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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1995-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-4686
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3859
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0360-3199
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3487
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1994-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0360-3199
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3487
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1990-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0360-3199
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3487
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 485-493 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; air ; Cr-Ni steel ; grain growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Comparative oxidation tests with a fine- and a coarse-grain 25Cr-20Ni steel, and cast steel of similar composition in synthetic air between 900 and 1300°C reveal a strong influence of grain growth in the base metal on the oxidation behavior. Metal grain growth destroys the protective Cr2O3-rich scale, and promotes the formation of a scale rich in iron oxides. The result is a higher scaling rate, and a higher Cr depletion at the metal-scale interface of the fine-grain material which undergoes grain growth during oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 30 (1979), S. 767-784 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation and Carburization of High Alloyed Materials for Cracking Tubes. Part 1: The Oxidation Behaviour in AirThe oxidation behaviour has been studied of cast materials (German Materials Numbers 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813), an experimental melt of 25/20/5 CrNiSi steel and wrought materials (German Materials Numbers 1.4301 and 1.4841) in dry synthetic air between 800 and 1300°C. Only the oxidation of the materials 1.4848 and 1.4841 follows an approximately parabolic law, with the other materials more complex kinetic laws are found.The oxidation rates of all the cast materials are rather similar; the scale layers successively formed on the base material are Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4. The latter is characterized by clearly distinguishable iron contents. The Cr2O3 layer contains SiO2 inclusions, in particular near the metal boundary. Above 1000°C internal oxidation of silicon is found. An exception to this is the 25/20/5 CrNiSi experimental melt where, because of the high Si content, a continuous SiO2 layer is formed consistently between base material and Cr2O3 layer.The material 1.4301 exhibits locally increased oxidation at temperatures above 1050°C; in this case oxide nodules are formed.The oxidation rate of material 1.4841 at temperatures above 1100°C is higher for the fine grained than for the coarse grained condition; this phenomenon is attributed to the fact that at these temperatures pronounced grain growth occurs which impairs the formation of a protective layer. The scale layers formed contain considerable amounts of iron and the Cr content in the metal at the metal/oxide boundary decreases at a considerable higher rate with increasing temperature than in the case of the coarse grained material 1.4841 and of the cast materials containing about 25% Cr. Below 1100°C the differences in the behaviour are rather small and the oxidation rate is comparable to that of the cast materials.A transition from internal silicon oxidation to external SiO2 scale formation is found with materials 1.4848 and 1.4841 at 1100°C in H2/H2O mixtures below the partial pressure of oxygen corresponding to the Cr/Cr2O3 equilibrium.
    Notes: Es wurde das Oxidationsverhalten der Gußwerkstoffe 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813 und einer 25/20/5-CrNiSi-Versuchsschmelze sowie der Knetwerkstoffe 1.4301 und 1.4841 in trockener synthetischer Luft zwischen 800 und 1300° C untersucht. Nur die Oxidation der Werkstoffe 1.4848 und 1.4841 erfolgte angenähert parabolisch, die der anderen Werkstoffe dagegen nach komplexen Zeitgesetzen.Die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeiten aller Gußwerkstoffe sind sehr ähnlich. Es bildet sich eine Schichtenfolge Werkstoff/Cr2O3/MnCr2O4 aus. Die MnCr2O4-Schicht weist deutliche Fe-Gehalte auf. Die Cr2O3-Schicht enthält besonders nahe der Grenze zum Metall SiO2-Einlagerungen. Oberhalb etwa 1000°C tritt deutliche innere Oxidation des Siliziums auf. Eine Ausnahme macht die 25/20/5-CrNiSi-Versuchsschmelze, die aufgrund ihres hohen Si-Gehaltes stets eine geschlossene SiO2-Schicht zwischen Werkstoff und Cr2O3-Schicht bildet.Der Werkstoff 1.4301 zeigt oberhalb 1050°C örtlich verstärkte Oxidation unter Pustelbildung.Der Werkstoff 1.4841 oxidiert oberhalb 1100°C im feinkörnigen Gefügezustand erheblich schneller als im grobkörnigen, weil oberhalb dieser Temperatur ein starkes Kornwachstum erfolgt, das die Schutzschichtbildung beeinträchtigt. Die Deckschicht enthält hohe Gehalte an Eisen und der Cr-Gehalt im Werkstoff an der Grenze Metall/Oxid sinkt mit steigender Temperatur wesentlich stärker ab als bei dem grobkörnigen 1.4841 und den Gußwerkstoffen mit rd. 25% Cr. Unterhalb 1100°C sind die Unterschiede gering, und die Oxidationsrate ist vergleichbar der der Gußwerkstoffe.Ein Übergang von innerer Si-Oxidation zu äußerer SiO2-Deckschichtbildung erfolgt bei den Werkstoffen 1.4848 und 1.4841 bei 1100°C in H2-H2O-Gemischen bei Unterschreiten des O2-Partialdrucks des Cr/Cr2O3-Gleichgewichts.
