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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied to Euphorbia pulcherrima on the parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii by the parasitoid Encarsia formosa (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bemisia argentifolii ; Encarsia formosa ; poinsettia ; parasitoids ; nitrogen ; tri-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract More wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non-fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no-choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate-treated plants. Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant-mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304461
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of kinetics of nitrogen desorption from Rh(111) (1996)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; Rh(111) ; thermal desorption ; Arrhenius parameters ; lateral interactions ; NO decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Associative desorption of N atoms from the Rh(111) surface is simulated in the framework of the lattice-gas model. The Arrhenius parameters and nearest-neighbour lateral interaction employed to describe the measured thermal desorption spectra are as follows:v=1013 s−1,E d=40 kcal/mol, and ε1=1.7 kcal/mol. The results obtained are used to clarify the role of nitrogen desorption in the NO + CO reaction on Rh(111) atT=400–700 K andP NO≈P CO≈0.01 atm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807748
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transglutaminase induction by various cell death and apoptosis pathways (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 942-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; transglutaminase ; signalling ; gene expression ; promoter elements ; retinoic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clarification of the molecular details of forms of natural cell death, including apoptosis, has become one of the most challenging issues of contemporary biomedical sciences. One of the effector elements of various cell death pathways is the covalent cross-linking of cellular proteins by transglutaminases. This review will discuss the accumulating data related to the induction and regulation of these enzymes, particularly of tissue type transglutaminase, in the molecular program of cell death. A wide range of signalling pathways can lead to the parallel induction of apoptosis and transglutaminase, providing a handle for better understanding the exact molecular interactions responsible for the mechanism of regulated cell death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01920102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of co-granulated nutrients and granule size on plant responses to elemental sulfur in compound fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulfur ; granule size ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; S oxidation ; sulfur fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of granule size and nutrients in granulated compound fertilizers fortified with finely divided elemental sulfur (So) on the rate of So oxidation. In one experiment, So was banded together with or apart from triple superphosphate (TSP) while in two others, So was granulated with nutrient and inert carriers. A fourth experiment examined response to S in an So-fortified TSP from a range of granule sizes. Response and, in some cases, So recovery (using 35S labels) by test crops (maize, wheat, upland rice) was measured. In all experiments, P mixed with So increased plant growth and S recovery above treatments in which P and So were physically separated. There was however, no effect of distance of separation on S recovery. In one experiment, N as urea and N and P as diammonium phosphate (DAP) were also found to enhance response to So although to a lesser degree than P alone. These observations were attributed to a nutritional requirement of So-oxidizing microorganisms for P and N. Granulation of So with carriers also influenced oxidation rate, as inferred from the fertilizer S recovery. For a given So concentration, the effect was inversely proportional to the mean diameter of granules. It is shown that this relationship can be explained if one assumes that So particles in granules collapse into a fixed number of aggregates per granule irrespective of granule size when the soluble nutrient carrier dissolves and diffuses away from the point of application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210226
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 53-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop ; emission ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nitrous oxide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis is based on published measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fertilized and unfertilized fields. Data was selected in order to evaluate the importance of factors that regulate N2O production, including soil conditions, type of crop, nitrogen (N) fertilizer type and soil and crop management. Reported N2O losses from anhydrous ammonia and organic N fertilizers or combinations of organic and synthetic N fertilizers are higher than those for other types of N fertilizer. However, the range of management and environmental conditions represented by the data set is inadequate for use in estimating emission factors for each fertilizer type. The data are appropriate for estimating the order of magnitude of emissions. The longer the period over which measurements are made, the higher the fertilizer-induced emission. Therefore, a simple equation to relate the total annual direct N2O−N emission (E) from fertilized fields to the N fertilizer applied (F), was based on the measurements covering periods of one year: E=1+1.25×F, with E and F in kg N ha-1 yr-1. This relationship is independent of the type of fertilizer. Although the above regression equation includes considerable uncertainty, it may be appropriate for global estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210224
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420552
