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  • General Chemistry  (890)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (668)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984  (1,833)
  • 1980  (1,833)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,833)
Year
  • 1
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    Application of a snowmelt-runoff model using LANDSAT data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The snowmelt-runoff model developed for two small central European watersheds simulate daily streamflow on the 228 sq km Dinwoody Creek basin in Wyoming, using snowcover extent for LANDSAT and conventionally measured temperature and precipitation. For the six-month snowmelt seasons of 1976 and 1974, the simulated seasonal runoff volumes were within 5 and 1%, respectively, of the measured runoff. Also the daily fluctuations of discharge were simulated to a high degree by the model. Thus far the limiting basin size for applying the model has not been reached, and improvements can be expected if the hydrometeorological data can be obtained from a station inside the basin. LANDSAT provides an efficient way to obtain the critical snowcover input parameter required by the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 2
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    The utilization of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snowpack properties (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 electrically scanning microwave radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains, significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 3
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    Seasonal and daily snowmelt runoff estimates utilizing satellite data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Methods using snowcovered area to update seasonal forecasts as snowmelt progresses are also being used in quasi-operational situations. The input of snowcovered area to snowmelt models for short term perdictions was attempted in two ways; namely, the modification of existing hydrologic models and/or the use of models that were specifically designed to use snowcovered area. A daily snowmelt runoff model was used with LANDSAT data to simulate discharge on remote basins in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Daily predicted and actual flows compare closely, and, summarized over the entire snowmelt season (April 1 - September 30), the average difference is only three percent. The model and snowcovered area data are currently being tested on additional watersheds to determine the method's transferability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci. Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 742
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  • 4
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    The program of the Techniques Development Laboratory in aviation weather forecasting (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some operational and experimental products developed for aviation weather forecasting are briefly described. Experimental products include surface dew point, obstructions to vision, boundary layer model, computer-worded terminal forecasts, terminal alerting procedure, generalized equivalent Markov, and radar forecasts (0-2 hours).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 209-212
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  • 5
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    Doctor Fujita's microburst analysis at Chicago (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler radar measurements of an intense wind shear occurance are discussed. The data suggest the presence of an incredibly strong low level jet outflow component of the microburst event, reaching 60 knots only 50 meters above the surface. Evidence also suggests that microbursts more typically occur in very weak thunderstorms that have hardly reached thunderstorm stage.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 201-202
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  • 6
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    The microburst: Common factor in recent aircraft accidents (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of one class of strong thunderstorm downdrafts, microbursts, is described. Several aircraft accidents are analyzed in which a microburst was involved and a concept for an early warning wind shear sensor is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 186-200
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  • 7
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    Clear air turbulence forecasting techniques (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method to improve clear air turbulence (CAT) forecasting by more effectively using the currently operational rawinsonde (RW) system is discussed. The method is called the Diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency (DRT) technique. The technique does not attempt to use the RW as a direct detector of the turbulent motion or even of the CAT mechanism structure but rather senses the synoptic scale centers of action which provide the energy to the CAT mechanism at the mesoscale level. The DRT algorithm is deterministic rather than statistical in nature, using the hydrodynamic equations (equations of motion) relevant to the synoptic scale. However, interpretation, by necessity, is probabilistic. What is most important with respect to its operational implementation is that this method uses the same input data as currently used by the operational National Meteorological Center prognostic models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-208
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  • 8
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    The 1979 clear air turbulence flight test program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A clear air turbulence (CAT) flight test to evaluate and test four different sensors in the detection and measuring of CAT and other meteorological targets that relate to turbulence is discussed. The primary types of CAT investigated were mountain wave CAT, jetstream CAT, CAT in cirrus clouds, and CAT in frontal wind shears, troughs, and ridges. The sensors included the CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar and three radiometers. One of the radiometers, at a frequency of 55.5 GHz, looked at atmospheric temperature structure. Another, at a frequency of 180.1 GHz, looked at atmospheric water vapor and investigated the feasibility of measuring at the microwave frequency the turbulence features seen in the infrared (IR) frequencies. An IR radiometer at 27 to 33 microns was the fourth sensor. This last device and the temperature structure radiometer worked well at all flight levels.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 171-179
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  • 9
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    Very short range forecasts of visibility and ceiling (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of methods for the short range forecasting of visibility and ceiling conditions is discussed. Short range forecasts of one hour or less (5 or 30 minutes), immediately after a series of local observations can be expected to be more accurate and reliable than any forecast of more than one hour. These forecasts can be accomplished by the operational implementation of fully automated aviation observation systems and the utilization of statistical techniques such as the Generalized Equivalent Markov model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 180-185
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  • 10
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    Measuring weather for aviation safety in the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Requirements for an improved aviation weather system are defined and specifically include the need for (1) weather observations at all airports with instrument approaches, (2) more accurate and timely radar detection of weather elements hazardous to aviation, and (3) better methods of timely distribution of both pilot reports and ground weather data. The development of the discrete address beacon system data link, Doppler weather radar network, and various information processing techniques are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 162-167
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  • 11
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    Observing lightning from ground-based and airborne stations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The operational designs and performance capabilities of ground-based and airborne lightning detection systems are reviewed. The airborne Stormscope system is described and compared with onboard radar and the lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR). Two examples of difference-in-time-of-arrival systems for detecting spherics from discharges in electrified clouds are described: (1) The LDAR system and (2) Taylor's lightning mapping system. Next, an interferometric system adapted to lightning location is discussed. Finally, systems that are based upon crossed-loop magnetic direction finding principles but which have been refined and improved to accurately locate lightning discharges to ground are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 130-139
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  • 12
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    Aeronautical concerns and National Aeronautics and Space Administration atmospheric electricity projects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
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  • 13
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    Remote probing of wind and wind shears (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability of various types of remote probes to measure wind is discussed. Two important advantages over in-situ sensors are reported: (1) their ability to measure atmospheric parameters without disturbing the air flow; (2) their ability to scan through large volumes of the atmosphere with relative ease. Direct measurement sensors such as anemometers and wind vanes are categorized into two groups; active and passive. Acoustic radar, microwave radar, and lidar are included in the first group and the latter group is typified by the infrared radiometers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 109-124
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  • 14
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    Winds and wind shear in-situ sensors (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem of development of instrumentation for providing wind speed and direction information directly or indirectly to a pilot in the cockpit is considered. The pilots need for horizontal wind information at various stages of flight (i.e., at liftoff, in approach and departure corridors, and even in flight outside the terminal area) are emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 82-108
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  • 15
