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  • Articles  (196)
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  • Springer  (196)
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human tissue levels and plasma pharmacokinetics of temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitizer ; Photodynamic therapy ; mTHPC ; Temoporfin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Phase I photodynamic therapy (PDT) clinical trial was carried out with Temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) at the Departments of Otolaryngology at Orebro Medical Center (OMC) and Long Island Jewish Medical Center (LIJMC). A range of drug doses, consisting of 0.3, 0.15, 0.075 and 0.0375 mg kg−1, were utilized. Light treatment was performed on the sixth day after injection of the photosensitizer mTHPC. Photodynamic therapy was done on prostate cancer (six cases), bronchial cancer (one case), nasopharyngeal cancer (three cases), laryngeal cancer (eight cases), mesothelioma (one case), laryngeal papilloma (five cases) and basal cell nevus syndrome (one case). A number of patients were treated more than once. Plasma was collected and analysed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h and at 2 weeks post-injection, to follow the loading and clearance rate of the photosensitizer. Normal and malignant tissues were collected immediately prior to PDT, chemically extracted, and analysed for drug content spectrofluorometrically. Plasma drug levels were proportional to the dose. The half-life of the drug was 45.4 h across the entire dose range. The ratio of the drug in the tumour compared to normal adjacent mucosa was in the range of 2–3. There were no significant adverse effects. These data establish the basis for full clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134918
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate-binding sites in plasma membrane from human uterine cervical fibroblasts (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 999-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Human ; uterine cervix ; fibroblasts ; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ; ripening ; labor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) plays a critical role in cervical dilation at labor. Incubation of cervical fibroblasts with [3H]DHA-S caused a rapid and saturable increase in cellular radioactivity: an apparent equilibrium was reached by 2 min. There was no detectable conversion of DHA-S into DHA or oestradiol. When the fibroblasts loaded with [3H]DHA-S were homogenized and fractionated, the specific radioactivity in the plasma membrane fraction was enriched approximately 8- to 9-fold compared with the whole homogenate; only low amounts of radioactivity were observed in the other subcellular fractions. The binding of DHA-S to plasma membrane preparations showed saturation kinetics with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K d) of 12 nM, and the binding capacity (B max) was calculated to be 1.25 fmol/mg protein. Neither DHA nor oestrone sulfate affected [3H]DHA-S binding to the plasma membrane. The plasma membranes of skin fibroblasts did not show specific binding sites for DHA-S. These findings demonstrate the presence of specific binding sites for DHA-S in the plasma membrane of cervical stroma cells. The fetal adrenal steroid may exert its action on cervical ripening at least in part through membrane-associated binding sites, or receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919152
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From molecule to mind: the role of experience in shaping olfactory function (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Odor coding ; Learning ; Enhanced sensitivity ; Rabbit ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory system is faced with a particular problem – the high dimensionality and inherent unpredictability of the chemical world. Most natural odorants encountered in everyday life are complex mixtures of many different volatiles. This means that from the outset the olfactory system has to contend with a great and often unpredictable diversity of molecules, making it difficult for stable primary features of the chemical world to be mapped onto the sensory surface. One solution to such unpredictability is provided by learning. Learning confers flexibility, enabling individuals of a given species to acquire and make use of the most appropriate information in a particular environment. Two examples of this are presented: learning of maternal odors in neonatal rabbits, including evidence that the sensory surface itself may be influenced by environmental conditions so as to enhance sensitivity to molecules of particular ecological relevance, and cross-cultural human studies suggesting that experience with everyday odors influences not only the way these are evaluated, but also their perceived intensity. It is concluded that an adequate understanding of odor coding and olfactory function will not be possible without taking such experience-dependent factors into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050390
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thrombospondin co-localises with TGFβ and IGF-I in the extracellular matrix of human osteoblast-like cells and is modulated by 17β estradiol (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Human ; bone ; thrombospondin ; growth factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thrombospondin (TSP) is a multifunctional glycoprotein which is synthesised by several cell types including osteoblasts, and incorporated into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of these cells. The function and regulation of TSP in bone is not clear. In this study, using a long term culture model of human osteoblast-like cells, we examined the distribution of TSP in the ECM and its modulation by added estradiol. In this model the osteoblast-like cells form a regular multilayer which continues to increase in depth up to 50 days post confluence. In the ECM of these cultures and in 19-week fetal bone, the bone markers osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were diffusely distributed in the matrix. In contrast, labelling for TSP was concentrated, confined to the banded collagen and its immediately adjacent ECM. This pattern of labelling resembled that of the growth factors transforming growth factorβ-I (TGFβ), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), with which TSP label co-localised. Labelling intensities were comparable between fetal bone and the in vitro material for TSP, TGFβ and IGF-I. TSP label was present by 10 days post confluence, reached a maximum by 20 days, and declined slowly thereafter, a time course which was similar to that of IGF-I. Incubation of osteoblast-like cell cultures with 17β estradiol resulted in an increase in multilayer depth and a maximal 3-fold increase in TSP labeling at 30 days as well as approximately 2-fold increases for TGFβ and IGF-I. The dose-response relationship for these responses to estradiol treatment was biphasic with maximal increases at 10−10 M–10−11 M of added estradiol. Treatment with 17α estradiol produced labelling intensities that were not significantly different from controls. Studies with other cell types have suggested that TSP may be involved in modulation of growth factor activity. The similarities between TSP, TGFβ and IGF-I, in terms of their distribution and regulation by 17β estradiol treatment, may indicate a role for TSP in modulating bone cell proliferation and function through interaction with local growth factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-labeling of human polymorphonuclear leucocyte myeloperoxidase with125iodine (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 952-957 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Human ; leucocytes ; myeloperoxidase-iodination-radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to obtain a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique for the measurement of human plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO), we purified the enzyme from polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils), and compared three methods of labeling it with125Iodine: chloramine T, lactoperoxidase, and an original technique of ‘self labeling’ based on the ability of the enzyme to oxidize and bind125I in the presence of H2O2. The chloramine T technique produced a degraded protein, as well shown by a high non-specific binding of tracer to antibody. The lactoperoxidase technique did not succeed in labeling MPO with an adequate specific activity. In contrast, the self-labeling method gave a stable tracer with a specific activity of 23 μCi/gmg MPO (85 MBq), a satisfactory level of immunoreactivity, and a low-specific binding (≤3%). After labeling, purification of tracer was achieved by gel filtration chromatography in phosphate buffer (0.05 M; pH7) to which 0.1% poly-L-lysine was added. The labeled molecule remained stable for 40 days and could be used for RIA with a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01929890
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of fluoride in cortical bone of human rib (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 278-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Human ; Aging ; Sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We describe a detailed study of fluoride distribution with age in the human cortical rib bone. Human ribs were obtained from 110 subjects (M:68,F;42) aged 20–93 years. The fluoride distribution from the periosteal to endosteal surfaces of the ribs was determined by sampling each specimen using an abrasive micro-sampling technique, and the samples were analyzed using the fluoride electrode, as described by Weatherell et al. [1]. The concentration of fluoride was highest in the periosteal region, decreased gradually towards the interior of the tissue where the concentration of fluoride tended toward the plateau, and then rose again towards the endosteal surface. Patterns of fluoride distribution changed with age, and the difference between periosteal and endosteal fluoride levels increased with age. Although average fluoride concentrations increased with age in both sexes, there was a significant difference between males and females at the age of about 55 years (P〈0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296652
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of TGF-β1 mRNA by in situ hybridization in normal human fracture healing (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor β ; Fracture healing ; Endochondral ossification ; Intramembranous ossification ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in fracture healing has previously been investigated in a rodent model, but not in human material. We investigated TGF-β1 gene expression in specimens of callus from normally healing human fractures, using in situ hybridization to a cDNA TGF-β1 probe and an autoradiographic disclosure system. TGF-β1 mRNA was present in areas of proliferation of mesenchymal tissue, bone, and cartilage. Levels of expression were lower in cells in the fracture hematoma and in differentiated (hypertrophic) chondrocytes. These results are compatible with those found in various animal models using immunohistochemistry and support the view that locally produced TGF-β1 is a regulator of fracture repair in humans from the early (mesenchymal proliferation) stage to the stage of remodeling of woven bone. They also indicate that, for TGF-β1, animal models accurately reflect human bone repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308311
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+, K+-ATPase, on bone resorption in humans (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Omeprazole ; Bone ; Resorption ; Inhibition ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Omeprazole is an inhibitor of gastric H+, K+-ATPase. Although the major proton transport of osteoclast is mediated by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase which is different from the gastric H+, K+-ATPase,in vitro studies have demonstrated that omeprazole inhibits bone resorption. In this study, the effect of omeprazole on bone resorption was evaluated in patients who had a history of gastric ulcer and were treated with maintenance doses of H2 blocker without any gastric complaints at the study time. H2 blocker administration was changed to omeprazole treatment in the study group and to no treatment in the control group. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium decreased after omeprazole treatment in the study group. Serum intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased in this group. In the control group, there were not any changes in these parameters. The discrepancy between serum TRAP and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium in the study group was thought to be due to the suppression of bone resorption by omeprazole, which probably interfered the acidification at resorption lacunae and resulted in the inactivation of TRAP and other lysosomal enzymes. The results of our study suggest the possibility that the specific inhibitors of the osteoclastic proton pump (such as bafilomycins) will more effectively suppress bone resorption and be useful for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases with increased bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01352010
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of a monoclonal antibody against human amelogenin (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibody ; Human ; Amelogenin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The extracellular organic matrix of developing human enamel is composed of two major classes of proteins, the hydrophobic amelogenins and the acidic enamelins. In order to identify, purify, and characterize the amelogenins from this complex mixture of proteins, and to study their ultrastructural localization and their pathways of synthesis, secretion, and degradation, specific and sensitive probes are needed. In the present paper the production of a monoclonal antibody against human amelogenin employing an intrasplenic primary immunization protocol is described. The monoclonal antibody produced is IgM and recognizes major human amelogenin protein bands in Western immunoblot assays. It also recognizes amelogenin protein bands from other species, specifically bovine and porcine. Indirect immunohistochemical studies showed the monoclonal antibody to react specifically with the extracellular matrix of human developing enamel. It did not react with the underlying dentin layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316294
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnesium distribution in human bone (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Bone ; Aging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to reveal the magnesium distribution in human bone. Sixty human ribs, obtained from subjects aged 10–80 years of age, were used. Transverse sections were prepared from the middle region of the human ribs. Adjacent sections were ground to a thickness of about 1000 μm. One section was used for magnesium determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the other was used for analysis with X-ray microanalysis. Thirty micron thick samples were abraded continuously from the periosteal and the endosteal surfaces by abrasive microsampling, as previously described by Weatherell et al. [3]. Results showed that magnesium concentrations were higher in both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces and did not change with age in general, although it tended to be higher among teenagers and lower over 80 years old.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316287
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the genes encoding the human proteasome activators PA28α and β (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 438-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words PA28 ; Proteasome ; Gene structure ; Evolution ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two proteasome activators PA28α and β, which have been implicated in antigen processing for loading class I MHC molecules, are synthesized in response to Ifn-γ. The human genes encoding these activators (PSME1 and PSME2, respectively) were analyzed by sequencing. Each gene comprised 11 exons, consistent with gene duplication during vertebrate evolution. The intron/exon organization of both genes was highly conserved, the major difference being the absence of the exon encoding the lysine and glutamic acid-rich 'KEKE' motif in PA28β. Two other genes of relevance to the immune system were located close to those for PA28 at 14q11.2 including ISGF3G, a protein involved in transcription after IFNα signalling. These sequences were also characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050517
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new apparently functional IGVK gene (VkLa) present in some individuals only (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 40-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulin ; Genes ; Kappa light chain ; Human ; Antibody repertoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a hitherto unknown functional IGKV gene, VkLa, belonging to the IGKV1 subgroup with exon 2 having only 94% similarity to the closest known IGKV gene, 1–13/1D-13 (L4/L18a). Genomic DNA sequences spanning from 5’ of the decanucleotide box to 3’ of the heptamer (649 bp) were cloned and sequenced from four individuals. The new gene encodes the conserved amino acids in the exons and contains no apparent defects in known regulatory intron sequences such as pd-box, dc-box, TATA-box, CCCT-elements, splice-sequences, initiation codon, and heptamer sequence. VkLa is therefore potentially functional and, correspondingly, we found transcripts of properly rearranged VkLa with somatical hypermutations. VkLa was found in 12 of 57 (21%) healthy Caucasians by a nested polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequencing of exon 2. This finding shows that there is more inter-individual variation in the available IGKV gene repertoire than was hitherto assumed. Finally, we describe a minor correction in the IGKV1D-43 (L23) gene sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050398
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    G7c, a novel gene in the mouse and human major histocompatibility complex class III region, possibly controlling lung tumor susceptibility (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 383-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC class III region ; Mouse ; Human ; G7c ; Lung tumor susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050634
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New alleles of human immunoglobulin κ J segments IGKJ2 and IGKJ4 (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 487-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulin ; J segments ; IGKJ genes ; Alleles ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050647
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cDNA cloning of human DEC-205, a putative antigen-uptake receptor on dendritic cells (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1998), S. 442-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen presenting cells ; Dendritic cells ; Cell surface molecule ; Antigen receptor ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Dendritic cells (DC) are specialist antigen presenting cells which capture antigens in the periphery, migrate centrally, and present the processed antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex and appropriate co-stimulatory molecules to T lymphocytes for the initiation of an immune response. DEC-205 has been identified as a putative antigen-uptake receptor, which is expressed abundantly on mouse DC. The recently cloned mouse DEC-205 cDNA predicts a molecular structure which has a marked similarity to the macrophage mannose receptor. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cDNA library screening, we obtained the full coding region of human DEC-205 cDNA from the Hodgkin’s disease-derived L428 cell line. The predicted protein structure is a type I transmembrane protein of 1722 amino acids consisting of a signal peptide, cysteine-rich domain, fibronectin type II domain, ten carbohydrate recognition-like domains, transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Human DEC-205 is 77% identical to the mouse protein with completely conserved cysteines. The DEC-205 gene (LY75) was mapped to chromosome band 2q24 by somatic cell hybrid panel analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Northern blot analysis detected 7.8 and 9.5 kilobase DEC-205 transcripts in myeloid, B lymphoid, and Hodgkin’s disease-derived cell lines. RT-PCR analysis indicated that immature blood DC contain a barely detectable amount of DEC-205 transcripts but these were markedly increased upon differentiation/activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050381
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of a new lectin-like receptor expressed on human NK cells (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words NK cells ; Human ; Surface molecule ; Lectin superfamily ; NK gene complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Natural killer (NK) cells constitute the third major population of lymphocytes. They possess the inherent capacity to kill various tumor and virally infected cells and mediate the rejection of bone-marrow grafts in lethally irradiated animals. A large family of NK cell receptors belong to the C-type lectin superfamily and are localized to the NK gene complex on Chromosome (Chr) 6 in the mouse and Chr 12 in the human. Genes in the NK gene complex encode type II receptors and examples include the families of NKR-P1, Ly-49, and NKG2 receptors. Examples of other C-type lectin-like NK cell receptors that occur as individual genes are CD94, CD69, and AICL. Here we report the molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of a human lectin-like transcript (LLT1) expressed on NK, T, and B cells and localized to the NK gene complex within 100 kilobases of CD69. The cDNA encodes a predicted protein of 191 amino acid residues with a transmembrane domain near the N-terminus and an extracellular domain of 132 amino acid residues with similarity to the carbohydrate recognition domain of C-type lectins. The predicted protein of LLT1 shows 59 and 56% similarity to AICL and CD69, respectively. The predicted protein does not contain any intracellular ITIM motifs, suggesting that LLT1 may be involved in mediating activation signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050679
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological modelling of physiological variables during temperature variations at rest (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Rheology ; Human ; Heart rate ; Oxygen consumption ; Body temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The evolution with time of cardio-respiratory variables, blood pressure and body temperature has been studied on six males, resting in semi-nude conditions during short (30 min) cold stress exposure (0°C) and during passive recovery (60 min) at 20°C. Passive cold exposure does not induce a change inHR but increasesVO 2,VCO 2 Ve and core temperatureT re, whereas peripheral temperature is significantly lowered. The kinetic evolution of the studied variables was investigated using a Kelvin-Voigt rheological model. The results suggest that the human body, and by extension the measured physiological variables of its functioning, does not react as a perfect viscoelastic system. Cold exposure induces a more rapid adaptation for heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperatures than that observed during the rewarming period (20°C), whereas respiratory adjustments show an opposite evolution. During the cooling period of the experiment the adaptative mechanisms, taking effect to preserve core homeothermy and to obtain a higher oxygen supply, increase the energy loss of the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01093451
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation in physiological responses to mild cold air in young and older men (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 38 (1995), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Human ; Cold acclimatization ; Ageing ; Cold air ; Thermoregulatory response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Eight men aged 60–65 years and six men aged 20–25 years, wearing only swimming trunks, were exposed to an air temperature of 17° C and 45% R.H. in each of the four seasons. The increase in the rate of metabolic heat production $$\left( {\% \Delta \dot M} \right)$$ for the older group in the cold test was significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P〈0.05), but did not differ in the young group between seasons. Compared to the young group the $$\% \Delta \dot M$$ was significantly greater for the older group (due to a marked increase in four individuals) in summer and autumn (P〈0.04). At the end of the period of cold exposure, the decrements of rectal temperature (ΔT re), mean skin temperature ( $$\bar T_{sk} $$ ; due to a marked decrease in four individuals) and foot skin temperature (T foot) were significantly greater for the older group compared to the young group at all times of the year (P〈0.003). Seasonal variations in the two groups were similar, e.g., theΔTre gradually became smaller from summer to winter (P〈0.05) and then increased slightly in the spring (P=0.07).T foot for both groups decreased from summer to autumn (P〈0.01) and remained unchanged subsequently. No seasonal variations were observed for $$\bar T_{sk} $$ in either group. The increase in diastolic blood pressure (BPd) during the test was significantly smaller in winter in both groups (P〈0.05). BPd became larger again during spring in the older group (P〈0.01), but remained low in the young group. The BPd was significantly greater for the older group than the young group in winter and spring (P〈0.05). Compared to young men these results suggest that older men may lose the tolerance acquired by earlier cold acclimatization as seen by the BPd responses, and have a somewhat lower thermoregulatory capability in coping with mild cold air in all seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208489
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the seasonality of mortality in Germany from 1946 to 1995: the role of temperature (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 42 (1998), S. 84-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Mortality ; Human ; Seasonality ; Secular trend ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Based on records from the Federal Bureau for Statistics of Germany, the seasonality of mortality was investigated for the period 1946–1995. Lowest mortality rates were found during summer (August or September) while highest values were found in winter (January through March). Non-linear regression of all monthly mortality data with the average monthly temperatures in Germany revealed a significant negative relationship (r=–0.739; n=600; P〈0.0001). The fact that the differences between the long-range monthly temperatures and the individual monthly temperatures also showed a distinct relationship to the mortality rates speaks against a mere coincidence of both parameters. The amplitude of this seasonal rhythm declined steadily within the observation period. It is concluded that low temperatures cause an increase in mortality rates and that this effect has become less important during recent decades due to the increased use of central heating and because of improvements in the public health system.