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The value of poultry manure for wetland rice grown in rotation with wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer value ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; poultry manure ; urea ; wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poultry manure applied alone or in combination with urea at different N levels was evaluated as a N source for wetland rice grown in a Fatehpur loamy sand soil. Residual effects were studied on wheat which followed rice every year during the three cropping cycles. In the first year, poultry manure did not perform better than urea but by the third year, when applied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 and 180 kg N ha−1, it produced significantly more rice grain yield than the same rates of N as urea. Poultry manure sustained the grain yield of rice during the three years while the yield decreased with urea. Apparent N recovery by rice decreased from 45 to 28% during 1987 to 1989 in the case of urea, but it remained almost the same (35, 33 and 37%) for poultry manure. Thus, urea N values of poultry manure calculated from yield or N uptake data following two different approaches averaged 80, 112 and 127% in 1987, 1988 and 1989, respectively. Poultry manure and urea applied in 1:1 ratio on N basis produced yields in between the yields from the two sources applied alone. After three cycles of rice-wheat rotation, the organic matter in the soil increased with the amount of manure applied to a plot. Olsen available P increased in soils amended with poultry manure. A residual effect of poultry manure applied to rice to supply 120 or 180 kg N ha−1 was observed in the wheat which followed rice and it was equivalent to 40 kg N ha−1 plus some P applied directly to wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986279
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of landscape position on the sediment chemistry of abandoned-channel wetlands (1996)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: abandoned channels ; floodplain ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; phosphorous ; potassium ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of sediments in abandoned channels is an important component of their development as floodplain wetlands. The texture, organic matter, phosphorous, potassium, and nitrogen content of sediments were determined for abandoned channels along the Iowa and Cedar Rivers near their confluence in Iowa. Differences in the levels of these constituents were examined among categories of three landscape gradients: present connectivity to the river, time since abandonment, and proximity to agricultural land use. Local scale processes of ecological development are seen in the importance of time for increased organic matter and nitrogen. Basin scale processes of sediment transport and deposition are revealed by the importance of connectivity for decreases in these two elements, and by the counter-intuitive findings for nitrogen and especially phosphorous and potassium in relation to agricultural proximity. Location on a floodplain is important for differentiating development, but it cannot be reduced to univariate gradients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02087111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A GIS-based index for relating landscape characteristics to potential nitrogen leaching to wetlands (1996)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 237-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: wetlands ; non-point source pollution ; nitrogen ; watershed ; leaching ; geographic information system ; landscape ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed a spatially-explicit, quantitative Nitrogen Leaching Index to assess the potential for non-point source subsurface nitrogen pollution to wetlands. The index was based on the leaching potential of the watershed soils, the amount of nitrogen available for leaching, and the spatial position of nitrogen sources in the watershed. A raster or cell-based geographic information system (GIS) was used to estimate the necessary data inputs for calculating the index, such as soil hydrologic group, land use/soil type combination, groundwater residence time, and location of septic systems. The Total and Average Watershed Nitrogen Leaching Index (TWNLI and AWNLI) were calculated by summing and averaging, respectively, individual cell contributions over a watershed. Analysis of nine wetland watersheds in central New York state, USA, with mixed forest and agricultural land uses illustrated the use of the index for identifying and ranking wetlands with potential nitrogen pollution. Results showed that the spatial characteristics of a watershed potentially can effect subsurface nitrogen delivery to groundwater-dominated wetlands. The use of an index based on watershed soils, topography, and land use may be useful for assessing potential nitrogen pollution to wetlands at a regional scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071814
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related changes in gene expression in the rat brain revealed by differential display (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 888-891 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ageing ; rat ; brain ; gene expression ; differential display
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique of differential display to analyse changes in gene expression during ageing of the rat brain. In this approach we have compared three young adult (6 months) with three old adult (20 months) animals. RNA preparations from the homogenised brains were subjected to reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using 36 different combinations of primer pairs. Any PCR product which was consistently found to be more prominent in the three young brains compared to the three old brains, and vice versa, was scored as potentially representing a gene which was differentially expressed during the ageing of this tissue. Out of a possible 2000+PCR products we identified 44 that might represent genes that exhibit differential expression during ageing of the rat brain. An initial screen of these fragments, by Southern-blotting the PCR products and hybridising them with cDNA probes derived from either young or old brain RNA preparations, indicated that 40% of them represented genes that were differentially expressed. This approach is likely to prove invaluable for identifying cohorts of genes that show differential expression during the ageing process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01938876
