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  • 1
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Innovative Booster for Dynamic Installation of OMNI-Max Anchor in Clay: Numerical Modeling (2022)
    ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)
    In:  Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148 (1).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: An innovative booster is proposed with the aim of increasing the final penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor in the clayey seabed with high strength gradient. The booster is attached to the tail of the OMNI-Max anchor, which is beneficial in improving both gravitational and kinetic energies of the hybrid anchor (i.e., booster + OMNI-Max anchor) during installation and can be retrieved after dynamic installation. The present study carried out two categories of large deformation numerical analyses to simulate the dynamic penetration processes of OMNI-Max anchors and hybrid anchors in normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clay. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach was used to investigate the effects of impact velocity, booster weight, and soil strength characteristics (including the strain-rate behavior, the strain-softening behavior, and the undrained shear strength) on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Due to the limitations of the CEL approach in simulating the adhesion friction at the anchor–soil interface, a thin layer region method coupled in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to investigate the effect of the friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Based on numerical simulation results, a comprehensive prediction model based on the anchor total energy was established to rapidly predict the final penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor and the hybrid anchor by considering the strain-rate effect, strain-softening effect, and friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Gas Hydrate Accumulations in the Black Sea (2022)
    Springer
    In:  In: World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins. , ed. by Mienert, J., Berndt, C. 〈https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-0180〉, Tréhu, A. M., Camerlenghi, A. and Liu, C. S. Springer, Cham, pp. 451-461.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-06
    Description: The Black Sea has undergone several limnic and marine stages due to fluctuations in the global sea level. The exchange of saline water from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait was interrupted when the sea level dropped below the Bosporus sill. This induced limnic conditions, while marine conditions were established after the reconnection to saline Mediterranean seawater. Extended river fan systems developed during sea level low-stands, providing large amounts of organic material being buried by rapid sedimentation on the slopes of the Black Sea margins. The biogenic degradation of this material produces most of the methane gas expelled into the anoxic water column today. This largely happens by ubiquitous cold vents at ~700 m water depth (i.e. at the stability boundary of methane hydrates) and by mud volcanoes in ~2000 m water depth. A significant amount of gas is expected to accumulate in the sediment within the methane hydrate stability zone. However, bottom-simulating reflectors, the seismic indicator for gas hydrates, are not found everywhere along the margin. Recent analyses of the Danube and Dniepr fans have revealed a discontinuous gas hydrate formation in an area with no active seeps, while areas of active seepage located in the vicinity of BSR reflections held no gas hydrates. In addition, the ongoing diffusion of salt into the uppermost Black Sea sediment pore space since the last glacial maximum further reduces the volume of the gas hydrate stability zone. Estimates of the total amount of gas stored in gas hydrates therefore require a detailed structural analysis prior to regional- or basin-scale modelling attempts.
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  • 4
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    Stress Map of Taiwan 2022 (2022)
    GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Taiwan 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. However, all data records have been checked and we added a large number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and from publications. The total number of data records has increased from n=401 in the WSM 2016 to n=6,498 (4,234 with A-C quality) in the stress map of Taiwan 2022 The update with earthquake focal mechanims is even larger since another 1313 earthquake focal mechanism data records beyond the scale of this map have been added to the WSM database. The digital version of the stress map is a layered pdf file generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019). It also provide estimates of the mean SHmax orientation on a regular 0.1° grid using the tool stress2grid (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2019). Two mean SHmax orientations are estimated with search radii of r=25 and 50 km, respectively, and with weights according to distance and data quality. The stress map and data are available on the landing page at https://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.Taiwan2022 where further information is provided. The earthquake focal mechanism that are used for this stress map are provided by the Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC) available at the TEC Data Center (https://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw).
    Description: Other
    Description: The World Stress Map (WSM) is a global compilation of information on the crustal present-day stress field. It is a collaborative project between academia and industry that aims to characterize the stress pattern and to understand the stress sources. It commenced in 1986 as a project of the International Lithosphere Program under the leadership of Mary-Lou Zoback. From 1995-2008 it was a project of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities headed first by Karl Fuchs and then by Friedemann Wenzel. Since 2009 the WSM is maintained at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and since 2012 the WSM is a member of the ICSU World Data System. All stress information is analysed and compiled in a standardized format and quality-ranked for reliability and comparability on a global scale.
    Type: Other , Other
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  • 5
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    Lithic raw material sources as a basis for reconstructing prehistoric mobility patterns: Case studies from the Final Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic in Central Europe (2022)
    CRC 806
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Analysis of prehistoric lithic artefacts helps to answer a wide array of questions concerning archaeological contexts and prehistoric human behaviour. Typological studies allow for a chronological and partly also cultural attribution of the sites, while the analysis of raw materials used is fundamental for the reconstruction of mobility patterns, communication networks and land use of Stone Age communities. Within the framework of two projects funded by the German Research Foundation, and a regional initiative of Werner Schön, it was possible to determine the origin of the raw materials of 32 inventories from the Late Glacial and Early Holocene in northwest and southern Germany. The petrographic analysis was conducted by the geologist and petro-archaeologist Jehanne Affolter. In addition, data of more than 60 Stone Age assemblages from Switzerland as well as western and southern Germany were recorded, that had already been published elsewhere. The origin of the flint raw materials from most of these inventories was determined using the micro-facial method. Some inventories, where the raw material sources were determined exclusively macroscopically, are also tentatively mapped to complement the chronological sequence. GIS-based maps of the raw material sources from the aforementioned regions are compiled and raw material catchment areas of the Stone Age sites are mapped. The area calculations of the raw material catchments revealed a diachronic alternation of larger and smaller areas, which above all suggest culturally determined cycles in the range of mobility and communication networks.
    Keywords: Late and Final Palaeolithic ; Mesolithic ; Switzerland ; central europe ; lithic raw material catchments ; lithic raw material sources ; neolithic ; south-eastern France ; south-western Germany ; western germany
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  • 6
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    (LiDAR) 3D Point Clouds and Topographic Data from the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 “EarthShape” (www.earthshape.net) investigates Earth surface shaping by biota. As part of this project, we present Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of land surface areas for the four core research sites of the project. The research sites are located along a latitudinal gradient between ~26 °S and ~38 °S in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. From north to south, the names of these sites are: National Park Pan de Azúcar; Private Reserve Santa Gracia; National Park La Campana; and National Park Nahuelbuta. The three datasets contain raw 3D point cloud data captured from an airborne LiDAR system, and the following derivative products: a) digital terrain models (DTM, sometimes also referred to as DEM [digital elevation model]) which are (2.5D) raster datasets created by rendering only the LiDAR returns which are assumed to be ground/bare-earth returns and b) digital surface models (DSM) which are also 2.5D raster datasets produced by rendering all the returns from the top of the Earth’s surface, including all objects and structures (e.g. buildings and vegetation). The LiDAR data were acquired in 2008 (southernmost Nahuelbuta [NAB] catchment), 2016 (central La Campana [LC] catchment) and 2020 (central Santa Gracia [SGA] catchment). Except for Nahuelbuta (data already was available from the data provider from a previous project), the flights were carried out as part of the "EarthShape" project. The LiDAR raw data (point cloud/ *.las files) were compressed, merged (as *.laz files) and projected using UTM 19 S (UTM 18 S for the southernmost Nahuelbuta catchment, respectively) and WGS84 as coordinate reference system. A complementary fourth dataset for the northernmost site in the National Park Pan de Azúcar, derived from Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, is expected to be obtained during the first half of 2022 and will be added to the above data set.
    Description: Other
    Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" (2016-2022) explored between scientific disciplines and includes geoscientists and biologists to study from different viewpoints the complex question how microorganisms, animals, and plants influence the shape and development of the Earth’s surface over time scales from the present-day to the young geologic past. All study sites are located in the north-to-south trending Coastal Cordillera mountains of Chile, South America. These sites span from the Atacama Desert in the north to the Araucaria forests approximately 1300 km to the south. The site selection contains a large ecological and climate gradient ranging from very dry to humid climate conditions. For more information visit: www.earthshape.net
    Keywords: 3D point cloud ; LiDAR scanner ; Elevation Models ; EarthShape ; Chile ; Coastal Cordillera ; Private Reserve Santa Gracia ; National Park La Campana ; National Park Nahuelbuta ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Active Remote Sensing 〉 Altimeters 〉 Lidar/Laser Altimeters 〉 AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TERRAIN ELEVATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING 〉 LIDAR ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 LAND SURFACE MODELS ; Models/Analyses 〉 DEM ; radiation 〉 laser
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  • 7
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    Electromagnetic Applications in Methane Hydrate Reservoirs (2022)
    Springer
    In:  In: World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins. , ed. by Mienert, J., Berndt, C. 〈https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-0180〉, Tréhu, A. M., Camerlenghi, A. and Liu, C. S. Springer, Cham, pp. 73-85.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: Marine electromagnetic methods provide useful and independent measures for the identification and quantification of submarine gas hydrates. The resistivity of seafloor sediments, drawn from area-wide electromagnetic data, mainly depends on the sediment porosity and the nature of the pore fluid. Gas hydrates and free gas are both electrically resistive. The replacement of saline water, thus conductive pore water with resistive gas hydrate or free gas, increases the sediment resistivity and can be used to provide accurate saturation estimates if the background lithology is known. While seismic methods are predominantly used to study the distribution of submarine gas hydrates, a growing number of global field studies have demonstrated that the joint interpretation of marine seismic and electromagnetic methods improves the evaluation of submarine gas hydrate targets. This article discusses the relationship between resistivity and free gas/gas hydrate saturation levels, how the resistivity of the sediment may be measured and summarizes the status and results of current and past field studies.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    1. Wochenbericht FS SONNE Reise SO288 COMBO & HOMER (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 3 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-21
    Description: 15.01.2022 – 15.02.2022, Guayaquil (Ecuador) – Valparaiso (Chile)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    PDToolbox: a Python probability distribution toolbox (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: PDToolbox is a collection of methods helpful for doing probability distribution computations in Python. The aim of the PDToolbox Python module is to provide a set of features, based on simple probability distributions, that are not available from the scipy.stats module. This includes fast batch computations of (weighted) maximum likelihood estimates, computation of critical empirical distribution statistics, and more niche probability distributions or related code in the pdtoolbox.special module. The module contains code that is described in (ADD citations of the two articles).