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    Characterization of 12 microsatellite loci of the human MHC in a panel of reference cell lines (1997)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1997), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA ; Microsatellite loci ; Microsatellite typing ; Human ; MHC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human genome contains a large number of interspersed microsatellite repeats which exhibit a high degree of polymorphism and are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, making them extremely useful genetic markers. Several microsatellites have been described in the HLA region, but allele nomenclature, a set of broadly distributed controls, and typing methods have not been standardized, which has resulted in discrepant microsatellite data between laboratories. In this report we present a detailed protocol for genotyping microsatellites using a semi-automated fluorescence-based method. Twelve microsatellites within or near the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were typed in the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop homozygous typing cell lines (HTCs) and alleles were designated based on size. All loci were sequenced in two HTCs providing some information on the level of complexity of the repeat sequence. A comparison of allele size obtained by genotyping versus that obtained by direct sequencing showed minor discrepancies in some cases, but these were not unexpected given the technical differences in the methodologies. Fluorescence-based typing of microsatellites in the MHC described herein is highly efficient, accurate, and reproducible, and will allow comparison of results between laboratories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050338
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    Patterns of reticulate evolution for the classical class I and II HLA loci (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 312-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Recombination ; Gene conversion ; Allele ; MHC ; HLA ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Some alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have a reticulate pattern of evolution, probably resulting from the exchange of segments by gene conversion or recombination. Here we compare the extent and patterns of reticulate evolution among the classical class I and class II loci of the human MHC using the recently developed compatibility and partition matrix methods. A complex pattern is revealed with substantial differences among loci in the extent and pattern of reticulation. Extremely high levels of reticulation are observed at HLA-B and HLA-DPB1, high levels at HLA-A and HLA-DRB1, moderate levels at HLA-C and HLA-DQB1, and low levels at HLA-DQA1. The reticulate events are concentrated in the exons encoding the highly variable, peptide-binding domains, suggesting that the sequence combinations produced by these events are maintained by natural selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050438
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    A systematic review of vinpocetine therapy in acute ischaemic stroke (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ischaemic stroke ; Vinpocetine ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To determine whether vinpocetine decreases short- and long-term case fatality and proportion of dependent survivors if administered within 2 weeks of stroke onset. Methods: All published and unpublished trials were attempted to be identified using the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Collaboration Stroke Review Group, using MEDLINE searches performed with all known manufacturer code names and trade names of vinpocetine and by contacting manufacturers of vinpocetine to give information of all randomised controlled trials on vinpocetine in stroke. Researchers who participated in trials on vinpocetine in Hungary were asked for further information. Only truly randomised, unconfounded clinical trials that compared the effect of vinpocetine to either placebo or another reference treatment for acute stroke where treatment started no later than 14 days after stroke onset were eligible for inclusion. Data synthesis and analysis was performed using the Cochrane Review Manager software (RevMan version 3.0). Results: Among the identified studies on vinpocetine in stroke, only one fulfilled the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. No death occurred in the study groups and no statistically significant difference was found in dependency between the treatment and the placebo groups. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: Based on only one small randomised controlled unconfounded study, presently there is not enough evidence to decide whether the administration of vinpocetine does or does not decrease case fatality and dependency in acute stroke.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050639
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    Influence of the cytochrome P4502D6*4 allele on the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release metoprolol (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1998), S. 469-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words CYP2D6 ; Genetic polymorphism ; Metoprolol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aim: The aim of the present paper was to compare the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in homozygous Caucasian volunteers for the wild-type CYP2D6 allele (CYP2D6*1/CYP2D6*1) and heterozygous (CYP2D6*1/CYP2D6*4) Caucasians. Methods: Thirty-six unrelated healthy male Caucasians were screened for two of the most frequently occurring mutant alleles (CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-four volunteers with a genotype suggesting a rapid hydroxylator phenotype were enrolled in a bioequivalence trial and each received in a randomized, cross-over fashion one of the three formulations compared. Each formulation contained 200 mg metoprolol tartrate/(tablet). In each of the three periods of the trial, one of the formulations was administered under fasting conditions in the morning on 4 consecutive days. Blood for quantification of metoprolol was drawn immediately before the last dose and in selected time intervals thereafter. A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection was applied for the quantification of metoprolol. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each subject and statistically compared in two groups of 16 homozygous (CYP2D6*1/CYP2D6*1) and six heterozygous (CYP2D6*1/CYP2D6*4) volunteers. Results: Significant differences between homozygous and heterozygous individuals were observed for all pharmacokinetic parameters. The AUC in the course of one those interval of 24 h (AUCτ), minium steady-state concentration (Cmin ss) and average steady-state concentration (Cav ss) values for heterozygous individuals were more than twice those of individuals. Significantly higher values for Css max , t1/2, half-value duration (HVD) and mean residence time (MRT) were also observed in heterozygous volunteers. The higher concentrations of metoprolol in heterozygous individuals also had pharmacodynamic consequences, namely, greater heart rate and blood pressure reduction.
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    Immunocytochemical study of seminal γ-glutamyltransferase using monoclonal antibodies (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 33-38 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase ; Seminal γ-glutamyltransferase ; Prostate gland ; Seminal vesicle ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Reproductive organs, male ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We produced three monoclonal antibodies, SG1, SG2 and SG3, specific for human seminal γ-glutamyltransferase when characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Seminal γ-glutamyltransferase was localized, by immunostaining, to the epithelial cells of the ductus epididymidis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland with SG1, those of the prostate gland with SG2, and those of the seminal vesicle with SG3. Rabbit polyclonal anti-seminal γ-glutamyltransferase serum reacted with the proximal convolution of the kidney and the bile capillaries of the liver, and with the epithelial cells of the reproductive organs. However, immunoreactivity was not observed in the kidney or liver with the monoclonal antibodies. Thus, these monoclonal antibodies are probably all specific to seminal γ-glutamyltransferase but recognize different epitopes.
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    Cryofracture of human term amniochorion (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 315-323 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amniochorion ; Cryofracture ; Fetal membrane rupture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Fetal membranes ; Decidua ; Planimetry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By use of cryofracture and scanning electron microscopy of human amniochorion we have captured images of all the major layers of the tissue. Correlation of confocal and electron-microscope data has allowed greater understanding of how these cellular and acellular layers interconnect in order to maintain their integrity as a multilaminar tissue. This is not straightforward as mutual sliding or area change is required of concentric curved surfaces which expand and contract as does the amnion. In this paper we suggest a mechanism by which the amnion is able to slide with respect to the chorion and still maintain continuity as a structural unit. It is based on the observation of complementary gyri and sulci on surfaces facing the spongy layer which is a shear plane. Cellular detail at higher resolution of the amniotic epithelium and acellular layers provides a more complete description of structural composition than was previously available.
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    Colocalization of BAX and BCL-2 in small intestine and kidney biopsies with different degrees of DNA fragmentation (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; p53 ; Ischemia ; Enterocytes ; Proliferation ; Differentiation ; ISEL ; Glomeruli ; Mouse (Balb/c) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Morphological changes associated with apoptosis are closely correlated with the expression of specific proteins. However, the cause-effect relationships between the expression of these proteins and DNA degradation are barely known. For studying expression of apoptosis-related proteins in relation to different degrees of DNA fragmentation, the small intestine with its spatially organized continuum of proliferation, differentiation and death is a very useful preparation. Enterocytes towards the apex of the villi become increasingly susceptible to apoptosis. Here, this ”apoptotic gradient” is used to demonstrate the presence of BAX and BCL-2 proteins in the cytoplasm of cells at the onset of apoptosis. In semithin serial sections of the small intestine, BAX, BCL-2 and DNA fragmentation were demonstrated. BAX and BCL-2 are always colocalized and only in cells with fragmented DNA. The gradient of BAX or BCL-2 staining is similar to the gradient of DNA fragmentation. Immunoreactivity for BCL-2 or BAX is most intense in cells that are prone to become apoptotic next in the course of cellular turnover but not in cells in an advanced apoptotic state, showing strongly condensed chromatin. When using the same technique on semithin sections of kidney biopsies, containing epithelia with low cellular turnover, we found DNA fragmentation mainly in the epithelial cells of the distal tubules. Similar to the situation in the enterocytes, BAX staining was confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells with a moderate degree of DNA fragmentation and reduced in epithelial cells with a high degree of DNA fragmentation. In contrast to the situation in the small intestine, very low levels of BCL-2 were found. The results suggest that expression of BCL-2 and BAX is related to cell damage as indicated by DNA fragmentation but not to advanced stages of cellular death, as indicated by chromatin condensation and cellular shrinkage.
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    Tissue expression of the vesicle protein pantophysin (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 499-510 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vesicle protein ; Physin ; Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein ; Vesicle-associated membrane protein ; Synaptobrevin ; Expression ; Liver ; Bovine ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The cell-type restricted expression of cytoplasmic microvesicle membrane protein isoforms may be a consequence of the functional adaptation of these vesicles to the execution of specialized processes in cells of different specialization. To characterize the expression of the vesicle protein pantophysin, an isoform of the synaptic vesicle proteins synaptophysin and synaptoporin, we have prepared and characterized antibodies useful for the immunological detection of pantophysin in vitro and in situ. Using these reagents, we show by immunoblot analyses that pantophysin expression is not homogeneous but differs significantly between various bovine tissues. Furthermore, these differences are not exactly paralleled by the expression of other vesicle proteins of the SCAMP (secretory carrier-associated membrane protein) and VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein) types that have previously been localized to pantophysin vesicles in cultured cells. By immunofluorescence microscopy, pantophysin expression is seen predominantly in non-neuroendocrine cells with pronounced membrane traffic. Pantophysin staining codistributes with SCAMP and VAMP immunoreactivities in most instances but differs in some. Remarkably, pantophysin staining in liver is restricted to cells surrounding sinusoids and is not detectable in hepatocytes, similar to that of the SCAMP and VAMP isoforms as detected by our reagents in tissue sections.
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    Regulated expression patterns of IRX-2, an Iroquois-class homeobox gene, in the human breast (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mammary gland ; Differentiation ; Neoplasia ; Homeodomain ; Cancer ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the mouse mammary gland, homeobox gene expression patterns suggest roles in development and neoplasia. In the human breast, we now identify a family of Iroquois-class (IRX) homeobox genes. One gene, IRX-2, is expressed in discrete epithelial cell lineages being found in ductal and lobular epithelium, but not in myoepithelium. Expression is absent from associated mesenchymal adipose stroma. During gland development, expression is concentrated in terminal end buds and terminal lobules and is reduced in a subset of epithelial cells during lactation. In contrast to observations for many homeobox genes in the mouse mammary gland in which homeobox gene expression is lost on neoplastic progression, IRX-2 expression is maintained in human mammary neoplasias. Data suggest IRX-2 functions in epithelial cell differentiation and demonstrate regulated expression during ductal and lobular proliferation as well as lactation.