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and expression of amplified EPSPS genes in glyphosate resistant tobacco cells and plantlets (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1996), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: glyphosate ; gene expression ; gene amplification ; cell culture ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stability and expression of amplified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) genes was examined in glyphosate resistant tobacco cells grown in glyphosate-free medium, and in plantlets regenerated from resistant cells. Amplified DNA was maintained in resistant cells grown in the absence of glyphosate for three years. Amplified EPSPS genes were retained in regenerated plantlets at levels comparable to those observed in the resistant cells, and EPSPS mRNA was overexpressed (compared to unselected plantlets). However, glyphosate resistance in cell lines grown in glyphosate-free medium declined 7-fold, and in regenerated plantlets approximately 20-fold, compared to resistant cells maintained under glyphosate selection. In plantlets, reduced resistance correlated with lower levels of EPSPS mRNA. Plantlets regenerated from resistant cells exhibited morphological variation, and had an approximate doubling of their nuclear genome size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232070
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behavior of titanium, stainless steel, and copper-nickel alloys as plasma torch cathodes (1996)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 16 (1996), S. 577-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Cathode erosion ; electrode materials ; argon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cathode erosion continues to be a problem hindering the widespread application of plasma technology. In this work, cathode erosion was studied on titanium, stainless steel 314, copper-nickel 10% and 30%, and copper 122 for magnetically rotated arcs operating in argon, nitrogen, and argon/hydrogen mixtures at a constant magnetic flux density of 0.1 T Titanium and stainless steel gave very low erosion rates in argon (0.2 and 0.3, μg/C respectively). Cupronickels were shown to be suitable for nitrogen and hydrogen plasmas. The slope of hydrogen solubility versus temperature in the cathode material was found to be important in determining hydrogen plasma erosion characteristics. When the plasma gas has a high solubility in the cathode material, or can react with the cathode, a negative erosion rate may result. When gas solubility in the cathode is low, oxide stability and mode of electron emission may govern the erosion rate. A high gas solubility in the cathode material, as with hydrogen, can result in mechanical erosion due to micro-explosions near the cathode surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447010
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in hepatoma cells (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 155 (1996), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; rat hepatoma ; Morris hepatoma cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Whether the gene expression of hepatic Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin is altered in hepatomas was investigated. The change in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb). Rat hepatoma was induced by continuous feeding of basal diet containing 0.06% 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-Me-DAB). After 35 weeks feeding, rats were sacrificed, and the non-tumorous and tumorous tissues of the livers were removed. In individual rats, the regucalcin mRNA levels in the tumorous tissues were generally decreased in comparison with that of the non-tumorous tissues of the chemical-fed rats, although the chemical administration might decrease the mRNA expression in normal rat liver, suggesting that the chemical administration causes a suppresive effect on the mRNA expression. When the genomic DNA extracted from the liver tumorous tissues was digested with restriction enzymes (EcoRI, BamHI and HindIII) and analyzed by Southern blotting, no rear-ranged band was found in the regucalcin gene from the hepatoma. Interestingly, in the transplantable Morris hepatoma cells, the regucalcin mRNA was markedly expressed, while the albumin mRNA was expressed only slightly. The present study demonstrates that regucalcin mRNA is clearly expressed in the transformed cells (Morris hepatoma cells).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714337
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steroid hormonal regulation of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex of rats (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 155 (1996), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; aldosterone ; estrogen ; dexamethasone ; gene expression ; rat kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various steroid hormones on the expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using rat liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb of open-reading frame). Regucalcin mRNA was expressed in the kidney cortex but not the medulla. Rats received a single subcutaneous administration of steroid; the animals were sacrificed 60 min after the treatment of aldosterone (2.5, 5.0 and 10 μg/100 g body weight) or 6 h after the treatment of estrogen (17β-estradiol; 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/100 g), hydrocortisone (0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/100 g) and dexamethasone (50, 100 and 150 μg/100 g). Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex were clearly diminished by the administration of aldosterone or estrogen, while hydrocortisone administration had no effect. The administration of dexamethasone (100 μg/100 g) caused a remarkable increase of regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex. The dexamethasone-induced increase in regucalcin mRNA levels was completely blocked by the simultaneous administration of cycloheximide (150 μg/100 g), although the drug administration had no effect on the mRNA levels in control rats. Meanwhile, the dexamethasone administration did not cause an appreciable alteration of calcium content in the kidney cortex. The present study demonstrates that, of the various steroid hormones used, dexamethasone uniquely has a stimulatory effect on regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex of rats. The steroid effect may be mediated through a newly synthesized protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229307
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estrogen effects in the heart (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 160-161 (1996), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myocardium ; hypertension ; gene expression ; estrogens ; cardiac hypertrophy ; signal transduction ; genetic program
