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  • Chemistry  (88,714)
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  • AERODYNAMICS
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (56)
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  • 1
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5238 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:42 | 5238 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This report presents five batches of data which have been despatched to the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The data as been allocated to various ECDIN (Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network) files. The data comprises environmental chemicals in the freshwater environment, taking in paricular consideration: aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination biodegradation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Data ; Data processing ; Data collections ; Chemical compounds ; Toxicity ; Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation ; Metabolism
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 8
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  • 2
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5293 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:09 | 5293 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Esthwaite Water is the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. Since 1945 its water quality has been determined from weekly or biweekly measurements of temperature, oxygen, plant nutrients and phytoplankton abundance. The lake receives phosphorus from its largely lowland-pasture catchment, sewage effluent from the villages of Hawkshead and Near Sawrey, and from a cage-culture fish farm. From 1986 phosphorus has been removed from the sewage effluent of Hawkshead which was considered to contribute between 47% and 67% of the total phosphorus loading to the lake. At the commencement of phosphorus removal regular measurements of phosphorus in the superficial 0-4 cm layer of lake sediment were made from cores collected at random sites. Since 1986 the mean annual concentration of alkali-extractable sediment phosphorus has decreased by 23%. This change is not significant at the 5% level but nearly so. There has been no marked change in water quality over this period. Summer dominance of blue-green algae which arose in the early 1980s after decline of the previous summer forms, Ceratium spp., has been maintained. Improvement in water quality is unlikely to be achieved at the present phosphorus loading.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Sediment analysis ; Water quality ; England ; Esthwaite Water
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    Format: 119-131
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  • 3
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5157 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:58 | 5157 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The area studied was the River Frome system below Dorchester. The main river has its origins mainly in chalk springs, although some of its tributaries have surface run-off from farm lands and heath-lands. Thus the chemistry of the river is affected by changes in land practice and differences in the geology of the catchment area. Regular chemical analysis of chalk waters started at the River Laboratory in 1964, Regular weekly analyses have been carried out since 1965 at Bere Stream (a small chalk stream) and the River Frome (a large chalk stream); also single samples have been analysed to provide preliminary information. In 1970-71 an attempt was made to discover the contribution each main source made to the flow and chemical composition of the River Frome. Results of these investigations are presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Chemical analysis ; Chemical composition ; Rivers ; Stream flow ; Annual report ; England ; Dorset
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  • 4
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5171 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:48 | 5171 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An explanation of the basic premises of the subject and its terminology is given. The article then outlines aspects of research on the organic material found in lacustrine sediments, and the analytical methods involved.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Diagenesis ; Freshwater lakes ; Geochemistry ; Lipids ; Sediment analysis ; Annual report
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 45-56
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  • 5
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5225 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:36 | 5225 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The overall goal of the joint research project is to relate the chemical reactions involved in the formation of organo-aluminium complexes under acid conditions to their toxic effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms. Finally, this research is intended to predict toxic effects arising from acidity and aluminium under varying environmental conditions. This interim report examines the chemical modelling of ion-binding by humic substances where a computer model has been developed and is being tested using field data, and conditions required for the precipitation of aluminium in surface waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Modelling ; Models ; Humic acids ; Surface water ; Aluminium compounds ; Aluminium ; Ions ; Toxicity ; England ; Duddon River
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 26
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  • 6
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5239 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:13:47 | 5239 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: This review discusses the processes involved in the decomposition of organic carbon derived initially from structural components of algae and other primary producers. It describes how groups of bacteria interact in time and space in a eutrophic lake. The relative importance of anaerobic and aerobic processes are discussed. The bulk of decomposition occurs within the sediment. The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle and the iron cycle, and in sulphate reduction and methanogenesis as the terminal metabolism of organic carbon are described.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Anaerobic bacteria ; Bacteria ; Biodegradation ; Carbon cycle ; Eutrophic lakes ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen cycle ; Organic carbon ; Oxygen consumption ; Partical size ; Sedimentation ; Sulphates ; Sulphur ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 31-44
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  • 7
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5247 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:08:19 | 5247 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) is an important cyprinid in terms of population biomass in chalk streams of southern England. Dace recruitment has been shown to vary widely from year to year and it is thought that this variation is largely as a result of the influence of abiotic factors, chiefly water temperature. From 1968 to 1981 there was a thirteen-fold difference in the year class structure index between the minimum index (0.25 in 1972) and the maximum (3.21 in 1976). The problems of such variation, especially those that could ensue from a succession of poor year-classes, are offset by the spread of reproductive effort by each female over several years.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Abiotic factors ; Age composition ; Annual variations ; Climate ; Fecundity ; Fish eggs ; Fish larvae ; Freshwater fish ; Life history ; Mortality ; Population dynamics ; Predation ; Recruitment ; Sexual reproduction ; Survivial ; Water temperature ; Cyprinidae ; Leuciscus leuciscus ; England ; Dorset ; Chalk streams ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 83-96
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  • 8
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5257 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:09:23 | 5257 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Phosalone is a non systematic, wide spectrum organophosphate pesticide which was discovered in 1961 in the laboratories of the Societe des Usines Chimique Rhone-Poulenc in France. It has been approved for commercial use since 1964 in France, in Australia since 1966, in the United Kingdom in 1967 and in many other countries including Japan, Egypt, USSR and the USA. This study provides a full literature review on all aspects of phosalone including its physical, biological and chemical characteristics, and analytical methods of analysis with particular reference to soils/sediments. Furthermore, it aims to develop a method for the determintion of phosalone in aquatic sediments and to determine the adsorption of phosalone onto kaolinite.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Insecticides ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Biodegradation ; Adsorption
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 54
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  • 9
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5278 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:09 | 5278 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A literature survey was carried out into the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in freshwater, from the toxicity, biodegradability and concentration aspects. It was supplemented by a selective search on hydrocarbons in the marine environment for comparison. The aim was to determine the major inputs of these hydrocarbons, their accumulation, effects and fate in freshwaters. The search was confined to the period 1965-1978. The bibliography contains 390 references, divided by subject.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; literature reviews ; petroleum ; toxicity ; biodegradation
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  • 10
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5349 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:43 | 5349 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 5 stations in the River Duddon between January 1970 and August 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; dataset
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  • 11
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5351 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:21 | 5351 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the catchment of Lake Windermere in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride ions and pH were taken at 37 stations in the catchment between 1975 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Lake Windermere ; dataset
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  • 12
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5354 | 1256 | 2011-09-16 12:01:28 | 5354 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 182 tarns in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1953 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in lakes and tarns on the English Lake District (1953-1978). Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1982 (FBA Occasional Publications 16)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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  • 13
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5352 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:32:47 | 5352 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions were taken between 1974 and 1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Grasmere ; dataset
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  • 14
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5350 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:56:03 | 5350 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 26 stations in the River Duddon basin between 1972 and 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; River Duddon ; dataset
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  • 15
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5353 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:33:33 | 5353 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 25 frequently sampled tarns in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1954 and 1956 and between 1974-1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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  • 16
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5111 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:22 | 5111 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing changes observed in phytoplankton of the Lake District. An overview is given of previous phytoplankton studies undertaken in the area, detailing some changes found in various waterbodies. Water quality changes in Lake Windermere are mentioned, including the gradual increase of dissolved organic matter (DOM), believed to be caused by the increase of sewage to the lake. The lakes in the Alps are given as an example of a similar anthropogenic pollution scenario. The treatment of a Lake District tarn with bone meal is described. The article goes on to discuss the composition of plankton throughout the year under a variety of climatic conditions. A figure shows seasonal variation in the consistuents of phytoplankton in Windermere (north basin).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Phytoplankton ; Limnology ; Dissolved organic matter ; Seasonal variations ; Sewage ; Water quality ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 17
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5107 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:50 | 5107 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A progress report on research undertaken on the chemical budget of a lake, outlining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in governing the production of life in freshwater. The report uses the Rivers Brathay and Leven, which flow into Windermere, as examples. The report also refers to the Rivers Rothay, Troutbeck and Cunsey. A table is including which shows the monthly average nitrate content (mg per litre) of the River Brathey and River Leven for 1937 into 1938. The report also includes a figure showing Windermere lake levels, discharge and rainfall during 1937. It also briefly considers possible anthropogenic influences on water quality.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Phosphorus ; Organic compounds ; Sewage ; Diatoms ; Algae ; Sediment chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Annual reports ; Nitrates ; River discharge ; England
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 38-42
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  • 18
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5114 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:21:32 | 5114 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article looking at the numerical distribution of bacteria in lakes, the types most commonly present and the nitrogen-cycle, in Lake Windermere. The methodology is explained, including the sampling frequency and depths, and bacteria culturing techniques. Water bodies other than Lake Windermere were also sampled and these are detailed, including a water reservoir. A summary of the work into horizontal of bacteria is given, including a table showing the number of bacteria per millilitre at different distances from inflow into Windermere. A summary of the work into vertical distribution is also given, including two figures, one showing seasonal variation during 1938-9 in numbers of bacteria at different depths in Winderemere, and the other showing the relationship between the numbers of bacteria at 10 metres depth in Windermere and the rainfull during the previous 7 days. A summary of the types of bacteria found, as well as work on the nitrogen cycle in Esthwaite Water, Lake Windermere and Blelham Tarn are given.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Nitrogen cycle ; Bacteria ; Freshwater ecology ; Limnology ; Seasonal variations ; Water column ; Water reservoirs ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 19
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5112 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:20 | 5112 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the work undertaken looking at the seasonal variation of chemical conditions in water at various depths in lakes. The laboratory tests undertaken for the research is outlined, as well as details of the sampling locations and the staff involved with the work. One figure shows the seasonal variation in the amounts of dissolved substances in the surface water of Windermere during 1936. Another figure shows seasonal varation inthe dry weight of phyto- and zooplankton in Windermere. Seasonal changes are discussed further and a table is included showing chemical conditions in winter and summer for Windermere.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Limnology ; Chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Diatoms ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Water column ; Surface water ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 20
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5122 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:47 | 5122 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the methods of biological surveillance of chalk-streams developed and commonly used at that time, with a focus on their application to the River Frome catchment in Dorset. In evaluating the surveillance methods, the author looks at sampling methods (including cores and kick-sampling), the level of identification of macroinvertebrates, and temporal and spatial variations. Responses of indices to organic pollution are also discussed. A number of accompanying figures are also included.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Ecology ; Environment ; Chalk ; Water management ; Cores ; Aquatic communities ; Freshwater ecology ; Invertebrate larvae ; Biological surveys ; Temporal variations ; Spatial variations ; Annual reports ; England
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  • 21
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5123 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:51 | 5123 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A review article detailing the background, development and functionality of the Windermere Profiler, a multi parameter environmental monitoring instrument for use in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. The article explains the requirement for regular data collection by the Freshwater Biological Association at Windermere. The article covers the requirements of a profiling instrument, the design considerations, the electronic circuitry, the computer program, the operation of the computer software, the profiler in use and further developments to the design. A number of figures and images accompany the article.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Limnology ; Profilers ; Inland water environment ; Water reservoirs ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Temperature data ; Electrical conductivity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Depth measurement ; Light attenuation ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 22
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5117 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:21 | 5117 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing the factors affecting the rate of growth of brown trout, detailing the research udnertaken at Wray Castle, designed to clarify the influencing factors in different waters and investigate what would be required to increase their size. The article considers factors such as alkalinity, total hardness, the presence of coarse fish in the waterbodies and competition for food. Previous work undertaken on brown trout in Ireland by other authors is reviewed. A figure showing average growth rate of brown trout in five lakes, as determined from their scales (Lough Derg, Windermere, Loch Leven, Ullswater, Haweswater).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Coarse fish ; pH effects ; Water hardness ; Food availability ; Limnology ; England ; Lake District