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    Basement membrane components of bronchial epithelium in humans suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 505-510 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen IV ; Laminin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Basement membrane ; Bronchial epithelium ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Collagen IV and laminin are important constituents of the basement membrane (BM). By use of immunocytochemistry we examined the occurrence and distribution of these two components in the BM beneath normal, mucoid and metaplastic epithelium of large bronchi in 22 adults suffering from chronic nonspecific lung diseases. Both collagen IV and laminin were expressed as a thin and continuous layer beneath the epithelium in most tissue specimens with normal epithelium. In a few specimens the layer showed interruptions with a patchy distribution of the immunoreactivity. Three patterns of distribution of BM components were found under the metaplastic epithelium. Total absence of immunoreactive collagen IV and laminin was the most common variant. Weak and scarce staining for both proteins in the BM characterized the second pattern. The third variant showed strong collagen IV immunoreactivity but lack of laminin. The BM beneath the mucoid epithelium was characterized by irregular distribution of collagen IV and laminin. We suggest that the occurrence and distributional pattern of the BM components are related to the type of overlying epithelium and connected with an altered synthesis of these components.
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    Odontoclastic resorption of the superficial nonmineralized layer of predentine in the shedding of human deciduous teeth (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoclasts ; Resorption ; Predentine ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry ; TR-ACPase (tartrateresistant acid phosphatase) ; Deciduous teeth ; Shedding ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Resorption by odontoclasts of a superficial nonmineralized layer of predentine that occurs in prior to the shedding of human deciduous teeth was studied by light and electron microscopy. As resorption of the tooth roots neared completion, multinucleate cells appeared on the predentine surface of the coronal dentine between the degenerated odontoblasts, excavated characteristic resorption lacunae in the nonmineralized predentine. These multinucleate cells had the same ultrastructural characteristics as odontoclasts and histochemical demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in the multinucleate cells revealed intense staining in numerous small granules identified as lysosomes. Occasionally, the multinucleate cells simultaneously resorbed both nonmineralized and calcospherite-mineralized matrix in the predentine. The study demonstrates that multinucleate odontoclasts can resorb nonmineralized predentine matrix in vivo, probably in the same way as they resorb demineralized organic matrix in the resorption zone underlying their ruffled border.
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    In vitro alteration of macrophage phenotype and function by serum lipids (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 331-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Cytokine ; ELISA ; FACScan ; Lipids ; Macrophage ; Monocyte ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diabetes (type I and type II) affects approximately 13 million people in the United States. Delayed and incomplete healing of wounds can be a major problem for diabetic patients. Macrophages are an important cell in the complex process of wound repair representing the major source of cytokines throughout the wound-healing process. Cytokines mediate many of the cellular responses critical to timely wound repair. It has been suggested that diabetes impairs wound healing through disruption of local cytokine production. Our previous in vivo studies in rats demonstrated that diabetes-induced and diet-induced hyperlipidemia cause changes in macrophage phenotype and function (Iacopino 1995; Doxey et al. 1998), suggesting that alterations in macrophage cytokine profiles represent the cellular/molecular mechanism responsible for delayed wound healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate how monocyte maturation/differentiation and cytokine production were altered by serum lipids in an in vitro system using human cells. Commercially prepared purified human monocytes were cultured and exposed to serum lipids. Phenotypic analysis of differentiated macrophages was then performed by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy using surface antigens specific for various macrophage subsets. Selected cytokines in conditioned medium were assayed using commercial human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We demonstrate that serum lipids cause an increase in monocytic differentiation leading to an inflammatory macrophage phenotype rather than a reparative/proliferative phenotype. We also show that serum lipids cause a generalized decrease in macrophage cytokine production using interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) as marker cytokines. Our present in vitro results using human cells confirm our previous in vivo studies in the rat and support the hypothesis that diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia alters the monocyte differentiation process resulting in changes of macrophage subsets and cytokine release at the wound site, ultimately impairing the wound-healing process.
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    Frozen cultured sheets of human epidermal keratinocytes enhance healing of full-thickness wounds in mice (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 575-585 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Cultured epidermis ; Keratinocyte ; Epithelialization ; Wound healing ; Human ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Sheets of cultured allogeneic human keratinocytes have been used for the treatment of burns and chronic leg ulcers but there has been no animal assay for the therapeutic action of these cultures. In order to analyze the effects of frozen cultures of human keratinocytes on wound healing, we have developed such an assay based on the rate of repair of full-thickness skin wounds in immunocompetent NMR1 mice. Reepithelialization of the control wounds, originating from the murine epithelium at the edge of the wound, occurred at a constant rate of advance of 150 µm/day. When frozen cultured human epidermal sheets were thawed at room temperature for 5–10 min and applied to the surface of the wound, the murine epithelium advanced at 267 µm/day. Most wounds treated with frozen cultures completely healed after 10 days, whereas most control wounds required 16 days. The accelerated reepithelialization did not depend on the presence of proliferative human keratinocytes in the frozen cultures. The cultures also promoted early formation of granulation tissue and laminin deposition over the surface of the wound bed. This simple assay should permit quantitative analysis of the effects on healing exerted not only by cultured cells, but also by proteins and small molecules.
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    Merkel cell distribution in human hair follicles of the fetal and adult scalp (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cells ; Cytokeratins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nerve growth factor receptor ; Hair follicles ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of Merkel cells in fetal and adult terminal hair follicles of human scalp was studied immunohistochemically using cytokeratin (CK) 20 as a specific Merkel cell marker. In hair follicles of adult scalp, abundant Merkel cells were found enriched in two belt-like clusters, one in the deep infundibulum and one in the isthmus region. No Merkel cells were found in the deep follicular portions including the bulb, or in the dermis. In early fetal hair follicles (bulbous peg stage), Merkel cells were only detected in the basal layer of the developing infundibulum but not in deeper follicular areas. In later stages, Merkel cells were also present in the isthmus and bulge. No Merkel cells were seen in the dermis around developing hair follicles. Nerve growth factor receptor was not only present in nerves but was found to be widely distributed within fetal skin. In adult skin, this receptor was localized to the basal cell layers of the outer root sheath of the bulb and the suprabulbar area, but was not detectable in the areas containing Merkel cells. The present study localizing Merkel cells within the permanent hair follicle structures close to their possible stem cells suggests that they have paracrine functions.
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    Luteinization of human granulosa cells in vivo is associated with expression of MHC Class II antigens (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum ; Granulosa-lutein cells ; MHC Class II ; HLA-DR ; Immunofluorescence ; Human ; Rhesus monkey ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We previously described the presence of MHC class II (HLA-DR) antigens, structurally similar to those on lymphoid cells and bearing the genetically-appropriate allotypic determinants, on human adrenocortical cells in the zona reticularis of normal glands. We now report a similar expression by granulosa-lutein cells (GLC) in corpora lutea (CL) of normal ovaries, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence techniques with the use of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb). In some cases, GLC were also positive for HLA-DQ and-DP antigen expression. Neither granulosa nor theca interna cells in large antral follicles of the same ovaries showed any detectable expression of MHC class II antigens. Moreover, theca-lutein (paralutein) cells, identified by their reactivity with specific human autoantibodies in 5 of the 7 human CL examined, were also negative. Similarly, GLC, but not paralutein cells, in rhesus monkey CL showed significant cross-reactivity with anti-HLA-DR MAb. In contrast, lutein cells in ovaries from either cycling or 7-day-pregnant rats were negative for MHC class II (Ia) antigen expression. Expression of MHC class II antigens by human granulosa cells after their luteal transformation confirms the normal inducibility of certain human steroidogenic cells at the time of their further functional differentiation and enhanced biosynthetic activity, and suggests that these molecules, may have additional functions beyond serving as restriction elements in the immune response.
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    Localization of erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) in human placental villi (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 407-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Glucose transporter, GLUT1 ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Placental barrier ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The syncytiotrophoblast covering the surface of the placental villi contains the machinery for the transfer of specific substances between maternal and fetal blood, and also serves as a barrier. Existence of a facilitated-diffusion transporter for glucose in the syncytiotrophoblast has been suggested. Using antibodies to erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1), one isoform of the facilitated-diffusion glucose transporters, we detected a 50 kD protein in human placenta at term. By use of immunohistochemistry, GLUT1 was found to be abundant in both the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. Endothelial cells of the fetal capillaries also showed positive staining for GLUT1. Electron-microscopic examination revealed that GLUT1 was concentrated at both the microvillous apical plasma membrane and the infolded basal plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. Plasma membrane of the cytotrophoblast was also positive for GLUT1. GLUT1 at the apical plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast may function for the entry of glucose into its cytoplasm, while GLUT1 at the basal plasma membrane may be essential for the exit of glucose from the cytoplasm into the stroma of the placental villi. Thus, GLUT1 at the plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells may play an important role in the transport of glucose across the placental barrier.
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    Localization of neuropeptide Y and atrial natriuretic peptide in the endothelial cells of human umibilical blood vessels (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 175-181 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Endothelial cells ; Umbilical blood vessels ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessels was studied using the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for electron microscopy and avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) immunostaining for endothelial cells cultured from umbilical vein. Subpopulations of NPY- and ANP-immunoreactive endothelial cells were present in term umbilical vein and artery. The umbilical vein contained more positive cells than the artery. The percentage of NPY- and ANP-immunoreactive umbilical vein cells in culture was 32% and 44%, respectively, out of a total of 3013 cells examined. The possibility that these potent vasoactive substances located in the endothelial cells of the non-innervated umbilical vessels are involved in the local regulation of blood flow is discussed.
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    Phylogenetic study of serotonin-immunoreactive structures in the pancreas of various vertebrates (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Pancreas ; Phylogenic study ; Immunohistochemistry ; Teleosts ; Chicken ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution pattern of serotonin (5HT) in the pancreas was studied immunohistochemically by using a 5HT monoclonal antibody in various vertebrates including the eel, bullfrog, South African clawed toad, turtle, chicken, mouse, rat, guinea-pig, cat, dog and human. In all species examined, except the bullfrog, 5HT-like immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers, in endocrine cells, or in both. Positive nerve fibers were found in the eel, turtle, mouse, rat and guinea-pig. These fibers ran mainly along the blood vessels and partly through the gap between the exocrine glands. In the eel and guinea-pig, positive fibers invaded the pancreatic islet. Occasionally, these positive fibers were found adjacent to the surface of both exocrine and endocrine cells, suggesting a regulatory role of 5HT in pancreatic function. 5HT-positive endocrine cells were observed in the pancreas of all species except for the bullfrog and rat. In the eel and in mammals such as the mouse, guinea-pig, cat, dog and human, 5HT-positive cells were mainly observed within the pancreatic islet. In the South African clawed toad, turtle and chicken, the positive cells were mainly in the exocrine region. The present study indicates that the distribution patterns of 5HT in the pancreas varies considerably among different species.
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    Fine structure of the paracellular junctions of terminal villous capillaries in the perfused human placeta (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 447-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Villous endothelium ; Tight junction ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selected lobules of human term placentae were extracorporeally perfused for a recovery period of 20 min, fixed by perfusion and mordanted with ferrocyanide prior to processing for transmission electron microscopy. The lateral membranes of the endothelial cells of the terminal villous capillaries were found to be separated by paracellular clefts of mean width 15.6 nm. At tight junctional regions (1–4 sites per cleft) the two membranes approached each other more closely and frequently appeared to fuse. However, tilting of the sections in the electron microscope stage showed that the membranes were separated by a gap of mean width 4.1 nm in at least 94% of tight junctional profiles. When individual tight junctions were studied by a combination of serial sectioning and goniometric tilting, they were seen to widen abruptly within a distance of three to seven consecutive thin sections, indicating they were not continuous throughout the axial length of the capillaries. The wide regions of the clefts usually showed linkers, strands of glycocalyx-like material spanning the gap. Linkers may contribute to cell adhesion and possibly form part of a filter within the tortuous paracellular pathway provided by the discontinuous network of tight junctional strands. Human term placental capillaries appear to resemble closely other continuous non-brain capillaries.
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    Immunolocalization of inhibin α-subunit in the human testis (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Inhibin ; Inhibin subunits ; Sertoli cells ; Germ cells ; Leydig cells ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of inhibin α-subunit in the human testis was studied at the light- and electron-microscope level with immunostaining techniques. Antibodies against specific fragments of porcine and human inhibin α-subunits were utilized. At light microscopy, inhibin α-subunit immunoreactivity was detected in Sertoli cells, spermatocytes and in some Leydig cells. At electron microscopy, gold labeling was found in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus and in the endoplasmic reticulum of Sertoli and Leydig cells. Gold labeling for inhibin was also found in coated vesicles in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells as well as in coated pits and coated vesicles in the cytoplasm of some spermatocytes. The results of the present study suggest that, in the human testis, inhibin is produced by Sertoli and Leydig cells and is taken up by spermatocytes, on which it might act in a paracrine manner.
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    Heterogeneous histochemical reaction pattern of the lectin Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia with blood vessels of human full-term placenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Blood vessels ; Endothelial cells ; Blood groups ; Lectin histochemistry (Bandeiraea simplicifolia) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BS-I) stains vascular endothelium in various species. In humans, less than 10% of the specimens studied exhibit a reaction with BS-I. In the present histochemical study, the reactivity of BS-I with placental blood vessels and its correlation with the blood group from mother and newborn child was investigated. Acetone-fixed cryosections of representative tissue segments of human full-term placenta and umbilical cord were stained with BS-I. The staining pattern of tissues from patients with different blood groups was identical, although the reaction of BS-I in the placenta was heterogeneous. BS-I did not react with the umbilical cord. Vascular smooth muscle cells at the insertion site of the umbilical cord into the chorionic plate, and endothelium deeper in the chorionic plate, became progressively stained. The endothelial cells and tunica muscularis of smaller arteries and veins in stem villi lost their reactivity in parallel with decreasing vessel size. Arterioles and venules reacted heterogeneously. Capillaries, trophoblastic basement membranes, especially epithelial plates, and sometimes the syncytiotrophoblast were labelled in several terminal villi. The data indicate that 1) the placenta binds BS-I to fetal endothelium independent of the blood group, 2) cell-surface antigens on placental endothelial cells are expressed heterogeneously and 3) cell-surface glycans are constituted in an organ-specific manner on human endothelial cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331361
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    Developmental expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins in the human pancreas and digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 439-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor alpha ; Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Development, ontogenetic ; Digestive tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to localize transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in the developing human gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Immunohistochemical techniques using specific antibodies against human TGF-α and EGFR were performed on digestive tissues of fetuses from 9 to 10 to 24 weeks of gestation, children and adults. In fetuses, TGF-α and EGFR proteins were expressed in all epithelial tissues studied with a good correlation and from an age as early as 9 to 10 weeks of gestation, except for TGF-α in the esophagus. The strongest TGF-α immunostaining was noted in the stomach and the proximal colon. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive gut endocrine cells were observed with the two antibodies used. Relatively numerous in fetuses, they decreased in number with age and were rare in adults particularly along the colon. Enteroglucagon-secreting cells were shown to express TGF-α while some gastrin, somatostatin and pancreatic glucagon cells were immunostained with EGFR antibodies. The presence of TGF-α and of its recetor in digestive tract epithelium and pancreatic tissues early in fetal life suggests a functional role for TGF-α during the developmental process of the digestive system. We demonstrate that TGF-α is also produced by endocrine cells and might have an additional mode of action other than paracrine, at least during fetal life.
