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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypophosphite contents and surface treatment on electroplated Co-Ni-P thin films : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5575-5577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article describes the effects of sodium hypophosphite (hypo) content in cobalt nickel sulfate bath, and the duration of surface treatment prior to electroplating, on the magnetic, structural, and electrical properties of Co-Ni-P thin films. The coercivity of the Co-Ni-P layer can be controlled independently either by hypo content or by surface treatment. Transmission electron microscopy microstructure indicates that the width of grain boundaries of Co-Ni-P films is influenced by hypo in the magnetic bath. The mechanism of the coercivity increase by hypo in the bath is thought to result from magnetostatic or exchange decoupling at phosphorus-rich grain boundaries. Effects of these factors on media noise can be well-explained by the microstructural change of Co-Ni-P layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353655
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamics of ionic diffusion and oxidation rate equations (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 29 (1988), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ionic diflusion ; oxidation rate ; point defects ; relative building units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Diffusional flux equations for individual lattice species and defects are related to phenomenological mass-transport equations using the concept of relative building units. These units conserve sites and charge but represent local constitutional change within a crystal resulting either from equilibration with another phase or from diffusion within the crystal. Using the example of a metal deficit, solid solution oxide (A1ξ Bξ)1−δ0, a simple thermodynamic method is arrived at for producing an exhaustive listing of units capable of participating in diffusion during an oxidation reaction. A combination of the flux contributions due to these different units then permits a calculation of the phenomenological transport coefficients in terms of microscopic kinetic and concentration variables. This description, together with a precise statement of the Gibbs-Duhem equation, permits an examination of the usual approximations in oxidation rate equations: the neglect of diffusional interactions and of nonstoichiometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656355
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parabolic growth of solid-solution scales: Effect of deviations from stoichiometry (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 391-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloy oxidation ; solid-solution scales ; nonstoichiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of deviations from the stoichiometric composition of solid-solution oxides formed during the oxidation of a binary alloy is considered by taking into account its influence on the activities of the oxide components using an approximate expression. Calculations carried out for two systems, the Co-Ni and Co-Fe alloys, forming CoO-NiO and CoO-FeO solid-solution scales, show that the effect of this factor on the form of the calculated profile of oxide composition through the scale is negligible in the former case but significant in the latter. Inclusion of this effect in the theoretical treatment for the Co-Fe system yields results that are in better agreement with the experimental data than are those calculated by means of the classic treatment, which neglects this aspect. This finding results from the larger magnitude of the deviation from Stoichiometry in the CoO-FeO system as compared with the CoO-NiO system. In neither case does the nonstoichiometry affect significantly the magnitude of the calculated rate constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659007
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and morphological development of oxide-sulfide scales on iron at 1073 K (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 37 (1992), S. 281-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfur dioxide ; duplex scales ; gas mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of pure iron has been investigated at 1073 K in controlled gas atmospheres of SO2-CO2-CO-N2. The equilibrium gas compositions were such that: (1) FeS was stable with respect to FeO, (2) FeO was stable with respect to FeS, and (3) only one of the solids was stable with respect to the gas sulfur and oxygen activities. The resultant scale morphologies are discussed along with the observed parabolic corrosion kinetics. It was shown that duplex (oxide plus sulfide) scales could be produced under all three reaction conditions. Careful adjustment of gas compositions permitted comparisons to be made among sets of experiments having (1) the same $$p_{S_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, (2) the same $$p_{O_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ , and $$p_{S_2 }$$ values, and (3) the same $$p_{SO_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{S_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values. In this way it was confirmed that the reactant species was SO2 over a wide range of gas compositions, and under conditions in which solid-state diffusion was rate-controlling. The exception was found at very high $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, where elemental sulfur was the reactant. Catalysis of the reactant gas demonstrated that the results could be affected by the slow approach to equilibrium of the gas phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665192