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  • 23
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5189 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:16:49 | 5189 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: There is no evidence of an increase in the acidity (lower pH or alkalinity) of water-bodies in the Lake District over the last 50 years. Brown trout occur in acid streams and upland tarns where pH is 4.5-5.2 throughout the year. Their occurrence in such waters in Britain and Ireland has been known for most of this century and there is no previous evidence of harmful effects on salmonid fisheries, though numbers of fish are naturally low. However, many benthic invertebrates that are common in hill-streams where pH is above 5.7 do not occur in more acid streams. This phenomenon occurs in the headwaters of several western rivers in Cumbria. It is not a recent response to "acid rain". Harmful effects of pH are undoubtedly more pronounced in waters that are poor in other dissolved ions. Low concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are especially important and may limit the distributions of some aquatic animals even where pH is above 5.7. The concentration of sulphate ions is usually relatively high but this is not important to the fauna; concentrations are at least two times higher in productive alkaline water-bodies than they are in unproductive acid waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Alkalinity ; Freshwater pollution ; pH ; Pollution effects ; Invertebrata ; Salmonidae ; England ; Lake District ; Annual report
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  • 24
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5181 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:17 | 5181 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The chemical speciation of both metals and non-metals, the use of polarographic techniques, and application to the study of the chemistry of anoxic waters are considered. In the first part of the paper unfamiliar terminology is explained and then an example of simple lake chemistry is presented to illustrate why the concept of speciation is necessary.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Chemical speciation ; Anoxic basins ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5195 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:06 | 5195 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This review is concerned with the kinetics of calcium carbonate formation and related processes which are important in many hard waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Calcite ; Calcium carbonates ; Chemical precipitation ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5193 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:03 | 5193 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A study of the geochemical cycling of iron and manganese in a seasonally stratified lake, Esthwaite water is described. This work is based on speculative ideas on environmental redox chemistry of iron which were proposed by C.H. Mortimer in the 1940's. These observations have been verified and some speculations confirmed, along with a new understanding of the manganese cycle, and detailed information on the particulate forms of both iron and manganese. Details on the mechanisms and transformations of iron have also emerged.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Chemical precipitation ; Freshwater lakes ; Iron ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Redox potential ; Reduction ; Stratification ; England ; Esthwaite Lake ; Annual report
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  • 27
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5197 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:33 | 5197 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Studies by the Freshwater Biological Association over the last 25 years have supplied data relevant to the levels of acidity in local soils and water before the onset of industrial pollution and current interest in acid rain. This article reviews published analysis from cores of lake sediments, in or near the catchment of the River Duddon. Electron spin resonance spectra of humic acids and iodine values confirm evidence from pollen analysis for a history of progressive acidification of the source material of lake sediments since before 5000 radiocarbon years, in upland catchments of the Lake District. Processes involved included: removal of basic ions from soils by rainfall, the effects of which were intensified by removal by man of deciduous forest; acidification of soils and waters by decomposition products of Calluna and further acidification of waters by Sphagnum species which colonized habitats where drainage became impeded by paludification processes.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Freshwater lakes ; Lake Basins ; Lake deposits ; pH ; Palnology ; England ; Cumbria ; Annual report
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):788-91. doi: 10.1126/science.326_788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; Anthropology ; Biology ; Chemistry ; Germany ; Germany, East ; Physics ; Research Personnel ; Universities
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: Artificial biochemical circuits are likely to play as large a role in biological engineering as electrical circuits have played in the engineering of electromechanical devices. Toward that end, nucleic acids provide a designable substrate for the regulation of biochemical reactions. However, it has been difficult to incorporate signal amplification components. We introduce a design strategy that allows a specified input oligonucleotide to catalyze the release of a specified output oligonucleotide, which in turn can serve as a catalyst for other reactions. This reaction, which is driven forward by the configurational entropy of the released molecule, provides an amplifying circuit element that is simple, fast, modular, composable, and robust. We have constructed and characterized several circuits that amplify nucleic acid signals, including a feedforward cascade with quadratic kinetics and a positive feedback circuit with exponential growth kinetics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, David Yu -- Turberfield, Andrew J -- Yurke, Bernard -- Winfree, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1121-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA91125, USA. dzhang@dna.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Chemical Engineering ; *Computers, Molecular ; DNA/*chemistry ; Entropy ; Equipment Design ; Feedback, Physiological ; Mice ; Nanotechnology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Rabbits
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitesides, George M -- Crabtree, George W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):796-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Biotechnology ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Environment ; Photosynthesis ; *Research ; Solar Energy
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: The runners-up for 2007's Breakthrough of the Year include advances in cellular and structural biology, astrophysics, physics, immunology, synthetic chemistry, neuroscience, and computer science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cosmic Radiation ; Humans ; Imagination ; Memory ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; *Science ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szathmary, Eors -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):306-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biology, Eotvos University Budapest, and Collegium Budapest (Institute for Advanced Study), 2 Szentharomsag utca, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. szathmary@colbud.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Computational Biology ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Exobiology ; Humans ; Language ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Biology ; Origin of Life ; *Research ; Selection, Genetic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1235-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Cooking ; *Food ; France ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; China ; *Fatty Acids ; France ; History, 21st Century ; *Theft
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  • 35
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-05-10
    Description: Here we describe the requirements of an e-Infrastructure to enable faster, better, and different scientific research capabilities. We use two application exemplars taken from the United Kingdom's e-Science Programme to illustrate these requirements and make the case for a service-oriented infrastructure. We provide a brief overview of the UK "plug-and-play composable services" vision and the role of semantics in such an e-Infrastructure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hey, Tony -- Trefethen, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):817-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1ET, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; *Computational Biology ; *Computer Communication Networks ; *Computing Methodologies ; Databases as Topic ; Graves Disease/genetics ; *Internet ; *Research ; *Software ; Williams Syndrome/genetics
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  • 36
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-10-22
    Description: If you trust the conventional wisdom, Amy Palmer and Alexis Templeton did a lot of things wrong in their job search. Then why did things turn out so right?〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):518-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; *Career Mobility ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Education, Graduate ; *Faculty ; Microbiology ; *Research ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-03-03
    Description: Monoclonal antibodies have been induced that are capable of catalyzing specific hydrolysis of the Gly-Phe bond of peptide substrates at neutral pH with a metal complex cofactor. The antibodies were produced by immunizing with a Co(III) triethylenetetramine (trien)-peptide hapten. These antibodies as a group are capable of binding trien complexes of not only Co(III) but also of numerous other metals. Six peptides were examined as possible substrates with the antibodies and various metal complexes. Two of these peptides were cleaved by several of the antibodies. One antibody was studied in detail, and cleavage was observed for the substrates with the trien complexes of Zn(II), Ga(III), Fe(III), In(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Lu(III), Mg(II), or Mn(II) as cofactors. A turnover number of 6 x 10(-4) per second was observed for these substrates. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of cofactor-assisted catalysis in an antibody binding site to accomplish difficult chemical transformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iverson, B L -- Lerner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Mar 3;243(4895):1184-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2922606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens/immunology ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cobalt/immunology/metabolism ; Glycine/metabolism ; Haptens/immunology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Immunization ; Metals/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Oligopeptides/*metabolism ; Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Trientine/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 1989-11-17
    Description: The surface forces apparatus technique was used for measuring the adhesion, deformation, and fusion of bilayers supported on mica surfaces in aqueous solutions. The most important force leading to the direct fusion of bilayers is the hydrophobic interaction, although the occurrence of fusion is not simply related to the force law between bilayers. Bilayers do not need to "overcome" some repulsive force barrier, such as hydration, before they can fuse. Instead, once bilayer surfaces come within about 1 nanometer of each other, local deformations and molecular rearrangements allow them to "bypass" these forces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helm, C A -- Israelachvili, J N -- McGuiggan, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Nov 17;246(4932):919-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2814514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Lipid Bilayers ; Models, Biological ; Models, Structural ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Phosphatidylethanolamines
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldrop, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):354-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2756423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Enzymes ; Technology, Pharmaceutical
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-05-26
    Description: Methods for the design and synthesis of ligands intended to be specific for a metal ion have been a recent chemical development. This article describes how this process can be inverted so that the specifics of the coordination environment around the metal ion can be used as a template in large-scale ligand synthesis. The synthesis of macrobicyclic ligands for ferric ion has been accomplished by using active esters of catechol ligands in which catecholate coordination to iron is a prelude to the organic chemical reactions that link the coordination subunits together into one ligand system surrounding a central metal ion coordination site. The lanthanide(III) ions, which are among the most labile metal ions known, have coordination numbers of 8 or higher, and thus their encapsulation into a macrobicyclic structure is a challenging problem. Lanthanide amine complexes have been used as metal templates in the synthesis of such macrobicyclic lanthanide complexes. There is evidence that such a complex is inert to exchange in aqueous solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMurry, T J -- Raymond, K N -- Smith, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 May 26;244(4907):938-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2658057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cations ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Iron/metabolism ; *Ligands ; Macromolecular Substances ; Metals/*metabolism ; Metals, Rare Earth/metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Templates, Genetic
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-02-17
    Description: Mechanistic and synthetic studies in organometallic chemistry have provided considerable insight into olefin metathesis and Ziegler-Natta polymerization. New homogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts based on high oxidation state transition metals have opened new opportunities in polymer synthesis by providing unprecedented control in ring-opening polymerization of cyclic alkenes. The recent development of living coordinative polymerization systems has led to the preparation of a number of new, interesting materials, including block copolymers, conducting polymers or precursors, and ionophoric polymeric substrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grubbs, R H -- Tumas, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Feb 17;243(4893):907-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Organometallic Compounds ; *Polymers
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In this part properties and efficiency of the developed model1,2 are discussed. A variation of the parameters shows that vigorous effects are caused by the effective aggregation. All calculations show that at low conversion there are little temporal steps between the sequential aggregation steps. In the range of 5% to 20% conversion the velocity of aggregation decreases and the aggregative stability agrees with experiences given in the literature. It is shown that the calculated results are in agreement with the experimental results and therefore the presented model is a suitable possibility to describe the formation of some PVC-morphology properties.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften des früher1,2 entwickelten Modells untersucht und diskutiert. Die Variation der Modellparameter zeigt einen großen Einfluß der Aggregationsprozesse auf die Subkornmorphologie. Bei niedrigen Monomerumsätzen ist das Zeitintervall zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Aggregationsschritten sehr klein, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum die Geschwindigkeit der Aggregation der Unterstrukturen entscheidend ist. Im Bereich zwischen 5% und 20% Monomerumsatz sinkt die Aggregationsgeschwindigkeit sehr stark, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum zunehmend die Polymerisationsreaktion an Bedeutung gewinnt. Aggregative Stabilität wird nach dem Modell für einen Teilchengrößenbereich erhalten, der sich in Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten aus der Fachliteratur befindet. Die berechneten Teilchengrößen entsprechen ebenfalls den in der Literatur publizierten experimentellen Werten, so daß das Modell eine gute Grundlage für die Beschreibung einiger morphologisch bestimmter Polymereigenschaften bildet.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden unidirektionale Verbundwerkstoffe aus Novolakharz mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern gemäß der Prepreg-Methode verarbeitet. Das Novolakharz wurde durch Polymerisation von Phenol mit Formaldehyd (Mol-Verhältnis 1 : 0,82) und Oxalsäure als Katalysator (1,5 Gew.-% von Phenol) hergestellt. Die Härtung des Novolakharzes wurde mit Hexamethylentetramin (Hexa) durchgeführt, während das geeignete Verhältnis durch die IR-Spektroskopie bestimmt wurde.Es wurden Proben aus Novolak/Hexa (Gew.-Verhältnis 14: 1), verstärkt mit kommerziellen Kohlenstoff-Fasern, unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (z. B. verschiedene thermische Programme und verschiedene Verhältnisse von Novolakharz : Kohlenstoff-Fasern) hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der hergestellten Proben (wie Biegefestigkeit, Zugfestigkeit, usw.) wurden bestimmt, und ihre Struktur wurde mit Hilfe der Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht.Mit zunehmendem Volumenverhältnis der Kohlenstoff-Fasern werden nicht nur alle mechanischen Eigenschaften des verstärkten Materials verbessert, sondern auch sein Nutzungsgrad nimmt zu, und die Herstellungsbedingungen üben einen größeren Einfluß aus. Die mit dem gleichen Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff-Fasern (z. B. 15 Vol.-%) hergestellten Proben weisen mit zunehmendem Härtungsgrad des Novolaks verbesserte mechanische Eigenschaften auf. Der Häirtungsgrad des Novolaks während der Anfangsphase (Gel-Zeit) als auch während der Endphase (Nachhärtung) kann mit Hilfe der IR-Spektren des härtenden Novolaks verfolgt werden, während der Härtungsgrad der Zwischenphase nur indirekt aus den Werten der mechanischen Eigenschaften der entsprechenden Proben bestimmt werden kann.Aus der Korrelation zwischen den Herstellungsparametern und den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben ergeben sich optimale Bedingungen für die Verarbeitung in der Wärmepresse zur Herstellung von mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern verstärkten Novolakharzen (1. Phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, ohne Druck; 2. Phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN /cm2).