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    Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Receptor mRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Sertoli cell ; Testis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Testicular biopsies from 82 oligo- or azoospermic male patients were subjected to immunostaining using anti-human FSH antibodies. Histological evaluation showed normal spermatogenesis (nspg) in 7 (FSH: 2.7±0.7), mixed atrophy (ma) in 63 (FSH: 5.3±0.5), and bilateral or unilateral Sertoli Cell Only syndrome (SCO) in 12 (FSH:21.7±3.5) patients. For the relationship between FSH values and testicular histology, see Bergmann et al. (1994). FSH immunoreactivity was found exclusively in Sertoli cells and in some interstitial cells. Seminiferous epithelium showing normal or impaired spermatogenesis displayed only weak immunoreactivity compared to intense immunoreaction, i.e. large and numerous vesicles in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules in biopsies showing mixed atrophy or SCO. In addition, h-FSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using biotinylated cDNA antisense oligonucleotides. Hybridization signals were found within the seminiferous epithelium exclusively in Sertoli cell cytoplasm associated with normal spermatogenesis and in epithelia showing different signs of impairment, including SCO. It is concluded that: (1) Sertoli cells are the only cells within the seminiferous epithelium expressing FSH receptors; (2) the accumulation of FSH immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules appears to be a sign of impaired Sertoli cell function.
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    Human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in cellular growth state determination (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microvascular endothelial cells ; Cell ; growth ; Extracellular matrix ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We introduce two methods, both of which are based on cellular-extracellular matrix interaction, which will facilitate the study of human microvascular endothelial cells. One method describes the means to obtain a G1 population baseline in human microvasclular endothelial cells. Because of the contribution of the extracellular matrix in endothelial cell growth, synchronization in G1 was possible only after the incorporation of angiostatic levels of heparin and hydrocortisone into the extracellular matrix. In the second method, we demonstrate that selective perturbation of human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions results in the induction of a transitional growth state, between proliferative and differentiated growth states, in human microvascular endothelial cells. In the functional, microtubule formation assays, transitional growth state endothelial cells display rates that are indermediate between those obtained from differentiated and proliferative endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of the human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in the determination of cellular growth state. Our findings also imply that responsiveness of microvascular endothelial cells to their cellular-extracellular matrix environs is highest during the differentiated growth state.
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    Human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in cellular growth state determination (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microvascular endothelial cells ; Cell growth ; Extracellular matrix ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We introduce two methods, both of which are based on cellular-extracellular matrix interaction, which will facilitate the study of human microvascular endothelial cells. One method describes the means to obtain a G1 population baseline in human microvasclular endothelial cells. Because of the contribution of the extracellular matrix in endothelial cell growth, synchronization in G1 was possible only after the incorporation of angiostatic levels of heparin and hydrocortisone into the extracellular matrix. In the second method, we demonstrate that selective perturbation of human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions results in the induction of a transitional growth state, between proliferative and differentiated growth states, in human microvascular endothelial cells. In the functional, microtubule formation assays, transitional growth state endothelial cells display rates that are indermediate between those obtained from differentiated and proliferative endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of the human microvascular endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interaction in the determination of cellular growth state. Our findings also imply that responsiveness of microvascular endothelial cells to their cellular-extracellular matrix environs is highest during the differentiated growth state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300689
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    Immuno-electron-microscopic localization of types III pN-collagen and IV collagen, laminin and tenascin in developing and adult human spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Fetus ; Development ; Extracellular matrix ; Immuno-electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the extracellular matrix proteins types III pN-collagen and IV collagen, laminin and tenascin was investigated in fetal, infant, and adult human spleens by using immuno-electron microscopy. The presence of type III pN-collagen was assessed by using an antibody against the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. All the proteins other than type III pN-collagen were found in reticular fibers throughout development. In the white pulp of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks, only an occasional type III pN-collagen-containing fibril was present, although type III pN-collagen was abundant in the reticular fibers of the red pulp. Conversely, in adults, most of the reticular fibers of the white pulp, but not of the red pulp, were immunoreactive for type III pN-collagen. Ring fibers, the basement membranes of venous sinuses, were well developed in both infant and adult spleens. The first signs of their formation could be seen as a discontinuous basement membrane, which was immunoreactive for type IV collagen, laminin, and tenascin in the fetus aged 20 gestational weeks. Intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for all the proteins studied was visible in the mesenchymal cells of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks and in the reticular cells of the older fetuses, which also showed labeling for type IV collagen and laminin in the endothelial cells. The results suggest that proteins of the extracellular matrix are produced by these stationary cells.
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    The monoclonal antibody GB 42 – a useful marker for the differentiation of myofibroblasts (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Stem villi ; Actin isoforms ; Myofibroblasts ; Smooth muscle cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The expression patterns of a variety of cytoskeletal antigens were studied in normal human tissues (placenta, umbilical cord, myometrium, colon, mammary gland, testis, skeletal muscle, myocardium) as well as in abnormal human tissues (palmar fibromatosis, fibrocystic disease of the mammary gland, mammary carcinoma). The immunohistochemical binding patterns of the monoclonal antibody GB 42 were compared to those of commercial antibodies directed against vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin, pan actin, α-smooth muscle actin and γ-smooth muscle actin. Methods applied comprised immunohistochemistry on cryostat sections and paraffin sections. Immunogold immunocytochemistry was performed on Lowicryl sections. The patterns of GB 42-binding were confirmed biochemically by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting, and quantitative amino acid analysis. Our data suggest that the monoclonal antibody GB 42 recognizes an actin isoform which is identical to, or closely related to, γ-smooth muscle actin. Unlike the commercially available antibody against γ-smooth muscle actin, GB 42 does not cross-react with α-skeletal or α-cardiac actins. The GB 42-antigen is expressed in smooth muscle cells, myoepithelial cells and in later stages of differentiation of myofibroblasts, in all the tissues investigated. Throughout the development of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts, the appearance of the GB 42-antigen occurs after the expression of vimentin, desmin and α-smooth muscle actin, but prior to the expression of smooth muscle myosin. GB 42 is a reliable marker for higher stages of differentiation of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts.
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    Isolation and characterisation of human cardiac fibroblasts from explanted adult hearts (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cardiac fibroblasts ; Extracellular matrix proteins ; Angiotensin II ; Angiotensin receptor ; Ageing ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Fibrosis makes an important contribution to the pathophysiological events leading to the development of heart failure in ischemic and hypertensive heart disease. Since cardiac fibroblasts are mainly responsible for the synthesis and deposition of the extracellular matrix, we have established a method for isolating and cultivating human cardiac fibroblasts from explanted human hearts. The cell yield was 2.14±0.25×106 cells in five independent isolations and the cell purity was 95–97%, contaminating cells being vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Cultured cells were studied with respect to growth properties, morphology and deposition of components of the extracellular matrix. Isolated cells displayed a differentiated phenotype, including the second passage in culture; they synthesised collagen I, III, IV, fibronectin, vitronectin, tenascin and chondroitin sulphate and expressed an atypical angiotensin receptor. This atypical angiotensin receptor internalised angiotensins II and III but not angiotensin IV in a time-dependent manner. Stimulation of the cells with angiotensins II and III but not with angiotensin IV resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis. Co-incubation with the subtype-specific receptor antagonists Losartan and PD 123317 did not prevent the stimulation of DNA synthesis. The further characterisation of this receptor should provide insights into the pathobiochemical events leading to heart failure in hypertension and ischemic heart disease.
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    The monoclonal antibody GB 42 — a useful marker for the differentiation of myofibroblasts (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Stem villi ; Actin isoforms ; Myofibroblasts ; Smooth muscle cells ; Immunohisto-chemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression patterns of a variety of cytoskeletal antigens were studied in normal human tissues (placenta, umbilical cord, myometrium, colon, mammary gland, testis, skeletal muscle, myocardium) as well as in abnormal human tissues (palmar fibromatosis, fibrocystic disease of the mammary gland, mammary carcinoma). The immunohistochemical binding patterns of the monoclonal antibody GB 42 were compared to those of commerical antibodies directed against vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin, pan actin, α-smooth muscle actin and γ-smooth muscle actin. Methods applied comprised immunohistochemistry on cryostat sections and paraffin sections. Immunogold immunocytochemistry was performed on Lowicryl sections. The patterns of GB 42-binding were confirmed biochemically by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting, and quantitative amino acid analysis. Our data suggest that the monoclonal antibody GB 42 recognizes an actin isoform which is identical to, or closely related to, γ-smooth muscle actin. Unlike the commercially available antibody against γ-smooth muscle actin, GB 42 does not cross-react with α-skeletal or α-cardiac actins. The GB 42-antigen is expressed in smooth muscle cells, myoepithelial cells and in later stages of differentiation of myofibroblasts, in all the tissues investigated. Throughout the development of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts, the appearance of the GB 42-antigen occurs after the expression of vimentin, desmin and α-smooth muscle actin, but prior to the expression of smooth muscle myosin. GB 42 is a reliable marker for higher stages of differentiation of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts.
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    Expression and regulation of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA in human astrocytes in vitro (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Astrocytes ; GDNF ; Human cell cultures ; mRNA ; Neurotrophic factors ; Protein kinase C ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The expression and modulation of mRNA for glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in human glial cells was investigated. Astrocyte cell cultures were isolated from human fetal brains, characterized by immunocytochemistry and maintained in vitro in conditions of high purity; sister cultures were exposed to protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors for 20 min. Total RNA was extracted from the cell pellets, reverse-transcribed into cDNA and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for GDNF. A reverse-transcription/PCR procedure was also performed on mRNA extracted from human fibroblast and lymphocyte cell lines. Human astrocytes grown in the absence of neurons expressed detectable amounts of mRNA for GDNF but no amplification products were observed in fibroblasts and lymphocytes, thus confirming that GDNF production was cell-type specific. After exposure to PKC inhibitors, a dramatic down-regulation of GDNF mRNA was observed in astrocyte cell cultures. Thus, human astrocytes are constitutively capable of producing GDNF, such trophic activity is restricted to neural cells, and PKC plays key roles in signal pathways that regulate the gene activation and production of GDNF.
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    Age-related differences in the temporal and spatial regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in normal skin and acute cutaneous wounds of healthy humans (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 581-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ageing ; Skin ; Proteinase ; Wound ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Despite the association of increasing age with chronic wound-healing disorders and an impaired rate of healing of acute cutaneous wounds, the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is unknown. To determine the spatial and temporal patterns and activities of MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9, 132 healthy humans aged between 19 and 96 years underwent 4-mm punch biopsies followed by wound excision between day 1 and day 180 post-wounding. Wounds showed an age-related increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunostaining from day 3; this was associated with degradation of gelatin as shown by zymograms and with increased proteinase activity as shown by azocoll assays. Distinct spatial localisations for each MMP were observed: MMP-2 was found in epidermal structures; MMP-9 was observed in inflammatory cells up to day 21; MMP-1 was localised to keratinocytes at the wound margin. Normal old skin showed pro-MMP-2 bands on zymography and increased MMP-2 immunostaining. These results indicate that: (1) intrinsic ageing is associated with the up-regulation of MMPs previously associated with chronic wound healing; (2) wound-tissue proteinases are essentially active up to day 21 postwounding; and (3) intrinsic ageing may predispose to tissue breakdown disorders because of MMP-2 up-regulation in normal skin.
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    The fibroblast-specific MAb AS02: a novel tool for detection and elimination of human fibroblasts (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 593-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Fibroblast-specific antibody ; Fibroblast separation and elimination ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The unwelcome presence of fibroblasts in many cell cultures prevents the long term cultivation of various cell types and work with pure populations. Recently, we described a novel fibroblast-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb AS02) that recognises a membrane-bound antigen. We have now developed a method using the fibroblast-specific MAb AS02 immobilised on goat-anti-mouse-magnetic beads to separate contaminating fibroblasts. An endothelial cell line experimentally contaminated with 5%–50% fibroblasts was successfully purified. Additionally, an endothelial cell line with an initial fibroblast contamination of 1.5% was prepared. A proportion of each preparation was cultured with no separation step being performed, whereas the remainder was cultured after purification with MAb AS02 to exclude the presence of a minor number of fibroblasts (〈0.1%). The proportion of fibroblasts increased up to 38% in the fifth passage of culture without elimination of the low initial fibroblast contamination, whereas in the fraction with the separation step, no fibroblasts were detectable by flow cytometry, even after the fifth passage. We also used the antibody to detect the presence of naturally contaminating fibroblasts in thyrocyte cultures. After cultivation of thyrocyte cultures over five passages, the number of fibroblasts increased dramatically up to 50%–80% of the whole population. Subsequently, we successfully applied the method for complete elimination of naturally contaminating fibroblasts from freshly isolated thyrocyte cultures from enzymatically digested thyroid glands. Thus, MAb AS02 is a fibroblast-specific marker that is a useful tool for the detection and elimination of contaminating fibroblasts. The specificity of MAb AS02 permits the universal application of this antibody for human cell cultures of interest.
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    Expression of HLA class I molecules in human first trimester and term placenta trophoblast (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 439-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Trophoblast ; Monoclonal antibodies ; HLA class I ; HLA ; G ; HLA ; C ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Expression of HLA class I molecules in trophoblast cells from various locations in normal human first trimester and term placenta was investigated by immunohistochemistry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against the heavy chains or complete HLA class I molecules complexed with β2-microglobulin. These reagents were also employed to distinguish between the products of different HLA class I loci. In addition to previously characterized reagents, a novel monoclonal antibody against HLA-A molecules (TÜ155) was used. Various choriocarcinoma and transfected cell lines served as controls for the specificities of the monoclonal antibodies. Cells in close contact with maternal cells, such as invading trophoblast cells and cells of the basal plate, expressed β2-m micro globulin in association with HLA-G and HLA-C heavy chains. These class I heavy chains may also have been present as isolated molecules, although not in each of the cells. In contrast, cells of the chorion laeve exclusively expressed HLA-G, and not HLA-A, -B, or -C antigens. Our data support the often discussed immune protective function and the regulatory function of the HLA-G molecule, during invasion. In addition, by using monoclonal antibodies HCA2 (anti-HLA-A and -G), HC10 (anti-HLA-B and -C), TÜ149 (anti-HLA-B, -C, and some -A alleles), SFR8-B6 (anti-HLA-Bw6 and some -C), LA45 (some HLA-A and -B), TÜ48 (anti-HLA-Bw4 and some -A), and TÜ155 (anti-HLA-A), we show the presence of HLA-C molecules in all extravillous trophoblast cells of the cell columns and in the basal plate; the trophoblast cells of the chorion laeve lack this antigen. The function of this molecule is not clear, although a protective function against natural killer cell activity in the endometrium is postulated.