    Description: Other
    Description: LICENSE: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany PDToolbox is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. PDToolbox is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: goodness-of-fit ; Anderson-Darling ; Lilliefors ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 〉 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 10
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    Empfehlungen zur Transformation des wissenschaftlichen Publizierens zu Open Access (2022)
    Wissenschaftsrat
    In:  Wissenschaftsrat, Köln, Germany, 132 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: Das wissenschaftliche Publizieren hat im Zuge der Digitalisierung große Veränderungen erfahren. Angetrieben von der wissenschaftlichen Community ist in den letzten zwanzig Jahren nicht zuletzt die Umstellung auf einen offenen Zu-gang zu Forschungsergebnissen (Open Access) vorangeschritten, auch wenn sie noch keineswegs flächendeckend erfolgt ist. Wenn von der „Transformation“ des wissenschaftlichen Publizierens die Rede ist, so ist deshalb häufig primär die Umstellung der hinter der Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Publikationen stehenden Geschäftsmodelle gemeint, die darin besteht, für das Publizieren statt für den Lesezugriff zu zahlen. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel verändert die Finanzströme und die Rollen der Akteure im wissenschaftlichen Publikationssystem grundlegend. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat sich der Wissenschaftsrat mit der Transformation des wissenschaftlichen Publizierens zu Open Access befasst. In den Empfehlungen wird das Ziel der unmittelbaren und dauerhaften offenen Zugänglichkeit von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen genauer umschrieben. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen dazu gezogen, welche institutionellen und finanziellen Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden müssen, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Der Wissenschaftsrat richtet sich mit diesen Empfehlungen sowohl an die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, die wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen, ihre Leitungen und die Forschungsförderorganisationen als auch an die Bibliotheken, deren Aufgaben und Selbstverständnis sich durch die Transformation erheblich verändern. Mit dem vorliegenden Papier möchte der Wissenschaftsrat dazu beitragen, dass diese Transformation zügig voranschreitet und dabei die Leistungsfähigkeit des Publikationssystems für Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft gesteigert wird. Angesichts der ständigen Weiterentwicklung von Publikationen als digitale Objekte ist es weiterhin die Absicht des Wissenschaftsrats, das Publikationssystem mit seinen Vorschlägen für weitere, derzeit noch nicht absehbare Veränderun-gen offen zu halten. Zur Vorbereitung dieser Empfehlungen hat der Wissenschaftsrat eine Arbeitsgruppe eingesetzt, die im April 2020 ihre Arbeit im virtuellen Raum aufgenommen hat. In ihr haben auch Sachverständige mitgewirkt, die nicht Mitglieder des Wissenschaftsrats sind. Ihnen weiß sich der Wissenschaftsrat zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet. Ebenso dankt der Wissenschaftsrat weiteren Sachverständigen, die den Beratungsprozess im Rahmen von Expertengesprächen und mit Hintergrundinformationen konstruktiv unterstützt haben. Besonderer Dank gilt außerdem der Zentralbibliothek des Forschungszentrums Jülich sowie der Max Planck Digital Library für die Unterstützung mit Daten und Analysen. Der Wissenschaftsrat hat die Empfehlungen zur Transformation des wissenschaftlichen Publizierens zu Open Access am 21. Januar 2022 verabschiedet.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 11
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    1. Wochenbericht AL568b (2022)
    In:  UNSPECIFIED, 5 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Fahrtabschnitt 24.01. – 30.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
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    Expedition 396 Preliminary Report: Mid-Norwegian Margin Magmatism and Paleoclimate Implications6 August–5 October 2021, (2022)
    IODP
    In:  IODP Preliminary Report, 396 . IODP, 58 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The opening of the North Atlantic about 56 My ago was associated with the emplacement of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, including the deposition of voluminous extrusive basaltic successions and intrusion of magma into the surrounding sedimentary basins. The mid-Norwegian Margin is a global type example of such volcanic rifted margins and is well suited for scientific drilling with its thin sediment cover and good data coverage. During International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 396, 21 boreholes were drilled at 10 sites in five different geological settings on this volcanic margin. The boreholes sampled a multitude of igneous and sedimentary settings ranging from lava flow fields to hydrothermal vent complexes, along with thick successions of upper Paleocene and lower Eocene strata. A comprehensive suite of wireline logs was collected in eight boreholes. The main goals of the expedition were to provide constraints for geodynamic models to test different hypotheses that can explain the rapid emplacement of large igneous provinces and the hypothesis that the associated Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum was caused by hydrothermal release of carbon in response to magmatic intrusions. Successful drilling, combined with high core recovery of target intervals of all nine primary sites and one additional alternate site, should allow us to achieve these goals during postcruise work.
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  • 13
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    The River Plume Workflow of the Flood Event Explorer: Detection and impact assessment of a river plume (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The River Plume Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The focus of the River Plume Workflow is the impact of riverine flood events on the marine environment. At the end of a flood event chain, an unusual amount of nutrients and pollutants is washed into the North Sea, which can have consequences, such as increased algae blooms. The workflow aims to enable users to detect a river plume in the North Sea and to determine its spatio-temporal extent. Identifying river plume candidates can either happen manually in the visual interface or also through an automatic anomaly detection algorithm, using Gaussian regression. In both cases a combination of observational data, namely FerryBox transects and satellite data, and model data are used. Once a river plume candidate is found, a statistical analysis supplies additional detail on the anomaly and helps to compare the suspected river plume to the surrounding data. Simulated trajectories of particles starting on the FerryBox transect at the time of the original observation and modelled backwards and forwards in time help to verify the origin of the river plume and allow users to follow the anomaly across the North Sea. An interactive map enables users to load additional observational data into the workflow, such as ocean colour satellite maps, and provides them with an overview of the flood impacts and the river plume’s development on its way through the North Sea. In addition, the workflow offers the functionality to assemble satellite-based chlorophyll observations along model trajectories as a time series. They allow scientists to understand processes inside the river plume and to determine the timescales on which these developments happen. For example, chlorophyll degradation rates in the Elbe river plume are currently investigated using these time series. The workflow's added value lies in the ease with which users can combine observational FerryBox data with relevant model data and other datasets of their choice. Furthermore, the workflow allows users to visually explore the combined data and contains methods to find and highlight anomalies. The workflow’s functionalities also enable users to map the spatio-temporal extent of the river plume and investigate the changes in productivity that occur in the plume. All in all, the River Plume Workflow simplifies the investigation and monitoring of flood events and their impacts in marine environments.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflow ; river plume ; ferrybox ; impact ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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  • 14
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    The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow of the Flood Event Explorer: Identification of relevant controls and useful indicators for the assessment of flood impacts (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow aims to support the identification of relevant controls and useful indicators for the assessment of flood impacts. It should support answering the question What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts?. Floods impact individuals and communities and may have significant social, economic and environmental consequences. These impacts result from the interplay of hazard - the meteo-hydrological processes leading to high water levels and inundation of usually dry land, exposure - the elements affected by flooding such as people, build environment or infrastructure, and vulnerability - the susceptibility of exposed elements to be harmed by flooding. In view of the complex interactions of hazard and impact processes a broad range of data from disparate sources need to be compiled and analysed across the boundaries of climate and atmosphere, catchment and river network, and socio-economic domains. The workflow approaches this problem and supports scientists to integrate observations, model outputs and other datasets for further analysis in the region of interest. The workflow provides functionalities to select the region of interest, access hazard, exposure and vulnerability related data from different sources, identifying flood periods as relevant time ranges, and calculate defined indices. The integrated input data set is further filtered for the relevant flood event periods in the region of interest to obtain a new comprehensive flood data set. This spatio-temporal dataset is analysed using data-science methods such as clustering, classification or correlation algorithms to explore and identify useful indicators for flood impacts. For instance, the importance of different factors or the interrelationships among multiple variables to shape flood impacts can be explored. The added value of the Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is twofold. First, it integrates scattered data from disparate sources and makes it accessible for further analysis. As such, the effort to compile, harmonize and combine a broad range of spatio-temporal data is clearly reduced. Also, the integration of new datasets from additional sources is much more straightforward. Second, it enables a flexible analysis of multivariate data and by reusing algorithms from other workflows it fosters a more efficient scientific work that can focus on data analysis instead of tedious data wrangling.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflow ; hydrometeorological controls ; indicators ; impact assessment ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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  • 15
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    The Flood Similarity Workflow of the Flood Event Explorer: Identification, assessment and comparison of hydro-meteorological controls of flood events (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Flood Similarity Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). River floods and associated adverse consequences are caused by complex interactions of hydro-meteorological and socio-economic pre-conditions and event characteristics. The Flood Similarity Workflow supports the identification, assessment and comparison of hydro-meteorological controls of flood events. The analysis of flood events requires the exploration of discharge time series data for hundreds of gauging stations and their auxiliary data. Data availability and accessibility and standard processing techniques are common challenges in that application and addressed by this workflow. The Flood Similarity Workflow allows the assessment and comparison of arbitrary flood events. The workflow includes around 500 gauging stations in Germany comprising discharge data and the associated extreme value statistics as well as precipitation and soil moisture data. This provides the basis to identify and compare flood events based on antecedent catchment conditions, catchment precipitation, discharge hydrographs, and inundation maps. The workflow also enables the analysis of multidimensional flood characteristics including aggregated indicators (in space and time), spatial patterns and time series signatures. The added value of the Flood Event Explorer comprises two major points. First, scientist work on a common, homogenized database of flood events and their hydro-meteorological controls for a large spatial and temporal domain , with fast and standardized interfaces to access the data. Second, the standardized computation of common flood indicators allows a consistent comparison and exploration of flood events.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflow ; hydrometeorological controls ; compare ; assess ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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    The Smart Monitoring Workflow (Tocap) of the Flood Event Explorer: Determining the most suitable time and location for event-driven, ad-hoc monitoring (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Smart Monitoring Workflow (Tocap) is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). A deeper understanding of the Earth system as a whole and its interacting sub-systems depends not only on accurate mathematical approximations of the physical processes but also on the availability of environmental data across time and spatial scales. Even though advanced numerical simulations and satellite-based remote sensing in conjunction with sophisticated algorithms such as machine learning tools can provide 4D environmental datasets, local and mesoscale measurements continue to be the backbone in many disciplines such as hydrology. Considering the limitations of human and technical resources, monitoring strategies for these types of measurements should be well designed to increase the information gain provided. One helpful set of tools to address these tasks are data exploration frameworks providing qualified data from different sources and tailoring available computational and visual methods to explore and analyse multi-parameter datasets. In this context, we developed a Smart Monitoring Workflow to determine the most suitable time and location for event-driven, ad-hoc monitoring in hydrology using soil moisture measurements as our target variable. The Smart Monitoring Workflow consists of three main steps. First is the identification of the region of interest, either via user selection or recommendation based on spatial environmental parameters provided by the user. Statistical filters and different color schemes can be applied to highlight different regions. The second step is accessing time-dependent environmental parameters (e.g., rainfall and soil moisture estimates of the recent past, weather predictions from numerical weather models and swath forecasts from Earth observation satellites) for the region of interest and visualizing the results. Lastly, a detailed assessment of the region of interest is conducted by applying filter and weight functions in combination with multiple linear regressions on selected input parameters. Depending on the measurement objective (e.g highest/lowest values, highest/lowest change), most suitable areas for monitoring will subsequently be visually highlighted. In combination with the provided background map, an efficient route for monitoring can be planned directly in the exploration environment. The added value of the Smart Monitoring Workflow is multifold. The workflow gives the user a set of tools to visualize and process their data on a background map and in combination with data from public environmental datasets. For raster data from public databases, tailor-made routines are provided to access the data in the spatial-temporal limits required by the user. Aiming to facilitate the design of terrestrial monitoring campaigns, the platform and device-independent approach of the workflow gives the user the flexibility to design a campaign at the desktop computer first and to refine it later in the field using mobile devices. In this context, the ability of the workflow to plot time-series of forecast data for the region of interest empowers the user to react quickly to changing conditions, e.g thunderstorm showers, by adapting the monitoring strategy, if necessary. Finally, the integrated routing algorithm assists to calculate the duration of a planned campaign as well as the optimal driving route between often scattered monitoring locations.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflow ; smart monitoring ; campaign planning ; tocap ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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    The Climate Change Workflow of the Flood Event Explorer: Analysis of climate-driven changes in flood-generating climate variables (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Climate Change Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon , Climate Service Center Germany. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The goal of the Climate Change Workflow is to support the analysis of climate-driven changes in flood-generating climate variables, such as precipitation or soil moisture, using regional climate model simulations from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) data archive. It should support to answer the geoscientific question How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios, compared to a 30-year reference period over a certain region? Extraction of locally relevant data over a region of interest (ROI) requires climate expert knowledge and data processing training to correctly process large ensembles of climate model simulations, the Climate Change Workflow tackles this problem. It supports scientists to define the regions of interest, customize their ensembles from the climate model simulations available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF), define variables of interest, and relevant time ranges. The Climate Change Workflow provides: (1) a weighted mask of the ROI ; (2) weighted climate data of the ROI; (3) time series evolution of the climate over the ROI for each ensemble member; (4) ensemble statistics of the projected change; and lastly, (5) an interactive visualization of the region’s precipitation change projected by the ensemble of selected climate model simulations for different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The visualization includes the temporal evolution of precipitation change over the course of the 21st century and statistical characteristics of the ensembles for two selected 30 year time periods for the mid and the end of the 21st century (e.g. median and various percentiles). The added value of the Climate Change Workflow is threefold. First, there is a reduction in the number of different software programs necessary to extract locally relevant data. Second, the intuitive generation and access to the weighted mask allows for the further development of locally relevant climate indices. Third, by allowing access to the locally relevant data at different stages of the data processing chain, scientists can work with a vastly reduced data volume allowing for a greater number of climate model ensembles to be studied; which translates into greater scientific robustness. Thus, the Climate Change Workflow provides much easier access to an ensemble of high-resolution simulations of precipitation, over a given ROI, presenting the region’s projected precipitation change using standardized approaches and supporting the development of additional locally relevant climate indices.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflow ; Climate Change ; ESGF ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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  • 18
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    The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer: A showcase for data analysis and exploration with scientific workflows (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer supports geoscientists and experts to analyse flood events along the process cascade event generation, evolution and impact across atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine disciplines. It applies the concept of scientific workflows and the component-based Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, Eggert and Dransch, 2021) to an exemplary showcase. It aims at answering the following geoscientific questions: - How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios over a certain region? - What are the main hydro-meteorological controls of a specific flood event? - What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts? - How do flood events impact the marine environment? - What are the best monitoring sites for upcoming flood events? The Flood Event Explorer developed scientific workflows for each geoscientific question providing enhanced analysis methods from statistics, machine learning, and visual data exploration that are implemented in different languages and software environments, and that access data form a variety of distributed databases. The collaborating scientists are from different Helmholtz research centers and belong to different scientific fields such as hydrology, climate-, marine-, and environmental science, and computer- and data science. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/).