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    Clear air turbulence: Historical comments (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The basic reference material for gust design criteria are cited. The status of clear air turbulence meteorology (forecasting and detection) is discussed. The directions of further research technology is indicated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meterol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 71-81
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  • 16
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    Aircraft icing instrumentation: Unfilled needs (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A list of icing instrumentation requirements are presented. Because of the Army's helicopter orientation, many of the suggestions are specific to rotary wing aircraft; however, some of the instrumentation are also suitable for general aviation aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-65
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  • 17
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    Icing instrumentation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The types and usage categories of icing instrumentation are discussed. The state-of-the-art for the technology governing the use of icing instrumentation is reported with particular emphasis on ground based facilities for icing tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 49-60
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  • 18
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    Turbulence: From a pilot's viewpoint (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The measurement of atmospheric turbulence is discussed in terms of a pilots viewpoint. Two areas of measurement are considered: frequency and severity of turbulence. Suggestions are given for helping the pilot solve the turbulence problem.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-70
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  • 19
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    Federal Aviation Administration and National Weather Service Aviation Research and Development (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An overview is given of the developmental status of aviation weather services. Particular attention is given to justifying the need for better, more reliable service. The accomplishments of several automatic weather stations are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 45-48
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  • 20
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    Aviation meteorology research and development: A status report (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The dynamic and rapid growth of technology in the area of aviation meteorology research and development are described with emphasis on the measurement of hazardous weather phenomena. Aspects of both onboard instrumentation and ground based facilities are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness of in avoiding hazards due to atmospheric electricity and lightning. Methods of alleviating terminal are hazards such as fog, low visibility and ceilings are also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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  • 21
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    Survey of Workshops on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Various aspects of aviation meteorology are discussed with respect to their relative effects on aircraft terminal operations. Existing data on turbulence and wind shear from aircraft and towers are summarized. The significance of obtaining more real time wind and temperature information is emphasized. The application and testing of various radiometer devices are also described. Airborne methods to indicate wind differences at flight altitude and at touchdown are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 23-39
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  • 22
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix J (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three projects are suggested which could be done using the Doppler lidar. The first is a cooperative effort at BAO, the purpose of which is to check out instrumentation and contribute to boundary layer investigations at BAO. The second concerns unintended weather modification. Its purpose is to detect mechanisms by which regions of industry and urbanization modify weather. The cirrus cloud study proposes to characterize cirrus clouds by their lidar signal and to compare lidar and visually observed characteristics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 5 p
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  • 23
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    Report of secondary flows, boundary layers, turbulence and wave team, report 1 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: General criteria for a flight test option are that: (1) there be a good opportunity for comparison with other measurement techniques; (2) the flow to be measured is of considerable scientific or practical interest; and (3) the airborne laser Doppler system is well suited to measure the required quantities. The requirement for comparison, i.e., ground truth, is particularly important because this is the first year of operation for the system. It is necessary to demonstrate that the system does actually measure the winds and compare the results with other methods to provide a check on the system error analysis. The uniqueness of the laser Doppler system precludes any direct comparison, but point measurements from tower mounted wind sensors and two dimensional fields obtained from radars with substantially different sampling volumes are quite useful.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 24
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    Cooperative convective precipitation experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The experiment strives to improve understanding of the physics of convective precipitation. Major emphasis is placed on obtaining a good description of the whole convective precipitation system. A framework is presented within which single, significant, tractable problems are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 25 p
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  • 25
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    Severe storms measurement system real time data processing and displays (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The objectives of the system are to provide the system operator with real time system performance check and to provide data recording of all SSMS data. Meteorologists are provided with real time indication of meteorological data measurements including aid for directing flight profiles in real time and aid for directing SSMS operations. A day-to-day feedback is provided to meteorologists, system operators, and flight crews for flight planning on subsequent flight tests days.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 15 p
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  • 26
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem is to operate on two scalar fields to produce a vector field, to produce user products from the vector field, and to establish reliability of results. Data problems encountered include sparse measurements, irregular distribution, varying quality, imperfect orthogonality, aliasing due to sampling volume, and measurements not simultaneous. Desired algorithm characteristics, solution elements, and characteristics of the model are listed. The seven simulation elements, eight algorithm steps and the required user inputs are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 27
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    Report of convective phenomena team (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A group meeting was assembled to focus on the planning of specific experiments, to establish some priorities, identify interested scientists who would like to participate, establish any special requirements, make recommendations on data processing, and to prepare flight plan outlines. Since the number of convective storms in the CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment) field experiment area are limited to only a few days during the operational time period the flight plans must be designed with a hierarchy of abort experiments so that the easily identified and lowest probability events should take priority until their quota is filled.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 10 p
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  • 28
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    The MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix B (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of pulsed and continuous wave Doppler lidars for atmospheric measurement is discussed. A description of how the lidar systems operate is presented. The scanning mode is also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 40-42
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  • 29
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    Possible applications of MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An interpretation of the Doppler lidar return is presented. Possible applications of the system to severe storm research are discussed. The present project schedule of the Doppler lidar system is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 43-46
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  • 30
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    Wind field measurement in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding storms by an airborne pulsed Doppler lidar system, appendix A (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 31-39
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  • 31
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    Application of the Doppler lidar system to agricultural burning and air-sea interactions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Doppler lidar system is potentially a very powerful measurement system. Three areas concerning the system are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system to verify the results; (2) application of the system to agricultural burning in California central valley; and (3) oceanographic possibilities of the system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 25
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  • 32
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    Measurement of phenomena associated with water clouds using Doppler lidar (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler lidar measurements of phenomena associated with water clouds (such as aerosols) are discussed. The purpose of the measurements and details of executing the experiment are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 20-24
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  • 33
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    Potential uses of the airborne Doppler lidar wind velocity measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Four aspects of the Doppler lidar are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system; (2) design of the first field program; (3) potential areas of application; and (4) verification of Doppler lidar data by independent measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 16-17