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    Lectins and antibodies against blood-group antigens as tools for studying the cellular source of glycoproteins in human bronchial fluid: a comparison of morphological and biochemical observations (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Respiratory tract ; Airways ; Serous cells ; Mucous cells ; Mucin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We used nine lectins and three antibodies directed against ABO blood-group antigens in morphological and Western-blot experiments to investigate the source of secretory products of human large airways. In tissue sections, the lectins from Griffonia simplicifolia (type I B4), Dolichos biflorus, and Helix pomatia, and the antibodies to the A, B, and/or H-antigen bound to mucous gland cells and to goblet cells; the binding of these substances was dependent on secretor status and ABO blood group. The lectins from Arachis hypogaea, Lens tetragonolobus, Ulex europaeus (type I), Triticum vulgaris, and Sambucus nigra bound to these cell types, regardless of ABO blood group. Serous cells of the tracheal and bronchial glands were stained by the lectins from Canavalia ensiformis, T. vulgaris, Lens tetragonolobus, S. nigra, and U. europaeus (type I). On Western blots of bronchial proteins, the mucins in the high molecular weight region exhibited the same lectin and antibody binding as the mucous gland cells and the goblet cells in the histochemical preparations. The low molecular weight bands were characterized by similar lectin- and antibody-binding properties as the serous gland cells. Thus, mature mucins in the large airways are produced only in the mucous cells of the glands and in the goblet cells, whereas fully glycosylated low molecular weight glycoproteins originate only from the serous cells of the glands.
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    Localization of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2 cells) (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 487-491 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Autoantibodies ; Human anti-Jo-1 antibodies ; Myositis ; Confocal microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The present study was designed to determine the subcellular localization of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2 cells). Indirect immunofluorescence using commercial HEp-2 cells with human serum and human-affinity-purified anti-Jo-1 antibodies was performed using confocal microscopy. Anti-histidyl-tRNA-synthetase-positive sera showed distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic granular staining in HEp-2 cells. Affinity purified anti-Jo-1 produced an identical pattern to the whole serum, whereas the serum fraction that did not bind to the affinity column was negative by immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells. Two commercial human anti-Jo-1-positive control sera and seven anti-Jo-1-positive sera from patients with myositis reproduced the nuclear and cytoplasmic granular pattern. We conclude that Jo-1 is present in cytoplasm and in intact nuclei from HEp-2 cells. The presence of tRNA synthetases in intact nuclei suggests that they have an unsuspected function in the nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050718
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    Establishment of a human endometrial cell culture system and characterization of its polarized hormone responsive epithelial cells (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1996), S. 171-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endometrium ; Epithelial cells ; Cell culture ; Polarization ; Steroid hormones ; Hormone receptors ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Uterine epithelial cells from normal human endometrium were cultured as a primary cell culture in a dual-chambered system. The epithelial cells were isolated from endometrial tissue of the proliferative phase obtained by hysterectomy. The epithelial cells were seeded on Millicell CM filters coated with the extracellular matrix Matrigel. Depending on the culture conditions, the epithelial cells formed a polarized cell monolayer on Matrigel or gland-like structures in Matrigel. The epithelial cell polarity was maintained during culture, which could be proved by electron microscopy. The progesterone and estrogen receptors as typical marker molecules for physiologically intact endometrial epithelial cells could be detected immunohistochemically as well as by RT-PCR in vitro and were down-regulated by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) used as progesterone analogue. As this cell culture system exhibits morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics, typical for the in vivo situation, and since it can be modulated by hormone treatment under the in vitro conditions described, it represents a valuable tool for investigating processes that are essential for endometrial differentiation and reproductive functions.
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    Exocytosis in human salivary glands visualized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Salivary gland ; Secretion ; Granule docking ; Exocytosis-endocytosis coupling ; OsO4 maceration ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The luminal membrane of salivary acinar cells creates a specialized cell surface area that accepts exocytosis and undergoes dynamic changes during secretion. These changes were visualized three-dimensionally from both the inside and outside of the cell in human parotid and submandibular glands, by application of in vitro secretory stimulation and then of OsO4 maceration to remove cytoplasmic organelles by varying degrees. In control glands treated without secretagogues, the luminal surface of serous acinar cells bore well-developed microvilli with only an occasional incidence of exocytotic profiles. Following treatment with the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, considerable shortening and loss of microvilli occurred along the luminal membrane where, on its cytoplasmic side, many protuberances of sizes similar to or smaller than those of single secretory granules (∼1 μm in diameter) appeared. The cytoplasmic surface of these protuberances exhibited small vesicles (∼100–150 nm in diameter) that, by transmission electron microscopy, were shown to be coated pits or vesicles present on or around the exocytosed granule membranes. Treatment of tissues with the muscarinic agonist carbachol also caused a decrease of microvilli and the appearance of protrusions at the luminal membrane. However, unlike isoproterenol treatment, many of these protrusions were devoid of small pits or vesicles and were much larger than a single secretory granule. These results indicate that (1) secretory stimulation causes the dynamic transformation of microvilli at the luminal membrane, where granule docking and membrane fusion take place, and (2) after fusion, the exocytosed membranes are processed differently, by coated pit/vesicle mediated or non-mediated mechanisms, according to the autonomic receptor control.
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    Monoclonal antibodies SMI 311 and SMI 312 as tools to investigate the maturation of nerve cells and axonal patterns in human fetal brain (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 433-443 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain storage ; Fixation ; Microwave ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurofilaments, which are exclusively found in nerve cells, are one of the earliest recognizable features of the maturing nervous system. The differential distribution of neurofilament proteins in varying degrees of phosphorylation within a neuron provides the possibility of selectively demonstrating either somata and dendrites or axons. Non-phosphorylated neurofilaments typical of somata and dendrites can be visualized with the aid of monoclonal antibody SMI 311, whereas antibody SMI 312 is directed against highly phosphorylated axonal epitopes of neurofilaments. The maturation of neuronal types, the development of area-specific axonal networks, and the gradients of maturation can thus be demonstrated. Optimal immunostaining with SMI 311 and SMI 312 is achieved when specimens are fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde and picric acid for up to 3 days and sections are incubated free-floating. Neurons, with their dendritic domains immunostained by SMI 311 in a Golgi-like manner, can be completely visualized in relatively thick sections. The limitations of Golgi-preparations, such as glia-labeling, artifacts, and the staining of only a small non-representative percentage of existing neurons, are not apparent in SMI preparations, which additionally provide the possibility of selectively staining axonal networks. The results achieved in normal fetal brain provide the basis for studies of developmental disturbances.
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    Expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II in human prostate, breast, bladder, and paraganglioma tumors (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 469-479 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words mRNA ; Cancerous epithelium ; Autocrine growth regulation ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blotting ; Benign prostate hyperplasia ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are potent mitogens for a variety of cancer cells in vitro. A paracrine/autocrine role of IGF-II in the growth of breast and prostate cancer cells has been suggested. Information on cell-type-specific IGF-II expression in vivo in the breast and prostate is, however, limited. Thus, cell types expressing IGF-II mRNA and protein in tumors were identified by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Of 36 prostate, 17 breast, and 10 bladder cancers, and 9 paraganglioma tissues examined, IGF-II was expressed in more than 50% of prostate, breast, and bladder tumors, and in 100% of paraganglioma tumors. Expression levels of IGF-II were highest in the paraganglioma and bladder followed by prostate and breast tumors. In all the tumors expressing IGF-II, both mRNA and protein were localized to malignant cells, expression in the stroma being minimal. Since previous studies had indicated that an incompletely processed form of 15-kDa IGF-II exhibited higher mitogenic potency than the completely processed 7.5-kDa IGF-II form, the quantity and size of IGF-II proteins expressed in these tumors were analyzed by Western immunoblotting. Greater expression of 15-kDa IGF-II relative to the 7.5-kDa IGF-II form was clearly demonstrated in all six prostate cancers and in half of the two breast and four bladder cancers examined. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the 15-kDa form of IGF-II expressed in cancerous cells contributes to autocrine cancer cell growth in vivo.
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    Intracellular production of interleukin-18 in human epithelial-like cell lines is enhanced by hyperosmotic stress in vitro (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 467-473 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin-18 ; Hyperosmotic conditions ; Epithelial cells ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Interleukin-18 is a novel multifunctional cytokine, which enhances natural killer cell activity and promotes the induction of cytokine production, including that of interferon-γ by T cells and antitumor effects. Interleukin-18 is produced by cells of several different tissues (e.g., macrophages, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, and intestinal epithelium); however, it is unclear what physiological conditions or stimuli induce interleukin-18 production. To determine physiological conditions for the production of interleukin-18, we have examined the effect of mannitol-induced hyperosmotic conditions on normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and eight established human epithelial-like cell lines (Intestine 407, Caco-2, A253, HeLa, SCC25, HT1197, ACHN, A549). Hyperosmotic conditions induced interleukin-18 immunoreactivity in all the human cell lines tested, as detected by immunocytochemistry. The enhanced interleukin-18 production was also observed when mannitol was replaced with NaCl as the inducer of hyperosmotic stress. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that interleukin-18 concentrations in cell extracts were significantly increased by hyperosmotic conditions. Reporter gene assays also revealed that hyperosmotic conditions stimulated transcriptional activity of the interleukin-18 promoter. These results show for the first time that hyperosmotic stress is a stimulator of interleukin-18 production in epithelial-like cells.
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    Effects of modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation on brush border enzyme activity in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 553-562 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Alkaline phosphatase ; Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells ; Differentiation ; Dipeptidyl dipeptidase ; Proliferation ; Tyrosine kinase ; Tyrosine phosphoproteins ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Intestinal epithelial cell differentiation is closely regulated during normal cell renewal, maturation, and malignant transformation. Since tyrosine phosphorylation influences differentiation in other cell types and has been reported to vary between crypt cells to differentiated villus tip cells, we investigated the influence of tyrosine phosphorylation in colonocyte differentiation, by using human colonic Caco-2 cells as a model and expression of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPDD) as differentiation markers. We studied three tyrosine kinase inhibitors with different modes of action and specificities, viz., genistein, erbstatin analog (EA), and tyrphostin, and the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. AKP- and DPDD-specific activities were assayed in protein-matched cell lysates by synthetic substrate digestion. We also correlated the effects of these agents on brush border enzyme activity with tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphoproteins by Western blotting. Genistein (5–75 mg/ml) dose-dependently stimulated AKP and DPDD with a maximal stimulation at 75 mg/ml by 158.6± 17.5% and 228.6±37.1% of control values, respectively (n=12, P〈0.001). The inactive analog genistin had no effect. Tyrphostin (25 mM) similarly stimulated AKP and DPDD by 138.6±6.6% and 131.8±1.5% of control values (n=12, P〈0.001). Unexpectedly, EA (0.1–10 mM) had the opposite effect, inhibiting AKP- and DPDD-specific activity significantly at 10 mM with a maximal 14.8±6.4% and 26.5±2.5% of control values (n=12, each P〈0.001). Sodium orthovanadate had a discordant effect on these two differentiation markers. Orthovanadate dose-dependently increased AKP to a maximal 188.5±16.1% of basal activity at 1.5 mM but decreased DPDD activity at 1.5 mM to 47.2±3.8% (n=9, P〈0.001 each). The effects of each agent were preserved when proliferation was blocked with mitomycin C, suggesting that the modulation of phenotype by these agents was independent of any effects of proliferation. The tyrosine phosphorylation of several phosphoprotein bands was affected differently by these agents. In particular, the tyrosine phosphorylation of one 70-kDa to 71-kDa band was increased by genistein and tyrophostin but deceased by EA. The different effects of these modulators of tyrosine kinase activity raise the possibility that at least two independent enzymes or pathways regulating tyrosine phosphorylation modulate intestinal epithelial differentiation. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of the 70-kDa to 71-kDa phosphoprotein may be important in the intracellular signaling by which intestinal epithelial cell differentiation is controlled.
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    Light-microscopical investigation of the distribution of extracellular matrix molecules and calcifications in human dental pulps of various ages (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Teeth ; Dental pulp ; Immunohistology ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen ; Aging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of extracellular matrix molecules, especially collagen types I, III, V, and VI, in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue of human dental pulp of various ages was studied by polarization and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy by using a conventional fluorescence microscope and a confocal laser scanning microscope. Polarization and immunofluorescence microscopy of paraffin sections showed thick fibers of collagen type I, which represented the main component of the connective tissue matrix of the dental pulp. By indirect immunofluorescence, thin fibers and small bundles of collagen type III were determined to be one of the main fibrillar elements present in the dental pulp matrix. Collagen type IV was detected by a clear intense staining of the basement membrane of blood vessels at all ages examined. Collagens type V and VI formed a dense meshwork of thin microfibrils throughout the stroma of the connective tissue of the dental pulp. These fibers were localized around blood vessels and appeared to be enriched in the subodontoblastic layer. Investigations by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed fibers of collagen type VI spiralling between fully differentiated odontoblasts toward the predentin layer. With advancing age, the connective tissue matrix appeared to be condensed and aggregates of thick fiber bundles could be observed. Furthermore, the participation of various collagen types in the composition of pulp stones was shown. These calcifications and diffuse calcifications increased in frequency with advancing age in a statistically significant manner.
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    Immunohistochemical localization of the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in human intervertebral discs (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 185-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Small proteoglycans ; Intervertebral disc ; Decorin ; Biglycan ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the presence and distribution of the core proteins of the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in the various compartments of human intervertebral discs. Both proteoglycans could be found in the outer tendon-like parts of the annulus fibrosus, indicating their potential role in collagen network formation and biomechanical stress resistance. The loss of both proteoglycans in the annulus of individuals older than 50 years reflects a normal age-related change. In the nucleus pulposus, decorin could be found in fibrillar areas of the interterritorial matrix, thereby indicating co-localization of decorin with fibrils containing type II collagen. Biglycan was present in the extracellular matrix of the nucleus pulposus of adults. The pericellular immunoreactive rims observed around nucleus pulposus cells and giant chondrones indicated local biosynthetic activity for these small proteoglycans. The staining patterns in cartilage endplates resembled those found in human hyaline articular cartilage.
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    Differential distribution of five members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and one inhibitor (TIMP-1) in human liver and skin (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 173-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Collagen ; Matrilysin (PUMP) ; Wound healing ; Tumors ; Fat-storing cells ; Peripheral nerve glial cells ; Fibrocytes ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Matrix metalloproteinases represent a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes thought to be involved in normal and disease-related tissue remodeling processes. Increasing information about these enzymes is becoming available concerning their primary sequences, regulation at the mRNA level, activation of proenzymes, and modulation of enzyme activity by tissue inhibitors. In contrast, their morphological distribution and biological functions in normal tissues are poorly understood. In the present report, the comparative distribution of five members (gelatinase-A, gelatinase-B, matrilysin, stromelysin-1, and stromelysin-3) of the matrix metalloproteinase family and of one inhibitor (TIMP-1) has been morphologically analyzed in human liver and skin with the aid of new monospecific antibodies. Because of their common designation as matrix proteinases, these enzymes might have been expected to be distributed throughout these tissues, or at least in the connective tissue. However, each member of the family produces a highly specific pattern, staining structures such as arteriolar smooth muscle cells, myoepithelial cells in secretory portions or the luminal lining in excretory ducts of dermal sweat glands, liver bile canaliculi, or structures surrounding peripheral nerve axons. No reactivity is detected in rat tissues.
