quickly re-formed on reoxidation in oxygen. There are relatively few other changes in the oxide morphologies of either metal during annealing, although the small grains present in the scale adjacent to the metal after oxidation are able to grow. During reoxidation both metals show a reduction in oxidation rate constant because of the decrease in total cation vacancy concentration in the scale and the reduced cation vacancy gradient across the scale brought about by the reduction in oxygen partial pressure at the oxide-gas interface during annealing. The reoxidation rate constants following annealing approach those recorded prior to annealing as the equilibrium cation vacancy levels in the scales are reestablished in the oxidizing environment. Rosenberg's method for analysis of the kinetics of reoxidation has enabled the equilibrium concentrations and diffusion coefficients of cation vacancies in CU2O and NiO during oxidation in 1 atm oxygen at the appropriate temperatures to be estimated approximately. These show reasonable agreement with literature values.
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    Correlation between the oxidation mechanism of titanium under a pure oxygen atmosphere, morphology of the oxide scale, and diffusional phenomena (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium ; oxidation ; oxide scale ; solid state diffusion ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of titanium was studied over the temperature range of 600 to 800°C in a pure oxygen atmosphere. A parabolic kinetics period is made up of a succession of short parts whose weight gain is nearly constant and whose beginning is characterized by an alteration of the oxidation rate. The kinetics curve is closely correlated with the morphology of the oxide scale which contains several layers separated by short cracks. These cracks decrease the diffusional flows of oxygen and titanium and alter the oxidation rate. A parabolic-linear kinetics transition is attributed to the formation of a continuous crack between the oxide scale and the matrix. The oxide scale then forms a porous barrier of constant thickness which induces a linear rate law due to the steady-state oxygen diffusion. Titanium cannot diffuse across the continuous crack. During the linear kinetics period several layers of constant thickness, separated by a continuous crack, spread out.
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    “Anomalous” oxide growth during transient-temperature oxidation of zircaloy-4 (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Zircaloy ; oxidation ; oxide layers ; temperature cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation tests of Zircaloy-4 pressurized water reactor tube specimens in steam were conducted for several types of temperature excursions. These tests were used to evaluate the accuracy of predictions of the oxidation behavior based on ideal models that employ isothermal kinetic data. While oxidation during simple transient temperature excursions, where the peak temperature was between 1000 and 1400°C, could be predicted with reasonable accuracy, certain “two-peak” transients resulted in oxide layers considerably less than those anticipated. On the basis of our experiments, we propose that this effect is related to the manner in which the monoclinic-tetragonal phase transformation occurs in the oxide and the fact that the normal (bulk) transformation hysteresis is altered for a growing oxide film.
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    Hot corrosion of an aligned co-based, TaC-Strengthened eutectic alloy (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 531-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: hot corrosion ; oxidation ; eutectic alloys ; localized reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study of morphology of simple oxidation and hot corrosion of the aligned Co-10 wt.% Cr-14 wt.% TaC alloy was performed at 900°C in still air. The morphology of simple oxidation was found to correlate well with previous results on similar alloys. Hot corrosion tests were performed by coating the samples with a thin layer of Na2SO4 and exposing them to still air at 900°C. A radically different morphology was found and extensively analyzed using optical microscopy and the electron microprobe. These results are then explained using a localized reduction model of hot corrosion.
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    Influence of small Pt additions on Al2O3 scale adherence (1980)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 517-530 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: CoCrAl ; oxidation ; oxide-scale adherence ; platinum ; rare-earth effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of small Pt additions (1 or 3 wt.%) on the oxidation behavior of Co-10Cr-11Al and a similar alloy containing Hf have been studied. An intermetallic phase was present in the alloy containing Hf and Pt but not in that containing Pt alone. The size and distribution of the intermetallic was comparable to that of similar alloys containing oxide dispersions produced by a controlled internal oxidation treatment. As a consequence it promoted the formation of inwardly growing Al2O3 pegs that helped key the surface scale to the substrate and improve the scale-metal adhesion in both isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests. The improvement in overall oxidation resistance relative to an addition-free alloy was considerable, and similar to that of the best oxide dispersion-containing alloys.