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DE Flood Event Explorer Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: Digital Earth ; Flood ; DASF ; Workflows ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
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  • 19
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    Long-term monitoring of biodiversity changes and their functional consequences in the pelagic ecosystems of the central Baltic Sea : Cruise No. AL553 (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
    In:  Alkor-Berichte, AL553 . GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 17 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-04
    Description: April 15th – April 24th 2021 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) BALTIC APRIL 2021
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 20
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    2. Wochenbericht FS SONNE Reise SO288 COMBO & HOMER (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 3 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-07
    Description: 15.01.2022 – 15.02.2022, Guayaquil (Ecuador) – Valparaiso (Chile)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 21
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    3. Wochenbericht FS SONNE Reise SO288 COMBO & HOMER (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 3 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-07
    Description: 15.01.2022 – 15.02.2022, Guayaquil (Ecuador) – Valparaiso (Chile)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 22
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    Integrated water vapor (IWV TH90) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Integrated water vapor above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 90% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Integrated water vapor (IWV)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: NetCDF
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    Liquid water path (LWP TH80) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Liquid water path above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 80% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Cloud liquid water path (LWP)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 24
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    Liquid water path (LWP TH85) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Liquid water path above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 85% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Cloud liquid water path (LWP)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 25
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    integrated water vapor (IWV TH95) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Integrated water vapor above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 95% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Integrated water vapor (IWV)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: NetCDF
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  • 26
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    Liquid water path (LWP TH90) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Liquid water path above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 90% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Cloud liquid water path (LWP)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: NetCDF
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  • 27
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    Liquid water path (LWP TH95) March 2018 - March 219 at Iquique (2022)
    CRC1211 Database (CRC1211DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Liquid water path above Iquique airport from March 2018 to March 2019 measured with Microwave radiometer HATPRO-FOGHAT. Retrieval is based on 20 Years of Radiosonde Data from Antofagasta. Radiosonde data has been preprocessed with a relative humidity threshold of 95% for cloud formation.
    Keywords: Climatology/Meteorology/Atmosphere ; Meteorology ; Remote Sensing ; Cloud liquid water path (LWP)
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 28
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    Material properties of analogue velocity-weakening material used for seismotectonic analogue modeling of strike-slip seismic cycle: the case of twice-broken rice (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) on twice broken rice used in the GEC Laboratory in CY Cergy Paris University in stick-slip experiments. They were obtained by Sarah Visage as part of her doctoral training (funded by the ANR DISRUPT programme) during an invitation at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Like any granular material, the twice broken rice is characterized by several internal friction coefficients μ and cohesions C, classicaly qualified as dynamic, static, and reactivation coefficients. In adition, since the rice exhibits a stick slip behaviour, the various shear - velocity or shear-displacement curves exhibit high frequency oscillations and we therefore define maximum, minimum, and mean values corresponding respectively to the curve peaks, curve troughs and smoothed curve.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; fault ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Matlab (Mathworks) ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
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  • 29
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    4. Wochenbericht FS SONNE Reise SO288 COMBO & HOMER (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: 15.01.2022 – 15.02.2022, Guayaquil (Ecuador) – Valparaiso (Chile)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    5. Wochenbericht FS SONNE Reise SO288 COMBO & HOMER (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: 15.01.2022 – 15.02.2022, Guayaquil (Ecuador) – Valparaiso (Chile)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    VOLcanic conduit processes and their effect on PROjectile eXit dYnamics (VOLPROXY) (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Volcanic projectiles are centimeter- to meter-sized clasts – both solid-to-molten rock fragments or lithic eroded from conduits – ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions that follow ballistic trajectories. Despite being ranked as less dangerous than large-scale processes such as pyroclastic density currents (hot avalanches of gas and pyroclasts), volcanic projectiles still represent a constant threat to life and properties in the vicinity of volcanic vents, and frequently cause fatal accidents on volcanoes. Mapping of their size, shape, and location in volcanic deposits can be combined to model possible trajectories of projectiles from the vent to their final position, and to estimate crucial source parameters of the driving eruption, such as ejection velocity and pressure differential at the vent. Moreover, size and spatial distributions of volcanic projectiles from past eruptions, coupled with ballistic modelling of their trajectory, are crucial to forecast their possible impact in future eruptions. The reliability of such models strongly depends on i) the appropriate physical functions and input parameters and ii) observational validations. In this study, we aimed to unravel intra-conduit processes that strongly control the dynamic of volcanic projectiles by combining numerical modelling and novel experimentally-determined source parameter. In particular, the multiphase ASHEE model (Cerminara 2016; Cerminara et al. 2016) suited for testing post-fragmentation conduit dynamics based on a robust shock tube experimental dataset. By exploding mixtures of pumice and dense lithic particles within a specially designed transparent autoclave, and by using a raft of pressure sensors, ultra-high-speed cameras and pre-sieved natural particles, we observed and quantified: i) kinematic data of the particles and of the gas front along the shock tube and outside, ii) pressure decay at 1GHz resolution. By feeding the ASHEE model with these datasets, and using initial and boundary conditions similar to that of the experiment, we defined domains composed by a pressurized shock tube and the outside chamber at ambient conditions, and tested particles particle motion according to a Lagrangian approach, as well as gas flow with a Eulerian approach (a 3D finite-volume numerical solver, compressible). The comparison between data and model yields estimate of the particle kinematic inside the tube, the pressure evolution at the top and the bottom of the tube, and the eruption source parameters at the tube exit.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We designed a series of rapid decompression experiments in which we systematically varied componentry, particle size, and packing arrangement of the initial samples. We also carried empty run experiments, where only the gas phase is decompressed. We used the pressure evolution and high-speed footage of these experiments to i) benchmark the expansion of the gas phase against the expansion of gas and particle mixture, and ii) develop 1D and 3D models of particle acceleration.
    Keywords: Eperimental volcanology ; ASHEE model ; Conduit dynamic ; Ejection behavior ; Numerical modelling ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; analysis 〉 physicochemical analysis 〉 granulometry ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 PYROCLASTIC PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 PYROCLASTICS COMPOSITION/TEXTURE ; experiment 〉 test 〉 comparative test ; experiment 〉 test 〉 testing method 〉 calibration ; research 〉 scientific research 〉 experimental study ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 volcanology ; science 〉 physical science
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  • 32
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    Temporal changes in melt inclusion compositions of proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana rear-arc (40-48 Ma) (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-17
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 33
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    A synthetic dataset of paleo relative sea level observations for testing novel data assimilation approaches (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: This is a synthetic dataset. It was created from the outputs of the glacial isostatic adjustment model VILMA (Klemann et al. 2008). It consists of realtive sea level (RSL) data on a global regular grid. The resolution is 256 x 512 points (Lat x Lon). The tomporal range is from 123 ka BP until present day. Time steps vary between 2.5 kyrs at the beginning and 0.5 kyrs towards the end. The data were created for a specific configuration of the GIA model: lithosphere thickness = 60 km, lithosphere viscosity = 1.0E31 Pa s, upper mantle thickness = 610 km, upper mantle viscosity = 1.0E20 Pa s, lower mantle thickness = 3,221 km, lower mantle viscosity = 1.0E21 Pa s. The RSL data are accompanied by a observation locations mask. This mask was used to identify those locations in the global RSL dataset where real observations are available.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: The dataset consists of realtive sea level (RSL) data on a global regular grid. The resolution is 256 x 512 points (Lat x Lon). The temporal range is from 123 ka BP until present day. Time steps vary between 2.5 kyrs at the beginning and 0.5 kyrs towards the end. The data were created for a specific configuration of the GIA model: lithosphere thickness = 60 km, lithosphere viscosity = 1.0E31 Pa s, upper mantle thickness = 610 km, upper mantle viscosity = 1.0E20 Pa s, lower mantle thickness = 3,221 km, lower mantle viscosity = 1.0E21 Pa s. The RSL data are accompanied by observation locations masks. These masks were used to mark those locations in the global RSL dataset where real-life observations are available in order to restrict usage of the synthetic data to those locations.