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  • 34
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    Potential scientific research which will benefit from an airborne Doppler lidar measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas of research which can be significantly aided by the Doppler lidar airborne system are described. The need for systematic development of the airborne Doppler lidar is discussed. The technology development associated with the systematic development of the system will have direct application to satellite systems for which the lidar also promises to be an effective instrument for atmospheric research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 13-15
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    Potential applications of the Doppler lidar measurements (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The potential application of the Doppler lidar measurements to the determination of material (e.g., water vapor) and energy budgets, momentum transports, etc., in the environment at all stages and in the development of convective clouds are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 18-19
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  • 36
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    Airborne Doppler lidar wind measuring system: Application to atmospheric problems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability to map velocities over a large area on one side of the aircraft flight path offers a number of opportunities to elucidate scientific questions related to atmospheric dynamics. Several types of experiments which are possible are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 11-12
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  • 37
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    Statistical Analysis of daily mean temperatures (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Data of daily mean temperatures recorded at the Kennedy Center during the period of 1957-1977 were analyzed to forecast daily mean temperatures and their thirty-day moving averages for a period of ten to fifteen days in a given month. Since it is found that the standard deviation is linear in the mean, a logarithmic transformation of the data is used for finding an integrated moving average process IMA by the Box-Jenkins aproach. The first differences of the transformed data seem to fit a moving average model with parameter value 2, MA(2). The consideration of seasonality factor makes the fit worse.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 38
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    Theoretical studies: Radiation, clouds, transport (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 161-162
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  • 39
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    Saturn - Origin and composition of its inner moons and rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Theoretical modelling of the contraction of the primitive protosaturnian cloud, using ideas of supersonic turbulent convection, suggests that each of Saturn's inner moons, excepting Rhea, condensed above the ice-point of water and consists primarily of hydrous magnesium silicates. It is predicted that Voyager 1 may find that the satellite mean densities steadily increase towards the planet and that the rocky moons are irregular in shape.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Physics Letters; 80A; Nov. 24
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  • 40
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    Gravity anomalies on Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Doppler radio tracking of the Pioneer Venus orbiter has provided gravity measures over a significant portion of Venus. Feature resolution is approximately 300-1000 km within an area extending from 10 deg S to 40 deg N latitude and from 70 deg W to 130 deg E longitude (approximately equal to 200 deg). Many anomalies were detected, and there is considerable correlation with radar altimetry topography (Pettengill et al., 1980). The amplitudes of the anomalies are relatively mild and similar to those on earth at this resolution. Calculations for isostatic adjustment reveal that significant compensation has occurred.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 198
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  • 41
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    Distribution and source of the UV absorption in Venus' atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The model predictions were compared with the Pioneer Venus probes and orbiter to determine the composition of the UV absorbing materials. The simulations were carried out with radiative transfer codes which included spacecraft constraints on the aerosol and gas characteristics in the Venus atmosphere; gaseous SO2 (a source of opacity at the wavelengths below 0.32 microns), and a second absorber (which dominates above 0.32 microns) were required. The UV contrast variations are due to the optical depth changes in the upper haze layer producing brightness variations between equatorial and polar areas, and to differences in the depth over which the second UV absorber is depleted in the highest portion of the main clouds.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 42
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    Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations - Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere and differences in structure with latitude (up to 60 deg) and clock hour (from midnight to 8 AM) have been measured in situ from a height of 126 km to the surface by instruments on the four Pioneer Venus entry probes. It is found that thermal contrasts below 45 km are a few K, with the midlatitudes warmer than both equatorial and high latitudes. Considerable temperature and pressure differences with latitude develop in the clouds (25 K and 20 mbar level). In addition, upward of 110 km, there is evidence of large-amplitude temperature oscillations with altitude, believed to signify the presence of large-amplitude waves, perhaps thermal tides. Agreement of structure data from other Pioneer Venus experiments is generally excellent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 43
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    Dust in Jupiter's magnetosphere. I - Physical processes. II - Origin of the ring. III - Time variations. IV - Effect on magnetospheric electrons and ions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical processes acting on charged microscopic dust grains in the Jovian atmosphere involve electromagnetic forces which dominate dust particle dynamics and diffusion across field lines resulting from random charge fluctuations of the dust grains. A model of the Jovian ring hypothesizes that the 'visible' ring particles are produced by erosive collisions between an assumed population of kilometer-sized parent bodies and submicron-sized magnetospheric dust particles. Fluctuations in the ring topology and intensity are determined over various time scales, showing that the ring is a quasipermanent and quasistable characteristic of the Jovian system. Finally, the interaction of the Jovian energetic belt electrons and the Jovian plasma with an ambient dust population is examined; the distribution of dust ejected from Io in the inner magnetosphere and losses of magnetospheric ions and electrons due to direct collisions with charged dust particles are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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  • 44
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    Climate sensitivity from fluctuation dissipation - Some simple model tests (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Leith has suggested that climatic response to change in external forcing parameters of the climate system may be estimated via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). The method, which uses the natural fluctuations of the atmosphere to probe its dynamics, is tested here using a twenty-variable truncation model of the barotropic vorticity equation. Dissipative terms are added to the equations, so that the model is pushed away from the region where it is expected to satisfy the FDT. It is found that, even though the FDT is no longer satisfied in every detail, the FDT continues to provide an excellent estimate of the climatic sensitivity of the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Aug. 198
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  • 45
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    Io control of Jovian radio emission (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of Io controlling Jovian decametric radio emission, particularly in the region below 22 MHz, is discussed. Results of a two-year survey at 26.3 at 26.3 MHz are presented which demonstrate the control of Io over a high-intensity storm component of the radio emission and the independence of a weak radio component from the phase of Io, as was observed at lower frequencies. It is thus hypothesized that Io control is a flux-dependent rather than a frequency-dependent phenomenon, and results of analyses at 18 and 10 MHz which support this hypothesis are presented. The apparent correlation between frequency and Io control is thus shown to result from a selection effect due to the increase of non-Io emission with decreasing frequency and relative antenna detection threshold. This result implies a contiguous Io-controlled source region extending out several Jovian radii along the Io flux tube.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 287; Oct. 30
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  • 46
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    Viscous flow and crystallization behavior of tektite glasses (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The variation of viscosity with temperature was determined in the 200-2000 K range for a Muong Nong tektite material. The viscosity at the liquidus temperature of 1320 C is 20,000 P; treatments between 900 and 1300 C do not result in significant crystallization in the natural sample except when the sample is heated in contact with a synthetic tektite composition. Two synthetic microtektite with lower SiO2 contents than the Muong Nong material were also examined; heat flow calculations were performed for 2.5 to 10 cm spheres of tektite when cooling by radiation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 10
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  • 47
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    Improvements to satellite retrieval systems. The operational perspective (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Operational weather satellites are built as a series of nearly identical instruments which are flown for 5 to 7 years. Minor improvements are made during the life of the series. However, major improvements and changes in design are made with the initiation of a new series of instruments. Similarly, procedures used to process the data are characterized by frequent changes early in the life of a satellite series as user experience is gained with the new instrument. Later the changes become less frequent, both because the processing system becomes well tuned to that particular set of instruments and because, at the end of a series, resources are devoted to generating the processing system for the next set of instruments. Past and present systems are considered with emphasis on the vertical temperature profile radiometer and a procedure for deriving clear radiances in partly cloudy areas.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 11-18