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    A critical appraisal of the logarithmic rate law in thin-film formation during oxidation of copper and its alloys (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 9-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; logarithmic law ; copper ; copper alloys ; activation energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Investigations have been carried out on the kinetics of thin film formation of copper and its alloys in the temperature range of 75–100°C. The experimental results have been found to follow the logarithmic rate law except for the copper-chromium system at 100°C. The kinetic data have been analyzed in light of William and Hayfield's theory, and the various parameters of the logarithmic rate equation match very well to those calculated by others. The estimated activation energy value did not show significant variation. The major contribution to the rate of film growth has been ascribed to the available number of Fermi electrons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603754
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    Corrosion in SO2 of pure and preoxidized copper at high temperature (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 221-242 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; sulfur dioxide ; sulfidation ; oxidation ; dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A kinetics and morphological study of the reaction of pure SO2 with copper over the temperature range 500–950°C showed that only Cu2S formed despite the fact that thermodynamic ally its formation is not expected. Alternatively, the formation of Cu2O, expected from the Cu-O-S diagram did not occur during sulfidation; however, its evaporation was observed in an atmosphere of pure SO2 at high temperature. Thus copper differs from others metals such as nickel or cobalt by its low reactivity with SO2 compared to the oxidation reaction; therefore, it was possible to follow the beginning of sulfidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603833
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    Influence of metal grain growth on the oxidation behavior of a 25Cr-20Ni steel (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 485-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; air ; Cr-Ni steel ; grain growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Comparative oxidation tests with a fine- and a coarse-grain 25Cr-20Ni steel, and cast steel of similar composition in synthetic air between 900 and 1300°C reveal a strong influence of grain growth in the base metal on the oxidation behavior. Metal grain growth destroys the protective Cr2O3-rich scale, and promotes the formation of a scale rich in iron oxides. The result is a higher scaling rate, and a higher Cr depletion at the metal-scale interface of the fine-grain material which undergoes grain growth during oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603539
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  • 83
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    The application of thermodynamics to the oxidation behavior of mild steels in carbon dioxide-based atmospheres (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 133-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Mild steel ; carbon dioxide ; oxidation ; high pressure ; carburising
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract When steels oxidize in CO2-based atmospheres, they frequently experience an enhanced form of attack known as “breakaway.” It has been suggested that for this to occur, the gas in contact with the metal must be not only oxidizing but also carburizing with respect to iron. This approach implies that as part of the breakaway process either carbon will be deposited in the oxide (a feature commonly observed with some mild steels) or carbides will form. The present work has tested this hypothesis by analyzing the thermodynamics of chemical equilibria between the individual gases in an AGR atmosphere and iron using techniques developed by other workers. The results have been used to predict the oxidizing and carburizing tendencies of various gas mixtures and thus to identify those conditions which are capable of supporting the breakaway process. This theoretical approach has been compared with experimental observations and found to show significant agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603748
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  • 84
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    The scaling behavior of a monophase Cu-3.36 wt.% Co Alloy at 700–1000°C (1981)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 277-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Binary alloys ; copper-cobalt ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of a dilute copper-cobalt alloy at high temperatures has been studied to examine the effect of the cobalt addition on the different aspects of copper oxidation. The alloy oxidizes parabolically with a rate constant generally smaller than that of pure copper but approaching it at higher temperatures. The scale is essentially composed of copper oxides (CuO is observed only at 700°C) containing a small concentration of dissolved cobalt and particles of CoO in the inner region of the scale while internal oxidation is observed at all temperatures. The oxidation behavior of the alloy is examined with reference to the known factors affecting the corrosion of binary alloys. A theoretical calculation of the parabolic rate constant for pure copper and for the alloy with cobalt is also presented. Possible reasons for the observed deviation from the effect of doping as predicted on the basis of a simple model for the defect structure of Cu2O are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00603837
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  • 85