    Keywords: Synthetic data ; Relative sea level ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 〉 SEA SURFACE HEIGHT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 GLACIAL PROCESSES 〉 CRUST REBOUND ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 GLACIAL PROCESSES 〉 GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 34
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    Lamb weather types (reduced set) and gale days over the North Sea since 1948 based on NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 daily mean sea level pressure fields (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Sea level pressure is a fundamental weather and climate element and the very basis of everyday weather maps. Daily sea level pressure distributions provide information on the influence of high and low pressure systems, air flow, weather activity, and, hence, synoptic conditions. Using sea level pressure distributions from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (Kalnay et al., 1996) and a simplified variant of the weather-typing scheme by Jenkinson and Collison (1977) atmospheric circulation over the North Sea has been classified as to pattern and intensity on a daily basis starting in 1948. A full account of the original weather-typing scheme can be found in Loewe et al. (2005), while the variant scheme has been detailed in Loewe et al. (2006). The analysis has been carried out on the original 16-point grid. Though formally valid at its central point (55°N, 5°E), results are representative of the North Sea region between 50°N-60°N and 0°E-10°E. The modified scheme allows for six weather types, namely four directional (NE=Northeast, SE, SW, NW) and two rotational types (C=cyclonic and A=anticyclonic). The strength of the atmospheric circulation is classified by way of a peak-over-threshold technique, employing re-calibrated thresholds for the gale index G* of 28.3, 36.6, and 44.6 hPa for gale (G), severe gale (SG), and very severe gale (VSG), respectively (Loewe et al., 2013). Technically, the set of weather-typing and gale-classification rules is implemented as a lean FORTRAN code (lwtnssim.f), internally known as "Simple Lamb weather-typing scheme for the North Sea v1". The processing run was done on a Linux server under Debian 10 (Buster). Both, weather types and gale days, form a catalogue of more than 70 annual calendars since 1948 that is presented and continuously updated to the present day at https://www.bsh.de/EN/DATA/Climate-and-Sea/Weather-and-Gales/weather-and-gales_node.html. This catalogue concisely documents synoptic conditions in the North Sea region. Possible benefits are manifold. Special events and episodes in regional-scale atmospheric circulation are easily looked up and traced. Beyond that, the dataset is well suited for frequency, trend, persistence, transition, and extreme-value statistics.
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    Abschlussbericht zum Gerätetest auf der FS Alkor Reise 568d [AL 568d], 11.02. – 13.02.2022 (2022)
    Universität Hamburg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    4. Wochenbericht SO287 (2022)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-22
    Description: Expedition SO287 – CONNECT 11.12.2021 - 11.01.2022 Las Palmas-Guayaquil Wochenbericht Nr. 4 27.12.2021- 02.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    5. Wochenbericht SO287 (2022)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-22
    Description: Expedition SO287 – CONNECT 11.12.2021 - 11.01.2022 Las Palmas-Guayaquil Wochenbericht Nr. 5 03. - 10.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Geochemistry of late-Variscan felsic igneous rocks of the Erzgebirge-Vogtland metallogenic province - Part 2: F-poor biotite and two-mica granites (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is Part 2 of the compiles whole-rock chemical data for late-Variscan low-F biotite and two-mica granites in the German Erzgebirge, in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan Orogen. The group of F-poor biotite granites is represented by the composite massifs of Kirchberg and Niederbobritzsch, the Plohn Granite Suite (PGS), the Aue Granite Suite (AGS), and the subsurface granites of Beiersdorf und Bernsbach. For the group of two-mica granites, compositional data for the multi-stage Bergen massif and the granites from Lauter and Schwarzenberg are reported (Figure 1). Crystal-melt fractionation was the dominant process controlling the evolution of bulk composition in the course of massif/pluton formation. However, metasomatic and hydrothermal processes involving late-stage residual melts and high-T late- to post-magmatic fluids became increasingly more important in highly evolved units and have variably modified the abundances of mobile elements. Interaction with the various metamorphic country rocks and infiltration of meteoric low-T fluids have further disturbed the initial chemical patterns in the endocontact zones and zones influenced by surface weathering. The data set reports whole-rock geochemical analyses for enclaves, granites, aplites, endocontact rocks, and some facial varieties. The data are presented as Excel (xlsx) and machine-readable txt formats. The content of the excel sheet and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file.
    Keywords: granite ; peraluminous granite ; aplite ; enclave ; fractional crystallization ; composite pluton ; alteration ; ore mineralization ; whole-rock geochemistry ; tungsten ; molybdenum ; uranium ; Kirchberg pluton ; Plohn granite suite ; Bergen pluton ; Aue-Schwarzenberg Granite Zone ; late Carboniferous ; Variscan orogen ; Saxothuringian Zone ; Erzgebirge ; Germany ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 ELEMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS
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    2. Wochenbericht AL568b (2022)
    Universität Hamburg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Fahrtabschnitt 31.01. – 01.02.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Simulated near-surface speed combined with ice cover from VIKING20X simulation (2022)
    GEOMAR Ocean Dynamics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Visualisation of 5-daily near-surface speed (100m depth) projected on surface elevation combined with sea ice cover from the high-resolution VIKING20X simulation for the period 2000 to 2009
    Type: Video , NonPeerReviewed
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    Effects of Blue Mussel and Algae Meal in Aquafeeds for Juvenile Rainbow Trout ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Biological Oceanography
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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    Fatbox - Fault Analysis Toolbox (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Fatbox - Fault Analysis Toolbox is a python module for the extraction and analysis of faults (and fractures) in raster data. We often observer faults in 2-D or 3-D raster data (e.g. geological maps, numerical models or seismic volumes), yet the extraction of these structures still requires large amounts of our time. The aim of this module is to reduce this time by providing a set of functions, which can perform many of the steps required for the extraction and analysis of fault systems. The basic idea of the module is to describe fault systems as graphs (or networks) consisting of nodes and edges, which allows us to define faults as components, i.e. sets of nodes connected by edges, of a graph. Nodes, which are not connected through edges, thus belong to different components (faults).
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright [2022] Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Keywords: clustering ; signal-processing ; image-processing ; network-analysis ; deformation ; faults ; Python 3 ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING 〉 TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION
    Type: Software , Software
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    VolMIP piControl field-average GL TR NH SH ENSO NAO monthly time series (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-05
    Description: preindustrial Control experiment to be used in VolMIP analyses. The piControl experiment is the CMIP6-DECK piControl experiment described in Eyring et al. (2016). piControl provides initial climate states that are sampled to start most of VolMIP experiments (Zanchettin et al., 2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.
    Type: experiment
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    VolMIP volc-pinatubo-full field-average GL TR NH SH ENSO NAO monthly time series (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-05
    Description: Idealized volcanic-forcing coupled climate model experiment using the 1991 Pinatubo forcing as used in the CMIP6 historical simulations. It is a Tier 1 (mandatory) VolMIP experiment based on a large ensemble of short-term “Pinatubo” climate simulations aimed at accurately estimating simulated responses to volcanic forcing that may be comparable to the amplitude of internal interannual climate variability. Initialization is based on equally distributed predefined states of ENSO (cold/neutral/warm states) and of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO, negative/neutral/positive states). Sampling of an eastern phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), as observed after the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, is preferred for those models that spontaneously generate such mode of stratospheric variability. VIRF diagnostics must be calculated for this experiment for the whole integration and for all ensemble members, as these are required for the “volc-pinatubo-strat”/“surf” experiments. A minimum length of integration of 3 years is requested. Details about the experiment are provided by Zanchettin et al. (2016). The dataset contains monthly values of selected variables spatially averaged over four regions. These are the full globe (GL), the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (30°-90°N, NH), the tropics (30°S-30°N, TR), and the Southern Hemisphere (30°-90°S, hereafter SH). The considered variables have the following cmor names: hfls, hfss, pr, rlds, rldscs, rlus, rlut, rlutcs, rsds, rsdscs, rsdt, rsus, rsut, rsutcs, tas. Additionally, the climate indices NAO and Nino34 are part of the dataset. Considered models are CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2.1-G, MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1.2-LR (named MPI-ESM-LR in the files of this dataset) and UKESM1. Considered experiments are piControl and volc-pinatubo-full, with initial date and final date as specified for each model in Zanchettin et al. (2021). Different realizations are considered for the participating models depending on availability.
    Type: experiment
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    Monitoring winter spawning activity of Western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) (2021-25) Cruise No. AL568b (2022)
    IMF (Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: January 24th – February 1st 2022 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) Winter cod 2021-25
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    2. Wochenbericht MSM106 (2022)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-08
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN - MSM106 (26.02. - 19.03.2022) 2. Wochenbericht (28.2. – 6.3.2022)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Dataset on effects of conservation with wildlife and agriculture on plant lignin and n-alkanes components in soils (2022)
    TRR228 Database (TRR228DB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: 1.Nature conservation is fostered through the expansion of protected areas. This is particularly evident in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where conservation is intended to simultaneously promote the recovery of megafauna like elephants. Rising numbers of megaherbivores induce woody biomass losses but restore soil organic carbon (SOC). We hypothesized that increases of SOC under conservation with wildlife in SSA go directly along with increases in the preservation of plant residues in soil organic matter (SOM), traceable by plant biomarkers such as lignin and n-alkane. In contrast, intensification with agriculture leads to a reduction of them. To test this, we sampled topsoil (0-10 cm) and corresponding plant samples along different intensities of conservation and intensification in the Zambezi Region of Namibia, comprising a) conservation sites with low, medium and high elephant densities and b) adjacent intensification sites with rangeland and cropland. We found that lignin and n-alkane patterns of the above-ground vegetation were preserved in the soil. Confirming our hypothesis, increasing SOC contents with rising elephant densities went along with increasing accumulation of lignin-derived phenols. Under conservation, lignin concentrations were influenced by the input of woody debris into the soil, traced by carbon isotopes, clay, and total woody biomass. This could not be proved for n-alkanes. Under intensification, lignin derived phenols were lower than under conservation, but again, there was no clear pattern for n-alkanes. We showed that conservation with wildlife leads to an increase of SOC, which was accompanied by an accumulation of lignin-derived phenols in the soil organic matter. Increased input of woody debris, clay content and total biomass were important parameters for this lignin accumulation. In contrast, intensification with agriculture leads to a loss of lignin. Contrary, n- alkanes were not sensitive to detect effects of conservation or intensification. We conclude that increasing incorporation of woody residues into soil is a key mechanism controlling SOC accrual and to offset losses of aboveground biomass on SOC in sites under conservation with wildlife. The dataset contains raw data of lignin and n-alkanes and related soil properties. A third sheet contains a legend with information on abbreviations.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Conservation ; Intensification ; Soil Organic Carbon ; Carbon Storage Dynamics ; Carbon Sequestration ; Biomarker ; Lignin ; n-Alkanes
    Type: Dataset , Microsoft excel file
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    Stress Map of Great Britain and Ireland 2022 (2022)
    GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Great Britain and Ireland 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. All data records have been checked and we added a number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and borehole data. The number of data records has increased from n=377 in the WSM 2016 to n=474 in this map. Some locations and assigned quality of WSM 2016 data were corrected due to new information. The digital version of the map is a layered pdf generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019) using the topography of Tozer et al. (2019). We also provide on a regular 0.1° grid values of the mean SHmax orientation which have a standard deviation 〈 25°. The mean SHmax orientation is estimated using the tool stress2grid of Ziegler and Heidbach (2019). For this estimation we used only data records with A-C quality and applied weights according to data quality and distance to the grid points. The stress map is available at the landing page of the GFZ Data Services at http://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.GreatBritainIreland2022 where further information is provided.