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    GDNF improves survival and reduces apoptosis in human embryonic dopaminergic neurons in vitro (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Parkinson’s disease ; Programmed cell death ; Dopamine ; Growth factors ; Neurotransplantation ; Glia ; Human ; Bonnet monkey ; Macaca radiata (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Dopamine cell death is the primary problem limiting the value of neurotransplantation in human patients with Parkinson’s disease. To address this problem, we added glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to cultures of embryonic dopaminergic neurons obtained from human and from Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) in an effort to reduce apoptotic cell death and improve overall cell survival. Tissue from three human embryos, 7–8 weeks post-conception, and one 9-week post-conception monkey embryo were dissociated and cultured in F-12 media with 5% human placental serum. GDNF (10 ng/ml) in human cultures nearly doubled dopamine neuron survival and reduced the rate of apoptosis from 6% to 3%. In monkey cultures, GDNF also enhanced dopamine neuron survival and reduced the apoptotic rate. We conclude that GDNF improves the survival of primate embryonic dopamine neurons in culture by reducing apoptosis.
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    Coordinated change between complement C1s production and chondrocyte differentiation in vitro (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 299-305 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Complement C1s ; Sandwich ELISA ; Chondrocytes ; Cell culture ; Differentiation ; Ascorbic acid ; Syrian hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In vitro synthesis of the first component of complement C1s was examined by using hamster epiphyseal chondrocytes (HAC) and human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8. Hamster and human C1s produced by the cells were quantified by immunoblotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. It was possible to measure active and inactive C1s by sandwich ELISA, when we used anti-human C1s monoclonal antibodies, M241 recognizing only active C1s, and M365 and M81 recognizing both active and inactive C1s. Approximately 40% of C1s secreted from HCS-2/8 was found to be activated in the culture medium, whereas C1s from HAC was not. C1s production increased in accordance with chondrocyte differentiation induced by ascorbic acid. In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta1 and basic fibroblast growth factor, which inhibited differentiation, suppressed C1s production. These results confirmed our previous observation showing that C1s synthesis increased with differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo.
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    The internal and external protein scaffold of the T-tubular system in cardiomyocytes (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 449-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vinculin ; Talin ; Integrin ; Dystrophin ; Spectrin ; T-tubule ; Costamere ; Basal membrane ; Cardiac muscle cell ; Dilated cardiomyopathy ; Human ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The transverse tubule system of the cardiomyocyte remains undeformed despite the extreme forces it undergoes during the contraction-relaxation cycle, but the morphological basis for its stability remains unclear. Therefore, we have investigated the architecture and subcellular protein scaffold of the cardiac T-tubules and compared it with that of the costameres and of the free sarcolemma. Tissue samples from normal rat and monkey hearts, and left ventricular tissue from normal and cardiomyopathic human hearts obtained at transplantation surgery were investigated using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy and by electron microscopy. In addition, we used a re-differentiation model of isolated, cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes. The cell membrane of the cardiac T-tubules was found to contain the cell-matrix focal adhesion molecules (FAMs) vinculin, talin, the α5β1 integrin and the membrane-associated proteins (MAPs) dystrophin and spectrin. FAMs and MAPs were localized in the T-tubular membrane in a similar pattern: in longitudinally oriented myocytes as transverse punctate lines at the Z-level; in transversally cut myocytes a radial tubular network was found to extend throughout the interior of the cell. Immunolabeling for basement membrane components including collagen IV, fibronectin and laminin showed a colocalization with FAMs and MAPs parallel to the transverse T-tubules. The costameres of the sarcolemma showed a protein composition resembling that of the T-tubules but the intervening segments of free sarcolemma showed absence of FAMs and presence of MAPs. For the first time, we demonstrate the existence and protein composition of the T-tubular scaffold in the human heart. Furthermore, we show that cardiomyocytes from human failing hearts have less abundant but more dilated T-tubules than do experimental animals. These results indicate that the cardiac T-tubular system contains a subcellular scaffold closely resembling that of the costameres. It consists of FAMs, MAPs and basal lamina proteins that confer structural integrity to the cardiac T-tubular membrane during contraction/relaxation cycles.
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor light chain (bikunin) in human mast cells (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 149-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words α1-Microglobulin ; Bikunin ; Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor ; Mast cells ; Trypstatin ; Urinary trypsin inhibitor ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We recently reported that the rat mast cell proteinase inhibitor trypstatin is genetically identical with the second half of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor light chain (ITI-LC), also known as bikunin or urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI). In this study, therefore, immunoreactivities of mast cells of various human tissues were examined with three antibodies, anti-human ITI-LC, anti-ITI, which recognizes mainly heavy chains or the sugar moiety of ITI, and anti-α 1-microglobulin (α1mG). ITI-LC immunoreactivity was strongly found in mast cells in the connective tissues of various organs except for those of the propria mucosae of small intestine. Neither anti-ITI antibody nor anti-α1mG antibody reacted with mast cells in various tissues. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, α1mG/ITI-LC mRNA was not detected in the skin and tongue, and only weakly in small intestine, although ITI-LC immunoreactivity was strongly detected in these tissues. Furthermore, the mRNA was not expressed in cultured human mast cells. These results suggest that ITI-LC protein is stored in the granules of human connective tissue mast cells, though is not produced by them.
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    Differential in vitro phenotype pattern, transforming growth factor-β1 activity and mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in Apert osteoblasts (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 475-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Osteoblasts ; Extracellular matrix ; Transforming growth factor-β1 ; Basic fibroblast growth factor ; Apert’s syndrome ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The phenotype of Apert osteoblasts differs from that of normal osteoblasts in the accumulation of macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. Apert osteoblasts increase type I collagen, fibronectin and glycosaminoglycans secretion compared with normal osteoblasts. Because the extracellular matrix macromolecule accumulation is greatly modulated by transforming growth factor-β1, we examined the ability of normal and Apert osteoblasts to secrete transforming growth factor-β1 by CCL-64 assay and to produce transforming growth factor-β1 by analysis of the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1. Northern blot analysis revealed an increased amount of transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA expression in Apert osteoblasts compared with normal ones. Moreover, the level of the active transforming growth factor-β1 isoform was higher in Apert than in normal media. In pathologic cells, the increase in transforming growth factor-β1 gene expression was associated with a parallel increase in the factor secreted into the medium. The level of transforming growth factor-β1 was decreased by the addition of basic fibroblast growth factor. Transforming growth factor-β1 is controlled temporally and spatially during skeletal tissue development and produces complex stimulatory and inhibitory changes in osteoblast functions. We hypothesise that in vitro differences between normal and Apert osteoblasts may be correlated to different transforming growth factor-β1 cascade patterns, probably due to an altered balance between transforming growth factor-β1 and basic fibroblast growth factor.
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    Development of striated rootlets during ciliogenesis in the human oviduct epithelium (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ciliogenesis ; Striated rootlets ; Oviduct ; Ciliated cells ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Striated rootlets in ciliated cells are conical banded structures composed of longitudinally aligned filaments. The formation of striated rootlets during ciliognesis in the human oviduct epithelium was studied by electron microscopy. Primitive rootlets appeared at the proximal side of basal bodies before or at the same time as ciliary budding. After the formation of several striations, the tip of the rootlets extended deeply toward the interior of the cell and became differentiated into two distinct parts, viz., the proximal conical part connected to the basal body and the distal fibrillar part. The periodicity of the striations in the fibrillar part was 68.5±2.95 nm, about 5 nm longer than that of the conical part (63.9±2.25 nm). The dark band in the striation was thicker in the fibrillar part than in the conical part. Since the fibrillar part was not observed in the mature cilium, this part was considered as being either degraded or changed into the conical part during ciliogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050905
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    Distribution and submicroscopic immunogold localization of cellular prion protein (PrPc) in extracerebral tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Prion protein (PrPc) ; Electron microscopy ; Secretory granules ; Membrane ; Extracerebral tissues ; Hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), such as scrapie in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, the central event is the conversion of a host-encoded amyloidogenic protein (PrPc) into an abnormal isoform (PrPsc) that accumulates as amyloid in TSE brain. PrPc is a membrane sialoglycoprotein synthesized in the central nervous system and elsewhere. We have examined the ultrastructural localization of PrPc in numerous hamster and some human extracerebral tissues, by means of a post-embedding electron-microscopic method combined with immunogold labeling. In stomach, intestine, lung, and kidney from hamsters, and in stomach, kidney, and spleen from humans, immunogold labeling specific for PrPc is observed on various cellular substructures related to secretory pathways: Golgi apparatus, secretory globules, and plasma membrane. In mucous epithelial cells of stomach and intestine, PrPc appears to be concentrated in secretory globules, suggesting a role for PrPc in the secretory function of the digestive tract. The secretory aspect of PrPc may be a key to understanding the physiopathological mechanisms underlying TSE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051036
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    Broad immunocytochemical localization of the formylpeptide receptor in human organs, tissues, and cells (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurons ; Brain ; Chemotaxis ; Endothelial cells ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The formylpeptide receptor (FPR), previously found only on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages, responds to both synthetic N-formyl oligopeptides and those produced by bacteria. The cDNA for human FPR has been cloned and a rabbit polyclonal antiserum directed against a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the deduced carboxy-terminus has been produced. We have now extensively characterized and used the antibody to detect FPR on normal human tissues and cell types. The receptor antigen is present on some epithelial cells, especially those with a secretory function, and on some endocrine cells, e.g., follicular cells of the thyroid and cortical cells of the adrenal. Liver hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are positive. Smooth muscle and endothelial cells are also generally positive. In the brain and spinal cord, the neurons of the motor, sensory, and cerebellar systems, and those of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems stain positively. These data suggest that the putative endogenous agonist for FPR or an antigenically similar receptor reacts with cellular targets in the neuromuscular, vascular, endocrine, and immune systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051042
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    Establishment of oral mucosa phenotype in vitro in correlation to epithelial anchorage (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Organotypic cocultures ; Histodifferentiation ; Proliferation ; Basement membrane components ; Integrins ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Cell-matrix interactions and the ordered deposition of basement membrane (BM) components are of major importance for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in complex epithelia. This aspect was studied in vitro in a coculture system designed as an oral mucosa model. As crucial epithelial features the kinetics of proliferation, expression of site-specific keratins as well as integrin patterns in correlation to synthesis of BM components were assessed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Comparison with non-cornified gingiva as tissue of origin revealed different stages of epithelial development, eventually leading to complete reconstruction within a time frame of 1–3 weeks. First, the initial activated stage up to 1 week was characterized by (a) high keratinocyte proliferation, (b) extended expression of the basal cell-specific keratin K5 and (c) a patchy pattern of the differentiation-specific keratins K4 and K13. Second, after 2 weeks the improvement of histoarchitecture correlated to (a) predominant K5 expression in the basal and (b) extension of K4 and K13 within the suprabasal cell compartment, (c) high expression of integrins α3β1 and α6β4 including their ligand laminin-5 and (d) accumulating deposition of basement membrane components. Third, virtually complete tissue normalization at 3 weeks was indicated by (a) restriction of K5 to the basal cell area, (b) regular suprabasal localization of K4 and K13, (c) polarization of integrins to basal and parabasal cells and (d) linear codistribution of collagen IV, “classical” laminin (-1 or -10) and laminin-5 underneath the basal cells. Thus, these organotypic cocultures represent relevant equivalents for non-keratinized oral mucosa with typical gingival differentiation features and in addition suitable models for preclinical trials such as prospective dental material testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051066
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    The endothelin system in human and monkey ovaries: in situ gene expression of the different components (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Endothelin ; Endothelin receptors ; Endothelin-converting enzyme ; Ovary ; In situ hybridization ; Human ; Cynomolgus monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The endothelin system is composed of three endothelin isoforms (ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3), the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB, and the endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Besides having a major vasoactive role, endothelins have roles in different cell types at a local level. We investigated the presence of the different components of the endothelin system in primate ovaries. Human ovaries and gonadotropin-stimulated monkey ovaries were studied using immunohistochemistry for endothelin, and in situ hybridization with probes for ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, ETA and ETB receptors, and ECE. ET-1 and ETA receptors were detected in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively, in stromal vessels adjacent to follicles and corpora lutea. ETB receptors and ET-1 were found in the endothelial cells of capillaries of corpora lutea. ECE was present in internal theca cells of secondary, de Graaf, atretic follicles, and in luteinized granulosa cells of the corpora lutea. The endothelin system components are present in or around the follicles of human and monkey ovaries. Although the components are not expressed in the same cell types, they are synthesized, mainly in follicles, by cells that are in close proximity. Thus, the endothelin system could act in a paracrine manner. ECE expression in steroid-producing cells changes its compartmentalization during follicle maturation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051216