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gender specific differences in cardiovascular disease are largely mediated by sex hormones. The use of estrogens significantly reduces the overall incidence of heart disease in postmenopausal women. Beneficial effects of estrogens on plasma lipoprotein levels are clearly established. However, these do not explain the magnitude of risk reduction seen in clinical studies. Thus, additional and currently unknown functions of estrogens must be operative. Elucidation of the exact estrogen action in the heart will have important implications in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. It will probably enhance the therapeutic repertoire in treating heart disease, the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. We will review the current understanding of the function of estrogens in the heart and discuss potential strategies on how to apply these data to clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240064
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex is suppressed by saline ingestion in rats (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 162 (1996), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; saline ingestion ; hypertensive rats ; kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adrenalectomy (ADX) or saline ingestion, which is a hypertensive factor, on the expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using rat liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb of open-reading frame). Regucalcin mRNA was expressed in the kidney cortex but not the medulla. Rats were adrenalectomized, and 48 h later they were sacrificed. ADX caused a reduction of regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex, suggesting that adrenal glands participate in the regulation of the mRNA expression. This reduction was not restored by the subcutaneous administration of dexamethasone with an effective dose (1 mg/kg body weight), which can stimulate kidney regucalcin mRNA expression. Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex of rats were markedly suppressed by the ingestion of saline for 7 days. The ADX-induced decrease of renal cortex regucalcin mRNA levels was not appreciably restored by saline ingestion. Moreover, regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were clearly decreased as compared with that of control (Wistar-Kyoto) rats. Meanwhile, calcium content in the kidney cortex was not significantly decreased by ADX or saline ingestion. The present study suggests that the expression of regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats is suppressed by saline administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227541
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of the apolipoprotein E by dietary lipids occurs by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 155 (1996), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: apolipoprotein B and E ; lipid ; gene expression ; rat ; mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study the regulation of apolipoprotein E by two dietary nutrients, saturated fat and cholesterol, known to raise plasma cholesterol levels. ApoE is a protein component of several classes of lipoproteins including VLDL and HDL, and dietary lipids may regulate VLDL and apoE-containing HDL particles through their effects on apoE gene. Male rats and mice were fed the following 4 diets: control diet (C); high cholesterol diet with 0.5% cholesterol (HC); high fat diet with 20% hydrogenated coconut oil (HF); and high fat plus high cholesterol diet with 0.5% cholesterol and 20% fat (HF/C). Plasma cholesterol levels remained unchanged on HC diet, but in mice VLDL-cholesterol increased by 31%. HF diet increased VLDL and LDL by 15–17% in rats, and 21% in mice. A combination of fat and cholesterol diet showed pronounced effects on plasma lipoprotein concentrations, raising apoB-containing particles by 21% and 44% in mice and rats, respectively. Plasma apoE levels increased significantly on all diets. The mechanism of regulation of increased plasma apoB and apoE levels was examined. Quantification of hepatic apoB mRNA showed a lack of correlation between plasma apoB and hepatic apoB mRNA levels, suggesting that posttranscriptional regulation increased plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins in animals fed saturated fat diets. Hepatic apoE mRNA levels increased significantly in animals fed cholesterol-rich diets. However, despite increased plasma apoE levels on diet containing only saturated fat, hepatic apoE mRNA did not change. Synthesis of apoE on the liver polysomes increased selectively on cholesterol-rich diets. These results suggest that cholesterol-rich diets altered apoE, in part, by transcriptional mechanism, and saturated fat-rich diets increased plasma apoE levels by posttranscriptional mechanism, possibly decreased receptor-mediated uptake of apoE-containing particles. The regulation of LDL receptor was also studied since plasma apoB and E levels may be altered by LDL receptor-mediated uptake by the hepatocytes. As expected, high cholesterol diet decreased LDL receptor mRNA by 30–40%. However, the LDL receptor protein on liver membranes did not change on any of the test diets in both animal species. Hepatic cholesterol content increased several fold selectively on high cholesterol diets. These findings suggest that: 1) both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms are important in regulating plasma apoB and E containing lipoproteins; 2) dietary cholesterol regulates apoE gene by a transcriptional mechanism anddietary saturated fat by posttranscriptional mechanism; and 3) changes in the hepatic apoE and LDL receptor mRNA are associated with the changes in intracellular cholesterol concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229312
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of a fatty acid transport gene in rat heart induced by ischemic preconditiong and oxidative stress (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 160-161 (1996), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: fatty acid transport protein ; gene expression ; subtractive hybridization ; oxidative stress ; ischemia/reperfusion ; ischemic preconditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, ischemia and oxidative stress-inducible gene expression in heart was examined by subtractive hybridization technique. Total RNA was isolated from ventricular muscle fragments of normal and oxidative stress-induced hearts. Poly (A)+ RNA was purified followed by the construction of a plasmid cDNA library. This was followed by the subtractive screening of oxidative stress-induced cDNA library. The positive colonies were amplified and the plasmid isolated. An aliquot was subjected to restriction cutting with Bam H1 and EcoRl; the fragments corresponding to cDNA insert were separated by electrophoresis, radiolabeled by random-primed