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  • 48
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    The occurrence rate, polarization character, and intensity of broadband Jovian kilometric radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the major observational features of one new component of Jupiter's radio emission spectrum, the broadband kilometer wavelength radiation, or bKOM. This study, using the Voyager Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiments, reveals that the overall occurrence morphology, dynamic spectra, and polarization character of bKOM are strong functions of the latitude and/or local time geometry of the observations. The postencounter data show a decline in the mean occurrence rates and power level of bKOM and, in particular, a depletion in the occurrence rate at those same longitudes where the detection rate is a maximum before encounter. Additionally, the polarization sense undergoes a permanent reversal in sign after encounter, whereas the time-averaged wave axial ratio and degree of polarization remain relatively unchanged. Finally, no evidence of any control by Io is found. The strong dependence of the morphology on local time suggests a source whose beam is nearly fixed relative to the Jupiter-sun line
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Aug. 1
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  • 49
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    The case against UV photostimulated oxidation of magnetite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The kinetics of magnetite oxidation in O2-bearing atmospheres in the presence of electromagnetic radiation was studied. No perceptible oxidation of magnetite by ultraviolet (UV) photostimulation occurred. These results do not corroborate previous conclusions by Huguenin (1973, 1974) as to the occurrence of this process. Therefore, although the possibility that the process actually occurs cannot be ruled out, it is concluded that there is not yet a basis in laboratory experiments for inferring that UV photostimulated oxidation of magnetite occurs naturally on the surface of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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    Voyager detection of nonthermal radio emission from Saturn (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The planetary radio astronomy experiment on board the Voyager spacecraft has detected bursts of nonthermal radio noise from Saturn occurring near 200 kilohertz, with a peak flux density comparable to higher frequency Jovian emissions. The radiation is right-hand polarized and is most likely emitted in the extraordinary magnetoionic mode from Saturn's northern hemisphere. Modulation that is consistent with a planetary rotation period of 10 hours 39.9 minutes is apparent in the data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 209; Sept. 12
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    Accuracies of three computationally efficient algorithms for computing atmospheric transmittances (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three algorithms for calculating polychromatic atmospheric transmittance functions have been tested using a set of eleven distinct temperature profiles in order to compare transmittance accuracies achievable by the three methods. The comparison of rms errors demonstrates that the iterative method of McMillin and Fleming (1976) is the most accurate of the efficient algorithms currently available for gases with constant mixing ratios; its accuracy approaches that of the spectroscopic parameters and the computational approximations used in the ground-truth line-by-line calculations. The method of Arking et al. (1974), while less accurate, has the advantage of being perfectly general and easily adapted to cases where spectral bandwidths are varied
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 15
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  • 52
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    Investigation of numerical properties of Hovenier's exit function equation for multiple scattering of light (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique of deriving Hovenier's exit function equation (1978) for multiple scattering, starting with a set of invariant imbedding equations, is presented. The feasibility of the exit function equation as a means to obtain reflection and transmission functions is investigated for isotropic, Rayleigh, and Henyey-Greenstein phase functions with emphasis on the numerical stability, accuracy and timing. It is possible to compute the reflection function rather accurately with an efficiency comparable to that of the standard doubling technique for the same phase functions with moderate anisotropy. The resulting transmission is slightly less accurate than the reflection function, but it may be acceptable for practical purposes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 69; 1, Ma; May 1980
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  • 53
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    Instability of equatorial protons in Jupiter's mid-magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two different models for the distribution function are fit to the Jovian protons seen by Pioneer 10 inbound. The models reproduce the observed energy and angular distributions. These models are then used to assess the collisionless mirror instability. Because of the pancake proton angular distributions in the equatorial ring current region, the ring current particle population appears to be mirror unstable at times, with instability growth rates of about 10 min. Such a time is consistent with observed proton flux autocorrelation times. An instability such as this (there are other candidates) may be responsible for the previously established proton flux flowing parallel to the magnetic field away from the equatorial region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Jan. 1
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  • 54
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    Saturn's rings - Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by observations at microwave wavelengths. II - Radio interferometric observations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Theoretical models are presented of the brightness of Saturn's rings at microwave wavelengths (0.34-21.0 cm) including both intrinsic ring emission and diffuse scattering by the rings of the planetary emission. In addition, several previously existing sets of interferometric observations of the Saturn system at 0.83, 3.71, 6.0, 11.1, and 21.0 cm wavelengths are analyzed. A comparison of models and experimental data make it possible to establish improved constraints on the properties of the rings. In particular, it is found that (1) the maximum optical depths in the rings is 1.5 + or - 0.3 referred to visible wavelengths; (2) a significant decrease in ring optical depths from 3.7 to 21.0 cm makes it possible to rule out the possibility that more than 30% of the cross section of the rings is composed of particles larger than about a meter; and (3) the ring particles cannot be primarily of silicate composition (independently of particle size), and the particles cannot be primarily smaller than about 0.1 cm, independently of composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 44; Dec. 198
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    Greenhouse models of Venus' high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer Venus measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent measurements conducted from the Pioneer Venus probes and orbiter have provided a significantly improved definition of the solar net flux profile, the gaseous composition, temperature structure, and cloud properties of Venus' lower atmosphere. Using these data, we have carried out a series of one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium calculations to determine the viability of the greenhouse model of Venus' high surface temperature and to assess the chief contributors to the greenhouse effect. New sources of infrared opacity include the permitted transitions of SO2, CO, and HCl as well as opacity due to several pressure-induced transitions of CO2. We find that the observed surface temperature and lapse rate structure of the lower atmosphere can be reproduced quite closely with a greenhouse model that contains the water vapor abundance reported by the Venera spectrophotometer experiment. Thus the greenhouse effect can account for essentially all of Venus' high surface temperature. The prime sources of infrared opacity are, in order of importance, CO2, H2O, cloud particles, and SO2, with CO and HCl playing very minor roles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Cloud morphology and motions from Pioneer Venus images (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The horizontal and vertical cloud structures, atmospheric waves, and wind velocities at the cloud top level were determined by the Pioneer Venus photopolarimeter images in the UV from January through March 1979. The images indicate long-term evolution of cloud characteristics, the atmospheric dynamics, and rapid small changes in cloud morphology. The clouds show a globally coordinated oscillation relative to latitude circles; retrograde zonal winds of 100 m/s near the equator are determined from the tracking of small-scale cloud properties, but two hemispheres show important variations. The zonal wind velocity in the southern hemisphere is reduced toward the poles at a rate similar to solid body rotation; the midlatitude jet stream noted by Mariner 10 is not observed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Pioneer Venus gas chromatography of the lower atmosphere of Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A gas chromatograph mounted in the Pioneer Venus sounder probe measured the chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus at three altitudes. Ne, N2, O2, Ar, CO, H2O, SO2, and CO2 were measured, and upper limits set for H2, COS, H2S, CH4, Kr, N2O, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H8. Simulation studies have provided indirect evidence for sulfuric acid-like droplets and support the possibility of water vapor at altitudes of 42 and 24 km. The paper discusses the implications of these results for the origin, evolution, and present state of Venus' atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Dynamic properties of the thermosphere inferred from Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The data obtained by the Pioneer Venus spectrometer experiments indicate that the day-night temperature contrast on Venus is associated with wind velocities of about 200 m/s which transport oxygen, helium, and hydrogen toward the night side. A mass exchange with the mesosphere commensurate with an eddy diffusion coefficient of 3 x 10 to the 7th is required to buffer the horizontal advection so as to reproduce the observed day time bulge in oxygen and the small diurnal variations in helium. The observed time response and magnitude of the day-night density variations require transport processes to be effective over time periods between five and ten days, implying a superrotation rate or prevailing winds in excess of 50 m/s at the equator. Nonlinear mass transport results in wave steepening and contributes to the amplification of the density extrema in hydrogen and helium.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 59