    Notes: Unidirectional composite materials of novolac resin with carbon fibers were fabricated according to the prepreg method. Novolac resin was prepared by polymerization of phenol with formaldehyde (mole ratio 1 : 0.82) in the presence of oxalic acid as catalyst (1.5 wt.-% to phenol). The curing of novolac resin was performed with hexamethylenetetramine (hexa), while the appropriate proportion was determined by using the IR-spectroscopy.Specimens of novolac/hexa (weight ratio 14:1) reinforced with carbon fibers commercially available were fabricated under different conditions (e.g. different thermal programs and different proportions of novolac/carbon fibers). The mechanical properties of the fabricated specimens (like flexural strength, tensile strength, etc.) were determined and their structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy.By increasing the volume proportion of carbon fibers, not only all mechanical properties of the composite material were increased, but also their degree of utilization was increased and also the production conditions had greater influence. Concerning the specimens produced by the same proportion of carbon fibers (e.g. 15 vol.-%) their mechanical properties were improved by increasing the curing of novolac. The degree of curing of novolac during the initial phase (gel time) and during the ultimate phase (post-curing) can be followed with the aid of IR-spectra of the cured resin, while the degree of curing for the intermediate phase can be obtained only indirectly from the values of the mechanical properties of the corresponding specimens.From the correlation between the production parameters and the mechanical properties of the samples the optimal conditions for processing of the thermopress for the manufacture of carbon fiber reinforced novolac were concluded (1. phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, without pressure; 2. phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN/cm2).
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  • 44
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit interessieren wir uns für den Einfluß von Konzentration und Temperatur auf den elektrischen Widerstand eines Butyl-Kautschuks (IIR), der mit zwei Typen von Ruß (Hoch-Abrasion-Schmelzofen-Ruß (HAF) und Schnell-Extrusion-Hochofen-Ruß (FEF)) versetzt ist. Ergebnis war, daß die Leitfähigkeit bei niedrigem Rußgehalt hauptsächlich durch thermische Aktivierung der Ladungsträger erreicht wird. Bei mittleren Konzentrationen überwiegt der Tunnel-Mechanismus bei niedriger Temperatur, gefolgt von der thermischen Aktivierung bei relativ hoher Temperatur. Dies gilt für beide Rußarten. Das metallartige Verhalten bei Gemischen mit hoher Rußkonzentration kann sowohl der thermischen Ausdehnung der Tunnelwege zwischen Kohlenstoff-Agglomeraten als auch dem Zusammenbruch der Kohlenstoff-Agglomerate bei steigender Temperatur zugeschrieben werden.
    Notes: In this study we are interested in the effect of concentration and temperature on the electrical resistivity of butyl rubber (IIR) loaded with two types of carbon black, (namely, high abrasion furnace black (HAF), and fast extrusion furnace black (FEF)). It was found that the conductivity at low carbon black concentrations is mainly achieved by thermal activation of carriers. Tunneling mechanism at low termperature followed by thermal activation at relatively high temperature is found to be predominant for moderate concentrations for both carbon blacks. The metal-like behaviour which was observed in highly loaded compounds was attributed to both, the thermal expansion of the tunneling paths between carbon-carbon agglomerates and the breakdown of carbon agglomerates with temperature.
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  • 45
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von Halogenderivaten des Phenylglycidylethers und die Möglichkeiten der Verwendung von diesen Komponenten als Flammverzögerer und reaktive Verdünnungsmittel für Epoxidharze.Mit Hilfe der Nelder-Mead-Simplexmethode wurden die besten Reaktionsbedingungen gefunden. Die so hergestellten Produkte zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Qualität aus und wurden mit einem niedermolekularen Epoxidharz gemischt und mit Diaminodiphenylmethan gehärtet.Die Viskosität von Harzgemischen und die Brennbarkeit der gehärteten Systeme wurden untersucht. Mit dem erhöhten Gehalt an Halogen (Chlor oder Brom) steigt die Viskosität, und die Brennbarkeit der Epoxide wird reduziert.
    Notes: This study deals with the synthesis of halogenated derivatives of phenyl glycidyl ether and with possibilities of their use as flame retardants and reactive diluents of epoxy resin.The best reaction conditions optimized by Nelder-Mead simplex method were found. The products of very high quality were prepared. They were mixed with a lowmolecular epoxy resin and cured by diamino diphenyl methane.The viscosity of the resin mixtures and limiting oxygen index of cured systems were determined. It was found that a higher content of halogen, both chlorine and bromine, causes increasing viscosity and reduced flammability of the epoxides.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Messungen von Tg, Tm und Tc (Trübungspunkt) wurden Phasendiagramme der vier verträglichen Polymermischungen von chlorierten isotaktischen Polypropylenen (Chlorgehalt 39,2 (CPP-40) und 49,8 Gew.-% (CPP-50)) mit Poly(ethylen-co-vinylacetat)en (Vinylacetatgehalt 40 (EVA-40) und 45 Gew.-% (EVA-45)) untersucht. Von den vier Mischungspaaren war die Mischung von CPP-50 mit EVA-40 am besten verträglich.
    Notes: By measuring Tg, Tm and Tc (cloud point) phase diagrams for the four miscible blends of chlorinated isotactic polypropylenes (chlorine content 39.2 (CPP-40) and 49.8 wt.-% (CP-50)) with Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (vinyl acetate contents 40 (EVA-40) and 45 wt.-% (EVA-45)) were investigated. The blend of CPP-50 with EVA-40 was the most compatible of the four blend pairs.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Kationenaustauschmembranen aus PE-PS-DVB-Interpolymeren für die Elektrolyse von Borax-Lösung zur Erzeugung von Borsäure und Natronlauge wurden durchgeführt und mit den Eigenschaften von im Handel erhältlichen Membranen („Nafion 324“ und „Permaplex C-20“) verglichen.
    Notes: The synthesis and the characterization of the PE-PS-DVB interpolymer cationexchange membranes in the electrolysis of borax solutions to produce boric acid and sodium hydroxide simultaneously was carried out. The characterization of the teflon based “Nafion 324” and polystyrene-DVB based “Permaplex C-20” membranes was also performed in the same system for comparison.The DVB contents were varied between 3 - 12% (by wt. in total monomers) and the increase of the cross-links resulted in the decrease of the water contents and ionexchange capacities of the membranes. The PE present in the membrane acted as a barrier for electroosmotic water transport. The membranes with high DVB contents showed better electrolysis performance due to their low water contents and low electroosmotic water transport properties. The use of the interpolymer membrane containing 11.6% DVB resulted in high current efficiency and high sodium cation dynamic transport number and worked satisfactorily at the process conditions of borax electrolysis.
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  • 48
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Rizinusöl und difunktionellen Säuren, wie Oxal-, Malon-, Bernstein-, Glutar-, Adipin-, Suberin- und Sebacinsäure, wurden Prepolyester hergestellt. Diese Prepolyester (PPE) wurden anschließend mit Methylmethacrylat und 1% Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat als Vernetzer interpenetriert. Die Polymerisation wurde radikalisch mit Benzoylperoxid gestartet. Die neuen PPE/Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA)-interpenetrierenden Netzwerke wurden als Pulver erhalten. Sie wurden durch ihr Löseverhalten, IR-Spektroskopie und ihr thermisches Verhalten charakterisiert.
    Notes: Prepolyesters were obtained from castor oil and dibasic acids, viz oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, suberic and sebacic acid. These prepolyesters (PPE) were subsequently interpenetrated with methyl methacrylate containing 1% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker by radical polymerization initiated with benzoyl peroxide. The novel PPE poly(methyl methacrylate) PPE/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were obtained as powder. They were characterized by solubility behaviour, IR spectral study and thermal behaviour.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,4-Ionen, ein polymeres quartäres Ammoniumsalz, wurde auf einem makroporösen chlormethylierten Poly(Styrol-co-Divinylbenzol)-Harz (XAD-2) immobilisiert. Der Ionen-Gehalt des Harzes, der durch CHN-Elementaranalyse bestimmt wurde, betrug 50,2 g/kg Harz. Der wichtigste Nebeneffekt des modifizierten Harzes, das Ausbluten des Katalysators 2,4-Ionen, kann durch eine spektrophotometrische Methode, die extrem geringe Konzentraionen an freiem Ionen an der Oberfläche des Harzes messen kann, ermittelt werden.Die Aktivität der immobilisierten 2,4-Ionen/Kobalt(II)-phthalocyanin-tetranatriumsulfonat-Komplexe in bezug auf die oxidative Kupplung von Thiolen ist viel niedriger als im homogenen Fall, aber noch beträchtlich höher als im polymerfreien System. Die beobachtete Abnahme der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit resultiert nicht aus Behinderungen des Massentransports, sondern vorzugsweise aus den Katalysatoreigenschaften wie z. B. einem sehr niedrigen N+/Co-VerhtUtnis. Die aktiven Zentren scheinen nur in der äußeren Hiille der Harzpartikel vorhanden zu sein.