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation and Carburization of High Alloyed Materials for Cracking Tubes - Part 2: The Carburization Behaviour in Oxygen and Carbon Containing Atmospheres with High Carbon ActivityCarburization tests have been carried out with the casting materials (German Designation) Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813 and an experimental 25/20/5-CrNiSi melt, and with the wrought materials Werkstoff Nr. 1.4301 and 1.4848 in CO-CO2 mixtures with ac = 1, and in humid natural gas with ac 〉 1 between 1000 and 1200° C. At temperatures below appr. 1050° C oxide layers formed are analogous to those formed in air (substrate/Cr2O3/(Mn, Fe)Cr2O4) which prevent carburization. Carburization takes place only after the protective oxide layer has been destroyed. In this context several mechanisms of destruction must be considered, i.e. (a) by chemical reaction (transformation of oxide into carbide, reduction of oxide), (b) by mechanical stresses (temperature fluctuation, growth of graphite layers, creep deformation).Reduction processes are encountered with Fe-rich oxide layers only. Scale layers rich in chromium oxide are transformed into carbide above appr. 1050° C in gases with ac = 1, depending on the CO partial pressure. The rate of this transformation strongly depends on carbon activity in the gas phase. When graphite is deposited on the surface the transformation occurs at a high rate, while it is rather slow even at ac = 1 when no graphite is deposited.Deposited graphite may have a mechanically destructive effect, too, because it penetrates into cracks and pores in the oxide layer and thus produces spalling of oxide particles. When the surface of the cast material is porous particles of the substrate may become detached, too. This goes to explain the poor behaviour of tubes with as cast surfaces in cracking reactors.The positive effect of silicon is due to the formation of protective silica layers between metal and Cr2O3 and metal and external carbide layer respectively. In order to form a continuous silica layer the Si content in the material must not be below a cricital value.
    Notes: Es wurden Aufkohlungsversuche an den Gußwerkstoffen 1.4848, 1.4857, 2.4813 und einer 25/20/5-CrNiSi-Versuchsschmelze sowie an den Knetlegierungen 1.4301 und 1.4848 in CO-CO2-Gemischen mit ac = 1 und in feuchtem Erdgas mit ac 〉 zwischen 1000 und 1200° C durchgeführt. Bei T 〈 etwa 1050° C bilden sich gleichartige oxidische Deckschichten wie an Luft (Werkstoff/Cr2O3/(Mn, Fe)Cr2O4), die eine Aufkohlung verhindern. Eine Aufkohlung tritt erst nach Zerstörung der oxidischen Schutzschichten ein. Dabei müssen mehrere Zerstörungsmechanismen betrachtet werden, (a) durch chemische Reaktion (Umwandlung von Oxid in Carbid; Reduktion von Oxid), (b) durch mechanische Beanspruchung (Temperaturwechsel, Wachsen von Graphitschichten, Kriechverformung).Reduktionsvorgänge treten nur bei Fe-reichen Oxidschichten auf. Chromoxidreiche Deckschichten werden, abhängig vom CO-Partialdruck, in Gasen mit ac = 1 oberhalb etwa 1050° C in Carbid umgewandelt. Die Geschwindigkeit dieser Umwandlung ist stark von der Kohlenstoffaktivität der Gasphase abhängig. Wird Graphit auf der Oberfläche abgeschieden, so läuft die Umwandlung schnell ab, ohne Graphitabscheidung läuft sie selbst bei ac = 1 recht langsam an.Abgeschiedener Graphit kann auch mechanisch zerstörend wirken, da er in Risse und Poren der Oxidschicht eindringt und so Teile der Oxidschicht abreißt. Bei Vorliegen der porigen Gußoberfläche können sogar Teile des Werkstoffs abgesprengt werden. Das erklärt das schleche Verhalten von Rohren mit Gußoberflächen in Crackanlagen.Die positive Wirkung des Siliziums beruht auf der Bildung von SiO2-Schutzschichten zwischen Metall und Cr2O3 bzw. zwischen Metall und äußerer Carbidschicht. Zur Ausbildung geschlossener SiO2-Schichten darf der Werkstoff einen kritischen Si-Gehalt nicht unterschreiten.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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