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    Electron temperature and heat flow in the nightside Venus ionosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A steady-state two-dimensional heat balance model is used to analyze the night side Venusian ionospheric electron temperatures given by the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe. The energy calculation includes the solar EUV heating at the terminator, electron cooling to ions and neutrals, and heat conduction within the ionospheric plasma. An optimum magnetic field is derived by solving for the heat flux directions which force energy conservation while constrained by the observed temperatures within the range of 80-170 deg solar zenith angle and 160-170 km. The heat flux vectors indicate a magnetic field that connects the lower night side ionosphere to the day side ionosphere, and connects the upper ionosphere to the ionosheath. The lower ionosphere is heated through conduction of heat from the dayside, and the upper ionosphere is heated by the solar wind in the ionosheath with heat flowing downward and from the nightside to the day side.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 60
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    Mass spectrometric measurements of the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere and exosphere of Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The neutral gas composition and density in the thermosphere of Venus is being measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Data are obtained near periapsis once per day approximately 150-250 km above the surface. The principal gases in the thermosphere are CO2, CO, N2, O, N, and He. Atomic oxygen is the major constituent above 155 km on the dayside and also on the nightside up to 180 km when helium becomes the major constituent. The average values of CO2, CO, N2, O, and N remain nearly constant during day and night, but an abrupt change occurs across the terminator from a high dayside value to a low nightside value. The helium density varies in the opposite way, and a distinct bulge was observed at night near the morning terminator. The data have been used as the basis of an empirical model. Large orbit to orbit variations in densities were also observed on the nightside, suggesting perhaps strong turbulent motion in the atmosphere below. Kinetic temperatures inferred from scale heights are approximately 285 K on the dayside and 110 K at night. The average global temperature obtained from the model is 199 K.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Empirical models of the electron temperature and density in the Venus ionosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The electron temperature and density of the Venus ionosphere is characterized using data from the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe experiment for the full range of solar zenith angles and local times. Values for the electron density are nearly uniform across the day side with a sharp decrease in the vicinity of the terminator. The model shows a substantial night side ionosphere which can be accounted for by a combination of several transport processes, and by local production by precipitating particles. The electron temperature model demonstrates the high temperatures seen on both the day side and night side. It is found that the night side is much more variable than the day side, and that there is no obvious north-south asymmetry in either the temperature or the density.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 62
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    Global observations of the composition and dynamics of the ionosphere of Venus - Implications for the solar wind interaction (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The in-situ measurements of the global composition and Venus ionosphere dynamics recorded by the Bennett ion mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter during Dec. 1978-Aug. 1979 are presented. The observations of three plasma regimes show the bowshock-ionosheath region, the thermal ionosphere, and a superthermal flowing ion layer contacting the ionosphere at the ionopause and extending outward to different heights above the planet. An abundant ionosphere dominated by O(+) above 200 km and by O2(+) down to the typical periapsis altitudes of 160 km occur during quiet periods; less disturbed data shows strong day to night changes in the distributions of ions including O(+), O2(+), CO2(+), and N(+). The ionopause is located near the subpolar point at 250-400 km; under disturbed nighttime conditions it may have randomly spaced concentration gradients in the dusk region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 63
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    Dynamical response of the dayside ionosphere of Venus to the solar wind (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dayside ion composition measurements made by the orbiter ion mass spectrometer and the orbiter electron temperature probe on the Pioneer Venus orbiter are used to infer the dominant processes involved in the dynamic response of the Venus ionosphere to the solar wind. The analysis is confined to the topside ionosphere in the vicinity of the subsolar point, where the ionosphere-solar wind interaction is expected to be maximized. Height profiles of the ion composition and plasma temperatures in the main body of the topside ionosphere, lying between the ionopause and chemical equilibrium regions, reveal that the ionosphere is in a compressed state. This region of the ionosphere is interpreted in terms of a stationary equilibrium where the compression is derived from the ponderomotive force j x B. The estimated magnitude of this force is confirmed by the magnetic field measurements made by the orbiter magnetometer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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    Pioneer Venus plasma observations of the solar wind-Venus interaction (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Collection of data from the Ames plasma analyzer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter has permitted long-term measurements of the interaction of the solar wind with Venus. The paper presents a mapping of the ionosheath flow field, plasma measurements in the distant ionosheath and near the distant plasma cavity, and a summary of observations of jumps in the solar wind proton parameters across Venus' bow shock. Also, the apparent detection of ionospheric O(+) accelerated up to solar wind speeds downstream in Venus' ionosheath is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 65
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    The applicability of the piecewise linear current profile in the baroclinic instability problem (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The applicability of the piecewise linear function in place of a similar smoothly-varying current profile is examined in the baroclinic context. Within the framework of small-perturbation linearization, the behavior of the vertical velocity and the horizontal divergence is analyzed at the discontinuity of the current shear. In the conventional geostrophic-type instability regime, the discontinuity in the horizontal divergence at the shear discontinuity is suppressed, and, therefore, the piecewise linear profile leads to a useful approximation to the true solution. In the symmetric-type instability regime, however, due to the magnified discontinuity in the horizontal divergence at the shear discontinuity, the solution thus obtained will show a major distortion, rendering the piecewise linear profile inadequate for modeling the smoothly-varying current profile. Using exemplary current profiles, numerical results are presented to demonstrate the behavior of the horizontal divergence near the discontinuity of current shear.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 58
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  • 66
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    A physical model of Titan's clouds (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A physical model of the formation and growth of aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan has been constructed in light of the observed correlation between variations in Titan's albedo and the sunspot cycle. The model was developed to fit spectral observations of deep methane bands, pressures, temperature distributions, and cloud structure, and is based on a one-dimensional physical-chemical model developed to simulate the earth's stratospheric aerosol layer. Sensitivity tests reveal the model parameters to be relatively insensitive to particle shape but sensitive to particle density, with high particle densities requiring larger aerosol mass production rates to produce compatible clouds. Solution of the aerosol continuity equations for particles of sizes 13 A to about 3 microns indicates the importance of a warm upper atmosphere and a high-altitude mass injection layer, and the production of aerosols at very low aerosol optical depths. Limits are obtained for the chemical production of aerosol mass and the eddy diffusion coefficient, and it is found that an increase in mass input causes a decrease in mean particle size.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 43; Sept
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  • 67
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    Hg and Pt-metals in meteorite carbon-rich residues - Suggestions for possible host phase for Hg (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Carbon-rich and oxide residual phases have been isolated from Allende and Murchison by acid demineralization for the determination of their Hg, Pt-metal, Cr, Sc, Co, and Fe contents. Experimental procedures used eliminated the possibility of exogenous and endogenous contaminant trace elements from coprecipitating with the residues. Large enrichments of Hg and Pt-metals were found in Allende but not in Murchison residues. Hg-release profiles from stepwise heating experiments suggest a sulfide as the host for Hg. Diffusion calculations for Hg based on these experiments indicate an activation energy of 7-8 kcal/mol, the same as that for Hg in troilite from an iron meteorite. This is further support for a sulfide host phase for Hg. Equilibration of Hg with this phase at approximately 900 K is indicated. Reasons for the presence of Pt-metals in noncosmic relative abundances are explored.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Oct. 198
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  • 68
