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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum on human teeth (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cementum ; Fiber fringe ; Periodontal ligament fibers ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes for the first time the development of early acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) until its establishment on human teeth. Precisely selected premolars with roots developed to 50%–100% of their final length were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative and most of them were decalcified in EDTA. Their roots were subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces. Following osmication, these blocks were embedded in Epon and sectioned for light-and transmission electron microscopy. Some blocks were cut non-demineralized. From semithin stained sections, the density of the collagenous fiber fringe protruding from the root surface was measured by using the Videoplan-system. After initiation of this fiber fringe and its attachment to the dentinal root surface followed by mineralization, the fringe gradually increased in length and subsequently became mineralized. Fringe elongation and the advancement of the mineralization front appeared to progress proportionally. Thus, in all stages of AEFC development, a short fiber fringe covered the mineralized AEFC. Its density remained constant, irrespective of AEFC thickness. The latter gradually increased and reached an early maximum of 15–20 μm in the cervical region. At this stage, the AEFC fringe appeared to fuse with the future dentogingival or other collagen fibers of the tooth supporting apparatus. Mineralization of the fringe commenced with isolated, spherical or globular centers, which later fused with the mineralization front and became incorporated in AEFC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initiation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum on human teeth (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 311-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental root surface ; Periodontal fiber fringe ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) has never before been studied in human teeth. We have therefore examined the initiation of AEFC in the form of a collagenous fiber fringe and its attachment to the underlying dentinal matrix, in precisely selected, erupting human premolars with roots developed to 50%–60% of their final length. Freshly extracted teeth were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative, decalcified in EDTA and subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces, vertical to and along the root axis. The blocks were postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon and cut for light- and electron-microscopic investigation. Starting at the advancing edge of the root, within a region extending about 1 mm coronal to this edge, fibroblast-like cells were seen closely covering the external root surface. Along the first 100 μm from the root edge, these cells extended cytoplasmic processes and contacted the dentinal collagen fibrils. Between these cells and the dentinal matrix, new collagen fibrils and very short collagen fibers gradually developed. Within the second 100 μm from the root edge, this resulted in the formation of a cell-fiber fringe network. Newly formed fibers of the fringe were directly attached to the non-mineralized matrix containing dentinal collagen fibrils and could be distinguished from the latter by differences in fibril orientation. During the process of dentin mineralization, the transitional zone between the fiber-fringe base and the dentinal matrix, i.e., the future dentino-cemental junction, also mineralized. It is suggested that this fiber fringe is the base of AEFC, which later increases in thickness by fiber extension and subsequent mineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318773
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attempts to label matrix synthesis of human root cementum in vitro (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 343-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Cementum ; Autoradiography ; Cementoblasts ; Fibroblasts ; Matrix production ; In vitro analysis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study describes the dynamic process of both acellular extrinsic (AEFC) and acellular/cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (AIFC/CIFC) matrix production on growing human teeth. Selected erupting maxillary and mandibular premolars with roots grown to about 70%–95% of their final length were placed in organ culture immediately following extraction. Twelve teeth for short-time labeling were pulse-incubated for 15 min in medium containing 3H-proline and chased for various times in order to follow the migration and secretion of the tracer. Eight teeth for long-time incubation were labeled continuously for 5 h before being chased for 1–8 days in order to label cementum matrix accumulation. After decalcification in ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), their roots were subdivided into about 20 slices each. Epon-embedded sections were prepared for light- and electron-microsopic as well as autoradiographic examination. During CIFC-formation, cementoblasts revealed high intracytoplasmic silver grain concentrations within the first hour after 3H-proline administration. The release of the tracer occurred between 60 to 120 min after administration. After 2 h, cementoblasts and the cementum matrix appeared to be labeled about equally. After 5 h, most of the labeled proteins appeared to be localized in the cementoid. Silver grains increased in number over the cementum matrix from 5–24 h. Very high intracellular grain concentrations within very large cementoblasts corresponded to regions of rapid cementum formation. Tracer-halos around entrapped cells lend support to a multipolar mode of matrix production during CIFC-initiation. The fate of the tracer during the development of early AEFC-matrix was less clear. However, fibroblasts revealed dense intracytoplasmic grain accumulations within the first hour after 3H-proline administration. Thereafter, the tracer localization was vague. This indistinct grain localization reflected the particular mode of AEFC-matrix production characterized by addition of new fibril segments to pre-existing fibers of a collagenous fringe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318753