DNA synthesis, and used as probes in standard Northern blotting experiments. An aliquot containing the plasmid from the confirmed positives was then subjected to bidirectional partial DNA sequencing (using M13 and T7/T3α primers) by the chain-extension/chain termination method. These sequences were subjected to a computerized search for homologies against all sequences in the updated worldwide Gen Bank and EMBL sequence databases followed by restriction mapping and reading frame identification. Out of 24 putative positive colonies screened, one clone was matched with 〉 97% homology with FAT gene that has been implicated in binding or transport of long chain fatty acids. cDNA probe synthesized from this clone identified two major transcripts of 4.8 and 2.9 kb. Additional experiments were then performed where isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to the following treatments: (1) 5 min ischemia; (2) 10 min ischemia; (3) 20 min ischemia; (4) 5 min ischemia followed by 10 min reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning); and (5) 5 min ischemia followed by 10 min reperfusion, repeated four times (4 × preconditioning). RNAs were extracted from these hearts and hybridized with the FAT cDNA probe. The results indicated that FAT gene was induced by oxidative stress, ischemic preconditioning, but not by ischemia. (Mol Cell Biochem 160/161: 241–247, 1996)
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    Effect of angiotensin II on myocardial collagen gene expression (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 163-164 (1996), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: extracellular matrix ; angiotensin II ; fibrillar collagen ; cardiac fibrosis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies suggest that angiotensin II (angiotensin) may be involved in the regulation of metabolism of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). Two major components of ECM are collagen types I and III which play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the heart. Although the cellular metabolism of collagen is very complex (especially at the posttranslational level), we chose to address events that occur relatively early in the synthesis of cardiac collagen molecules. To gain an understanding of the role of angiotensin in the regulation of cardiac collagen gene expression, we studied the effect of three different doses of angiotensin (12, 24, and 48 μg/kg/h) on adult heart and cultured neonatal cardiac fibroblasts. The steady-state mRNA abundance of collagen types I and III was monitored using Northern blot analysis in both left and right ventricular samples at day 3 of angiotensin infusion and in cultured cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with angiotensin. In all mRNA abundance studies, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) signal was used to normalize the data for possible differences in loading and/or transfer of total RNA. Both collagen types I/GAPDH and III/GAPDH mRNA signal ratios were increased significantly in left ventricle in all dose regimens used for angiotensin infusion. Only the collagen type I/GAPDH mRNA signal ratio was increased in right ventricle with angiotensin infusion. Angiotensin (10−7-10−5 M) had no effect on the steady-state mRNA abundance of collagen genes in cultured neonatal cardiac fibroblasts after 24 h treatment in serum-free conditions. Our results confirm that infusion of angiotensin may upregulate steady-state collagen gene mRNA abundance in the heart. Angiotensin had no observable effect on collagen mRNA abundance in neonatal fibroblast culture. An explanation for the current results may be that angiotensin causes the release of undefined factors from cardiac myocytes, and that these secondary factors may be involved in either the activation of collagen gene transcription or in alteration of stability of collagen mRNA transcripts via a paracrine mechanism. Although our results indicate hemodynamic loading may potentiate the action of angiotensin, this scenario is unlikely as collagen type I gene expression was increased in the normotensive right ventricle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408663
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    Differential regulation of GRP78 and GLUT1 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 162 (1996), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: metabolism ; glucose transporter ; adipocytes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the constitutive glucose transporter (GLUT 1) in 3T3-L 1 adipocytes belongs to the family of glucose-regulated proteins which are transcriptionally regulated by glucose deprivation. Using cDNA probes for both GRP78 (BiP) and GLUT1, we show that the level of GRP78 mRNA increased by 15-fold within 24 h of glucose deprivation with little change in GLUT1 mRNA. The elevated GRP78 mRNA in turn led to a time-dependent increase in GRP78 protein. While glucose deprivation did not alter the expression of the normal glycoform of GLUT 1, a lower molecular weight glycoform accumulated with extended deprivation. Mannose and fructose, but not galactose, prevented the induction of GRP78 and accumulation of the abnormal GLUT1. Because GRP78 acts as a chaperone in other cell systems, we also sought evidence to support this activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Using the technique of co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that GRP78 bound several proteins unique to the glucose-deprived state. No deprivation-specific proteins could be detected in association with GLUT 1. These data lead us to conclude that GLUTl does not display characteristics of the glucose-regulated proteins, at least in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, a widely used model for differentiation, hormone action, and nutrient control. However, the mechanisms for activating traditional members of this family appear intact.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250995
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    Biogeochemistry of a forested watershed in the central Adirondack Mountains: Temporal changes and mass balances (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 88 (1996), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; ecosystem ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 − concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L−1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2− (831 mol c ha−1 yr−1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2− also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha−1 yr−1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).