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    Endemic isotopic anomalies in titanium (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Abundances of the titanium isotopes were determined using a new high-precision technique that shows terrestrial, lunar, and bulk meteorite samples to be indistinguishable. Ca-Al-Ti-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite are found to contain Ti of widely varying isotopic composition reflecting the presence of at least three nucleosynthetic components. The anomalies in Ti appear to be relatively widespread and, when correlated with Ca data, provide a clue to nucleosynthesis in the neighborhood of the iron peak and to the late-stage nucleosynthetic processes which immediately preceded formation of the solar nebula.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 69
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    Structural variability of the Sun (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Changes in solar radius and luminosity are discussed as a function of age. Surface and satellite observations showing departures from mean solar irradiance on a time scale of a few days are summarized. The most prominent depressions in these data appear to be correlated with sunspot number, indicating that the activity modulation of solar luminosity may be larger than expected. High activity is correlated with low luminosity, but during the Maunder minimum the mini ice age (presumably low luminosity) was accompanied by a near absence of solar activity. Pulsations driven by sources deep within the Sun are thought to be an unlikely cause of luminosity changes, but causes may be sought in the unstable convective zone. Experiments designed to measure the solar radius are mentioned, along with modelling efforts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: CNES Sun and Climate; p 295-304
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  • 70
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    The GLAS physical inversion method for analysis of TIROS N data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences approach to temperature sounding from satellite observations is fundamentally different from that of NESS in that heavy reliance is placed on the ability to model accurately the instrumental response to atmospheric and surface conditions, while no use is made of statistical relationships between satellite observations and atmospheric temperature profiles. The method involves starting with a guess set of atmospheric and surface conditions from which expected brightness temperatures for the satellite observations are computed. Then, iterative relaxation of atmospheric and surface conditions is performed according to the difference between observed and computed brightness temperatures until sufficient agreement is reached. In the absence of sufficient agreement, no retrieval is produced for that location.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 41-55
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  • 71
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    Operational sounding algorithms (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analytical equations used to interpret TIROS-N sounding radiances for operational applications are presented. Both the National Environmental Satellite System (NESS) Global Operational Synoptic Scale and the NESS/University of Wisconsin (UW) North American Mesoscale Sounding Production Systems are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 1-10
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  • 72
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    Short-interval SMS wind vector determinations for a severe local storms area (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Short-interval SMS-2 visible digital image data are used to derive wind vectors from cloud tracking on time-lapsed sequences of geosynchronous satellite images. The cloud tracking areas are located in the Central Plains, where on May 6, 1975 hail-producing thunderstorms occurred ahead of a well defined dry line. Cloud tracking is performed on the Goddard Space Flight Center Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System. Lower tropospheric cumulus tracers are selected with the assistance of a cloud-top height algorithm. Divergence is derived from the cloud motions using a modified Cressman (1959) objective analysis technique which is designed to organize irregularly spaced wind vectors into uniformly gridded wind fields. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using satellite-derived wind vectors and their associated divergence fields in describing the conditions preceding severe local storm development. For this case, an area of convergence appeared ahead of the dry line and coincided with the developing area of severe weather. The magnitude of the maximum convergence varied between -10 to the -5th and -10 to the -14th per sec. The number of satellite-derived wind vectors which were required to describe conditions of the low-level atmosphere was adequate before numerous cumulonimbus cells formed. This technique is limited in areas of advanced convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Sept
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  • 73
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    Water-ice and water-updraft relationships near -10 C within populations of Florida cumuli (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented for a sequential development of cloud water, rainwater, graupel, and crystalline ice with the aging of the cloud. This evidence is based on in-cloud microphysical data set collected in Florida convective towers that were penetrated close to their tops near -10 C; the very rapid onset of graupel that appears on repeat penetrations of some towers is of particular interest. A separate data set shows a large scatter in the relationship between the maximum value of cloud water and vertical velocity which indicates that measurements of cloud water can be misleading as an indication of growth activity. The sequential pass data showing the evolution of ice and water are consistent with a rime-splintering, secondary ice production hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; May 1980
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  • 74
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    Structures far from the head of comet Kohoutek. II - A discussion of the Swan Cloud of January 11 and of the general morphology of cometary plasma tails (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photographs show that the 'Swan Cloud' observed in comet Kohoutek on January 11, 1974 was an advanced stage of a plasma tail disconnection event, of which the rejected tail appeared to decelerate as it receded from the head. The event commenced with the development of strong tail ray activity followed by the actual tail disconnection, the merging of the disconnected tail with the new tail to form the Swan and the formation of arcade loops in the space between closing tail rays. The observed morphological sequence is easily understood in the sector boundary model (Niedner et al., 1978), and the arcade loops are proposed to be reconnected flux tubes between oppositely polarized tail rays in the incipient new tail which followed the disconnection
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 42; May 1980
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  • 75
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    Some diurnal properties of clouds over the Martian volcanoes (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The diurnal properties of cloud systems over Martian volcanoes observed by the Viking Orbiter spacecraft are discussed. Photographic sequences of diurnal cloud development are presented for clouds in the vicinity of Elysium Mons and Ascraeus Mons, and the rapid growth of cloudiness starting at 11.23 LT is noted. The low-lying fogs and convective afternoon clouds observed are characterized as water ice clouds, while the cirrus-type clouds may be composed of CO2. The diurnal development of the clouds is then explained in terms of local atmospheric stability and circulation as influenced by surface topography and thermal properties. Consideration is also given to possible reasons for the pronounced seasonal variations in cloudiness.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 286; July 24
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  • 76
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    Saturn - Tropospheric ammonia and nitrogen (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photochemical calculations based on recent data on the Saturn temperature structure and Lyman-alpha albedo indicate that detectable amounts of gaseous ammonia may exist between 20 and 35 km above the cloud tops. An instrument that might be able to observe this gas is the spectrometer on board the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite. The calculations also yield a maximum nitrogen mixing ratio at the cloud tops between 1.8 x 10 to the -10th to 6 x 10 to the -8th by volume, depending upon the degree of supersaturation of ammonia and hydrazine. Even the lower limit could produce intense emissions if electrical discharges such as those observed on Jupiter by Voyager are also present on Saturn, or if high energy particles penetrate to the Saturnian troposphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; June 198
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  • 77
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    Thermal diffusion calculations for the ionosphere of Venus (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simplified multicomponent diffusion calculations are made for the ionosphere of Venus. Large differences in temperature between electrons and ions and appreciable temperature gradients that are near those of recent measurements are used. Compositions for which binary thermal diffusion coefficients for ions are the same as multi-ion ones are examined as well as those that are quite different. An attempt to combine binary coefficients to give multi-ions ones has not been particularly successful.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Jan. 1
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  • 78
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    Comment on absorbing regions in the atmosphere of Venus as measured by radio occultation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 44; Dec. 198
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  • 79
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    Evolution of Io's volatile inventory (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Voyager data are used to make crude estimates of the rate at which Io loses volatiles, by a variety of processes, to the surrounding magnetosphere, for the case of both the current, SO2-dominated atmosphere and hypothetical paleoatmospheres in which such other gases as N2 may have been the dominant constituent. Among the mechanisms making significant contributions to the prodigious rate at which Io is losing volatiles are: the interaction of the magnetospheric plasma with volcanic plume particles and the background atmosphere; the sputtering of ices on the surface, if the nightside atmospheric pressure is low enough; and Jeans' escape of O as a dissociation product of SO2 gas. It is also argued that in the case of paleoatmospheres only the first two alternatives would have been possible and, nevertheless, insufficient to account for N2 loss over the life of the satellite.