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial formation of cellular intrinsic fiber cementum in developing human teeth (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Cementum ; Cementoblasts ; Matrix production ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes the formative process of the initiation of cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) in still growing human teeth. From 29 premolars and molars with incomplete roots developed to 60–90% of their final length, 8 premolars (with roots formed to three quarters of their final length) were selected for electron-microscopic investigation. All teeth were clinically intact and prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative immediately after extraction. Most of them were decalcified in ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the apical part of the roots was divided axially into mesial and distal portions that were subdivided in about 5 slices each. Following osmication and embedding in Epon, these blocks were cut for light- and electron-microscopic examination. In addition, 5 teeth with incomplete roots were freed from organic material and processed for scanning electron microscopy. It was found that CIFC-initiation commenced very close to the advancing root edge and resulted in a rapid cementum thickening. Thereafter, appositional growth continued on the already established cementum surface. Large, basophilic and rough endoplasmic reticulum-rich cementoblasts, some of which became cementocytes, were responsible for both fast and slow CIFC-formation. The CIFC-matrix was free of Sharpey's fibers and composed of more or less organized intrinsic collagen fibrils, in part fibril bundles, that ran roughly parallel to the root surface. Initially, the cementum fibrils intermingled with those of the dentinal collagen fibrils, which were not yet mineralized. This boundary subsequently underwent calcification. The development of collagen fibril bundles and their extracellular arrangement were associated with cytoplasmic processes probably involved in fibril formation and fibril assembly. Many cementoblasts contained intracytoplasmic, membrane-bounded collagen fibrils, which probably were related to fibril formation rather than degradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302971
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of squamous epithelium of normal palatal mucosa in guinea pigs (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral epithelium ; Epithelial differentiation ; Stereology ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of intact guinea pig palate was subjected to stereologic analysis in a study of structural alterations in the keratinizing epithelium in response to wounding. Point counting procedures were employed to analyse electron micrographs sampled from three epithelial strata in biopsies collected from five animals. The differentiation pattern of the guinea pig palate epithelium displayed the following structural density gradients from basal to granular layers: descending gradients of metabolically active organelles, ascending gradient of bundled filaments coupled with the appearence of membrane coating granules and keratohyalin granules, and a plateau-like gradient of cytoplasmic ground substance. This pattern of epithelial differentiation is basically identical to that of human hard palate epithelium and epidermis. Regional and species variations in structure of keratinizing epithelia are suggested based on interepithelial differences in morphometric parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218171
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and composition of the oral mucous membrane on the lips and cheeks of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 89-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Labial mucosa ; Buccal mucosa ; Macaca fascicularis ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Lippen- und Wangenmukosa wurde an 7 Affen (6 M. fascicularis, 1 M. mulatta; 2,4±0,6 kg schwer) morphologisch und quantitativ untersucht. Nach einer Perfusionsfixation wurden Ober- und Unterlippen sowie ganze Wangen herauspräpariert und für Untersuchungen im Licht-, Raster und Transmissionselektronenmikroskop vorbereitet. Bestehende Programme (HISTOMEP, MUMANA II) und morphometrische Standardmethoden wurden verwendet, um lichtmikroskopisch die Epitheldicke, die Breite der kombinierten Lamina propria/Submukosa und die volumetrische Zusammensetzung der drüsenhaltigen Abschnitte der Lippen- und Wangenschleimhaut zu ermitteln. Das Wangenepithel war mehr als zweifach dicker als das Lippenepithel (0,46±0,04 und 0,21±0,02mm); die Epitheldicke war unabhängig von Geschlecht und Topographie. Die kombinierte Lamina propria/ Submukosa war im Wangenbereich 1,32±0,19, im Lippenbereich 1,50± 0,26 mm breit. Die Hauptelemente der Lippen- und Wangenschleimhaut sind Drüsen- und Bindegewebe sowie mit Ausführungsgängen assoziierte Lymphfollikel. In der Lippen-, nicht aber in der Wangenschleimhaut, ist das Volumen der die Drüsenacini umlagernden Plasmazellen positiv korreliert mit der Menge der Lymphfollikel an den benachbarten Ausführungsgängen. Es wird vermutet, daß das Ausführungsgang/Lymphfollikel-System zur lokalen Erkennung von Antigenen dienen könnte.