    Notes: A poly(quaternary ammonium) salt, 2,4-ionene, has been immobilized on a macroporous chloromethylated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin (XAD-2). The ionene content of the resin, determined by CHN elemental analysis, was 50.2 g/kg resin. The most important side effect of the modified resin, catalyst (2,4-ionene) bleeding, can be detected by a spectrophotometric method capable of determining extremely low concentrations of free ionene in the supernatant of the resin.The activity of these immobilized 2,4-ionene/cobalt(II)phthalocyanine-tetrasodiumsulfonate (CoTSPc) complexes towards the oxidative coupling of thiols is much lower than in the homogeneous case, but still considerably higher than for the polymer free system. The observed decrease in reaction rate does not originate from the considerable mass transfer resistances but predominantly from catalyst properties like a very low local N+/Co ratio. The active sites appear to be present in the outer shell of the resin particles only.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Röntgendiffraktometrische Untersuchungen und DSC-Messungen an Blend-Filmen, die aus Lösungen von PEEK und PES hergestellt wurden, zeigen eine Phasenseparation bei den Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt wurden. Das Kristallisationsverhalten von Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt, anschließend abgeschreckt und bei 180°C getempert wurden, ist identisch mit dem von PEEK. Filme, die bei 300°C hergestellt wurden, kristallisierten erst durch Tempern bei 250°C. Blockcopolymere, die aus Oligomeren von PEEK und PES erhalten wurden, unterscheiden sich in dieser Hinsicht von Blends der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Die Glastemperatur von Copolymeren mit einem PEEK-Gehalt von mehr als 50% liegt höher als die von PEEK selbst, während der Schmelzpunkt dieser Copolymeren niedriger als der von PEEK ist.
    Notes: Polymer blends of PEEK with PES were prepared by the solution blending method. Copolymers composed of PEEK and PES components were synthesized from these oligomers. The formation conditions exerted an influence over the molecular aggregation and the crystallization behaviors of the blend films and block copolymers which were examined by X-ray diffractometry and DSC analysis. As a result, phase-separation in the blend films was found when the formation temperature was high. The blend films formed at 340°C, quenched and annealed at 180°C, exhibited the same crystallization behavior as those of PEEK. In the case of the blend films formed at 300°C, the annealing of the films at 250°C was required to crystallize the blend films. The Tg of a copolymer with a PEEK component content of more than 50% tends to shift toward a higher temperature than the Tg of PEEK itself, and the Tm of the copolymer toward a lower temperature than that of PEEK ist.
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  • 51
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Reaktionsprodukt eines Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harzes mit dem Säurechlorid des Radikalinitiators 4,4′-Azo-bis(4-cyanopentansäure) wurde als Initiator für die Styrolpolymerisation eingesetzt, um ein Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harz/Polystyrol-Copolymeres zu bilden. Das Copolymere zeigte ähnliche Löslichkeit wie Polystyrol.
    Notes: The reaction product of cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin with an acid chloride of a radical initiator, 4,4′-azo-bis(4-cyano pentanoic acid) was used as initiator for styrene polymerization to form a cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin/polystyrene copolymer. The copolymer showed similar solubility as polystyrene.
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  • 52
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entgegengesetzte Ladungen wurden durch tertiäre Amin- und Carboxylgruppen in Polyurethan (PU) und Polystyrol (PS) eingeführt, um durch gemeinsame Massepolymerisation ein interpenetrierendes PU/PS Polymernetzwerk (IPN) zu erhalten. Vier IPNs wurden hergestellt: ein Voll-IPN, zwei Semi-IPNs und ein lineares Blend. Die Wirkung der geladenen Gruppen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Morphologie der vier Polymermischungen wurde untersucht.Es wurde gefunden, daß PU/PS IPNs mit geladenen Gruppen keine Phasenseparation und somit homogene Verteilung aufweisen, was durch elektronenmikroskopische (SEM) Aufnahmen nachgewiesen wurde. Dynamisch-mechanische Messungen zeigen, daß die Übergangspeaks des Verlust-Moduls E″ in die Mitte zwischen den beiden Übergangspeaks der beiden Komponenten ohne geladene Gruppen liegen. Dies ist von der Zunahme des Gehaltes an geladenen Gruppen abhängig. Gleichzeitig nimmt der Speichermodul E′ in einer Stufe ab, was im Gegensatz zu der zweistufigen Abnahme bei Proben ohne Ladungsträger steht.Die Zugfestigkeit nimmt in allen vier Polymermischungen mit der Zunahme an Acrylsäure (AA) in Poly(Styrol-Acrylsäue) PSAA zu, was in dem PU/PSAA Voll-IPN besonders deutlich wird.
    Notes: Opposite charges, namely tertiary amine and carboxyl groups, were introduced into polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS), respectively, to prepare PU/PS interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by means of simultaneous bulk polymerization. Four IPNs were synthesized: a full-IPN, two semi-IPNs and a linear blend. The effect of charge groups on the mechanical properties and morphology of the four polymer alloys was investigated.It is found that the PU/PS IPN which was incorporated with charge groups is free of any phase-separation, and sufficiently uniformly distributed, as can be seen from the corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that the transition peak of the loss modulus E″ will move towards the centre between the two transition peaks of both components in the absence of charge groups, as a function of an increase in the contents of the opposite charge groups. Meanwhile the storage modulus E′ will decrease in a single-stage way from the previous two-stage mode.The tensile strength in all the four polymer alloys increased markedly along with an increase in the contents of acrylic acid (AA) in the poly(styrene-acrylic acid) (PSAA), which clearly can be seen for the PU/PSAA full-IPN.
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  • 53
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrolysis behaviour and coke characteristics of different precursors for carbon processing: thermosetting resins (resol, novolak), hydrolytic lignin, pitch, tar as well as their blends were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The blends novolak-pitch, resol-tar and resol-hydrolytic lignin show a higher coke yield after carbonisation up to 1000°C compared to the corresponding individual substances. A good correlation between the integral procedural decomposition temperature T*A of the investigated precursors and their coke yield is found.
    Notes: Mittels Thermo- und Röntgenstrukturanalyse wird eine vergleichende Untersuchung des Pyrolysevorganges und der Mikrostruktur des aus zwei Gruppen organischer Bindemittel und deren Mischungen gewonnenen Koksrückstandes durchgeführt. Gruppe I umfaßt reine und mit Hydrolyselignin gefüllte Resol- und Novolak-Phenol-Formaldehydharze und Gruppe II Steinkohlenpech und -teer. Es wird festgestellt, daß sich die Mischungen Novolakharz-Pech, Resolharz-Teer und Resolharz-Hydrolyselignin beim Erhitzen nicht wie mechanische Gemische verhalten und eine erhöhte Ausbeute an Koksrückstand liefern. Weiterhin wird gefunden, daß die integrale Endtemperatur der Pyrolyse (T*A) dieser Substanzen als quantitatives Maß für die Ausbeute an Koksrückstand im Anschluß an die Carbonisierung der Proben dienen kann.
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  • 54
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper describes the successful synthesis of silicon containing bismaleimide resin 4,4′-carbo(4,4′-bismaleimido phenoxy)diphenyl silane. The char yield of the bismaleimide resin in N2 atmosphere was found to be 55% at 800°C. Chain extension of bismaleimide with 4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone reduced the char yield and thermal stability.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: As hard blocks in polyether block amides, polyamides are used whose length is intensively regulated by dicarboxylic acids. Since, with regard to melting and crystallization behaviour, this acid constitutes an interfering structural unit in the chain, and in the case of a completely converted product each chain contains one acid molecule, it is essential to know where in the chain incorporation will occur. As opposed to monofunctional chain regulators which always form a chain end, a bifunctional chain regulator can a priori also be randomly incorporated into the inner part of the chain. This leads to a far greater interference than occurs if the chain regulator molecule and the chain end, which acts as an interfering unit in any case, coincide with each other.By means of adipic acid-regulated oligoamides based on lauryl lactam, the incorporation of the chain regulator was examined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with model calculations. This resulted in a close match only if it was presupposed that the incorporation was carried out randomly with the same degree of probability at any point whatsoever between two lauryl lactam structural units or at the chain end.Further calculations illustrate the effects of the incorporation of the chain regulator on the size of the amorphous portion.
    Notes: Als Hartblöcke in Polyetherblockamiden werden durch Dicarbonsäuren stark geregelte Polyamide eingesetzt. Da die Säure in Hinblick auf das Schmelz- und Kristallisationsverhalten einen Störbaustein in der Kette darstellt und bei einem ausgeregelten Produkt jede Kette ein Säuremolekül enthält, ist es von Bedeutung zu wissen, wo in der Kette der Einbau erfolgt. Anders als bei monofunktionellen Reglern, wo der Regler stets ein Kettenende bildet, kann ein bifunktioneller Regler a priori auch statistisch im Inneren der Kette eingebaut werden. Dies führt zu einer viel stärkeren Störung, als wenn das Reglermolekül und das sowieso als Störstelle wirkende Kettenende zusammenfallen. Anhand adipinsäuregeregelter Oligoamide auf Basis von Laurinlactam wird kernresonanzspektroskopisch der Einbau des Reglers untersucht und mit Rechnungen verglichen. Es ergibt sich nur dann gute Übereinstimmung, wenn vorausgesetzt wird, daß der Einbau statistisch erfolgt und dabei mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit für jede beliebige Stelle zwischen zwei Laurinlactambausteinen oder am Kettenende abläuft. Weitere Rechnungen verdeutlichen den Einfluß des Reglereinbaus auf die Größe des amorphen Anteils.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Auf Grund von mikroskopischen Beobachtungen wurde festgestellt, daß unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung die Oberfläche von PVC-Filmen einer Formveränderung unterliegt. Auf der Oberfläche erscheinen Bläschen und Löcher. Die sich absondernden Gasprodukte der Polymerfotodestruktion verursachen die Bildung dieser Bläschen und Löcher. Größere Oberflächenänderungen wurden in Filmen mit einem Zusatz von 1-5% eines MMA/MA-Copolymeren beobachtet. Das weist auf eine in diesem Modifikator stattfindende Photoabbaureaktion hin, deren Ergiebigkeit größer ist als in reinem PVC. Dieser Modifikator wird in PVC eingeführt, um die Filmoberfläche zu verbessern, beschleunigt allerdings ihre Zerstörung unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Cyclohexanonspuren in den Proben den Photoabbau von MMA/MA retardieren, diesen Prozeß in PVC aber beschleunigen.