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  • 80
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    The clouds of Venus - A synthesis report (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results presented represent a synthesis of data from those Pioneer Venus experiments directed toward studying cloud problems. These orbiter and multiprobe experiments show the cloud system to consist of three altitude regions populated by cloud particles and smaller haze particles which extend above and below as well as coexist with the cloud particles. The optical properties derived are only consistent with the largest particles, having platelike morphology. The smallest particles are shown to require changes in chemical composition to explain observed behavior. The medium-sized H2SO4 droplets of 2 micrometers diameter appear to be the least volatile and are the best understood. The role of the cloud particles in precipitation dynamical processes, lightning, and radiation are all discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 81
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    The thermal balance of Venus in light of the Pioneer Venus mission (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pioneer Venus orbiter and probes measured many of the properties of the Venus atmosphere which control its thermal balance and support its high surface temperature. Estimates based on orbiter data yield an effective radiating temperature of Venus of 228 + or - 5 K, corresponding to a solar emission of 153 + or - 13 W/sq cm. A mode of submicron particles is suggested as an important source of thermal opacity near the cloud tops to explain the orbiter and probe thermal flux measurements. A comparison of the measured solar flux profile with thermal fluxes computed from the measured temperature structure and composition shows that the greenhouse mechanism explains essentially all of the 500-K difference between the surface and radiating temperatures of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 82
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    The structure of the clouds of Venus - Results of the Pioneer Venus nephelometer experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nephelometer measurements by the four Pioneer Venus probes reveal an upper haze area in the vertical cloud structure with several less clearly delineated layers in the main cloud bank. Concentrated sulfuric acid is the main component of the majority of the particulate matter in the clouds; the near UV radiation is absorbed by the clouds. The particles ejected from the planet surface are in the 10 to 100 micron range.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 83
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    Venus upper atmosphere structure (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Atmospheric densities of Venus were measured from the orbital decay of the Pioneer Venus from Dec. 9, 1978 to Aug. 7, 1979 near the 16 deg latitude between 140 and 190 km during the entire day. Comparative atmospheric densities on earth at 150 km are higher by a factor of 3.5 with only a 1% diurnal variation; an atmospheric composition, temperature, and density model based on the orbiter atmospheric drag (OAD) vertical structure is presented. The model shows that atomic oxygen is the major component in the Venus atmosphere above 145 km at night and above 160 km during the day with mixing ratios over 0.1 near 140 km; drag measurements indicate O concentrations from 1 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm in daytime to 3 x 10 to the 7th/cu cm at night. It is concluded that the neutral upper atmosphere of Venus is surprisingly insensitive to solar extreme UV variations and changes in the solar wind.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 84
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    Electromagnetic heating of Io (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The electromagnetic heating of the Io interior is considered as an alternative to tidal dissipation to account for the observed volcanic activity. The characteristics of the time-varying magnetic field of Jupiter as seen from Io are discussed, and the range of possible rock conductivities is examined. Interior heating due to the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes is calculated. It is found that the TM mode appears to be insignificant as a heating source due to the high conductivity of the ionosphere, even when TM heating is concentrated in local hot regions. The TE mode is a more promising source of heating, although electromagnetic heating by either mode does not appear significant in comparison with other heat sources at present.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 85
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    History of the mass of Mercury (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the calculation of the masses of planets, as a means to construct reliable tables for their positions. Emphasis is placed on the four inner planets and the moon, with additional consideration given to the history of the masses of Jupiter and Saturn. A smooth curve can be drawn with the logarithm of the masses of the earth, Venus, Mars, and the moon, but the point for Mercury lies substantially off the curve. An investigation of the material content, surface examination, and planet radius for the planets leads to a reexamination of the history of the value for the mass of Mercury.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 21
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  • 86
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    Possible determination of the deceleration parameter using lunar occultations and laser ranging observations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 87
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    Carbonaceous chondrites. II - Carbonaceous chondrite phyllosilicates and light element geochemistry as indicators of parent body processes and surface conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Petrographic analyses of CM matrices characterized four phyllosilicates in Murray and Murchison meteorites and Fe- and Mg-serpentines in Nogoya. All phyllosilicates and bulk matrices show enrichment of K relative to Na when compared with bulk meteorites; the loss of Na and some Cl, and the addition of H2O, CO2, and water-soluble organics during alteration indicates a partially open system. Synthesis of soluble organic materials may have occurred in CM matrices before aqueous alteration of the precursive phases. Nogoya was 95% altered and has a bulk C content of 5.2%, higher than any meteorite; also, it has the lowest measured C-13/C-12 ratio of any carbonaceous chondrite except for Karoonda.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Oct. 198
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  • 88
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    On the relationship between secular brightness changes of Titan and solar variability (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Titan's geometric albedo varied noticeably from 1972 to 1978, in phase with variations in solar activity (Lockwood and Thompson, 1979). A series of radiative transfer and aerosol formation calculations were made to demonstrate the feasibility of the following scenario for these secular brightness changes. Solar activity changes, especially in the UV output of the sun, result in alterations to the mass production rate of aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, which lead to modifications of their microphysical properties. The latter, in turn, cause the albedo to vary. Current estimates of the change in the solar UV radiation below the dissociation limit of methane imply alterations to the mean radius of the aerosols over an 11-yr solar cycle that are consistent in sign and magnitude with those required to explain the observed secular brightness changes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 89
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    Low-light-level television measurements of lightning (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nighttime observations of lightning were conducted using a low-light-level television system at the Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research in New Mexico. The number of strokes per flash, the interstroke intervals, and flash durations of cloud-to-ground activity were measured for storms ranging from 50 to 200 km away from the observation site. The flash frequency was also obtained for a severe storm system at a distance of 320 km. Some comparisons of the data are made with results obtained from previous television and photographic lightning observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 61
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  • 90
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    Properties of the Io plasma torus inferred from Voyager EUV data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A physical model for the Io plasma torus is constructed to explain the EUV radiative emission observed by the Voyager UV spectrometer. Electron impact excitation rate coefficients for electronic transitions of S III, S IV, O II and O III are calculated by the method of distorted waves (Davis, Kepple, and Blaha, 1976); these coefficients account for the asymmetric shape of the 686 A feature. It is concluded that the electron gas must have a distribution function with a non-Maxwellian tail. An approximate representation of the distribution function as two temperature components requires a cold component of 3.5-4 eV and density of 2000 per cu cm and a hot component of about 100 eV and density of 50-100 per cu cm to satisfy observational constraints.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 91