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    An evaluation study of aluminide and chromoaluminide coatings on IN-100 (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminide coatings ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aluminide diffusion coatings are commonly used to protect aircraft gas turbine blades and vanes from oxidation and hot-corrosion attack. These coatings are based on NiAl intermetallic compound with other alloying elements like Cr and Ti either diffused from the superalloy substrate or incorporated in a separate coating step. The present investigation is mainly concerned with the development of both aluminide and chromoaluminide coatings on IN-100, a cast Ni-base superalloy. The coating structure and composition have been characterized and the cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion properties have been evaluated for the different types of coatings. The difference in the hot-corrosion properties between the aluminide and the chromoaluminide coatings has been rationalized in terms of the coating chemistry. The mode of coating degradation under hot-corrosion conditions has also been analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606191
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  • 86
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    Oxidation of titanium modified type 310 stainless steel in low oxygen partial pressure atmospheres (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 415-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Corrosion ; oxidation ; stainless steel ; coal gasification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of modified type 310 stainless steels containing 3 wt.% titanium were oxidized in a low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere ( $$P_{O_2 }$$ ≃3.8× 10 −15 atm) at 1255 K (1800°F). The scale morphologies and growth rates were similar to those observed on the same alloys in coal gasification atmospheres. The presence of sulfur (as H 2 S) in the gasification atmosphere apparently has a minimal effect on the corrosion scale formed. The growth rate and phase transformations of the external titanium-rich layer indicate that both titanium and manganese can readily permeate through the apparently compact Cr 2 O 3 layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00742121
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  • 87
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    On the influence of cold work on the oxidation behavior of some austenitic stainless steels: High temperature oxidation (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 271-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; stainless steel ; cold work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract AISI 304, 314, 321, and Incoloy 800H have been subjected to several pretreatments: polishing, milling, grinding, and cold drawing. In the temperature range 800–1400 K, cold work improves the oxidation resistance of AISI 304 and 321 slightly, but has a relatively small negative effect on the oxidation resistance of AISI 314 and Incoloy 800H. Milling results in an enlargement of the surface area with a factor 2.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656836
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  • 88
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    Effect of cold work on the oxidation resistance of $$2\tfrac{1}{4}$$ Cr-1 Mo steel (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 17-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cold work ; oxidation ; spinel ; 21/4 Cr-1 Mo steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cold work on the oxidation rate of 21/4 Cr-1 Mo steel in pure oxygen at 1 atm pressure at temperatures ranging from 400 to 950
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095805
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  • 89
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    High-temperature oxidation of transition metal, carbide-dispersed iron-base alloys (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 233-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carbide dispersion ; iron-base alloys ; decarburization ; thermodynamic stability ; oxidation resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-5M-C alloys (where M is Si, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, W, or Ni, and C is 0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.2 wt.%) has been studied in the temperature range of 600–850°C in one atmospheric pressure of oxygen. Except for Si-containing alloys, all the alloys exhibited a parabolic rate law during oxidation, and the oxidation rate increased with increasing carbon content. The deviations from the above generalization can be explained on the basis of either phase composition of the alloy matrix at the oxidation temperature or carbon losses incurred during oxidation. Alloys rich in carbide phases have much lower oxidation rates than alloys containing solid-solution phases. This has been attributed to the decrease in mobility of carbon in iron-base alloys in the presence of a carbide-formin addition. The disruption of the oxide scales, which is the result of decarburization, also influences the oxidation behavior of iron-base alloys. At the 1.2% C level, the parabolic rate constant, Kp, follows the order: $$Fe - 5Cr 〉 Fe 〉 Fe - 5Ni 〉 Fe - 5Ti 〉 Fe - 5Ta 〉 Fe - 5Nb 〉 Fe - 5V 〉 Fe - 5W$$ The order is approximately similar to the increasing free energy sequence for the oxidation of carbides to oxides in Fe-5M-C alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657060
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  • 90