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    Protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibres and cells in human skin (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: PGP 9.5 (human protein gene product 9.5) ; Skin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve fibres ; Dendritic cells ; Merkel cells ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sections of human skin were processed according to the indirect immunofluorescence technique with a rabbit antiserum against human protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Immunoreactivity was detected in intraepidermal and dermal nerve fibres and cells. The intraepidermal nerves were varicose or smooth with different diameters, running as single processes or branched, straight or bent, projecting in various directions and terminating in the stratum basale, spinosum or granulosum. The density of the intraepidermal nerves varied between the different skin areas investigated. PGP 9.5-containing axons of the lower dermis were found in large bundles. They separated into smaller axon bundles within the upper dermis, entering this portion of the skin perpendicular to the surface. Then they branched into fibres mainly arranged parallel to the epidermal-dermal junctional zone. However, the fibres en route to the epidermis traversed the upper dermis more or less perpendicularly. Furthermore, immunoreactive dermal nerve fibres were found in the Meissner corpuscles, the arrector pili muscles, hair follicles, around the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and around certain blood vessels. Such fibres were also observed around most subcutaneous blood vessels, sometimes heavily innervating these structures. Numerous weakly-to-strongly PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells were found both in the epidermis and in the dermis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329435
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    An immunogold, cryoultrastructural study of sites of synthesis and storage of chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in human syncytiotrophoblast (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chorionic gonadotropin ; Placental lactogen Placenta ; Cryoultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sites of intracellular synthesis and storage of human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are controversial. We have used one of the most sensitive methods, cryoultramicrotomy and immunogold labelling, to localise these hormones at the electron-microscopic level. In both 12-week and term placentas hCG and hPL are present throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, in the Golgi bodies, and in the infrequent small dense granules of the syncytiotrophoblast. Previous assays have shown that hCG is at a higher concentration in early pregnancy and hPL peaks in late pregnancy, and our results corroborate these findings. No significant localisation of either hormone was seen in the cytotrophoblast or villous stroma. The results suggest that both hCG and hPL are synthesised and packaged by the classical secretory pathway, although the level of hormone stored in granules at any one time is small.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318680
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    Uptake and intracellular routing of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin-G by the perfused human placenta (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 383-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Immunoglobulin G ; Endocytosis ; Transcytosis ; Perfusion ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selected lobules of term human placenta were extracorporeally perfused and human immunoglobulin-G complexed to horseradish peroxidase (IgG-HRP) was added to the maternal perfusate. After different durations of perfusion IgG-HRP was visualised by use of diamino-benzidine cytochemistry. Within the first 10 min of perfusion IgG-HRP was found bound to microvilli and coated pits of the syncytiotrophoblast; internalisation into coated vesicles and tubulo-vesicular bodies was also observed. Subsequently, IgG-HRP was found in multivesicular bodies and by 30 min appeared in basal vesicles, the frequency of the latter event increasing with time. No routing of IgG-HRP into Golgi regions or lysosomes could be detected. By 60 min IgG-HRP was found in a few caveolae of fetal endothelium of both terminal and intermediate villi. IgG-HRP was not found in intercellular clefts of the endothelium. The pattern of uptake and routing observed suggests a receptor-mediated transcytosis of IgG-HRP across the syncytiotrophoblast and a transcellular pathway through the endothelium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318681
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of the cytoskeleton of the human amniotic epithelium (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amniotic epithelium ; Cytoskeleton ; Filaments ; α-Actinin ; Ezrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The amniotic epithelium constitutes a diffusion barrier controlling the passage of solutes and water between the aminotic cavity and maternal circulation. With the present immunocytochemical approach, we have shown that several major components of the cytoskeleton, i.e., actin, α-actinin, spectrin and ezrin, are preferentially associated with the apical and lateral cell surfaces of the human amniotic epithelium. Keratins are distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm, whereas vimentin mainly forms a perinuclear scaffold. These findings indicate a role of the various components of the cytoskeleton in the structural integrity and modulation of cell shape and junctional permeability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318194
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    Type-VI collagen in the human iris and ciliary body (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Type-VI collagen ; Type-IV collagen ; Laminin ; Fibronectin ; Long-spacing collagen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Uvea ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of type-VI collagen in the human iris and ciliary body was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques and compared with that of type-IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin. As has been described for other tissues, type-VI collagen surrounds type-I and-III collagen fibers. The aggregated from of type-IV collagen (the “long-spacing” or “curly” collagen), which has already been described in the trabecular meshwork and sclera, was also observed at the ciliary muscle tips surrounding the anterior elastic tendons of this muscle. In addition, staining for type-VI collagen was seen directly adjacent to the basement membranes of the ciliary muscle cells, the iris muscles, the uveal vascular endothelia and nerves, but not adjacent to the epithelial basement membranes. The staining did not form a discrete line like the immunoreaction for type-IV collagen, but bundles of marked fibrils extended into the surrounding connective tissue. We assume that type-VI collagen similar to type-VII collagen forms part of an anchoring system for these tissues. As type-VII collagen has been described only in connection with epithelial basement membranes, both type-VI and type-VII collagens may represent anchoring fibrils, however for different tissue components.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of rod-opsin, S-antigen, and neuron-specific proteins in the human pineal gland (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 493-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Rod-opsin ; Retinal S-antigen ; Synaptophysin ; Neurofilaments ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to examine whether rod-opsin and S-antigen immunoreactions were present in the pineal organ of adult man and how these immunoreactions were correlated with neuronal markers, e.g., synaptophysin, and neurofilaments L, H and M. Three perfusion-fixed epithalamic regions including the pineal organ and five pineal glands obtained at routine autopsy were used. The specimens were taken from female or male patients, 25 to 85 years of age. All immunoreactions were performed using highly specific, well-characterized antibodies. Rod-opsin and S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes occurred in all pineal organs investigated; however, the immunoreaction was restricted to small subpopulations of pinealocytes (rod-opsin immunoreaction: approximately 3%–5%; S-antigen immunoreaction: approximately 5%–10% of the total population). In contrast, immunoreactions for synaptophysin and neurofilaments M and H were present in numerous pinealocytes. Immunoreactivity for neurofilament L was not found. These data suggest that the cellular composition of the human pineal organ is heterogeneous. Moreover, the presence of rod-opsin and S-antigen immunoreactions in the human pineal organ indicates that it may be affected by autoimmune retinal diseases that are provoked by antibodies against these proteins, as is the case in rodents and non-human primates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319371
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    Distribution and coexistence of chromogranin A-, serotonin-and pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity in endocrine-like cells of the human anal canal (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anal canal ; Diffuse neuroendocrine system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Chromogranin A ; Serotonin ; Pancreastatin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The comparative distribution and coexistence of chromogranin A (CGA)-, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)- and pancreastatin (PST)-like immunoreactivity in endocrine-like cells of the human anal canal was investigated by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The largest population of colorectal endocrine-like cells consisted of CGA-immunoreactive (ir) cells, followed by the 5-HT-ir and PST-ir cell population. In the anal transitional zone (ATZ), CGA-and 5-HT-immunoreactivity was equally distributed; ir-PST was confined to a smaller endocrine-like cell population. In the squamous zone and the perianal skin, Merkel cells in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles exhibited ir-CGA and ir-PST but no ir-5-HT. Double immunofluorescence on identical sections revealed distinct coexistence patterns. In the colorectal zone, about 2/3 of the CGA-ir endocrine-like cells also stained for 5-HT, whereas in the ATZ epithelium, CGA- and 5-HT-immunoreactivity completely overlapped. No 5-HT-immunoreactivity could be detected in CGA-ir Merkel cells of the squamous zone of the anal canal and the perianal skin. PST-immunoreactivity was present in about 1/3 of the CGA-ir colorectal and anal transitional endocrine-like cells and in about 1/4 of the Merkel-cell population staining for CGA. These chemically heterogeneous phenotypes of the anal endocrine-like and Merkel cells may reflect a specific regulatory role of these cells in the various epithelial linings of the human anal canal and the perianal skin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338059
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    Initiation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum on human teeth (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 311-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental root surface ; Periodontal fiber fringe ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) has never before been studied in human teeth. We have therefore examined the initiation of AEFC in the form of a collagenous fiber fringe and its attachment to the underlying dentinal matrix, in precisely selected, erupting human premolars with roots developed to 50%–60% of their final length. Freshly extracted teeth were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative, decalcified in EDTA and subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces, vertical to and along the root axis. The blocks were postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon and cut for light- and electron-microscopic investigation. Starting at the advancing edge of the root, within a region extending about 1 mm coronal to this edge, fibroblast-like cells were seen closely covering the external root surface. Along the first 100 μm from the root edge, these cells extended cytoplasmic processes and contacted the dentinal collagen fibrils. Between these cells and the dentinal matrix, new collagen fibrils and very short collagen fibers gradually developed. Within the second 100 μm from the root edge, this resulted in the formation of a cell-fiber fringe network. Newly formed fibers of the fringe were directly attached to the non-mineralized matrix containing dentinal collagen fibrils and could be distinguished from the latter by differences in fibril orientation. During the process of dentin mineralization, the transitional zone between the fiber-fringe base and the dentinal matrix, i.e., the future dentino-cemental junction, also mineralized. It is suggested that this fiber fringe is the base of AEFC, which later increases in thickness by fiber extension and subsequent mineralization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318773
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    Establishment of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum on human teeth (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cementum ; Fiber fringe ; Periodontal ligament fibers ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes for the first time the development of early acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) until its establishment on human teeth. Precisely selected premolars with roots developed to 50%–100% of their final length were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative and most of them were decalcified in EDTA. Their roots were subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces. Following osmication, these blocks were embedded in Epon and sectioned for light-and transmission electron microscopy. Some blocks were cut non-demineralized. From semithin stained sections, the density of the collagenous fiber fringe protruding from the root surface was measured by using the Videoplan-system. After initiation of this fiber fringe and its attachment to the dentinal root surface followed by mineralization, the fringe gradually increased in length and subsequently became mineralized. Fringe elongation and the advancement of the mineralization front appeared to progress proportionally. Thus, in all stages of AEFC development, a short fiber fringe covered the mineralized AEFC. Its density remained constant, irrespective of AEFC thickness. The latter gradually increased and reached an early maximum of 15–20 μm in the cervical region. At this stage, the AEFC fringe appeared to fuse with the future dentogingival or other collagen fibers of the tooth supporting apparatus. Mineralization of the fringe commenced with isolated, spherical or globular centers, which later fused with the mineralization front and became incorporated in AEFC.
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    Ultrastructural identification and distribution of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-1 in the vascular and extravascular compartments of the human palatine tonsil (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Palatine tonsil ; Immuno-electron microscopy ; High endothelial venules ; Adhesion molecules ; ICAM-1, LFA-1 ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistological analysis of sections prepared from human palatine tonsils revealed marked differences in the distribution of the adhesion molecule, leucocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counter receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Light microscopy showed that LFA-1 was restricted to the leucocytes, particularly the lymphocytes. In contrast, staining of ICAM-1 was predominantly confined to the vascular endothelium with the greatest expression seen on the morphologically distinct high endothelial venules in the parafollicular areas; these are the sites that appear to support lymphocyte migration. Electron microscopy revealed that ICAM-1 was present on the luminal and lateral surfaces of the high endothelium and absent from the abluminal surface supported by basal lamina. The ICAM-1 was also absent from those surfaces of the endothelium that were in close contact with intravascular lymphocytes. Other cells stained by the anti-ICM-1 antibody included dendritic cells, plasma cells and epithelial cells in the reticulated crypt epithelium and in the upper strata of the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The high expression of LFA-1 was most prominent on lymphocytes, low on antigen-presenting cells and activated lymphoid cells, and not detectable on plasma cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. We propose that LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding participates in mediating the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes across the high endothelial venules of palatine tonsil.
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    Immunohistochemical evidence for the heterogeneity of maternal and fetal vascular endothelial cells in human full-term placenta (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical cord ; Placenta ; Basal plate ; Endothelial cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lectins ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The heterogeneity of endothelial cell surface antigen expression was studied in 5 human full-term placentae by means of indirect immunohistochemistry using 9 monoclonal antibodies and by staining with fluorescent-conjugated Ulex europaeus lectin, both of which are widely used endothelial cell markers. (1) A highly specific, homogeneous staining of fetal and maternal placental vessels of all sizes and anatomical regions was observed by the monoclonal antibodies PAL-E, QBEND10 and 1F10. These antibodies were even more specific than Ulex europaeus lectin, factor VIII antibody and von Willebrand factor antibody, which cross-reacted with some non-endothelial cells and structures. The reactivity of PAL-E, QBEND10 and 1F10 with residual surface cells of the basal plate strongly suggests an endothelial origin of these cells. (2) In contrast to other organs, PAL-E, QBEND10 and HM 15/3 strongly stained endothelial cells of the macrovascular system in the human placenta. This might indicate an organ-associated heterogeneity of fetal endothelial cells. (3) Monoclonal antibodies against receptors for transferrin and IgG (FcγRII) labeled the endothelial cells of fetal placental vessels with increasing intensity distal to the insertion of the umbilical cord. The vessels of the umbilical cord itself were unreactive. This might suggest a heterogeneity of macro- and microvascular endothelial cells.