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    Chemical characteristics of leachate from pulp and paper mill residuals used to reclaim a sandy soil (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 167-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pulp and paper mill sludge ; nitrogen ; DOC ; heavy metals ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Primary sludge, secondary sludge, and wood ash from a pulp and paper mill were combined with sand to create a synthetic topsoil (C:N ratio of 18:1) to restore an abandoned gravel pit. Synthetic topsoil was applied to field microcosms at rates equivalent to 0, 2170, 4341, or 6511 kg N/ha; each was seeded with grass. Fifteen chemical constituents in leachate were measured during two field seasons. Cadmium, Ni and Zn were mobilized rapidly by soil disturbance. Chloride and SO4-S eluted rapidly from the sludge along with Na. Nitrate leached with Ca late in each field season when sludge N-mineralization and nitrification exceeded plant uptake and microbial immobilization. Ammonium elution was negligible. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mobilized by decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, as were Mg and K. Copper eluted with DOC, probably as an organic ligand. Lead and ortho-P were below our detection limits. We concluded that a synthetic topsoil with a 30:1 C:N ratio applied at a rate of 2100-4300 kg N/ha should provide adequate plant nutrition while minimizing water quality hazards.
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    Seasonal changes in levels of heavy metals in tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata collected from Iskenderun Gulf (Turkey) (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 557-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metal ; accumulation ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and iron were determined seasonally in the liver, spleen, kidney, gill and muscle tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata from the Iskenderun Gulf, East Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Wet digested tissues were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Metal levels were higher in liver, spleen and kidney compared with the gill and muscle tissues in both species; the levels of all metals in a given tissue were always higher in Mullus barbatus than in Sparus aurata.
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    Torsionally-strained DNA and intermolecular purine-purine-pyrimidine triple-helix formation (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 154 (1996), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; regulatory elements ; plasmid ; oligonucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A potentially powerful pharmacological approach to modulating the expression of specific, disease-related genes involves the inhibition of transcription factor binding to promoter or enhancer elements through oligonucleotide-mediated triple-helix formation. In vivo, the typical target for intermolecular triplex formation would most likely be torsionally-strained rather than relaxed duplex DNA. To determine the effects of strained DNA on triplex formation, we investigated the interactions between a G/T rich oligonucleotide and both supercoiled and relaxed plasmid DNA using a restriction endonuclease protection assay. Both the kinetics of formation and dissociation of purine-motif triplexes were unaffected by the conformational state of the duplex DNA. Similarly, the topological state of the plasmid targets was not affected by triplex formation. Taken together, these observations suggest that stable intermolecular triplexes can form in vivo under conditions of moderate torsional strain.