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of Fe-27Mn-(0-17.3)Mo(a/o) alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 245-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn-Mo ; FexMo6S8−z ; three-layered scale ; internal sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-base alloys containing ca. 27 a/o (atomic percent) manganese and up to 17.3 a/o molybdenum were sulfidized in H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressure at temperatures of 700–1000° C. Three-layered scales developed on all the molybdenum-containing alloys, and an internal sulfidation zone was observed in most cases. The overall scaling process and individual layer growth all followed parabolic kinetics. The outer and intermediate layers comprised Fe(Mn)S and Mn(Fe)S, respectively. Sulfidation rates varied with the morphology and constitution of the inner layer. The reaction product FexMo6S8−z, which was restricted to the inner layer, is permeable to sulfur, iron and manganese, but not molybdenum.For high-molybdenum levels, the overall scaling rate decreased, as a result of the slow diffusion of iron in FexMo6S8−z. For low-molybdenum levels, this beneficial effect is small and outweighed by the formation of an inner two-phase layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664493
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature-sulfidation behavior of Fe-Mo-Mn-Al alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 433-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mo-Mn-Al ; Fe-Mo-Al ; FeAl2S4 ; protective scale ; nodules ; scale breakdown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation behavior of multiphase, iron-based alloys containing up to 24 a/o molybdenum, up to 16.3 a/o manganese, and up to 24 a/o aluminum was examined in flowing H 2 /H 2 S gases, corresponding to a sulfur partial pressure of 4 Pa, at 800° C. An accelerated sulfidation rate was almost invariably observed on the quaternary alloys, but slow linear kinetics were found for Fe-22Mo-17Al. This behavior is due to the different products of the preferentially-attacked ferrite phase. If FeAl2S4 formed over the ferrite phase, the sulfur-incorporation rate into the scale was slowed down and accordingly the alloys had excellent protection, whereas formation of a MnS+FeS+MoS2 mixture led to poor protection or breakdown of a protective scale. The nature of the ferrite reaction products was determined by the ferrite composition, which can vary widely. The molybdenum-rich R-phase and AlMo3 reacted with sulfur slowly. When a protective preferential-sulfidation zone formed, the unreacted intermetallic phases provided a mechanical framework for FeAl2S4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666385
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transition from single to double oxide growth during the high temperature corrosion of a pure metal by a single oxidant (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 38 (1992), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: duplex scales ; pure metals ; single oxidant ; two-stage processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the effects of a layer of lower compound on the overall corrosion kinetics in a single oxidant of a pure metal forming two different compounds. It is shown that if both compounds grow together from the start, the presence of the inner layer can only yield an increase of the overall parabolic rate constant compared to the growth of the higher compound only. The kinetics of direct growth of the higher compound on the metal are then examined and compared with a two-stage process involving initial formation of the higher compound directly on the metal, followed after some time by the appearance of an inner layer of the lower compound. The overall rate constant for the second stage may be larger or smaller than its initial single-layer value, depending on the defect nature of the higher oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666918
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature corrosion in mixed gas environments (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046729
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Corrosion Behavior of Sulfidation-Resistant Fe–Mo–Al Alloys in H2/H2S Atmospheres at 900°C (2000)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 54 (2000), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe–Mo–Al ; sulfidation ; Al2O3 ; protective scale ; sulfidation-resistant alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of Fe–22Mo–10Al (a/o, atom %),Fe–20.5Mo–15.7Al, and Fe–10Mo–19Al was examined inflowing H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressureat 900°C. Al2O3 was stable on all the alloys inthe atmospheres investigated. Fe–22Mo–10Al andFe–20.5Mo–15.7Al reacted slowly, following the parabolic ratelaw. Multilayered reaction products were formed on these alloys and it isuncertain which layer(s) provided the protection. Fe–10Mo–19Alreacted even more slowly, exhibiting two-stage parabolic kinetics. Duringthe early stage of this alloy's reaction, a preferential reaction zone,consisting of an oxide mixture, possibly Al2O3+FeAl2O4,and nonreacting Fe3Mo2, provided the protection. Duringthe later reaction stage, the formation of a continuous, externalAl2O3 layer further decreased the alloy reaction rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004654713700
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phototarnishing of silver and copper. Part II (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: solid halide spectra ; solid-state photolysis ; linear scaling kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Tarnishing of silver and copper at room temperatures in the presence of CH3I, HI, CH3Br, and HBr is caused by absorption of ultraviolet light of appropriate frequency by the growing metal halide scale. No appreciable thermal tarnishing of silver or copper is observed in the presence of these gases at room temperature. The kinetics of the phototarnishing reactions are linear and the rate depends linearly on the incident light intensity. It is concluded that the primary photochemical process is the production in the metal halides of free electrons which then react with adsorbed gas molecules, thereby propagating the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613226
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