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    Occurrence, distribution and possible role of the regulatory peptide endothelin in the nasal mucosa (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelin ; Nasal mucosa ; Immunocytochemistry ; Laser Doppler flowmetry ; Human ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nasal blood flow is finely regulated by local release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and other bioactive molecules acting via paracrine mechanisms. We have investigated the occurrence and distribution in human nasal mucosa of endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, by immunocytochemistry and the effect of systemic administration of endothelin-1 on vascular perfusion of rabbit nasal mucosa by laser Doppler flowmetry. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated within vascular endothelial cells in both developing and mature human mucosa. Nasal epithelial cells and some connective tissue cells, presumed to be macrophages, also displayed specific immunostaining. In rabbits injected with endothelin-1, a potent and prolonged nasal vasoconstriction was observed. It is suggested that endothelin released locally may participate in the regulation of nasal blood flow via paracrine mechanisms. Since endothelin has growth-promoting actions on several cell types, it is also tentatively proposed that this regulatory peptide may play a role during development of the nose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318743
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    Attempts to label matrix synthesis of human root cementum in vitro (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 343-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Cementum ; Autoradiography ; Cementoblasts ; Fibroblasts ; Matrix production ; In vitro analysis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study describes the dynamic process of both acellular extrinsic (AEFC) and acellular/cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (AIFC/CIFC) matrix production on growing human teeth. Selected erupting maxillary and mandibular premolars with roots grown to about 70%–95% of their final length were placed in organ culture immediately following extraction. Twelve teeth for short-time labeling were pulse-incubated for 15 min in medium containing 3H-proline and chased for various times in order to follow the migration and secretion of the tracer. Eight teeth for long-time incubation were labeled continuously for 5 h before being chased for 1–8 days in order to label cementum matrix accumulation. After decalcification in ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), their roots were subdivided into about 20 slices each. Epon-embedded sections were prepared for light- and electron-microsopic as well as autoradiographic examination. During CIFC-formation, cementoblasts revealed high intracytoplasmic silver grain concentrations within the first hour after 3H-proline administration. The release of the tracer occurred between 60 to 120 min after administration. After 2 h, cementoblasts and the cementum matrix appeared to be labeled about equally. After 5 h, most of the labeled proteins appeared to be localized in the cementoid. Silver grains increased in number over the cementum matrix from 5–24 h. Very high intracellular grain concentrations within very large cementoblasts corresponded to regions of rapid cementum formation. Tracer-halos around entrapped cells lend support to a multipolar mode of matrix production during CIFC-initiation. The fate of the tracer during the development of early AEFC-matrix was less clear. However, fibroblasts revealed dense intracytoplasmic grain accumulations within the first hour after 3H-proline administration. Thereafter, the tracer localization was vague. This indistinct grain localization reflected the particular mode of AEFC-matrix production characterized by addition of new fibril segments to pre-existing fibers of a collagenous fringe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318753
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  • 87
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    Synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the mammalian endocrine pancreas (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 461-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptophysin ; P38 ; Membrane proteins ; Endocrine pancreas ; Islet cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human ; Dog ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptophysin, a major membrane glycoprotein of small presynaptic vesicles in neurons, has also been found in microvesicles of endocrine cells, e.g., of the endocrine pancreas. In the present study, the endocrine pancreas in 9 mammalian species (man, dog, mink, bovine, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse, gerbil) has been investigated immunohistochemically for synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Synaptophysin-positive cells have been identified and localized on semithin plastic sections. Our study demonstrates that, in all species examined, all pancreatic endocrine cell types are consistently synaptophysin-positive independent of their location within the tissue, or the conditions of tissue processing. In addition, a few cells that cannot be hormonally identified show synaptophysin immunoreactivity. Hence, synaptophysin appears to be a regular constituent of all pancreatic endocrine cells in mammals. In several species, a subpopulation of endocrine cells, consisting of glucagon-containing and/or pancreatic-polypeptide-containing cells, exhibits a significantly higher degree of synaptophysin immunoreactivity. In the gerbil, this heterogeneity can readily be detected from the day of birth onwards. Our findings indicate that closely related endocrine cell types may differ with respect to the content of synaptophysin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319036
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  • 88
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    Comparison of the intracellular pathways of immunoglobulin-G and low density lipoprotein in cultured human term trophoblast cells (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 619-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunoglobulin G ; Low density lipoprotein (LDL) ; Cell culture ; Vesicles ; Trophoblast ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Trophoblast cells were cultured on microporous membrane filters. After incubation at different times with gold-conjugated ligands, the cells were processed for electron microscopy. Gold particles indicating the presence of both IgG and LDL appeared in a time-dependent manner in coated pits and coated vesicles. LDL-gold appeared primarily within lysosomes whereas approximately 50% of the internalized IgG-gold appeared within vesicles (diameters ranging from 35 to 80 nm) near the basal regions of the cell. These vesicles may be the protective mechanism which prevents IgG breakdown during transcytosis across trophoblast cells, thus allowing transport of the intact molecule to the fetus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314560
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  • 89
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    Outer root sheath (ORS) cells organize into epidermoid cyst-like spheroids when cultured inside Matrigel: a light-microscopic and immunohistological comparison between human ORS cells and interfollicular keratinocytes (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Outer root sheath cells ; Epidermal keratinocytes ; Matrigel ; Epithelial/mesenchyme interactions ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In organotypic cultures, outer root sheath (ORS) cells of the human hair follicle develop into a stratified epithelium largely reminiscent of the epidermis; this apparently reflects their importance during wound healing. In the present study, ORS cells were grown inside a three-dimensional network of extracellular matrix proteins (Matrigel), together with different mesenchymal cells, in an attempt to mimic their follicular environment. Thus, inside Matrigel, ORS cells formed spheroids differentiating toward the center and showing all the markers of epidermal keratinization. Under identical conditions, normal epidermal keratinocytes developed similar spheroids, but of a significantly smaller size. Human dermal fibroblasts and dermal papilla cells, cocultured in the matrix, had a positive influence on both the proliferation and differentiation within both types of spheroids. Epidermal differentiation markers, such as suprabasal keratins, involucrin, filaggrin, gp80 and pemphigoid antigen, were readily expressed in ORS spheroids, whereas hard (hair) keratins were not detectable by immunostaining. Cells positive for an epithelial membrane antigen, strongly expressed in sebaceous glands, were seen in numerous spheroids. In contrast to organotypic “surface” epithelia, the expression and location of different integrin chains was normalized in ORS spheroids, indicating an enhanced mesenchymal influence in this in vitro system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305384
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  • 90
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    Differentiation of human skeletal muscle cells in culture: maturation as indicated by titin and desmin striation (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle cells ; Myofibrillogenesis ; Intermediate filaments ; Titin ; Nebulin ; Myosin ; α-Actinin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a phenotyping study of differentiating human skeletal muscle cells in tissue culture. Satellite cells (adult myoblasts), isolated from biopsy material, showed a proliferative behaviour in high-nutrition medium, but fused to form myotubes when grown in low-nutrition medium. The expression and structural organization of the intermediate filament proteins desmin and vimentin as well as the sarcomeric constituents α-actin, α-actinin, nebulin, myosin and especially titin during myofibrillogenesis in vitro, were studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence assays. The proliferating myoblasts contained both desmin and vimentin, α-actinin and the filamentous form of actin. Shortly after the change of medium, expression of titin, sarcomeric myosin and skeletal muscle α-actin was found in mononuclear cells in a diffuse, filamentous (titin, myosin, α-actin) or punctate (titin, myosin) pattern. Four to 10 days after the medium change, mature myotubes showed desmin, titin, α-actinin, nebulin, sarcomeric myosin and actin cross-striations, while vimentin was no longer detected. We conclude that human skeletal muscle cell cultures are an appropriate model system to study the molecular basis of myofibrillogenesis. Especially the presence of desmin in a striated fashion points to a high degree of maturation of the muscle cell cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381893
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  • 91
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    Heterogeneous histochemical reaction pattern of the lectin Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia with blood vessels of human full-term placenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Blood vessels ; Endothelial cells ; Blood groups ; Lectin histochemistry (Bandeiraea ; simplicifolia) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BS-I) stains vascular endothelium in various species. In humans, less than 10% of the specimens studied exhibit a reaction with BS-I. In the present histochemical study, the reactivity of BS-I with placental blood vessels and its correlation with the blood group from mother and newborn child was investigated. Acetone-fixed cryosections of representative tissue segments of human full-term placenta and umbilical cord were stained with BS-I. The staining pattern of tissues from patients with different blood groups was identical, although the reaction of BS-I in the placenta was heterogeneous. BS-I did not react with the umbilical cord. Vascular smooth muscle cells at the insertion site of the umbilical cord into the chorionic plate, and endothelium deeper in the chorionic plate, became progressively stained. The endothelial cells and tunica muscularis of smaller arteries and veins in stem villi lost their reactivity in parallel with decreasing vessel size. Arterioles and venules reacted heterogeneously. Capillaries, trophoblastic basement membranes, especially epithelial plates, and sometimes the syncytiotrophoblast were labelled in several terminal villi. The data indicate that 1) the placenta binds BS-I to fetal endothelium independent of the blood group, 2) cell-surface antigens on placental endothelial cells are expressed heterogeneously and 3) cell-surface glycans are constituted in an organ-specific manner on human endothelial cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050233
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  • 92
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    Developmental expression of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins in the human pancreas and digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 439-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Transforming growth factor alpha ; Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Development ; ontogenetic ; Digestive tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study was designed to localize transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in the developing human gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Immunohistochemical techniques using specific antibodies against human TGF-α and EGFR were performed on digestive tissues of fetuses from 9 to 10 to 24 weeks of gestation, children and adults. In fetuses, TGF-α and EGFR proteins were expressed in all epithelial tissues studied with a good correlation and from an age as early as 9 to 10 weeks of gestation, except for TGF-α in the esophagus. The strongest TGF-α immunostaining was noted in the stomach and the proximal colon. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive gut endocrine cells were observed with the two antibodies used. Relatively numerous in fetuses, they decreased in number with age and were rare in adults particularly along the colon. Enteroglucagon-secreting cells were shown to express TGF-α, while some gastrin, somatostatin and pancreatic glucagon cells were immunostained with EGFR antibodies. The presence of TGF-α and of its receptor in digestive tract epithelium and pancreatic tissues early in fetal life suggests a functional role for TGF-α during the developmental process of the digestive system. We demonstrate that TGF-α is also produced by endocrine cells and might have an additional mode of action other than paracrine, at least during fetal life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050234
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  • 93
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    Immunohistochemical distribution of simple-epithelial-type keratins and other intermediate filament proteins in the developing human pituitary gland (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rathke's pouch ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratins ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of the production of the intermediate filaments [vimentin, cytokeratin, and glial filament acidic protein (GFAP)] during development of the pituitary gland was made by use of fetal and adult human pituitary tissue. Among these intermediate filament proteins in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, cytokeratin is the first to appear, followed by GFAP and vimentin. However, only cytokeratin is seen during the period of morphogenesis of the pituitary gland, with the type-II subfamily cytokeratin 8 being the earliest to appear. Among the simple-epithelial-type cytokeratins, cytokeratins 8 and 19 were observed within the pituitary primordium during morphogenesis. Cells immunoreactive for cytokeratins 8 and 19 showed a heterogeneous three-dimensional distribution pattern in Rathke's pouch. Both cytokeratins 8 and 19 tended to be strongly positive at sites in the pituitary primordium where cells had become more loosely arranged (i.e., areas far from the diencephalon) but were only weakly positive in areas in which the epithelial cells were densely packed (i.e., areas closely associated with the diencephalon). It is concluded that, during the period of morphogenesis, Rathke's pouch has the intermediate filaments characteristic of simple epithelium and shows different immunoreactivity for simple-epithelial-type cytokeratins from place to place according to the extent of cellular differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678711
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  • 94
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    Ontogeny of alpha-crystallin subunits in the lens of human and rat embryos (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Lens ; Development, ontogenetic ; αA-crystallin ; αB-crystallin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of αA- and αB-crystallin in the developing lens of human (Carnegie stages 13 to 23) and rat embryos (embryonic days E11 to 18) was examined immunohistochemically. In a human embryo at stage 13, the lens placode was already immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but not to αA-crystallin. At stage 15, the lens vesicle was intensely immunoreactive both to αA- and αB-crystallin. From stages 16 to 23, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA- and αB-crystallin. In rat embryos, αA-crystallin appeared in the lens pit at E12, and αB-crystallin appeared in the elongating lens fiber cells at E14. From E15 to E18, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA-crystallin. The lens fiber cells were also immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but the epithelial cells were not. These findings suggest that αB-crystallin appears earlier than αA-crystallin in the human lens, but at a later period than αA-crystallin in the rat lens. αB-Crystallin was not detected in the epithelial cells of the rat lens, but was perisistently present in the epithelial cells of the human lens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354794
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  • 95
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    Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) immunoreactivity and messenger RNA in human pituitary and increased expression in pituitary tumours (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Tumours ; Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase-Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridisation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bioactivity of many peptides depends upon post-translational α-amidation of inactive precursors by two enzyme activities known collectively as peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). PAM enzymes are particularly abundant in the pituitary. The distribution of PAM immunoreactivity and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the adult human pituitary and in pituitary tumours was investigated by use of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Immunoreactivity was present in numerous cells of the anterior lobe: staining was intense in a proportion of gonadotrophs and folliculo-stellate cells, but weaker in the majority of somatotrophs and lactotrophs, a few corticotrophs and occasional thyrotrophs. PAM staining was also present in nerves, pituicytes and some endocrine cells within the posterior lobe (the human intermediate zone). Forty pituitary tumours of various types were immunoreactive for PAM; more intensely and uniformly stained than normal anterior lobe. In situ hybridisation with digoxigenin-labelled probes demonstrated intense labelling for PAM mRNA in numerous cells in normal anterior pituitary and in tumours. Many regulatory peptides that require amidation for activity, potential targets for PAM, are present in the pituitary. Many tumour growth factors also require amidation and PAM may regulate these mitogenic peptides in tumours.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354800
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  • 96
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    Location of PHM/VIP mRNA in human gastrointestinal tract detected by in situ hybridization (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Prepro-VIP mRNA ; Prepro-VIP-derived peptides ; In situ hybridization ; Northern blots ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the gene for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM) in the human gastrointestinal tract was studied by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting for PHM/ VIP mRNA and immunocytochemistry using specific antisera against the bioactive peptides PHM and VIP. In the colon sigmoideum, antisera against all five putative processing products of the VIP precursor (prepro-VIP) were used, namely prepro-VIP 22–79, PHM, prepro-VIP 111–122, VIP and prepro-VIP 156–170. Furthermore, RNA extracted from various regions of the gastrointestinal tract was examined by Northern blots and hybridization to a VIP-cDNA probe. Throughout the gastrointestinal tract, PHM/VIP mRNA was found in neurons only. Using single-or double-staining methods, we demonstrated both PHM/VIP mRNA and the corresponding peptides PHM and VIP in the neurons. In the sigmoideum, the single-staining methods were extended to investigate whether the neurons simultaneously contained PHM/VIP mRNA and each of the five prepro-VIP-derived peptides. Only one major band of PHM/VIP mRNA (1.9 kb) was found by Northern blotting in the tissue of the gastrointestinal tract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306108
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  • 97
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    Human amelogenesis: high resolution electron microscopy of nanometer-sized particles (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 273 (1993), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Mineralization ; Development ; Nanometer-sized particles ; Hydroxyapatite ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Growth of inorganic crystals of enamel is described as a two-stage process with growth of ribbon-like crystals in length and width, followed by their development in thickness. In early stages of crystal growth during human amelogenesis nanometer-sized particles with a mean diameter of 1.1 nm were described between ribbon-like crystals. These small particles had a crystalline structure but their lattice parameters did not seem to be directly related to those of calcium phosphates. The nanometer-sized particles appear to correspond to initial stages of apatite crystal growth. Their localization close to ribbon-like crystals and their progressive increase in size and number may indicate that they represent a precursor phase for these crystals. Nucleation areas at both extremities, of elongated ribbon-like crystals could be involved in the two-directional growth of ribbons and/or in nanometer-sized particle nucleation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304624
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  • 98
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    Detection of calcitonin gene expression in human infant and monkey carotid body chief cells by in situ hybridization (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 399-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Calcitonin ; Calcitonin mRNA ; Gene expression ; Oligonucleotide probe ; In situ hybridization ; Human ; Monkey, Macaca fascicularis (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calcitonin mRNA was detected in human and monkey carotid bodies by in situ hybridization histochemistry, using a 35S-labeled oligonucleotide probe for human calcitonin. In both human and monkey carotid body, moderate to high hybridization signal for calcitonin mRNA was observed in all cases. The hybridization signal in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples was comparable to that obtained from frozen paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue. Our observations extend the finding of calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the carotid body chief cells and indicate that calcitonin is produced in the carotid body, probably in the chief cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306125
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  • 99
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    Functional and structural interactions between osteoblastic and preosteoclastic cells in vitro (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoblasts ; Preosteoclasts ; Cell differentiation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts are involved in the bone resorption process by regulating osteoclast maturation and activity. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying osteoblast/preosteoclast cell interactions, we developed an in vitro model of co-cultured human clonal cell lines of osteoclast precursors (FLG 29.1) and osteoblastic cells (Saos-2), and evaluated the migratory, adhesive, cytochemical, morphological, and biochemical properties of the co-cultured cells. In Boyden chemotactic chambers, FLG 29.1 cells exhibited a marked migratory response toward the Saos-2 cells. Moreover, they preferentially adhered to the osteoblastic monolayer. Direct co-culture of the two cell types induced: (1) positive staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in FLG 29.1 cells; (2) a decrease of the alkaline phosphatase activity expressed by Saos-2 cells; (3) the appearance of typical ultrastructural features of mature osteoclasts in FLG 29.1 cells; (4) the release into the culture medium of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. The addition of parathyroid hormone to the co-culture further potentiated the differentiation of the preosteoclasts, the cells tending to fuse into large multinucleated elements. These in vitro interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors offer a new model for studying the mechanisms that control osteoclastogenesis in bone tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307956
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  • 100
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    Immuno-electron-microscopic localization of types III pN-collagen and IV collagen, laminin and tenascin in developing and adult human spleen (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Spleen ; Fetus ; Development ; Extracellular matrix ; Immuno-electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of the extracellular matrix proteins types III pN-collagen and IV collagen, laminin and tenascin was investigated in fetal, infant, and adult human spleens by using immuno-electron microscopy. The presence of type III pN-collagen was assessed by using an antibody against the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. All the proteins other than type III pN-collagen were found in reticular fibers throughout development. In the white pulp of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks, only an occasional type III pN-collagen-containing fibril was present, although type III pN-collagen was abundant in the reticular fibers of the red pulp. Conversely, in adults, most of the reticular fibers of the white pulp, but not of the red pulp, were immunoreactive for type III pN-collagen. Ring fibers, the basement membranes of venous sinuses, were well developed in both infant and adult spleens. The first signs of their formation could be seen as a discontinuous basement membrane, which was immunoreactive for type IV collagen, laminin, and tenascin in the fetus aged 20 gestational weeks. Intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for all the proteins studied was visible in the mesenchymal cells of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks and in the reticular cells of the older fetuses, which also showed labeling for type IV collagen and laminin in the endothelial cells. The results suggest that proteins of the extracellular matrix are produced by these stationary cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050464
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