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    A study of the initial stages of oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni-Zr alloysin situ using a high-voltage electron microscope (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 331-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; initial stages ; reactive element addition ; oxide grain growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Structural Fe-Cr-Ni alloys rely upon a thermally formed, protective, surface oxide scale to prevent rapid corrosive degradation. The protective capacity of the surface scale may be strongly influenced by the alloy composition, with minor additions of reactive elements playing an important role in the initial stages of scale formation. The influence of an addition of Zr on initial scale growth on an Fe-Cr-Ni alloy has been investigated in situ utilizing an environmental cell incorporated into a high-voltage electron microscope. Oxidation experiments were conducted on a pure ternary Fe-Cr-Ni alloy and one containing 6 wt.% Zr for durations up to 1800 s. At 500°C in a low oxygen-partialpressure environment, a continuous surface oxide layer formed more quickly on the Zr-free alloy than on the Zr-modified alloy. Also, on the Zr-modified alloy, the scale was richer in Cr, and the rate of increase in oxide grain size was also greater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657064
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  • 91
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    Platinum and the oxidation behavior of a nickel based superalloy (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 201-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: platinum ; nickel-based superalloy ; oxidation ; RJM2012, IN792+Hf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior in air of a platinum containing nickel based superalloy (RJM2012) is compared with that of a similar alloy (IN792+Hf) without platinum. The distinct improvement in the oxidation resistance of the platinum containing alloy at high temperatures (1100°C) is explained in terms of the oxide morphologies and oxidation kinetics. In particular, it appears that platinum has a small but significant effect on the diffusion of other species in the alloy, and a model is presented to account for the complex sequence of oxide development, which culminates in the formation of a protective alumina scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656576
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  • 92
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    Influence of prior internal oxidation on the oxidation of dilute Co-Cr alloys in oxygen (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; internal oxidation ; annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an initial preinternal oxidation treatment in Co/CoO on the subsequent oxidation behavior of a series of dilute Co-Cr alloys (containing 0–1.5 wt. % Cr) in 105 and 103 Pa oxygen at 1473–1623 Khas been investigated. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the solubility and mobility of Cr3+ ions in CoO. Use has been made of subsequent annealing in argon $$(p_{O_2 } - 10^{ - 1} {\text{ }}Pa)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095808
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  • 93
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    Effect of yttrium additions to nickel on the volume and grain boundary diffusion of Ni in the scale formed on the alloy (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 115-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: grain boundary diffusion ; nickel oxide ; oxidation ; active element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract NiO scales were formed on pure Ni and Ni-0.1 wt.% Y alloy by oxidation in pure O2 at 1200°C, and the grain boundary self-diffusion coefficients of Ni in the dense region of the scale were measured by the tracer-sectioning technique. The volume diffusion coefficient was also measured in the alloy scale. The grain boundary and volume diffusion coefficients and the grain boundary width were found to be the same for the two materials within the experimental uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664228
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  • 94
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    Effect of Y2O3 dispersoids in 80Ni-20Cr alloy on the early stages of oxidation at low-oxygen potential (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 29-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Y2O3 ; dispersoid ; 80Ni-20Cr ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of a 80Ni-20Cr type alloy, with and without Y2O3 dispersoid particles, were oxidized at 1000°C in H2/H2O mixtures where the partial pressure of oxygen (P O 2) was varied between 103 and 1024 atm. Oxide particles nucleated homogeneously on both alloys, and preferential nucleation on dispersoid particles at the surface was not observed. Continuous Cr2O3 films formed slightly faster at aP O 2 of 10−21 atm on the alloy containing the dispersoid, but the difference was negligible at higher pressures. Oxidation atP O 2=10-19 and 10−21 atm involved both the formation of Cr2O3 and the evaporation of chromium. Thin films of α-Al2O3 were observed on both alloys after oxidation atP O 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807995
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  • 95
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    Effect of NaCl vapor on the oxidation of Ni-Cr alloys (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr alloys ; oxidation ; scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Cr alloys are known for their resistance to high temperature oxidation. The kinetics of scale formation and the nature of the scale in these alloys are affected by NaCl liquid or vapor. There have been a few investigations dealing with the influence of NaCl on long-time exposure. But the nature of reaction at short times can provide information on the initiation of such attack. In this investigation, Ni-Cr alloys with Cr varying from 0 to 25 wt% were exposed to NaCl vapor at 850°C for a few minutes. The surface chemistry of these alloys along with the unattached ones was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. The nature of scale and the distribution of chlorine was found to vary with the Cr content in the alloys, which has a direct bearing on the rate of oxidation of these alloys in NaCl vapor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807997
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  • 96