    Notes: Summary In seven monkeys (6 Macaca fascicularis, 1 M. mulatta; 2.4±0.6 kg in weight) the labial and buccal mucosae were studied morphologically and quantitatively. Following fixation by perfusion, the upper and lower lips and entire cheeks were dissected free and processed for light-, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Established programs (HISTOMEP, MUMANA II) and appropriate morphometric techniques were used to estimate, at the light-microscopic level, the epithelial thickness, the width of the combined lamina propria/submucosa, and the volumetric composition of the gland-containing portions of lip and cheek mucosae. The cheek epithelium was more than twofold thicker than the lip epithelium, on the average 0.46±0.04 and 0.21±0.02 mm, respectively, with no differences related to sex or topographical sites. The combined lamina propria/submuscosa was 1.32 ±0.19 and 1.50±0.26 mm in width in cheeks and lips, respectively. The main mucosal constituents at both sites were glandular and connective tissue, and lymph follicles associated with secretory ducts. In lips, the volume of plasma cells around gland acini correlated positively with the amount of lymphoid tissue present around topographically related ducts. It is suggested that the duct/ lymph follicle assembly may serve as a local antigen-recognition system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217269
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the keratinizing epithelium of normal human hard palate (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 177-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral epithelium ; Keratinization ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Epithel des normalen menschlichen harten Gaumens wurde einer stereologischen Analyse unterworfen. Insgesamt wurden 20 Biopsien aus 9–16 Jahre alten, gesunden Mädchen gewonnen und für licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Studien verarbeitet. Aus 10, zufällig ausgewählten Biopsien wurden Stichproben elektronenmikroskopischer Bilder aus 3 Straten (basale, spinosum, granulosum) und in 2 verschiedenen Bereichen (in epithelialen Leisten und im Epithel über Bindegewebspapillen) entnommen. Ein Total von 1560 elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern wurde mit Hilfe stereologischer Punktzählverfahren analysiert. Die Dicke des Gaumenepithels schwankte zwischen durchschnittlich 0,12 (über Papillen) und 0,31 mm (in Leistenbereich). Das Epithel ist deutlich geschichtet und gleichmäßig orthokeratinisiert. Vom Stratum basale gegen das Stratum granulosum fiel die volumetrische Dichte für Kerne und Mitochondrien, für membrangebundene, synthetisierende Organellen und für Aggregate freier Ribosomen ab, während Keratohyalinkörper und membran-ver-steifende Granula dichtemäßig zunahmen. Der zytoplasmatische Gehalt an Tonofilamenten, die einen konstanten Durchmesser von 85 Å aufwiesen, stieg von 14 auf 30% an, während die strukturlose, zytoplasmatische Grundsubstanz in allen Straten etwa 50% des Zytoplasmavolumens einnahm. Die strukturelle Zusammensetzung des Stratum basale war je nach Lokalisation (Leisten- und Papillenbereich) verschieden. Die Ergebnisse werden insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Beobachtungen diskutiert, daß 1. ein Ansteigen des Gradienten der Tonofilamentdichte nicht als das besonders charakteristische Kennzeichen für orthokeratinisierendes orales Epithel gelten kann, und 2. die Unterschiede im Differentiationsgrad zwischen Basalzellen verschiedener Lokalisation mit der vergleichbaren Häufigkeitsverteilung von sich teilenden Zellen gut übereinstimmte.
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of normal human hard palate was subjected to stereologic analysis. Ten biopsies were selected from a total of twenty specimens collected from 9 to 16 year old females, and processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from three strata (basale, spinosum, granulosum) in two locations (epithelial ridges and portions over connective tissue papillae). Stereologic point counting procedures were employed to analyse a total 1560 electron micrographs. In general, the thickness of the palate epithelium was 0.12 mm (over papillae) and 0.31 mm (in ridges), the epithelium is distinctly stratified, and homogeneously ortho-keratinized. From basal to granular layers, the composition of strata revealed decreasing densities of nuclei, mitochondria, membrane-bound organelles and aggregates of free ribosomes. Keratohyalin bodies and membrane coating granules increased, and cytoplasmic filaments with a constant diameter of about 85 Å increased from 14 to 30% of cytoplasmic unit volume. The cytoplasmic ground substance occupied a stable 50% of the epithelial cytoplasm in all strata. The composition of basal layers in ridges differed from that over connective tissue papillae. The data are discussed in relation to the observations that (1) an increasing gradient of filament density is not the most characteristic feature of ortho-keratinizing oral epithelium and (2) differences in the degree of differentiation in cells of the stratum basale coincided with the comparable frequency distribution pattern of dividing cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219960
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the stratified epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 383-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral epithelium ; Epithelial differentiation ; Filament function ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Epithel der normalen menschlichen Wangenschleimhaut wurde einer stereologischen Analyse unterworfen. 20 Biopsien aus 10–15 Jahre alten, gesunden Mädchen wurden für lichtund elektronenmikroskopische Studien verarbeitet. Aus 10 zufällig gewählten Biopsien wurden auf zwei Vergrößerungsstufen Stichproben elektronenmikroskopischer Bilder a) aus 4 Schichten im Bereich epithelialer Leisten und b) aus 3 Schichten im Epithel über Bindegewebspapillen entnommen. Insgesamt wurden 1820 Bilder mit Hilfe stereologischer Punktzählverfahren analysiert. Das Wangenepithel war im Durchschnitt 0,48 mm dick; es wurde von langen, schmalen Bindegewebspapillen durchzogen und umfaßte ein schmales, basales und suprabasales, sowie ein breites, homogen strukturiertes Oberflächenkompartment, gebildet aus dem Stratum spinosum und den Oberflächenschichten. Die vom Stratum basale gegen die Oberfläche fallenden oder steigenden Strukturgradienten ergaben ein epitheliales Differenzierungsmuster, das völlig verschieden von dem keratinisierender Epithelien ist. Dieses Muster wurde zur Hauptsache durch einen sehr starken Anstieg der Dichte der Filamente, die einen konstanten Durchmesser von 80 Å aufwiesen, durch einen entsprechenden Abfall der Volumendichte der zytoplasmatischen Grundsubstanz, durch das Auftreten von membranversteifenden Granula und durch individuell verschieden starke Glykogenablagerungen hervorgerufen. Es ist möglich, daß das dichte, filamentöse Maschenwerk, welches 70% des epithelialen Zytoplasma innerhalb einer breiten, oberflächlichen Epithelschicht füllt, als funktionelle Matrix für die Dehnbarkeit des Wangenepithels dient.