    Notes: By means of microscopic observation, the deformation of the surface of PVC films caused by 253.7 nm UV radiation was investigated. Numerous blisters and holes were formed by the gaseous photodecomposition products of the polymer.More apparent deformation of the films containing MMA/MA suggests that the photodecomposition of this modifier occurs with higher efficiency than that of PVC.MMA/MA copolymer is introduced into PVC films to improve the smoothness of their surface, but this modifier accelerates the deformation of this surface under UV irradiation. It was also found that traces of cyclohexanone in samples retard the photodecomposition of MMA/MA and accelerate this process in PVC.
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  • 57
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 170 (1989), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Anzahl von Harzen wurde durch gemeinsame Kondensation von p-Aminoacetophenon (p-AAph), substituierten Benzoesäuren wie m-Tolylsäure (m-TA), o-Tolylsäure (o-TA), Phthalsäure (PhA), p-Nitrobenzoesäure (p-NBA), p-Chlorbenzoesäure (p-CIBA) und Formaldehyd (F) in Gegenwart von verschiedenen Säuren und Basen als Katalysatoren hergestellt. Die Harze wurden IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die Löslichkeitsparameter wurden gemäß Small's Gruppenbeteiligung berechnet; sie stimmen gut mit den experimentellen Werten überein. Das thermische Verhalten und die bakteriologischen Eigenschaften der Harze wurden auch untersucht.
    Notes: A number of resins has been prepared by condensing p-amino-acetophenone (p-AAph) with substituted benzoic acid such as m-toluic acid (m-TA), o-toluic acid (o-TA), phthalic acid (PhA), p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA), p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CIBA) and formaldehyde (F) in presence of some acids and bases as catalysts. The resins were characterized by infrared spectra of the characteristic groups. The solubility parameters were calculated from Small's group contribution which agreed well with the experimental values. The thermal behaviour and the bacteriological properties of the resins have also been investigated.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Notwithstanding their more common beginnings, liquid crystals and molecular biology developed mainly parallel and independently during the last one hundred years.Molecule-phase relationships on the one and complex static-dynamic treatments on the other hand seem to forward mutually integrative views in our days.Biomesogen approaches will deepen our insights into the spatio-temporal coherences of biological systems. They might contribute significantly to the understanding of life processes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent studies on ionic distribution in solutions and in suspensions were reviewed. Suspensions of latex particles, which were large enough to be seen under an ultramicroscope, were investigated by the 2-D Fourier transformation. The micrograph showing ordered structures gave discrete scattering spots, whereas those of disordered arrangements displayed no spots or halos. The two-state structure gave a limited number of halo, confirming our previous conclusion that the very frequently observed single, broad scattering peak was reminiscent of some kind of ordering of solute species. By using an image data analyser, the crystallization process was shown to follow the Ostwald ripening mechanism. The concurrent study by the quasi elastic light scattering method and by the Fourier analysis gave consistent scattering profiles, which indicated that the ordering phenomena took place in the entire volume of suspensions. The scattering intensity (correctly the lattice factor) was calculated for cubic systems with paracrystalline distortion. The peak intensity was lowered by enhanced distortion, while the peak position itself was not affected. This justifies our previous treatment of the single, broad peak in terms of the Bragg equation. The experimentally found scattering curve was compared with this theoretical calculation; the degree of distortion was evaluated.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of cellulose derivatives were explored as an analytical tool. Molar mass dependent measurements of the helicoidal cholesteric pitch of a cellulose tricarbanilate/solvent system may be used to determine the molar mass of this derivative by optical means. The compatibility of a ternary liquid crystalline system can be adequately investigated by a study of the supermolecular structure with spectroscopic measurements.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The application of carotenoids as natural additives in various water-based or water-compatible formulations for the pigmentation of foods and feeds is seriously hampered by their insolubility in aqueous systems.Therefore, in order to develop the full potential of colour strength and to achieve a high degree of bioavailability during gastro intestinal passage, the coarse crystalline material has to be transformed into a microdisperse state.Exemplified with β-carotene, a novel non-mechanical process is described that transforms the carotenoids into a colloidal hydrosol characterized by an average particle size of about 0.1 μm.The process is based on the preparation of a transient high temperature solute state of the carotenoid in a water-miscible solvent, coupled with succeeding rapid aqueous precipitation in the presence of a stabilizing polymer colloid. The obtained hydrosols are characterized by photon-correlation-spectroscopy(size), and microelectrophoresis(colloidal stabilization).The bioavailability was tested by monitoring plasma levels of β-carotene in veal calves.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer science is mature enough to allow one to think about tailor-making macromolecular compounds aimed at interacting purposely with living systems. Reasons for developing bioresorbable polymers for temporary therapeutic applications are discussed with respect to property adjustments and economical factors. The field of the applications is first described and guidelines for tailor-making multimeric macromolecules with desired properties are presented. The approach led to focuss investigations on poly(α-hydroxy acids) and functional poly(β-hydroxy acids) derived from natural hydroxy acids, namely lactic, glycolic and malic acids. Physical, mechanical and biological properties of some corresponding polymers and copolymers are presented. Last but not least, examples of applications currently investigated are recalled.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When blood comes into contact with an artificial surface, a number of events occur which include protein adsorption, platelet activation and the activation of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. With the increased application of blood containing artificial devices, there is a great demand to develop new biomaterials which retard thrombus formation. Our new approach to solving this problem is to mimic the non-thrombogenic surface of natural biological membranes at least in a simple form. We have developed a polymerisable phospholipid and polyesters based on the major phospholipid polar head group present on the erythrocyte outer membrane surface. The coagulation of blood exposed to these polymers was examined by the technique of Material Thrombelastography, a relatively simple test for the in vitro screening of polymer thrombogenicity. We present results which indicate that the polymerised phospholipid and polyesters show reduced thrombogenicity, and may therefore have potential for future biomaterials.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: After implantation a stable bond between the implant and the surrounding tissue is required. Therefore a high cell adhesion of the polymer surface of the implant must be achieved. Depending on the treatment time of a polydimethylsiloxane foil with oxygen plasma, the cell adhesion can be improved. FT-IR spectroscopy and ESCA analysis were used to characterize the surface modification. The cell spreading and cell adhesion increase with increasing hydrophilic character of the polymer surface after plasma treatment. A pronounced correlation was found between the efficiency of DNA and protein content, characterizing cell growth, and the spreading of the cells.Polydimethylsiloxane, Glow-Discharge, Surface Modification, Cell Adhesion, Cell Proliferation.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have used synthetic polymers as tools to probe endocytosis and lysosome function. Their particular value lies in their well-defined chemical constitution and in the possibility to custom-synthesize molecules with desired characteristics. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Percoll and polystyrene beads have been 125I-labelled and used to explore the borderland of pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Derivatized poly(aspartamide), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) and a polylysine-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer have been used to investigate the effects of hydrophobic moieties and sugar residues on substrate-selection in pinocytosis. The effect of cationic moieties has been studied using vinylpyrrolidone-vinylamine copolymers.Poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) with certain oligopeptide side---chains have been shown to be susceptible to lysosomal peptidases. Ethylene glycol oligomers are being used to study the basal permeability of the lysosome membrane.Soluble macromolecules have considerable potential in targeted drug-delivery. Drugs attached to appropriate polymers by covalent links that are susceptible to lysosomal enzymes can deliver drug to target cells and avoid unwanted sideeffects. Synthetic macromolecules have several advantages over their natural counterparts: they are chemically more robust, less immunogenic, and easier and cheaper to prepare in bulk.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diagnostics are e. g. reagents or combinations of reagents or measure bloodcomponents down to concentrations of 10-15 mol/1 in reproducable form. To achieve this target diagnostics have to fullfill special requirements in purity, uniformity, producibility and reproducibility. These requirements are also valid for integrated polymers and plastics. Examples of the application of polymers and plastics in diagnostics are e. g. materials for the blood-plasma-separation, the stabilization of proteins, solid phases in immunoassays as reagent tubes, microtiterplates and latexparticles.Reciprocal actions between polymers, plastics, polymer additives, blood and bloodsubstances like proteins in diagnostic tests can be seen as indications to similar effects by the intracorporeal applications of plastics in surgery and in general for contacts of natural materials with plastics, as usual in the foodpacking.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using Eupergit, a synthetic resin, as an example, the necessary characteristics of a support for high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) are demonstrated. To such a support different ligands can be immobilized and used for the separation of biopolymers.From the range of possible applications a few examples are chosen. Immunoglobulins are isolated in one step by protein A-HPAC, the purified antibodies are immobilized and applied to immunoaffinity-HPLC for the isolation of corresponding antigens. Concanavalin A-HPAC of membrane proteins was chosen to represent chromatography with immobilized lectins. Antithrombin could be isolated from human plasma by the use of immobilized heparin. HPAC has the advantage of affinity chromatography, which is above all highly specific. As the support is resistant to high pressure and has well defined microparticles with a particular pore size, it provides a much higher yield at considerable flow rates. The handling of materials like this is simpler, the separation of the sample is quicker and can be reproduced more easily.
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  • 68
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 166 (1989), S. 257-272 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Controlled polyelectrolyte adsorption can be used to render phospholipid bilayer membranes sensitive to physical and chemical signals. We describe in this paper the design and construction of macromolecular switches for bilayer membranes, which can be used to create lipid vesicles that release their contents rapidly and quantitatively in response to changes in pH, temperature, light intensity or glucose concentration. The kinetics and mechanisms of the molecular switching processes observed in such systems are also discussed.