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    Diffusional transport during the cyclic oxidation of γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 75-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-Cr-Al Alloys ; oxidation ; diffusional transport ; breakaway oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cyclic oxidation behavior of several cast γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys and one LPPS γ+β, Ni-Co-Cr-Al(Y) alloy was examined (γ, fcc; β, NiAl structure). Cyclic oxidation was performed by cycling between 1200°C and approximately 70°C. Oxide morphologies and microstructural changes during cyclic oxidation were noted. Recession of the high-Al β phase was nonparabolic with time. Kirkendall porosity resulting from diffusional transport within the alloy was observed in the near-surface γ-phase layer of one alloy. Concentration profiles for Ni, Cr, and Al were measured in the γ-phase layer after various cyclic oxidation exposures. It was observed that cyclic oxidation results in a decreasing Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface due to a high demand for Al (a high rate of Al consumption) associated with oxide scale cracking and spalling. In addition, diffusion paths plotted on the ternary phase diagram shifted to higher Ni concentrations with increasing cyclic oxidation exposures. The alloy with the highest rate of Al consumption, and highest Al content, underwent breakaway oxidation after 500 1-hr cycles at 1200°C. Breakaway oxidation occurred when the Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface approached zero. The relationship between the Al transport in the alloy and breakaway oxidation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656350
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    Studies of the mechanism of reaction of nickel with SO2 (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel ; SO2 ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied. The composition and morphology of the scale formed in sulfur dioxide (1.013×105 Pa) at 600°C and the transport phenomena occurring in the growing scale have been investigated. The experimental methods consisted of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of a35S radioisotope. The scale was composed of a NiO and Ni3S2 mixture and grew by the outward diffusion of nickel and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities of the scale. It has been shown that outward transport of sulfur originating from grains of sulfide occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751797
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  • 98
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    Oxidation of Fe-8Cr-14Ni-Al-Si-Mn from 700 to 1000°C (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; aluminum ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports an investigation into reducing the Cr concentration in commercial-grade stainless steels while maintaining oxidation protection at elevated temperatures. Aluminum and Si were added as partial substitute alloy elements to enhance the reduced operation protection resulting from Cr concentration reduced by approximately 50 pct of that found in stainless steels. The goal of this study was to determine the oxidation mechanism of such an Fe, Al-Si alloy: Fe-8Cr-14Ni-1Al-3.5Si-1Mn. During the initial oxidation period the protection resulted from a thin film of Al2O3 over an Fe and Cr spinel. Long-term oxidation protection resulted from the gradual formation of a Cr sesquioxide (Cr2O2) inner oxide layer. Eventually an outer oxide layer formed that was a mixed composition spinel of Cr and Mn (MnO · Cr2O3). The Al2O3, which was part of the original protective layer flaked off early in the oxide testing, and the aluminum oxide that formed later appeared as an internal oxide precipitate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656734
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  • 99
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    The importance of interfacial chemistry in protective oxide scale adherence (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth mechanisms ; sulfur ; impurities ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of studies involving both alumina and chromia formers have demonstrated that segregation of low levels of indigenous impurity elements commonly found in metals and alloys can segregate to the scale-metal interface. Such segregation markedly affects protective-oxide-scale adherence to produce scale exfoliation. The most important element to cause exfoliation effects is sulfur, which is not uncommonly present in metals and alloys to levels of ∼50 ppm. The reduction of such sulfur to the 1–2 ppm range strongly increases oxide scale adherence without requiring additions of “active” elements, such as yttrium. The results of experiments that led to this conclusion are reiterated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666602
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  • 100
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    A solid-state EMF study of the Fe-S-O and Co-S-O ternary systems (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 329-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-S-O ; Co-S-O ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium oxygen potentials of the two-phase equilibria Fe3O4/Fe1−xS, Co1−xS/Co3S4, Co3S4/CoS2, Co1−xS/CoO, and CoO/CoSO4 were measured as a function of temperature. A solid-state emf technique using calcia-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) solid electrolyte was used. These equilibria were studied atP SO2≃1 atm; the equilibrium Co1−xS/CoO was also studied atP SO2≃0.1 atm. Two emf cell designs were used for the measurements atP SO2≃1 atm andP SO2≃1 and 0.1 atm, respectively. The homogeneity range of FeS in equilibrium with Fe3O4 and that of Co1−xS in equilibrium with CoO at ∼ 1073 K andP SO2≃1 atm were measured by electron microprobe analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659004
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