    Description: Other
    Description: The World Stress Map (WSM) is a global compilation of information on the crustal present-day stress field. It is a collaborative project between academia and industry that aims to characterize the stress pattern and to understand the stress sources. It commenced in 1986 as a project of the International Lithosphere Program under the leadership of Mary-Lou Zoback. From 1995-2008 it was a project of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities headed first by Karl Fuchs and then by Friedemann Wenzel. Since 2009 the WSM is maintained at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and since 2012 the WSM is a member of the ICSU World Data System. All stress information is analysed and compiled in a standardized format and quality-ranked for reliability and comparability on a global scale.
    Keywords: crustal stress ; in situ stress ; tectonic stress ; crustal stress pattern ; geophysics ; tectonics ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS
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    1. Wochenbericht AL569 (2022)
    Universität Hamburg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-11
    Description: 1. Wochenbericht FS Alkor Reise 569, Fahrtabschnitt 02.03.-05.03.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Kaghan Valley, Pakistan: metamorphic rocks, their chemistry and age (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is the source of my doctoral thesis and of three resulting publications. Through whole rock geochemistry of selected samples and microprobe and geochronological analyses of key minerals, formerly selected by extensive microscopical studies, standard geothermobarometry and modelling was applied. It has been shown that metamorphic rocks, in particular, the eclogites of the northern Kaghan Valley, Pakistan, were buried to depths of 140-100 km (36-30 kbar) at 790-640°C. Subsequently, cooling during decompression (exhumation) towards 40-35 km (17-10 kbar) and 630-580°C has been superseded by a phase of reheating to about 720-650°C at roughly the same depth before final exhumation has taken place. In the southern-most part of the Kaghan Valley, amphibolite facies assemblages with formation conditions similar to the deduced reheating phase indicate a juxtaposition of both areas after the eclogite facies stage and thus a stacking of Indian Plate units. Radiometric dating of zircon, titanite and rutile by U-Pb and amphibole and micas by Ar-Ar reveal peak pressure conditions at 47-48 Ma. With a maximum exhumation rate of 14 cm/a these rocks reached the crust-mantle boundary at 40-35 km within 1 Ma. Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) decelerated to ca. 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but rose again to about 2 mm/a in the period of 41-31 Ma, equivalent to 35-20 km. Apatite fission track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He ages from eclogites, amphibolites, micaschists and gneisses yielded moderate Oligocene to Miocene cooling rates of about 10°C/Ma in the high altitude northern parts of the Kaghan Valley using the mineral-pair method. AFT ages are of 24.5±3.8 to 15.6±2.1 Ma whereas apatite (U-Th)/He analyses yielded ages between 21.0±0.6 and 5.3±0.2 Ma. The southern-most part of the Valley is dominated by younger late Miocene to Pliocene apatite fission track ages of 7.6±2.1 and 4.0±0.5 Ma that support earlier tectonically and petrologically findings of a juxtaposition and stack of Indian Plate units. As this nappe is tectonically lowermost, a later distinct exhumation and uplift driven by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust is inferred. Out of this geochemical, petrological, isotope-geochemical and low temperature thermochronology investigations it was concluded that the exhumation was buoyancy driven and caused an initial rapid exhumation: exhumation as fast as recent normal plate movements (ca. 10 cm/a). As the exhuming units reached the crust-mantle boundary the process slowed down due to changes in buoyancy. Most likely, this exhumation pause has initiated the reheating event that is petrologically evident (e.g. glaucophane rimmed by hornblende, ilmenite overgrowth of rutile). Late stage processes involved widespread thrusting and folding with accompanied regional greenschist facies metamorphism, whereby contemporaneous thrusting on the Batal Thrust (seen sometimes equivalent to the MCT) and back sliding of the Kohistan Arc along the inverse reactivated Main Mantle Thrust caused final exposure of these rocks. Similar circumstances have been seen at Tso Morari, Ladakh, India, 200 km further east where comparable rock assemblages occur. In conclusion, as exhumation was already done well before the initiation of the monsoonal system, climate dependent effects (erosion) appear negligible in comparison to far-field tectonic effects. Thus, the channel flow model is not applicable for this part of the Himalayas.
    Keywords: whole rock geochemistry ; microprobe ; U-Pb geochronology ; Ar/Ar geochronology ; apatite fission track ; U-Th/He thermochronology ; metamorphic rocks ; eclogite ; Himalayas ; Pakistan ; Kaghan Valley ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPIC AGE ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 LA-ICP-MS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 XRF
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    Earthquake and Moment Tensor Catalogs of the 2015-2017 Pamir Earthquake Sequence (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A sequence of three strong (M W 7.2–6.4) and several moderate (M W 4.4–5.7) earthquakes struck the Pamir Plateau and surrounding mountain ranges of Tajikistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan in 2015–2017. With a local seismic network in operation in the Xinjiang province since August 2015, an aftershock network on the Pamir Plateau of Tajikistan since February 2016, and additional permanent regional seismic stations, we were able to record the succession of the fore-, main-, and aftershock sequences at local distances with good azimuthal coverage. We located 11,784 seismic events and determined the moment tensor for 33 earthquakes. The seismicity delineates the major tectonic structures of the Pamir, i.e., the thrusts that absorb shortening along the plateau thrust front, and the strike-slip and normal faults that dissect the Plateau into a westward extruding and a northward advancing block. Fault ruptures were activated subsequently at increasing distances from the initial M W 7.2 Sarez. All mainshock areas but the initial one exhibited foreshock seismicity which was not modulated by the occurrence of the earlier earthquakes. The tabular ASCII data of the seismic event catalog consist of origin date, time, location, depth and magnitude of the events, along with the quality measures: number of P- and S-wave arrival time picks, location root-mean-square misfit and localization method. The tabular ASCII data of the moment tensor catalog consist of origin date, time, location, the six independent components of the moment tensor, the moment magnitude, and the orientation of the preferred fault plane parameterized as fault strike, dip and rake.
    Keywords: Pamir ; Tajikistan ; China ; Xingjiang ; disaster 〉 natural disaster 〉 geological disaster ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; environment 〉 geophysical environment ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; land 〉 world 〉 Asia 〉 Central Asia ; physical process 〉 diffusion
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  • 52
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    WRF10km with bias corrected CMIP5 CESM forcing over India Mid-Century (Version 2) (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-18
    Description: The Bias Corrected CESMv1 data for mid-century (2041-2050) for RCP8.5 emission scenario at coarser resolution has been downscaled to 10km resolution over India using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The climate variables included are 2m Temperature (t2m), relative humidity (rh), wind speed (wspd), total precipitation (prec), mean surface shortwave flux (sw), top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation (lw), mean surface latent (lhf) and sensible (shf) heat fluxes along with the latitude, longitude, and time information. The dataset covers the Indian National Territory region at a 369 x 369 grid. The data is available at three temporal resolutions: Daily TS, Monthly TS, and Monthly Climatology. The dataset has been structured into a total of 30 files (10 variables x 3 temporal resolutions) packed in self-explanatory NetCDF format. The daily, monthly, and monthly climatology files contain 369x369x3650, 369x369x30, and 369x369x12 data points, respectively. The entire dataset is about 30 GB in size. The precipitation files in the older version contained hourly accumulated values for every day. This version contains the correct daily accumulated, monthly accumulated and monthly climatology precipitation data.
    Type: experiment
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    3. Wochenbericht MSM106 (2022)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN - MSM106 (26.02. – 19.03.2022) 3. Wochenbericht (07.03. – 13.03.2022)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Relay interlayer synchronisation: invariance and stability conditions (2022)
    In:  Nonlinearity
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: In this paper, the existence (invariance) and stability (locally and globally) of relay interlayer synchronisation (RIS) are investigated in a chain of multiplex networks. The local dynamics of the nodes in the symmetric positions layers on both sides of the non-identical middlemost layer(s) are identical. The local and global stability conditions for this synchronisation state are analytically derived based on the master stability function approach and by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, respectively. We propose an appropriate demultiplexing process for the existence of the RIS state. Then the variational equation transverse to the RIS manifold for demultiplexed networks is derived. In numerical simulations, the impact of interlayer and intralayer coupling strengths, variations of the system parameter in the relay layers and demultiplexing on the emergence of RIS in triplex and pentaplex networks are explored. Interestingly, in this multiplex network, enhancement of RIS is observed when a type of impurity via parameter mismatch in the local dynamics of the nodes is introduced in the middlemost layer. A common time-lag with small amplitude shift between the symmetric positions and central layers plays an important role for the enhancing of relay interlayer synchrony. This analysis improves our understanding of synchronisation states in multiplex networks with nonidentical layers.
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    Recurrence-Based Synchronization Analysis of Weakly Coupled Bursting Neurons under External ELF Fields (2022)
    In:  Entropy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: We investigate the response characteristics of a two-dimensional neuron model exposed to an externally applied extremely low frequency (ELF) sinusoidal electric field and the synchronization of neurons weakly coupled with gap junction. We find, by numerical simulations, that neurons can exhibit different spiking patterns, which are well observed in the structure of the recurrence plot (RP). We further study the synchronization between weakly coupled neurons in chaotic regimes under the influence of a weak ELF electric field. In general, detecting the phases of chaotic spiky signals is not easy by using standard methods. Recurrence analysis provides a reliable tool for defining phases even for noncoherent regimes or spiky signals. Recurrence-based synchronization analysis reveals that, even in the range of weak coupling, phase synchronization of the coupled neurons occurs and, by adding an ELF electric field, this synchronization increases depending on the amplitude of the externally applied ELF electric field. We further suggest a novel measure for RP-based phase synchronization analysis, which better takes into account the probabilities of recurrences.
    Description: We investigate the response characteristics of a two-dimensional neuron model exposed to an externally applied extremely low frequency (ELF) sinusoidal electric field and the synchronization of neurons weakly coupled with gap junction. We find, by numerical simulations, that neurons can exhibit different spiking patterns, which are well observed in the structure of the recurrence plot (RP). We further study the synchronization between weakly coupled neurons in chaotic regimes under the influence of a weak ELF electric field. In general, detecting the phases of chaotic spiky signals is not easy by using standard methods. Recurrence analysis provides a reliable tool for defining phases even for noncoherent regimes or spiky signals. Recurrence-based synchronization analysis reveals that, even in the range of weak coupling, phase synchronization of the coupled neurons occurs and, by adding an ELF electric field, this synchronization increases depending on the amplitude of the externally applied ELF electric field. We further suggest a novel measure for RP-based phase synchronization analysis, which better takes into account the probabilities of recurrences
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    Data and MATLAB Code for Reproducing RPs and RQA of Westerhold et al, Science, 369, 2020 (2022)
    CERN / Zenodo
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The data file `CENOGRID_Loess_20.txt` contains the astronomically tuned deep-sea benthic foraminifer carbon (δ¹³C) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope reference records uniformly covering the entire Cenozoic. The first column is the tuned age in Ma, the second column the δ¹³C, and the third column the δ¹⁸O record. The original calculations were performed using the CRP Toolbox for MATLAB. In order to avoid installing the toolbox and for better performance, the functions for calculating RP and RQA were here reimplemented, providing identical result. To reproduce the RPs in Fig. 2, use the script `perform_rp.m`, for reproducing the determinism values and upper confidence bounds, use the script `perform_rqa.m`.