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    Cloning and expression of mouse 60 kDa ribonucleoprotein SS-A/Ro (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 23 (1996), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: autoantigen ; cDNA cloning ; gene expression ; ribonucleoprotein Ro ; 5′RACE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Autoantibodies to SS-A/Ro are among the most common found in sera of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. These autoimmune diseases can affect various organ systems of the body and are variable in their manifestations and presentation. One of the autoimmune targets is the 60 kDa SS-A/Ro protein known to be associated with small cytoplasmic Y RNAs. To study systematically the expression of the protein, we have cloned the mouse full length 60 kDa SS-A/Ro cDNA using 5′ RACE based on a cDNA sequence reported in the mouse genome project. The recombinant protein derived from the putative full-length construct was shown to react with human prototype anti-SS-A/Ro serum Ge in western blot and immunoprecipitation and comigrated with cellular 60 kDa SS-A/Ro protein in 3T3 cells. Cellular expression, measured by RT-PCR, was highest in mouse brain, followed by lung, muscle, kindney and heart. Lower levels were found in testis, liver and spleen. Like the human 60 kDa SS-A/Ro protein, the deduced mouse homolog has 538 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed 89.9% identity and 95.0% similarity between the mouse and human proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351170
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    Over-production of the D1:2 protein makes Synechococcus cells more tolerant to photoinhibition of photosystem II (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 467-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; photosynthesis ; protein turnover ; psbA ; tac promoter ; D1 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over-expression of the psbAIII gene encoding for the D1 protein (form II; D1:2) of the photosystem II reaction centre in the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 was studied using a tac promoter and the lacI Q system. Over-expression was induced with 40 μg/ml IPTG in the growth medium for either 6 or 12 h at growth irradiance (50 μmol photons m-2 s-1). This treatment doubled the amount of psbAII/III mRNA and the D1:2 protein in membranes but decreased the amount of psbAI messages and the D1:1 protein. The total amount of both heterodimeric reaction centre proteins, D1 and D2, remained constant under growth light conditions, indicating that the number of PSII centres in the membranes was not affected, only the form of the D1 protein was changed from D1:1 to D1:2 in most centres. When the cells were photoinhibited either at 500 or 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1, in the presence or absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin, the D1:2 protein remained at a higher level in cells in which over-expression had been induced by IPTG. These cells were also less prone to photoinhibition of PSII. It is suggested that the tolerance of cells to photoinhibition increases when most PSII reaction centres contain the D1:2 protein at the beginning of high irradiance. This tolerance is further strengthened by maintaining psbAIII gene over-expression during the photoinhibitory treatment.
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    Two closely related cDNAs encoding starch branching enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; cDNA ; gene expression ; starch biosynthesis ; starch branching enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two starch branching enzyme (SBE) cDNAs were identified in an Arabidopsis seedling hypocotyl library using maize Sbe1 and Sbe2 cDNAs as probes. The two cDNAs have diverged 5′ and 3′ ends, but encode proteins which share 90% identity over an extensive region with 70% identity to maize SBE IIb [12]. Genomic Southern blots suggest that the two cDNAs are the products of single, independent genes, and that additional, more distantly related SBE genes may exist in the Arabidopsis genome. The two cDNAs hybridize to transcripts which show similar expression patterns in Arabidopsis vegetative and reproductive tissues, including seedlings, inflorescence rachis, mature leaves, and flowers. This is the first report of the identification of cDNAs encoding two closely related starch branching enzymes from the same species.
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    Tissue-specific expression of the rolA gene mediates morphological changes in transgenic tobacco (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; gene expression ; GUS staining ; in situ hybridization ; rolA gene ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spatial and temporal activity of the entire and individual promoter domains of the rolA gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was investigated and correlated with the distinctive features of the phenotypes of transgenic tobacco plants. The GUS assay was performed in the presence of an oxidative catalyst during the development of transgenic plants expressing chimeric genes containing the β-glucuronidase coding sequence under the control of the different promoter domains. In situ hybridization was also used on transgenic plants harbouring rolA under the control of the entire or deleted promoter. This paper demonstrates for the first time that the entire rolA promoter, composed of domains, A, B and C, is silent in seeds, then activated at the onset of germination in the cotyledons and in the elengation zone of the radicle and is finally expressed throughout the vegetative and floral phases. Domains B+C, which were sufficient to induce wrinkled leaves and short internodes, were active in all the stem tissues, but only in the companion cells of the phloem strands of the leaves. Domain C, which specified a dwarf phenotype with normal leaves, was weakly expressed in the stem vascular bundles and in the leaf internal phloem. These results indicate that the vascular bundles are the primary targets for the generation of the short internode phenotype. Furthermore, the local expression of rolA in the stem vascular bundles induced a size reduction of the surrounding parenchyma cells, suggesting the existence of some diffusible factor(s) associated with the expression of the rolA gene.