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was subjected to stereologic analysis. Ten biopsies were selected from a total of 20 specimens collected from 10 to 15 year old females, and processed for lightand electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four strata in epithelial ridges and from three strata in regions over connective tissue papillae. Stereologic point counting based on a recently improved system for analyzing stratified epithelia was employed to analyze a total of 1820 electron micrographs. Buccal epithelium was found to be 0.48 mm thick, interdigitated by long, slender connective tissue papillae, and comprised of a narrow basal and suprabasal, and a broad, homogeneously structured spinous and surface compartment. From basal to surface layers, the epithelium displayed a differentiation pattern different from that of keratinizing epithelia. This pattern was a function mainly of a drastic density increase of cytoplasmic filaments of a constant 80 Å diameter, a corresponding decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the appearance of dark-cored membrane coating granules and individually varying amounts of glycogen deposition. It is suggested that the dense meshwork of filaments which fill 70% of the epithelial cytoplasm in a broad subsurface and surface layer, serves as the functional matrix for epithelial distensibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220313
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related decline of lymphoid-tissue components in the oral mucosa of the lip, cheek and soft palate of Macaca fascicularis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral mucosa ; Age-dependent changes ; Lymphoid tissue ; Macaca fascicularis ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In three mature monkeys (Macaca fascicularis; 3.5±0.3 kg in weight), the labial, buccal and soft-palate mucosae were examined morphologically and stereologically. Using fixation by perfusion, standardized methods of tissue preparation and morphometric analysis at the light-microscopic level, the gross dimensions (i.e., epithelial thickness, width of combined lamina propria/submucosa) and the volumetric composition of the oral mucosae were estimated and compared with those of young animals examined previously. The data show (1) an age-related decline in the volume and prevalence of organized lymphoid tissue (i.e., lymphoid follicles associated with secretory ducts), (2) a stable plasma-cell density in the interglandular connective tissue, and (3) an increase of glandular tissue in mature versus young animals. It is suggested that the lymphoid follicles associated with secretory ducts, providing for plasma-cell generation, mirror the tonsillar lymphoid tissue declining after puberty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213740
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-vitro formation of a new fibrous attachment to human dental roots in the presence of autologous serum (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament cells ; Alveolar bone cells ; Autologous serum ; Cementum ; Dentin ; Cell culture ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have accomplished the establishment of a collagenous fiber-fringe matrix upon dental root surfaces in vitro. The present study was undertaken to follow the development of such a matrix in vitro and to test the possible effects of root surface treatments upon this matrix. Periodontal ligament cells, 0.1 to 0.2-mm thick dental root discs, and alveolar bone cells were derived after extraction from four partially erupted third molars and the accompanying interradicular bony septa of 1 male patient. Autologous serum was obtained by venipuncture. Cultures were initiated by delivering a 1-ml suspension of 50000 tritiated thymidine-labeled periodontal ligament cells and 50000 alveolar bone cells onto each of 42 culture sets. The following day, demineralized or non-demineralized root discs treated with autologous serum, fibronectin or complete medium were placed in pairs, separated by a 0.1–1.0 mm gap, upon the initial cell layer. Representative cultures were terminated after 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks, and processed for light- and electron microscopy, morphometric analysis and autoradiography. An outstanding feature of the early cultures (2, 3 and 4 weeks) was a patchwise, random distribution of matrix making a precise developmental study impossible, although collagen fibrils were produced within the first 2 weeks. Some 3-week cultures already demonstrated a mature fiber-fringe characterized electron-microscopically as oriented, densely packed collagen fibrils closely abutting the cementum-lined root discs. The treatments (including autologous serum) used in this study had no appreciable morphologic or morphometric effect upon the fiber-fringe formed. Because none of the cultures in the present or past studies have demonstrated a true cementoid matrix, this model may not be suitable for the in-vitro study of cementum formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223152
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