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    Extreme Weather Events and Internal Migration: Evidence from Mongolia (2022)
    In:  Economics of Disasters and Climate Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This article examines the effects of extreme weather events on internal migration in Mongolia. Our focus is on dzuds , extremely harsh winters characterized by very cold temperature, snowfall anomalies, and/or storms causing very high livestock mortality. We exploit exogenous variation in the intensity of extreme winter events across time and space to identify their causal impacts on permanent domestic migration. Our database is a time series of migration and population data at provincial and district level from official population registries, spanning the 1992-2018 period. Results obtained with a two-way fixed effects panel estimator show that extreme winter events cause significant and sizeable permanent out-migration from affected provinces for up to two years after an event. These effects are confirmed when considering net change rates in the overall population at the district level. The occurrence of extreme winter events is also a strong predictor for declines in the local population of pastoralist households, the socio-economic group most affected by those events. This suggests that the abandonment of pastoralist livelihoods is an important channel through which climate affects within-country migration.
    Language: English
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    Women’s empowerment through homestead food production in rural Bangladesh (2022)
    In:  BMC Public Health
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Background: Women in rural Bangladesh face multiple, inter-related challenges including food insecurity, malnutrition, and low levels of empowerment. We aimed to investigate the pathway towards empowerment experienced by women participating in a three-year nutrition-sensitive homestead food production (HFP) program, which was evaluated through the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomized controlled trial. Methods: We conducted 44 in-depth interviews and 12 focus group discussions with men and women in both intervention and control communities of the FAARM study site in rural, north-eastern Bangladesh. Using a modified grounded theory approach to data collection and analysis, we developed a framework to explain the pathway towards empowerment among HFP program participants. Results: The analysis and resulting framework identified seven steps towards empowerment: 1) receiving training and materials; 2) establishing home gardens and rearing poultry; 3) experiencing initial success with food production; 4) generating social or financial resources; 5) expanding agency in household decision-making; 6) producing renewable resources (e.g. farm produce) and social resources; and 7) sustaining empowerment. The most meaningful improvements in empowerment occurred among participants who were able to produce food beyond what was needed for household consumption and were able to successfully leverage these surplus resources to gain higher bargaining power in their household. Additionally, women used negotiation skills with their husbands, fostered social support networks with other women, and developed increased self-efficacy and motivation. Meanwhile, the least empowered participants lacked support in critical areas, such as support from their spouses, social support networks, or sufficient space or time to produce enough food to meaningfully increase their contribution and therefore bargaining power within their household. Conclusions: This study developed a novel framework to describe a pathway to empowerment among female participants in an HFP intervention, as implemented in the FAARM trial. These results have implications for the design of future nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions, which should prioritize opportunities to increase empowerment and mitigate the barriers identified in our study. Trial registration: FAARM is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02505711).
    Language: English
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    Collective nonlinear dynamics and self-organization in decentralized power grids (2022)
    In:  Reviews of Modern Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The ongoing transition to renewable energy supply comes with a restructuring of power grids, changing their effective interaction topologies, more and more strongly decentralizing them and substantially modifying their input, output, and response characteristics. All of these changes imply that power grids become increasingly affected by collective, nonlinear dynamic phenomena, structurally and dynamically more distributed and less predictable in space and time, more heterogeneous in its building blocks, and as a consequence less centrally controllable. Here cornerstone aspects of data-driven and mathematical modeling of collective dynamical phenomena emerging in real and model power grid networks by combining theories from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and statistical physics, anomalous statistics, optimization, and graph theory are reviewed. The mathematical background required for adequate modeling and analysis approaches is introduced, an overview of power system models is given, and a range of collective dynamical phenomena are focused on, including synchronization and phase locking, flow (re)routing, Braess’s paradox, geometric frustration, and spreading and localization of perturbations and cascading failures, as well as the nonequilibrium dynamics of power grids, where fluctuations play a pivotal role.
    Language: English
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    Partial synchronization patterns in brain networks (2022)
    In:  EPL (Europhysics Letters)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Partial synchronization patterns play an important role in the functioning of neuronal networks, both in pathological and in healthy states. They include chimera states, which consist of spatially coexisting domains of coherent (synchronized) and incoherent (desynchronized) dynam- ics, and other complex patterns. In this perspective article we show that partial synchronization scenarios are governed by a delicate interplay of local dynamics and network topology. Our focus is in particular on applications of brain dynamics like unihemispheric sleep and epileptic seizure.
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    Life-cycle impacts from different decarbonization pathways for the European car fleet (2022)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: For light-duty vehicles (LDVs), alternative powertrains and liquid fuels based on renewable electricity are competing options considered by policymakers and stakeholders for achieving necessary CO2 emission reductions in the transport sector. While the urgency of climate change and the need to reach mitigation targets are well understood, system-wide implications along other sustainability dimensions need further exploration. We integrate a detailed transport system model into an integrated assessment framework and couple it with prospective life cycle impact analysis. This allows to assess different technological pathways of the European LDV fleet until 2050 for a comprehensive set of environmental and resource depletion indicators. Results indicate that greenhouse gas emissions drop significantly in all mitigation scenarios. However, impacts increase in several non-climate change impact categories even with fully renewable electricity supply. Additional impacts arise from the production of battery and fuel-cell components, and from a significant rise in electricity demand, most prominently for synthetic fuels. We consequently find that changes in mobility life-styles and in the relevant industrial processes are paramount to reduce environmental impacts from a climate-friendly LDV fleet across all categories.
    Language: English
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    Analysis code and data used in Kitzmann et al. (EPJ-ST, 2022) (2022)
    CERN / Zenodo
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This repository contains the source files for processing the datasets, running the analysis, and producing the plots for the following publication: Niklas H. Kitzmann, Pawel Romanczuk, Nico Wunderling and Jonathan F. Donges (2022). Detecting contagious spreading of urban innovations on the global city network. European Physical Journal Special Topics. DOI:10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00470-4
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    The importance of different land tenure systems for farmers’ response to climate change: A systematic review (2022)
    In:  Climate Risk Management
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Climate change increasingly affects agricultural systems, making it necessary for farmers to adapt to changing climatic conditions. An important element shaping farmers’ adaptation decisions and their vulnerability is their respective land tenure system. Especially land tenure security can strongly influence farmers’ incentives for adapting to climate change. We review the literature to understand to what extent tenure security and other land tenure characteristics affect farmers’ ability to withstand climate change and how climate change is operationalised. 106 mostly peer-reviewed studies are examined using thematic network analysis and a network of interactions between land tenure and climate change in farming contexts is devised. The results show that three main interactions link land tenure systems and climate change with regard to agricultural livelihoods: (i) land tenure characteristics influence farmers’ adaptation uptake, type and intensity, (ii) certain tenure settings contribute to vulnerability of different socio-demographic groups in agricultural systems, e.g. women, migrants and indigenous communities, and (iii) the perception of tenure security itself is affected by climate change. Yet, the concept of tenure security is poorly defined in most studies, at times resulting in misleading conclusions and leaving important research gaps with regard to optimal land tenure incentives for farmers’ adaptation response. Climate change is often simplistically integrated into the assessments, without validation and analysis of longer term trends. None of the studies reviewed provides a comprehensive and systematic treatment of the multiple dimensions linking climate change and land tenure. Further exploration and empirical validation of the connection between land tenure and climate change in agricultural systems is thus warranted. This should include a more critical engagement with the exigencies of climate change response for agricultural systems, such as the need for flexible approaches to deal with climatic uncertainty. The results of this review are relevant for informing adaptation policy, where sustainable land governance has an integral role to play. Designing smart land tenure interventions based on improved understanding of (local) interactions between land tenure and climate can support farmers in effectively addressing the adverse effects of climate change.
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    Absolute stability and absolute hyperbolicity in systems with discrete time-delays (2022)
    In:  Journal of Differential Equations
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: An equilibrium of a delay differential equation (DDE) is absolutely stable, if it is locally asymptotically stable for all delays. We present criteria for absolute stability of DDEs with discrete time-delays. In the case of a single delay, the absolute stability is shown to be equivalent to asymptotic stability for sufficiently large delays. Similarly, for multiple delays, the absolute stability is equivalent to asymptotic stability for hierarchically large delays. Additionally, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a linear DDE to be hyperbolic for all delays. The latter conditions are crucial for determining whether a system can have stabilizing or destabilizing bifurcations by varying time delays.
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    Network-Based Approach and Climate Change Benefits for Forecasting the Amount of Indian Monsoon Rainfall (2022)
    In:  Journal of Climate
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Despite the development of sophisticated statistical and dynamical climate models, a relative long-term and reliable prediction of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has remained a challenging problem. Toward achieving this goal, here we construct a series of dynamical and physical climate networks based on the global near-surface air temperature field. We show that some characteristics of the directed and weighted climate networks can serve as efficient long-term predictors for ISMR forecasting. The developed prediction method produces a forecasting skill of 0.54 (Pearson correlation) with a 5-month lead time by using the previous calendar year’s data. The skill of our ISMR forecast is better than that of operational forecasts models, which have, however, quite a short lead time. We discuss the underlying mechanism of our predictor and associate it with network–ENSO and ENSO–monsoon connections. Moreover, our approach allows predicting the all-India rainfall, as well as the rainfall different homogeneous Indian regions, which is crucial for agriculture in India. We reveal that global warming affects the climate network by enhancing cross-equatorial teleconnections between the southwest Atlantic, the western part of the Indian Ocean, and the North Asia–Pacific region, with significant impacts on the precipitation in India. A stronger connection through the chain of the main atmospheric circulations patterns benefits the prediction of the amount of rainfall. We uncover a hotspot area in the midlatitude South Atlantic, which is the basis for our predictor, the southwest Atlantic subtropical index (SWAS index). Remarkably, the significant warming trend in this area yields an improvement of the prediction skill.
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    Lessons from COVID-19 for managing transboundary climate risks and building resilience (2022)
    In:  Climate Risk Management
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: COVID-19 has revealed how challenging it is to manage global, systemic and compounding crises. Like COVID-19, climate change impacts, and maladaptive responses to them, have potential to disrupt societies at multiple scales via networks of trade, finance, mobility and communication, and to impact hardest on the most vulnerable. However, these complex systems can also facilitate resilience if managed effectively. This review aims to distil lessons related to the transboundary management of systemic risks from the COVID-19 experience, to inform climate change policy and resilience building. Evidence from diverse fields is synthesised to illustrate the nature of systemic risks and our evolving understanding of resilience. We describe research methods that aim to capture systemic complexity to inform better management practices and increase resilience to crises. Finally, we recommend specific, practical actions for improving transboundary climate risk management and resilience building. These include mapping the direct, cross-border and cross-sectoral impacts of potential climate extremes, adopting adaptive risk management strategies that embrace heterogenous decision-making and uncertainty, and taking a broader approach to resilience which elevates human wellbeing, including societal and ecological resilience.
    Language: English
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    Quaternion-Based Attitude Synchronization With an Event-Based Communication Strategy (2022)
    In:  IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This paper designs an event-triggering based communication strategy for the global attitude synchronization of a network of rigid bodies. To overcome the topological constraint on the manifold SO(3), the quaternion-based hybrid control strategy is designed using a binary logic variable, relying on the relative measurements of adjacent rigid bodies, to determine the torque orientation. The Zeno-free distributed event-triggering strategies (ETSs) are designed combining with the reset of the binary logic variable to generate discrete communication instants, where only the corresponding parts of the control inputs are updated at those discrete instants. By assuming perfect knowledge of the rigid bodies' dynamics and considering uncertainties and/or exogenous disturbances simultaneously, nominal and robust cases are analyzed to ensure the global attitude synchronization, respectively. The effectiveness of the main results is demonstrated by considering the attitude synchronization of six miniature quadrotor prototypes.