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    Cometary collisions on the moon and Mercury (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Unusual swirl patterns of bright and dark material on the moon and Mercury are proposed to be remnants of collisions with gas/dust-rich regions within a cometary coma. This interpretation provides important new clues for understanding cometary fine structure, impact effects of low-density material, and the origin of certain pronounced magnetic anomalies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 284; Mar. 6
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  • 92
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations - Climate implications (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosols of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron soot granules, and space shuttle rocket emissions of aluminum oxide particulates are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol layer is used to calculate changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is employed to compute the effect of aerosol changes on the earth's average surface temperature. It is concluded that the release of large numbers of small particles (soot or aluminum oxide) into the stratosphere should not lead to a corresponding significant increase in the concentration of large, optically active aerosols, but that the increase in large particles is severely limited by the total mass of sulfate available to make large particles in situ, and by the rapid loss of small seed particles via coagulation. We find that a fleet of several hundred advanced supersonic aircraft operating daily at 20 km, or the launch of one space shuttle rocket per week, could produce roughly a 20% increase in the large-particle concentration of the stratosphere. We find, in addition, that aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 93
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    Atomic nitrogen in the upper atmosphere of Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atomic nitrogen has been detected in the upper atmosphere of Venus by the Pioneer-Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS). Surface recombination of atomic nitrogen with atomic oxygen to form nitric oxide in the ion source allows it to be detected at mass 30. The scale height temperature of the mass 30 peak agrees with the scale height temperatures of the other species if it is assumed to be derived from atomic nitrogen. The diurnal variation of atomic nitrogen is approximately proportional to that of atomic oxygen with an estimated N/O ratio of 1.5% at 150 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Jan. 198
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  • 94
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    Measurements of wind vectors, eddy momentum transports, and energy conversions in Jupiter's atmosphere from Voyager 1 images (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Voyager 1 narrow-angle images were used to obtain displacements of features down to 100 to 200 km in size over intervals of 10 hours. A global map of velocity vectors and longitudinally averaged zonal wind vectors as functions of the latitude, is presented and discussed
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Jan. 198
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  • 95
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    Primordial refractory metal particles in the Allende meteorite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Refractory metal particles containing Os, Re, W, Mo, Ir, and Ru were observed in a Ca-Al-rich inclusion in the Allende meteorite. These particles are the closest to unaltered primordial metal condensates from a nebula yet reported, and appear to have been isolated from the nebula before the condensation of refractories was complete. Computer calculations of condensation indicate that the temperature of isolation appears to be close to the calculated temperature of first formation of oxides (about 1620 K at 0.0001 atm) indicating that isolation may have been effected by coating of the particles by oxides.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Feb. 198
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  • 96
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    Comments on 'A three-dimensional model of dynamical processes in the Venus atmosphere' (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Jan. 198
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  • 97
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    Preliminary results on the plasma environment of Saturn from the Pioneer 11 plasma analyzer experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Ames Research Center Pioneer 11 plasma analyzer experiment provided measurements of the solar wind interaction with Saturn and the character of the plasma environment within Saturn's magnetosphere. It is shown that Saturn has a detached bow shock wave and magnetopause quite similar to those at earth and Jupiter. The scale size of the interaction region for Saturn is roughly one-third that at Jupiter, but Saturn's magnetosphere is equally responsive to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Saturn's outer magnetosphere is inflated, as evidenced by the observation of large fluxes of corotating plasma. It is postulated that Saturn's magnetosphere may undergo a large expansion when the solar wind pressure is greatly diminished by the presence of Jupiter's extended magnetospheric tail when the two planets are approximately aligned along the same solar radial vector.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 98
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    Noble-gas-rich separates from ordinary chondrites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Acid-resistant residues were prepared by HCl-HF demineralization of three H-type ordinary chondrites: Brownfield 1937 (H3), Dimmitt (H3, 4), and Estacado (H6). These residues were found to contain a large proportion of the planetary-type trapped Ar, Kr, and Xe in the meteorites. The similarity of these acid residues to those from carbonaceous chondrites and LL-type ordinary chondrites suggests that the same phase carries the trapped noble gases in all these diverse meteorite types. Because the H group represents a large fraction of all meteorites, this result indicates that the gas-rich carrier phase is as universal as the trapped noble-gas component itself. When treated with an oxidizing etchant, the acid residues lost almost all their complement of noble gases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Feb. 198
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  • 99
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    Titan aerosols - Optical properties and vertical distribution (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of Titan's solar phase variation as a function of wavelength together with the continuum geometric albedo makes it possible to set limits on the real part of the refractive index and on the average particle size of the aerosol component of Titan's atmosphere of between about 1.5 and 2.0 and between 0.20 microns and about 0.35 microns, respectively. If the real part of the refractive index is known the average particle size can be determined to within a few percent, and varies inversely with the real part of the refractive index. Using this information in a two-layer model of a methane-aerosol atmosphere and comparing the result with Titan's visible and near-infrared methane spectrum leads to the conclusion that the top layer of Titan's atmosphere contains 0.01 km atm of methane and 2.5 extinction optical depths of aerosol, while the data are consistent with a bottom layer containing 2.2 km atm of methane and about 7.5 aerosol optical depths for a real part of the refractive index equal to 1.7 and an average particle size of 0.25 microns.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 41; Jan. 198
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  • 100
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    Imaging photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results of Pioneer 11 imaging photopolarimeter observations of Saturn, its rings, and Titan are presented. The imaging photopolarimeter is a pointable telescope with an aperture of 2.5 cm and passbands of 390 to 500 to 720 nm which uses the spin of the spacecraft to scan across an object. Images of the Saturn system and of the rings are presented, and the absence of a D ring, structures in the C, B and A rings and the Cassini division and the discoveries of the F ring and the provisionally named Pioneer division separating it from the A ring are reported. A mean particle size less than 15 meters is estimated from estimates of total ring mass and the optical depth of the B ring. The discovery of the satellite 1979 S 1 at 2.53 Saturn radii is also noted. Models of the vertical aerosol structure of Saturn's atmosphere are compared with the polarization data, and it is indicated that the density of cloud particles decreases with altitude with a scale height about one fourth that of the gas, and that an optical depth of one is to be found at 750 mbar.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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