    Notes: Kontrollierte Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten kann ein wirksames Werkzeug im Design von dünnen molekularen Filmen sein. Man kann erwarten, daß die Adsorption von Polyelektrolytketten das empfindliche Kräftegleichgewicht erheblich beeinflußt, das die strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften von geordneten Strukturen wie Einzel-, Doppel- und Mehrfachschichten bestimmt. Andererseits ist die Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten außerordentlich sensitiv auf Umgebungsparameter, z.B. pH, Temperatur oder lonenstärke. Kontrollierte Adsorption kann daher zu Sensitivität auf bestimmte chemische oder physikalische Stimuli führen, sodaß auf diese Weise ein molekularer Schaltmechanismus entworfen werden kann. Durch Umsetzen dieser ldee in reale Systeme gelang es uns, molekulares Schalten in Mischungen von Poly(2-ethylacrylsäre) mit natürlichen oder synthetischen Phosphatidylcholinen zu bewirken. Insbesondere haben wir Phosphatidylcholinvesikel hergestellt, die ihren lnhalt nach einer Änderung von pH, Temperatur, Glukosekonzentration oder nach Bestrahlung mit Licht schnell und quantitativ freisetzen. Die Entwicklung und die Herstellung von Doppelschichtmembranen, die auf solche Änderungen reagieren, sowie die Kinetik und der Mechanismus des damit verbundenen molekularen Schaltprozesses werden im vorliegenden Artikel diskutiert.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Enzymes can be immobilized by gel entrapment, by microencapsulation, by physical or ionic adsorption, by covalent binding to inorganic or organic carriers, or by whole cell immobilization. Of particular interest is the large number of chemical reactions developed for the covalent binding of enzymes via their nonessential functional groups to inorganic carriers such as glass, ceramics and iron, to natural polymers such as cellulose and Sepharose, and to synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyacrylamide, and other vinyl polymers and copolymers possessing reactive chemical groups. The stability of certain enzymes is markedly increased on their immobilization. It was thus possible to transform the biologically active polymer derivatives into active enzyme beads, enzyme capsules, enzyme columns and enzyme membranes and these enabled the construction of enzyme reactors such as the batch-stirred tank reactors, the continuous packed bed reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. So far mainly immobilized hydralases and isomerases are being used in industry on a large scale. It seems likely, however, that once adequate techniques become available for cofactor recycling, the use of immobilized enzymes will be extended to other organic reactions, particularly those involving stereospecific synthesis of simple or complex organic molecules. Among the industrial processes in which immobilized enzymes are being used, it is worth mentioning the industrial-scale continuous production of fructose enriched syrup from glucose by immobilized glucose-isomerase, the batch process for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) from penicillin G with the aid of immobilized penicillin amidase; the production of aspartame from aspartic acid and phenylalanine by immobilized thermoase; the large scale production of optically active amino acids with immobilized amino acid acylase; and the large scale production and application of immobilized lactase for the hydrolysis of lactose. The recently developed process for acrylamide production using immobilized nitrilase containing microbial cells should also be referred to. The successful use of an NAD-polyethylene glycol conjugate (NAD-PEG) as a nondialyzable water-soluble coenzyme derivative in the enzymic synthesis of leucine from α-ketoisocaproic acid and ammonia, in a membrane-enclosed reactor containing L-leucine dehydrogenase, NAD-PEG, formate and formate dehydrogenase, illustrates the new possibilities opened up by making use of cofactor-polymer conjugates. The use of enzyme-polymer conjugates in analytical and clinical is also illustrated.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The genetic make-up of living systems especially of isolated cells can be altered by a variety of methods including chemical or light-induced mutation. More modern procedures are the in vitro recombination of nucleic acids and the cell-cell fusion.The new methods are especially useful to reprogram microorganisms to produce valuable proteins or other natural products in excess quantties. In the following we will elucidate the importance of the new techniques by describing the bacterial production of glucose dehydrogenase, of the proteinase inhibitor stefin A and by outlining the methods and promisses of substractive cloning. Although the economic value of genetic engineering techniques still awaits justification, the importance of the methodology for basic biological research is well documented.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Immobilization of whole cells has become an efficient tool for biosynthesis, biotransformation and analysis. High cell density, high operational stability, easy handling, propably in continuous systems, and multiple reuse are important advantages of immobilized cells. In comparison to other methods like adsorption, crosslinking and encapsulation, the entrapment within a polymeric network is the most widely applied technique in heterogeneous biocatalysis. For immobilizing mammalian cells nearly exclusively the adsorption onto micorcarriers is used. Requirements for the polymers to be used in such immobilized cell systems are discussed in detail.
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  • 72
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vier Pyridazinderivate wurden synthetisiert und als Beschleuniger für Naturkautschukmischungen entwickelt. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften wurden mit Hilfe eines Monsanto Rheometers 100 bestimmt. Die rheometrischen Daten wurden für die Berechnung der kinetischen Konstanten der Vulkanisationsreaktion in Anwesenheit der synthetisierten Verbindungen benutzt. Verglichen mit Mercaptobenzthiazol (MBT), einem Beschleuniger der häufig in der Kautschukindustrie eingesetzt wird, zeigten diese Verbindungen eine gute Beschleunigerwirksamkeit.
    Notes: Four pyridazine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as accelerators in natural rubber (NR) mixes. The rheological characteristics were determined by a Monsanto Rheometer 100. The kinetic constants for the vulcanization reaction in the presence of the synthetic compounds were calculated using the rheometric data. The compounds showed a good accelerating efficiency compared with mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), which is widely used in rubber industry.
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  • 73
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 170 (1989), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Ansammlung von als inaktiv angenommenen „Dimeren“ und „Trimeren“ sowie der Verbrauch von aktiven Spezies mit der Reaktionszeit im säurekatalysierten Furfurylalkohol (FA)/Formaldehyd (F) System wurde durch GPC-Technik unter Anwendung eines Doppeldetektors bewiesen.Ein Reaktionsmechanismus wurde für den Kondensationsprozeß vorgeschlagen, der einige Widersprüche der bisherigen Untersuchungen erklären kann.
    Notes: Accumulation of “dimers” and “trimers” considered to be inactive and consumption of active ones with reaction time in furfuryl-alcohol (FA)/formaldehyde (F) acid catalyzed condensation system was proved by GPC technique using double detector.A reaction mechanism was proposed for the condensation process explaining some contradictions of investigations collected so far.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dieser Artikel befaßt sich mit silylierten bzw. maleinisierten Polybutadienölen und ihren Effekten in Kieselsäure und Silicate bzw. Kreide enthaltenden Kautschukmischungen. Sie erweisen sich als wirksame Hilfsstoffe für die Substitution von Ruß durch mineralische Füllstoffe.
    Notes: This paper deals with silylated and maleated polybutadiene oils and their effects in rubber compounds containing silica(tes) resp. chalk as fillers. They are shown to be efficient aids in the substitution of oil-dependent carbon black by mineral fillers.
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  • 75
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 171 (1989), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die isotherme und nichtisotherme Kristallisation von isotaktischem Polypropylen, das mit ausgewählten organischen Pigmenten gefärbt war, wurde mittels DSC untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Nukleierungsfähigkeit der Pigmente mit deren chemischem Aufbau und mit der Erniedrigung der freien Energie für den Keimbildungsprozeß verbunden ist. Die experimentellen Daten wurden mit Hilfe der bekannten Avrami-Gleichung analysiert.Blau-Pigment und Rot-Lack beschleunigen die Kristallisation von isotaktischem Polypropylen, während Orange-Pigment die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit etwas herabsetzt.
    Notes: The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene coloured with selected organic pigments was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the nucleating ability of pigments is connected with their chemical nature and with the reduction of the free energy for critical nucleus formation. The experimental data were analysed in terms of the well known Avrami equation.Blue pigment and Red lake are substances which accelerate the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene, while Orange pigment decreases the crystallization rate slightly.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um bei Kationen-Austauschmembranen eine dauerhafte Selektivität für die Durchlässigkeit von einwertigen Kationen zu erzielen, wurde eine Polyethylenimin-Schicht auf der Membranoberfläche durch Säureamidbindung zwischen Polyethylenimin und den —SO2Cl-Gruppen einer Styrol-co-Divinylbenzol-Membran erzeugt. Nach der Reaktion wurden die im Inneren der Membran verbleibenden —SO2Cl-Gruppen durch Tauchen in wäßrige Natronlauge hydrolysiert.Die so gewonnenen Kationen-Austauschmembranen wurden mittels Elektrodialyse von Seewasser hinsichtlich ihrer Selektivität für die Durchlässigkeit von einwertigen Kationen, ihres elektrischen Widerstandes, ihrer Stromleistung und ihrer überfüh-rungszahlen für Natrium-Ionen untersucht. ATR-IR-Messungen auf der Membran-oberfläche belegen, daß die Shäureamidbindung gegenüber starker Hydrolyseeinwirkung stabil war.
    Notes: In order to give the monovalent cation permselectivity to the cation exchange membrane permanently, polyethyleneimine layer was formed on the membrane surface by acid-amide bond between polyethyleneimine and the —SO2Cl groups of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer membrane. After the reaction, the —SO2Cl groups remaining in the inner part of the membrane were hydrolyzed by immersing the membrane into an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.The resultant cation exchange membranes were evaluated by electrodialysis of sea water from the point of view of the monovalent cation permselectivity, electric resistance of the membrane, current efficiency, and transport number of sodium ions calculated by membrane potential in connection with reduced viscosity of the various commercial polyethyleneimines, ATR-IR measurements on the membrane surface suggested that the acid-amide bond was stable for severe hydrolysis reaction.
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  • 77
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 171 (1989), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Epoxidgruppen eines Copolymeren, das man durch Pfropfung von 2,3-Epoxypropylmethacrylat auf isotaktisches Polypropylen erhält, wurden mit niedermolekularen Carbonsäuren umgesetzt. Die Reaktion verläuft in Gegenwart von organischen Lösungsmitteln heterogen und kann durch tertiäre Amine beschleunigt werden. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion werden mit der Dissoziationskonstanten der gebundenen Säure und mit der Art des verwendeten Beschleunigers korreliert. Die Reaktivität der polymergebundenen Epoxidgruppen ändert sich im Vergleich mit Reaktionen unter homogenen Bedingungen nicht.
    Notes: Epoxy groups on isotactic polypropylene, to which 2,3-epoxypropylmethacrylate was grafted, were reacted with low molecular carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds under heterogeneous conditions in the presence of organic solvents and it may be catalysed by tertiary amines. The rate constants of this reaction are correlated with the dissociation constant of the bonded acid and with the character of the used catalyst. The reactivity of polymer-bonded epoxy groups is not changed when comparing with reactions performed under homogeneous conditions.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird eine neue Methode zur Einführung von hydrophilen Polyetherseitenketten in segmentierte Polyurethane unter Verwendung eines Polypropylenoxid-Macromeren mit 1,3-Diol-Gruppen an einem Kettenende, die als Kettenverlängerer fungieren, beschrieben. In diesem Prozeß wird eine Seitenkette quantitativ und direkt in medizinische Polyurethanelastomere eingebaut. Diese Entwicklung ist auch für Biowerkstoffe in künstlichen Organen von Interesse.
    Notes: A new method of introducing a hydrophilic polyether side chain into segmented polyurethane using a polypropylene oxide macromer with 1,3-diol at one chain-end, which behaves as chain extender, is described. In this procedure, a molecular-designed side-chain is incorporated quantitatively and directly into polyurethane biomedical elastomer. The design is also of interest to biomaterials in artificial organs.
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  • 79
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 172 (1989), S. 233-233 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 80
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 85-100 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Orientierungsmechanismus von kaltverstrecktem, teilkristallinem Polyoxymethylen wurde durch Messung der Intensität der Weitwinkel-Röntgenstreuung (WAXS) untersucht. Die Anisotropie der Proben wurde im einachsigen Zugversuch bei etwa 130°C im Temperaturbereich zwischen Glasübergangstemperatur und Schmelzpunkt erzeugt. Der Prozess der plastischen Deformation wurde für verschiedene Stadien der Verstreckung diskutiert. Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristalllamellen wurde qualitativ charakterisiert durch die Berechnung von Polfiguren aus den WAXS Streuintensitätsdaten. Der Grad der Orientierung wurde durch die Berechnung des Orientierungsfaktors für den [100] Flächennormalenvektor der Einheitszelle beschrieben. Die Textur der eingeschnürten Proben mit hoher Orientierung wurde als Mischung von axialer und uniplanar-axialer Textur erkannt. Als mögliche Erklärung für diesen Orientierungstyp wird ein Einfluß der Probengeometrie angenommen.