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    Cities as complex systems – Collection overview (2022)
    In:  PloS ONE
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This collection provides a contemporary excerpt of “Cities as complex systems”. The contributions have been submitted between April and October 2020. We briefly discuss example papers addressing the themes “urban scaling”, “urban mobility”, “flows in cities”, “spatial analysis”, “information technology and cities”, and “cities in time”. After motivating the intersection of cities and complexity, we provide an introduction and additional thoughts on urban scaling.
    Language: English
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    Protection Degree and Migration in the Stochastic SIRS Model: A Queueing System Perspective (2022)
    In:  IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: With the prevalence of COVID-19, the modeling of epidemic propagation and its analyses have played a significant role in controlling epidemics. However, individual behaviors, in particular the self-protection and migration, which have a strong influence on epidemic propagation, were always neglected in previous studies. In this paper, we mainly propose two models from the individual and population perspectives. In the first individual model, we introduce the individual protection degree that effectively suppresses the epidemic level as a stochastic variable to the SIRS model. In the alternative population model, an open Markov queueing network is constructed to investigate the individual number of each epidemic state, and we present an evolving population network via the migration of people. Besides, stochastic methods are applied to analyze both models. In various simulations, the infected probability, the number of individuals in each state and its limited distribution are demonstrated.
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    Introduction to focus issue: In memory of Vadim S. Anishchenko: Statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics of complex systems (2022)
    In:  Chaos
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    Abnormal detection technology of industrial control system based on transfer learning (2022)
    In:  Applied Mathematics and Computation
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: In industrial control systems, industrial infrastructure is often attacked by hackers. Due to the serious sample imbalance in industrial control data, the traditional machine learning method has poor performance in anomaly detection. In this paper, TrAdaboost algorithm is applied to industrial control anomaly detection. The samples that are easy to classify are taken as the source domain data, and the samples with poor classification effect are taken as the target domain. The source domain data is used to guide the target domain data training. Then, we improve the traditional TrAdaboost algorithm from two aspects of initial weight and final classifier, and apply it to industrial control anomaly detection. Finally, the performance of the algorithm on two different industrial control data sets is verified. And the improved algorithm is compared with other traditional algorithms. The experimental results show that the improved TrAdaboost algorithm has a significant advantage in predicting categories with a small sample size. This algorithm can accurately identify a few abnormal samples. Moreover, the F1 value, recall and precision value of the improved TrAdaboost algorithm on the two data sets have been significantly improved. This indicates that the improved TrAdaboost algorithm greatly improves the overall prediction accuracy of the model.
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    Improved representation of agricultural land use and crop management for large-scale hydrological impact simulation in Africa using SWAT+ (2022)
    In:  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: To date, most regional and global hydrological models either ignore the representation of cropland or consider crop cultivation in a simplistic way or in abstract terms without any management practices. Yet, the water balance of cultivated areas is strongly influenced by applied management practices (e.g. planting, irrigation, fertilization, harvesting). The SWAT+ model represents agricultural land by default in a generic way where the start of the cropping season is driven by accumulated heat units. However, this approach does not work for tropical and sub-tropical regions such as the sub-Saharan Africa where crop growth dynamics are mainly controlled by rainfall rather than temperature. In this study, we present an approach on how to incorporate crop phenology using decision tables and global datasets of rainfed and irrigated croplands with the associated cropping calendar and fertilizer applications in a regional SWAT+ model for Northeast Africa. We evaluate the influence of the crop phenology representation on simulations of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Evapotranspiration (ET) using LAI remote sensing data from Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) and WaPOR ET data respectively. Results show that a representation of crop phenology using global datasets leads to improved temporal patterns of LAI and ET simulations especially for regions with a single cropping cycle. However, for regions with multiple cropping seasons, global phenology datasets need to be complemented with local data or remote sensing data to capture additional cropping seasons. In addition, the improvement of the cropping season also helps to improve soil erosion estimates, as the timing of crop cover controls erosion rates in the model. With more realistic growing seasons, soil erosion is largely reduced for most agricultural Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) which can be considered as a move towards substantial improvements over previous estimates. We conclude that regional and global hydrological models can benefit from improved representations of crop phenology and the associated management practices. Future work regarding the incorporation of multiple cropping seasons in global phenology data is needed to better represent cropping cycles in regional to global hydrological models.
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    The role of cover crops for cropland soil carbon, nitrogen leaching, and agricultural yields – a global simulation study with LPJmL (V. 5.0-tillage-cc) (2022)
    In:  Biogeosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Land management practices can reduce the environmental impact of agricultural land use and production, improve productivity, and transform cropland into carbon sinks. In our study we assessed the biophysical and biogeochemical impacts and the potential contribution of cover crop practices to sustainable land use. We applied the process-based, global dynamic vegetation model LPJmL (Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land) V. 5.0-tillage-cc with a modified representation of cover crops to simulate the growth of grasses on cropland in periods between two consecutive main crops' growing seasons for near-past climate and land use conditions. We quantified simulated responses of agroecosystem components to cover crop cultivation in comparison to bare-soil fallowing practices on global cropland for a period of 50 years. For cover crops with tillage, we obtained annual global median soil carbon sequestration rates of 0.52 and 0.48 t C ha−1 yr−1 for the first and last decades of the entire simulation period, respectively. We found that cover crops with tillage reduced annual nitrogen leaching rates from cropland soils by medians of 39 % and 54 % but also the productivity of the following main crop by an average of 1.6 % and 2 % for the 2 analyzed decades. The largest reductions in productivity were found for rice and modestly lowered ones for maize and wheat, whereas the soybean yield revealed an almost homogenously positive response to cover crop practices replacing bare-soil fallow periods. The obtained simulation results of cover crop with tillage practices exhibit a good ability of the model version to reproduce observed effects reported in other studies. Further, the results suggest that having no tillage is a suitable complementary practice to cover crops, enhancing soil carbon sequestration and the reduction in nitrogen leaching, while reducing potential trade-offs with the main-crop productivity due to their impacts on soil nitrogen and water dynamics. The spatial heterogeneity of simulated impacts of cover crops on the variables assessed here was related to the time period since the introduction of the management practice as well as to environmental and agronomic conditions of the cropland. This study supports findings of other studies, highlighting the substantial potential contribution of cover crop practices to the sustainable development of arable production.
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    Machine learning approach reveals strong link between obliquity amplitude increase and the Mid-Brunhes transition (2022)
    In:  Quaternary Science Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The Mid-Brunhes Transition (MBT) refers to the change in the amplitude of glacial-interglacial cycles around 430 ka BP, with more pronounced, warmer interglacials after ca. 430 ka BP. Despite the advances in the understanding of glacial cycles, the cause and mechanism of the MBT are still not entirely clear. In this study we examine (i) whether the MBT is caused by a change in the intrinsic dynamics of glacial cycles and (ii) how important the systematic changes of the orbital elements across the MBT are for the occurrence of the MBT. In order to address these questions, we take a pure machine-learning approach. We develop an artificial neural network model which provides a skilful 21-ka ahead prediction of glacial-interglacial changes in the LR04 benthic δ18O stack record as well as a sea level reconstruction obtained by an inverse model. This allows us to predict the interglacial levels from glacial conditions. Although the neural network model is trained over a pre-MBT period of 900–450 ka BP, it exhibits the intensification of interglacials after 450 ka BP. This suggests that the dynamical characteristics generating the stronger post-MBT interglacials is inherent already before the MBT. When the neural network model is forced by a hypothetical insolation for which the amplitude of the obliquity cycles is kept at pre-MBT level, the MBT-like phenomenon does not appear in our simulations. In line with earlier suggestions, our results thus give quantitative evidence that the MBT is caused by amplitude changes of the obliquity forcing. For comparison, our results suggest that the change in the mean eccentricity level across the MBT has a smaller impact on the appearance of the MBT.
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    Modeling Tumor Disease and Sepsis by Networks of Adaptively Coupled Phase Oscillators (2022)
    In:  Frontiers in Physiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: In this study, we provide a dynamical systems perspective to the modelling of pathological states induced by tumors or infection. A unified disease model is established using the innate immune system as the reference point. We propose a two-layer network model for carcinogenesis and sepsis based upon the interaction of parenchymal cells and immune cells via cytokines, and the co-evolutionary dynamics of parenchymal, immune cells, and cytokines. Our aim is to show that the complex cellular cooperation between parenchyma and stroma (immune layer) in the physiological and pathological case can be qualitatively and functionally described by a simple paradigmatic model of phase oscillators. By this, we explain carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and sepsis by destabilization of the healthy homeostatic state (frequency synchronized), and emergence of a pathological state (desynchronized or multifrequency cluster). The coupled dynamics of parenchymal cells (metabolism) and nonspecific immune cells (reaction of innate immune system) are represented by nodes of a duplex layer. The cytokine interaction is modeled by adaptive coupling weights between the nodes representing the immune cells (with fast adaptation time scale) and the parenchymal cells (slow adaptation time scale) and between the pairs of parenchymal and immune cells in the duplex network (fixed bidirectional coupling). Thereby, carcinogenesis, organ dysfunction in sepsis, and recurrence risk can be described in a correct functional context.
    Language: English
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    Model results of reduced wood harvest and forest protection scenarios using MAgPIE 4.3.5 (2022)
    CERN / Zenodo
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The files contain MAgPIE 4.3.5 results of reduced wood harvest and forest protection scenarios. MAgPIE requires GAMS (https://www.gams.com/) including licenses for the solvers CONOPT and (optionally) CPLEX for its core calculations. As the model benefits significantly from recent improvements in GAMS and CONOPT4 it is recommended to work with the most recent versions of both. The results of the model run here have been cleaned up to avoid bulky uploads. The fulldata.gdx is the technical output of the GAMS optimization and contains all quantities that were used during the optimization in unchanged form. The mif-file is a CSV file of a specific format and is synthetized from the fulldata.gdx by post-processing scripts. It can be read in any text editor or spreadsheet program and is well suited for a brief look at the results and for further analysis.
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    6. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 6. Wochenbericht 14. - 20.02.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    1. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 1. Wochenbericht 11.01. – 16.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    5. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 5. Wochenbericht 07. - 13.02.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    2. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 2. Wochenbericht 17. - 23.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    4. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 4. Wochenbericht 31.01. - 06.02.20222
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    3. Wochenbericht MSM105 (2022)
    Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 3. Wochenbericht 24. - 30.01.2022
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    1. Wochenbericht MSM106 (2022)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: FS MARIA S. MERIAN - MSM106 (26.02. - 19.03.2022) 1. Wochenbericht (23. – 27.02.2022)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 84
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    Spatial and temporal changes of pressure and CO2 concentration in isolated borehole sections in the marginal area of a cavernous structure - an underground in-situ study in rock salts (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present a dataset of in-situ measurements in the marginal area of a CO2- and brine-rich cavernous structure in an underground salt mine. The data were collected within the framework of the BMBF-project ProSalz. One aim was to reveal the sources and dynamics of fluid movement as well as temporal and spatial distribution of fluids in a potentially weakened cavern rim. Over a period of three years pressure and gas monitoring was carried out along a transect from a cavernous structure to undisturbed rock salt. In addition, temperature and relative humidity data from the underground gallery were recorded. The gas inflow into isolated borehole sections provided an insight into short- and long-term changes of gas migration patterns in rock salt. Pressure increases of up to 4kPa/day and CO2 concentrations of up to 1.2%, especially at the start of the campaign were measured. The gas migration is coupled to discrete fractures and was limited spatially and temporary. Overall, gas occurrences were not correlated to their distance to the cavern, suggesting no wide-ranging fluid-rock interaction within the rim of the investigated natural cavernous structure in rock salt.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The gas pressures in C1, B3, B6, B10A and B10B were measured with pressure sensors (Greisinger) connected to the packer system. The data were recorded with a data logger (ADL-MX Advanced Datalogger, Meier-NT). The humidity and temperature data were recorded using a humidity sensor (Galltec + Mela). The gases were collected underground in sampling bags (calibrated instruments), and analysed in the lab using an OmniStar mass spectrometer (Pfeiffer).
    Keywords: rock salt ; potassium bearing salt deposits ; salt cavern ; gas migration ; long time monitoring ; in situ underground study ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 chemical sedimentary material 〉 evaporite 〉 rock salt ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 BOREHOLES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 85
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    Best Practices uptake process across the Ocean Observing Community (2022)
    IEEE
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-23
    Description: This paper explores the uptake processes that different communities use with regards to their standard operating procedures and best practices Across our five case studies, we noted what made uptake processes successful or challenging and distilled a set of recommendations to further develop the OBPS’s approach to supporting communities in developing and converging methods into best practices.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 86
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    How does the geomorphometry of a volcanic island influence the stability of its flanks? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-23
    Description: Volcanic islands are known to be a source of many natural hazards associated with active volcanism. The processes leading to the instability of their flanks, however are less well understood. The movement of an instable volcanic flank occurs in either or both of two ways; slow sliding of several cm per year (i.e. Etna, Italy) and/or the catastrophic collapse of a large portion of the edifice (i.e. Anak Krakatau, Indonesia). The conditions and precursors leading to such events are often unknown. The limited availability of high-resolution bathymetry data especially at the coast is often restricting the quantitative geomorphological investigation to the subaerial part of the volcanic island. It is essential, however, to include the entire volcanic edifice as instability affects the volcano from summit to seafloor. In this study, we test whether and in which way, the morphology of the volcanic edifice affects its instability. We combine openly available high-resolution bathymetric and topographic grids (50-150m grid spacing) to create shoreline-crossing DEMs of volcanic islands in four areas (archipelagos of Hawaii, Canaries, Mariana Islands and South Sandwich Islands). Morphological parameters, such as area, volume, height from seafloor, slope etc. of the entire volcanic edifice are derived from the DEM grids and inserted into a database. The statistical analysis of this data combined with the history of flank failure will shed light on the influence the morphology of a volcanic island has on its instability. This will lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in the movement of instable volcanic flanks.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 87
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    How to determine the statistical significance of trends in seasonal records: application to Antarctic temperatures (2022)
    In:  Climate Dynamics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-23
    Description: We consider trends in the m seasonal subrecords of a record. To determine the statistical significance of the m trends, one usually determines the p value of each season either numerically or analytically and compares it with a significance level α~. We show in great detail for short- and long-term persistent records that this procedure, which is standard in climate science, is inadequate since it produces too many false positives (false discoveries). We specify, on the basis of the family wise error rate and by adapting ideas from multiple testing correction approaches, how the procedure must be changed to obtain more suitable significance criteria for the m trends. Our analysis is valid for data with all kinds of persistence. Specifically for long-term persistent data, we derive simple analytical expressions for the quantities of interest, which allow to determine easily the statistical significance of a trend in a seasonal record. As an application, we focus on 17 Antarctic station data. We show that only four trends in the seasonal temperature data are outside the bounds of natural variability, in marked contrast to earlier conclusions.
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    5 Steps to Better METADATA (2022)
    HMC-Office, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Reaearch
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: A brief guide to better documenting research data
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 89
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    Effects of climate change on extreme sea levels in the North Sea (ECCES): regionalized MPIOM-REMO climate ensemble (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-26
    Description: The global climate model system MPI-ESM-LR was applied to create an ensemble of 30 members for the historical period 1950-2005 and a continuation of the simulations for the RCP8.5 period 2006-2099. Additionally, a pre-industrial control run was performed for 1950-2099 with atmospheric pCO2 of 1850. All members were subsequently directly regionalized using the regionally coupled MPIOM-REMO climate model system consisting of the global ocean model MPIOM focused with its horizontal resolution on the North Sea and the regional atmospheric model REMO over the EURO CORDEX22 region (euro-cordex.net), which was fully coupled with MPIOM in this region. For extreme value analyses, certain variables were stored with hourly time step. Here, global sea surface height and regional (EURO CORDEX22) u and v wind components at 10 m above ground are available. Further data can be requested from the authors.
    Type: experiment
    Format: NetCDF
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  • 90
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    Paleometagenomic network analysis of ancient DNA from Bering Sea sediments to examine past ecological communities (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-28
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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    1. Wochenbericht Alkor Expedition AL570 (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Alkor Expedition AL570, Kiel – Kiel, 22. März – 11. April 2022 ; MGF-Ostsee
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Workshop Report for the Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) for a Clean Ocean, a satellite event for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development - Clean Ocean Laboratory (2022)
    SCOR Working Group #162 for developing an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Type: Proceedings , NonPeerReviewed
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    ESD_thermotrace, A new software to interpret tracer thermochronometry datasets and quantify related confidence levels (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We present a new Python-based Jupyter Notebook that helps interpreting detrital tracer thermochronometry datasets and quantifying the statistical confidence of such analysis. Users are referred to the linked GitHub repository for usage and methods. https://github.com/mdlndr/ESD_thermotrace
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: MIT License Copyright (c) 2021 Andrea Madella Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
    Description: Other
    Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" (2016-2022; https://www.earthshape.net/) explored between scientific disciplines and includes geoscientists and biologists to study from different viewpoints the complex question how microorganisms, animals, and plants influence the shape and development of the Earth’s surface over time scales from the present-day to the young geologic past. All study sites are located in the north-to-south trending Coastal Cordillera mountains of Chile, South America. These sites span from the Atacama Desert in the north to the Araucaria forests approximately 1300 km to the south. The site selection contains a large ecological and climate gradient ranging from very dry to humid climate conditions.
    Keywords: Detrital Tracer Thermochronology ; EarthShape ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 EROSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 SEDIMENT COMPOSITION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 sedimentology
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 94
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    2. Wochenbericht Alkor Expedition AL570 (2022)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Alkor Expedition AL570, Kiel – Kiel, 22. März – 11. April 2022 ; MGF-Ostsee
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Critical slowing down in dynamical systems driven by nonstationary correlated noise (2022)
    In:  Physical Review Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Precursor signals for bifurcation-induced critical transitions have recently gained interest across many research fields. Common indicators, including variance and autocorrelation increases, rely on the dynamical system being driven by white noise. Here, we show that these metrics raise false alarms for systems driven by time-correlated noise, if the autocorrelation of the noise process increases with time. We introduce a new indicator for systems driven by non-stationary short-term memory noise, and show that this indicator performs well in situations where the classical methods fail.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Taiwan multi-parametric environmental seismic network (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Starting in 2016, the Taroko Earth Surface Observatory (TESO), a catchment-wide geomorphic observatory was set up in the Liwu catchment in the Taroko National Park in Taiwan. The set up consists of two basic station types: combined seismic and weather stations, featuring a broadband seismometer logging and a multi-parameter weather sensor, and hydrometric stations, the instrumentation of which are specific at each location. Seismic data hosted by the GEOFON database is openly accessible in real time. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code TQ.
    Keywords: EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Other , Seismic Network
    Format: 〉1T
    Format: SEED data
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    How effective is carbon pricing? - A machine learning approach to policy evaluation (2022)
    In:  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: While carbon taxes are generally seen as a rational policy response to climate change, knowledge about their performance from an ex-post perspective is still limited. This paper analyzes the emissions and cost impacts of the UK CPS, a carbon tax levied on all fossil-fired power plants. To overcome the problem of a missing control group, we propose a policy evaluation approach which leverages economic theory and machine learning for counterfactual prediction. Our results indicate that in the period 2013–2016 the CPS lowered emissions by 6.2 percent at an average cost of €18 per ton. We find substantial temporal heterogeneity in tax-induced impacts which stems from variation in relative fuel prices. An important implication for climate policy is that whether a higher carbon tax leads to higher emissions reductions and higher costs depends on relative fuel prices.
    Language: English
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  • 98
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    Hydroclimate gridded dataset for eastern China during the last millennium (Version 1.0) (2022)
    WDCC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-13
    Description: In this study, the first gridded hydroclimate dataset in eastern China (EC) during the last millennium was generated. This hydroclimate dataset mainly consisted of two components. The first section was created by interpolating drought/flood grades from 1500 to 2000 using the angular distance weight method. Sampling error estimates were employed to assess the effects of the interpolated dataset. The second section for the hydroclimate dataset during 960-1500 was generated by constructing best subset regression models using selected tree-ring chronologies in the United States/northwestern China through atmospheric teleconnection. The validation parameters of the calibration equations were also derived, including the adjusted R2, predicted R2, RE, and CE. This dataset includes three files named Hydr_EC.mat (43KB), Val_Par.mat (4KB), and SEE.mat (1KB), respectively. In detail, Hydro-EC is the hydroclimate in eastern China during the last millennium; Val-Par and SEE are the dataset’s validation results.
    Type: experiment
    Format: zip-file
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  • 99
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    STEIN - Stochastic erosion in-situ cosmogenic nuclide model (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The stochastic erosion in-situ cosmogenic nuclide model is a 1D numerical model that simulates the evolution of the concentrations of in situ-produced Be-10, C-14, and He-3 alongside the bedrock thermal field in the shallow Earth surface. It is useful for evaluating cosmogenic nuclide data derived from field samples, in order to determine the erosion rate, erosion style, as well as the time-integrated bedrock thermal history. The model simulates erosion in four styles: no erosion, uniform (steady-state) erosion, episodic erosion, and stochastic erosion. It is particularly useful for evaluating the time-temperature evolution of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2022 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. - Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
    Keywords: cosmogenic nuclides ; stochastic erosion ; rockfalls ; hillslopes processes ; alpine permafrost ; Beryllium-10 ; Carbon-14 ; Helium-3 ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 100
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    Ring-shear test data of wheat flour used for analogue experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for wheat flour used as a fine-grained, cohesive analogue material for simulating brittle upper crustal rocks in the analogue labor-atory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science (IGCAS). It is characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested material is ~0.72, dynamic friction coeffi-cients µD is ~0.67 and reactivation friction coefficients µR is ~0.70. Cohesions of the material range between 27 and 50 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of ~1.5% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v and a stick-slip behaviour at low shear velocities.
    Keywords: EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 fracturing ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting 〉 upper continental crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 CALIBRATION/VALIDATION ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Iron Powder ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; tectonic and structural features
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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