    Notes: The orientation mechanism of cold-drawn, partially crystalline polyoxymethylene (ULTRAFORM) samples was studied by performing wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. The anisotropic samples were prepared in uniaxial tensile tests around 130°C, in a temperature range between the glass transition and the melting point. The process of the plastic deformation is discussed for different degrees of anisotropy. The orientation distribution of the crystalline lamellae was qualitatively characterized by performing pole figure intensity calculations from the measured WAXS intensities. The degree of orientation was quantitatively described by calculating the orientation factors for the [100] normal vector of the unit cell. The texture of the necked samples with high orientation degrees was a mixture of axial and uniplanar-axial textures. An explanation for the formation of this kind of orientation is proposed assuming an influence of the sample geometry on the orientation process.
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  • 81
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Herkömmliches Vernetzen von Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (LDPE) wurde mit Dicumylperoxid (DCP) als Vernetzer durchgeführt. DCP wurde in verschiedenen Konzentrationen mit LDPE-Schnitzeln in einem Extruder bei 135 - 145°C gemischt. Monofilamentfäden wurden bei 110°C auf einer Laborziehmaschine gezogen. Die Zugdehnungseigenschaften, der prozentuale Schrumpf und die Dichte wurden mit Zunahme der DCP-Konzentration und der Heizdauer verbessert, während jedoch die prozentuale Quellung abnahm.
    Notes: Conventional crosslinking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) was carried out using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as crosslinking agent. DCP in various concentrations was mixed with LDPE chips in an extruder at 135 - 145°C. Monofilaments were drawn on a laboratory drawing machine at 110°C. It was found that tensile properties, percent shrinkage and density were improved with the increase in the concentration of DCP and in the heating period, whereas, however, the percent swelling decreased.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Resultate von Untersuchungen über die chemische Wechselwirkung zwischen einigen monofunktionellen Modellverbindungen, die die Struktur und Reaktivität von wärmehärtbaren Phenol- und Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harzen simulieren, mit Holzkomponenten (Hemicellulosen, Cellulose und Lignin) werden dargelegt. Während Hemicellulosen deutlich dazu neigen, Kondensationsprodukte mit diesen Modellverbindungen zu ergeben, reagieren Lignine in manchen Fällen weniger leicht und abhängig davon, durch welchen Prozeß sie gewonnen worden sind, und abhängig von der Art der Modellverbindung. Cellulose reagierte wegen ihrer Kristallinität nicht unter den gegebenen Bedingungen.
    Notes: Results are presented on the chemical interactions occurring when some monofunctional model compounds simulating the structure and reactivity of thermosetting phenol- and urea-formaldehyde resins are mixed with wood components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins). Whereas hemicelluloses clearly show a propensity to give condensation products with these model compounds, lignins can react less readily in some instances depending on the delignification procedure used to isolate them and on the type of model compound. Cellulose did not react under the conditions chosen, mostly because of its crystalline character.
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  • 83
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: XPS-, SSIMS- und Wasserkontaktwinkelmessungen wurden verwendet, um den chemischen Einfluß von CF4/O2-Entladungen auf Polycarbonat (PC) aus Bisphenol A zu charakterisieren. Die durch Plasmabehandlung erzeugte Oberflächenmodifizierung kann auf der Basis der im Plasma vorhandenen aktiven Spezies, deren Konzentration durch Actinometrie bestimmt worden ist, erklärt werden.Bei kleinen Gehalten an O2 im Gas (1%) tritt eine umfassende Fluorierung der Oberfläche bedingt durch die Pfropfung von Fluorkohlenstoff-Radikalen ein. Es werden perfluorierte Inseln gebildet, wie der hohe Wert des zunehmenden Kontaktwinkels zeigt. Bei 20-80% O2 reagieren Fluoratome mit der Oberfläche und ätzen sie teilweise. Kleine Gehalte an Fluor, aber keine perfluorierten Inseln werden beobachtet. Sauerstoff trägt zum Ätzen bei und oxidiert die PC-Oberfläche. Die Sauerstoffkonzentration auf der Oberfläche nimmt mit Zunahme des O2-Gehalts im Gas zu, ebenso die Bildung von stark oxidierten Inselchen auf der Probenoberfläche, wie die dramatische Abnahme der Kontaktwinkel zeigt. Eine Verminderung der Aromatizität der Oberfläche, die mit Hilfe von XPS und SSIMS beobachtet wird, ist die Folge dieser Reaktionen.
    Notes: XPS, SSIMS and water contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the chemical effect of CF4/O2 discharges on polycarbonate (PC) made from bisphenol A. We found that the surface modification induced by plasma treatment can be clearly explained on the basis of the acitve species present in the plasma, whose concentration has been studied by actinometry.With very low amounts of O2 in the gas feed (1%) extensive fluorination of the surface occurs, due to grafting of the fluorocarbon radicals. Perfluorinated islands are formed, as shown by the high value of advancing contact angles. In the 20-80% O2 range, fluorine atoms react with the surface, partially inducing etching. Low amounts of fluorine are observed on the sample and no perfluorinated islands. Oxygen participates in etching and oxidizes the PC surface. We observed an increase of the surface concentration of oxygen with increasing the O2 amount in the gas feed and also the formation of strongly oxidized islets on the sample surface, as shown by the dramatic reduction of receding contact angles. A reduction of surface aromaticity, observed by XPS and SSIMS, is the consequence of these reactions.
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  • 84
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An attempt was made to obtain cationic cellulose derivatives of highest possible degrees of substitution by treating dissolving grade pulps under homogeneous conditions with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride in the solvent system dimethylacetamide/lithiumchloride. The influence of temperature, reaction time and molar ratio of the reagents was examined. A reaction time of 8 h and a temperature of 70°C have been found to be optimal. The cellulose content in solution and the molar ratio of the reagents have to be adapted to the used pulp.
    Notes: Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, durch Umsetzung von Zellstoffen mit Glycidyltrimethylammoniumchlorid im Lösungsmittelsystem Dimethylacetamid/Lithiumchlorid kationische Cellulosederivate mit möglichst hohen Substitutionsgraden zu erhalten. Hierzu wurden Temperaturabhängigkeit, Reaktionsdauer und Molverhältnis der Reaktanden untersucht. Als optimal erwies sich eine Reaktionsdauer von 8 h bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von 70°C. Der Cellulosegehalt in Lösung und das Molverhältnis der Reaktanden müssen dem verwendeten Zellstoff angepaßt werden.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A second example of insertion of a water molecule into the helical backbone of an apolar peptide is presented here and compared to a similar occurrence in a longer peptide with the same type of sequence of residues, i.e., Boc-Aib-(Ala-Leu-Aib)3-OMe. The backbone of the title compound assumes an approximate 310-helical form with three 4 → 1 hydrogen bonds. In the place of a fourth 4 → 1 hydrogen bond, a water molecule is inserted between O(1) and N(4), and acts as a bridge by forming hydrogen bonds N(4) … W(1) (2.95 Å) and W(1) … O(1) (2.81 Å). The water molecule participates in a third hydrogen bond with a neighboring peptide molecule, W(1) … O(4) (2.91 Å). The insertion of the water molecule causes the apolar peptide to mimic an amphiphilic helix. Crystals grown from ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (reported here) or from methanol/water solution are in space group P212121 with a = 12.024(4) Å, b = 15.714(6) Å, c = 21.411(7) Å, Z = 4 and dcalc = 1.124 g/cm3 for C32H58N6O9 · H2O. The overall agreement factor R is 6.3% for 2707 reflections observed with intensities 〉 3σ(F) and the resolution is 0.90 Å.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical shifts of base and H1′ protons of the single-stranded hexamers d(ATTACC) and d(GGTAAT), of the 1 : 1 mixtures of these complementary hexamers, and of the self-complementary dodecamer d(ATTACCGGTAAT) were measured at various temperatures in aqueous solution. Four different sample concentrations were used in the case of the dodecamer and of the mixture of the complementary hexamers; the individual hexamers were measured at two different DNA concentrations. Absorbance temperature profiles at five different NaCl concentrations were measured for the dodecamer in order to quantify the effect of the ionic strength on the duplex formation.Under suitable conditions of nucleotide concentration, temperature, and ionic strength, the dodecamer adopts either a B-DNA duplex or a hairpin-loop structure. Chemical shift vs temperature profiles, constructed for all samples, were used to obtain thermodynamic parameters either for the various stacking interactions in the single strands or for the duplex or the hairpin-loop formation. In the analysis of the duplex formation of the hexamers, a two-state approach appeared too simple, because systematic deviations were revealed. Therefore, a new three-state model (DUPSTAK) was developed. In order to investigate the magnitude of error arising from the use of the two-state approach in cases where the DUPSTAK model appears more appropriate, a series of test calculations was made. The magnitude of error in the enthalpy and in the entropy of duplex melting is found to depend linearly upon the actual melting temperature and not upon the individual ΔHOd and ΔSOd values.Thermodynamic analysis of the chemical shift vs temperature profiles in D2O solution (no added salt) yields an average Tmd value of 341 K (1M DNA) and ΔHOd of -121 kJ · mol-1 for the dimer/random-coil transition of the hexamer duplex d(ATTACC) · d(GGTAAT). For the duplex ⇄ random-coil transition of the 12-mer d(ATTACCGGTAAT) an average Tmd value of 336 K (1M DNA) and ΔHOd of -372 kJ · mol-1 are found. The hairpin/random-coil transition of d(ATTACCGGTAAT) is characterized by a rather large ΔHOh value, -130 kJ · mol-1, and an average Tmh value of 304 K.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A computational method is elaborated for studying the water environment around regular polynucleotide duplexes; it allows rigorous structural information on the hydration shell of DNA to be obtained. The crucial aspect of this Monte Carlo simulation is the use of periodical boundary conditions. The output data consists of local maxima of water density in the space near the DNA molecule and the properties of one- and two-membered water bridges as function of pairs of polar groups of DNA.In the present paper the results for poly(dG) · poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC) · poly(dG-dC) are presented. The differences in their hydration shells are of a purely structural nature and are caused by the symmetry of the polar groups of the polymers under study, the symmetry being reflected by the hydration shell.The homopolymer duplex hydration shell mirrors the mononucleotide repeat. The water molecules contacting the polynucleotide in the minor groove are located nearly in the plane midway between the planes of successive base pairs. One water molecule per base pair forms a water bridge facing two polar groups of bases from adjacent base pairs and on different strands making a “spine”-like structure. In contrast, the major groove hydration is stabilized exclusively by two-membered water bridges; the water molecules deepest in the groove are concentrated near the plane of the corresponding base pair.The alternating polymer is characterized by a marked dyad symmetry of the hydration shell corresponding to the axis between two successive base pairs. The minor groove hydration of the dCpdG step resembles the characteristic features of the homopolymer, but the bridge between the O2 oxygens of the other base-stacking type is formed by two water molecules. The major groove hydration is characterized by high probability of one-membered water bridges and by localization of a water molecule on the dyad axis of the dGpdC step.The found structural elements are discussed as reasonable invariants of a dynamic hydration shell.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report dynamic light scattering measurements over a wide range of scattering vectors for fractionated samples of porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) glycoproteins in two different solvents: 0.1M NaCl, and 6M GdnHCl. The relaxation spectrum has been successfully resolved into a slow mode corresponding to pure translational diffusion and a fast mode containing information on the relaxation times for intramolecular motion. Analysis of the slow mode permits a light scattering evaluation of the polydispersity of these high molecular weight mucin glycoprotein fractions. Determination of the longest intramolecular relaxation times τ1 shows that these are much longer for the PSM fractions in 0.1M NaCl compared to 6M GdnHCl. These data are consistent with earlier studies showing that the chain conformation is the same in both solvents, but that in 0.1M NaCl, the PSM glycoprotein undergoes a self-association process that is end-to-end in nature. Since the τ1 value is intimately related to the viscoelastic behavior of PSM solutions and gels, it is interesting to speculate that the end-to-end association process may be physiologically important.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 835-849 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical computations are performed of the intercalative binding to a model d(CpG)2 minihelix of 7-H pyrido[4.3C]carbazole, the precursor of the antitumor bisintercalating drug ditercalinium. The conformations of the intercalation site are generated by the AGNAS procedure (algorithm to generate nucleic acid structures) of Miller and co-workers. The ligand-nucleotide interactions and the nucleotide conformational energies are computed with the SIBFA procedures (sum of interactions between fragments ab intio computed), which use formulas of empirical origin that reproduce ab initio SCF (self-consistent field) computations. Among the candidate intercalation sites most favored energetically, one has a pattern of conformational angles related to the one determined crystallographically by Sobell et al. in a series of x-ray structural studies of small intercalator-dinucleotide monophosphate complexes. Optimal values of the unwinding angle, found in the range of -12° to -14°, are consistent with available experimental data on DNA.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the thermotropic behavior of positively charged, glycosyl-free lipids and their mixtures with zwitterionic lipids was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry.The gel to liquid-crystal phase transition enthalpy of pure dipalmitoylcholine (DPC) was found to be significantly increased in the presence of Con A (ΔH = 31.2 and 42.5 KJ mol-1 lipid in the presence and in absence of Con A, respectively). Addition of the lectin to DPC liposomes, furthermore, induces the appearance of a new phase transition centered at 320 K. These results are interpretable by a partial hydrophobic interdigitation of the lectin molecule into the liposomal bilayer.The effect of Con A on the phase behavior of three 2:1 mixtures of zwitterionic and of positively charged lipids was also investigated. Phase diagrams of the systems dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-dihydrosphingosine (DPPC-DHS), sphingomyelin-dipalmitoylcholine (SPM-DPC), and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-dipalmitoylcholine (DMPC-DPC) are presented. In lipid mixtures of limited miscibility (DPPC-DHS and SPM-DPC), Con A induces pronounced phase-separation effects. These effects are attributable to a direct hydrophobic interaction of the lectin with the liposomal bilayer and do not require the presence of specific receptor groups.The possible relationship between lectin-induced phase separations in the lipid matrix of biomembranes, and the observed changes in membrane permeability, membranal enzymatic activities, etc., is briefly discussed.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (2D NOESY) data are reported for the polypentapeptide of elastin, poly(VPGVG), and the cyclopentadecapeptide, cyclo(VPGVG)3. In both, the repeating type II Pro2-Gly3 β-turn can be derived from the NOE data, providing confirmation of many previous studies. In addition, other through-space connectivities are detailed that also compare favorably with previously determined crystal and solution structures for cyclo(VPGVG)3. Also, near identical data for the cyclopentadecapeptide and the polypentapeptide demonstrate the cyclic conformation-linear (helical) conformational correlate relationship between the two molecules. The 2D NOESY experiment is seen to be an effective means of establishing the presence or absence of a conformational relationship between a cyclic repeating sequence and its higher molecular weight linear counterpart. This is an approach of substantial practical value when developing the conformation of sequential polypeptides and when attempting to identify the presence of the conformation of a repeating peptide sequence within a more complex primary structure.Having established the basic conformational relationship between a cyclic conformation and its linear helical counterpart, cross peaks present in the linear helical structure that are not present in the cyclic conformational correlate can provide information on the interactions between adjacent turns of the helix. In this connection, a ValγCH3 ↔ ProβCH2 interaction is reported that can be the basis for determining the number of pentamers per turn of helix once it is determined whether it is dominantly the Val1 or Val4γCH3 that is interacting with the Pro2βCH2.
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  • 93
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 901-905 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 94
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 965-973 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligo-DNAs are synthesized on a solid support using the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group as a 5′-OH base labile protection. The synthesis of the pure protected nucleotides, a relevant phosphoramidite-type strategy of coupling, and the optimization of the deprotection steps are described. This new synthetic method is an alternative to the standard protocol that avoids acidic conditions.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have applied the formalism developed previously for the kinetics of domain-localized reaction [S. Mazur and M. T. Record, Jr. (1986) Biopolymers 25, 985-1008] to describe complex mechanisms of association of a protein with a specific site on a large DNA molecule also containing many nonspecific binding sites. These nonspecific sites participate in the mechanism of formation of the specific complex through competitive binding and the facilitating mechanisms of sliding and transfer. The effects of localizing the sites in a domain are represented by a simple algebraic expression, and the sequence of interactions within the domain are described by equations closely related to a conventional, homogeneous solution mechanism. We apply this formalism to examine the interplay between sliding and direct transfer in domain-localized interactions in general and in the lac repressor-lac operator interaction in particular. Experimental investigation of the effect of the molecular location of the specific site (e.g., end vs middle of the polymer chain) on the kinetics of association may allow the contributions of sliding and direct transfer to be resolved.
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  • 96
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 975-993 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrostatic potentials around DNA are obtained by solving the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation. The detailed charge distribution of the DNA and the different polarizabilities of the macromolecule and solvent are included explicitly in the calculations. The PB equation is solved using extensions of a finite difference approach applied previously to proteins. Electrical potentials and ion concentrations are compared to those obtained with simpler models. It is found that the shape of the dielectric boundary between the macromolecule and solvent has significant effects on the calculated potentials near the surface, particularly in the grooves. Sequence-specific patterns are found, the most surprising result being the existence of positive regions of potential near the bases in both the major and minor grooves. The effect of solvent and ionic atmosphere screening of phosphate-phosphate repulsions is studied, and an effective dielectric function, appropriate for molecular mechanics simulations, is derived.
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  • 97
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1019-1030 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used Raman scattering to study the water O-H stretching modes at ∼ 3450 and ∼ 3220 cm-1 in DNA films as a function of relative humidity (r.h.). The intensity of the 3220-cm-1 band vanishes as the r.h. is decreased from 98% to around 80%, which indicates that the hydrogen-bond network of water is disrupted in the primary hydration shell (which therefore cannot have an “ice-like” structure). The number of water molecules in the primary hydration shell was determined from the intensity of the ∼ 3200-cm-1 band as about 30 water molecules per nucleotide pair. The ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band was used for determining the total water content, and this band persists at 0% r.h., implying that 5-6 tightly bound water molecules per nucleotide pair remain. The frequency of the ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch mode is lower by 30 to 45 cm-1 in the primary hydration shell compared to free water. The water content as a function of r.h. obtained from these experiments agrees with gravimetric measurements. The disappearance of the ∼ 3200-cm-1 band and the shift of the ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band provide a reliable way of measuring the hydration number of DNA.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An estimation of the thermodynamic effects of a charged random coil, which is attached either to the N- or C-terminus of polyalanine, upon α-helix stability is attempted. A temperature-induced helix-coil transition of Ala20Lys20Phe and Lys20Ala20Phe was studied under various conditions of salt concentration and pH. By combining the results with previous ones for Ala20Glu20Phe and Glu20Ala20Phe, which have opposite electric charges to the present system [S. Ihara et al. (1982) Biopolymers 21, 131-145], the free energy of the coil to helix transition of the polyalanine block could be separated into two terms - one term for the electrostatic interaction of electric charges in the random-coil block with the α-helix dipole, and a second term for the intrinsic stability of the helix. The first term indicates the significance of the helix dipole-charge interactions, which affects the helix stability depending on the attaching side of the charged block and on the sign of the charges. This clearly shows the anisotropic stability of the α-helix. Furthermore, analysis of the dependence of these thermodynamic quantities on salt concentrations showed, assuming that the effect of the attached electric charges was symmetric (in other words, the absolute values of the electrostatic interaction terms were independent of the sign of electric charges), that the intrinsic stability of the α-helix was dependent on which side of the helix was attached to the random coil: a random coil attached to the N-terminus of the α-helix had little effect while that attached to a C-terminal significantly destabilized the helix.
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  • 99
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1043-1058 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The velocity and orientation of T4 and λ DNA have been measured for the first 20 s during pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in order to clarify the DNA motions that occur. For a square pulse with field strength E = 10 V/cm, the velocity of λ DNA increases gradually to 10.5 μm/s in 1.0 s, declines to 8.6 μm/s, and then rises to a plateau value of 9.3 μm/s after 4 s. T4 DNA behaves similarly, but more slowly. Parallel measurements of fluorescence-detected linear dichroism show that the DNA becomes substantially aligned with its chain axis parallel to the electrophoretic field E after the pulse is applied. The alignment also shows an overshoot, an undershoot, and a plateau comparable to those seen for velocity. When the field strength increases, both the velocity and the alignment reach their peaks more quickly. For all field strengths and both molecular weights, the velocity peak occurs when the molecular center of mass has moved 0.3 to 0.5 L, where L is the chain contour length. A qualitative model is provided.
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  • 100
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1059-1095 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the context of dynamic Monte Carlo simulations on a model protein confined to a tetrahedral lattice, the interplay of protein size and tertiary structure, and the requirements for an all-or-none transition to a unique native state, are investigated. Small model proteins having a primary sequence consisting of a central bend neutral region flanked by two tails having an alternating hydrophobic/hydrophilic pattern of residues are seen to undergo a continuous transition to a β-hairpin collapsed state. On increasing the length of the tails, the β-hairpin structural motif is found to be in equilibrium with a four-member β-barrel. Further increase of the tail length results in the shift of the structural equilibrium to the four-member β-barrel. The random coil to β-barrel transition is of an all-or-none character, but while the central turn is always the desired native bend, the location of the turns involving the two external strands is variable. That is, β-barrels having the external stands that are two residues out of register are also observed in the transition region. Introduction into the primary sequence of two additional regions that are at the very least neutral toward turn formation produces an all-or-none transition to the unique, native, four-member β-barrel. Various factors that can augment the stability of the native conformation are explored. Overall, these folding simulations strongly indicate that the general rules of globular protein folding are rather robust - namely, one requires a general pattern of hydrophobic/hydrophilic residues that allow the protein to have a welldefined interior and exterior and the presence of regions in the amino acid sequence that at the very least are locally indifferent to turn formation. Since no site-specific interactions between hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues are required to produce a unique four-member β-barrel, these simulations strongly suggest that site specificity is involved in structural fine-tuning.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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