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    Molecular cloning of a sulfotransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana and regulation during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 995-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; gene expression ; hypersensitive response ; plant-pathogen interactions ; cell suspensions ; sulfotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (RaRO47) encoding a sulfotransferase (ST) has been isolated from Arabidopsis cell suspensions. The deduced polypeptide of 302 amino acids is highly related to plant flavonol sulfotrans-ferases (FSTs), characterized for the first time in Flaveria, and also to STs from animal tissue. The expression of the Arabidopsis ST gene(s) corresponding to RaR047 was examined during different developmental stages. It was found that, at the level of steady-state mRNA, expression of gene(s) encoding this ST was rapidly induced in the aerial parts of young seedlings, and during growth of Arabidopsis cell cultures. No expression could be detected in roots. Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with hormonal or stress-related compounds, showed that RaR047 mRNA accumulation was more particularly induced in response to salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Furthermore, in the leaves of mature plants or in cell suspensions, accumulation of RaR047 mRNA was observed upon infection with bacterial pathogens. This expression was observed preferentially in response to avirulent pathogens causing an hyper-sensitive reaction, as compared to virulent pathogens, which lead to disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020810
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    Post-germination-induced and hormonally dependent expression of low-molecular-weight heat shock protein genes in Douglas fir (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1115-1128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNAs ; Douglas fir ; gene expression ; germination ; low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins ; methyl jasmonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated and sequenced two cDNA clones (PM 18.2A;PM 18.2B) from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) which encode for the low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins (LMW HSPs) of 18.2 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two Douglas fir proteins are 97.5% identical. A phylogenetic tree of class I LMW HSPs showed that the PM LMW HSPs are found within a subgroup consisting exclusively of dicot species indicating that class I LMW HSPs evolved from a common ancestor predating the divergence of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Northern blots of RNA from dry, imbibed, stratified and germinated seeds revealed a notable induction of LMW HSP transcripts during post-germination and early seedling growth. Unlike previous reports, the expression of these HSPs appears to be primarily restricted to seedlings as mRNA transcripts were detected at very low levels during seed development and desiccation. Maximum induction of LMW HSPs in seedlings occurred during heat shock treatment at 38–40°C, whereas cold shock or wounding failed to induce HSP transcripts. The transcription of HSP genes is up regulated by GA, MeJA and auxin and is down regulated by ABA. Methyl jasmonate treatment induced expression of these genes in dormant seeds of Douglas fir. The expression of class I cytoplasmic LMW HSPs in seedlings and their regulation by plant growth regulators suggests specific roles in plant development other than desiccation tolerance.
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    Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene structure, expression, and evolution in Nicotiana (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 711-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: developmental regulation ; gene expression ; gene family ; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; tobacco ; wound response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first reaction in the general phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the production of phenolic compounds with a significant range of biological functions. A PAL gene we designated gPAL1, cloned from tobacco, consists of two exons separated by an intron of 1932 bp. Exon I, 398 bp, and exon II, 1747 bp, together encode a polypeptide of 715 amino acids. A putative TATA box and polyadenylation signal are found 144 bp upstream of the initiation codon and 193 bp downstream from the stop codon, respectively. Using various parts of gPAL1 as probes, genomic Southern blots indicated the presence of a small family of PAL genes in the tobacco genome that can be divided into two distinct subfamilies, one consisting of pal1 and pal2 and another of pal3 and pal4. Comparative genomic blot analysis of progenitor species (Nicotiana tomentosiformis and N. sylvestris) indicated that each species contains one PAL gene from each of the subfamilies, suggesting that pal1 and pal3 (or pal2 and pal4) diverged prior to the evolution of N. tabacum. Expression of the PAL gene family was examined using RNA gel blots. PAL transcript levels were significantly higher in flowers and roots than in leaves and stems of mature plants. PAL transcripts accumulate differentially during flower and leaf maturation in that mRNA levels decline during flower maturation but increase during leaf maturation. In leaves, PAL transcripts rapidly accumulated after wounding.
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    Isolation and characterization of an auxin-inducible glutathione S-transferase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 839-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; auxin ; gene expression ; glutathione S-transferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genes homologous to the auxin-inducible Nt103 glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene of tobacco, were isolated from a genomic library of Arabidopsis thaliana. We isolated a λ clone containing an auxin-inducible gene, At103-1a, and part of a constitutively expressed gene, At103-1b. The coding regions of the Arabidopsis genes were highly homologous to each other and to the coding region of the tobacco gene but distinct from the GST genes that have been isolated from arabidopsis thusfar. Overexpression of a cDNA clone in Escherichia coli revealed that the AT103-1A protein had GST activity.
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    Expression analysis of a sucrose synthase gene from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 863-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; sucrose synthase ; sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the expression pattern of sucrose synthase, a cDNA from tap roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was isolated using a heterologous sucrose synthase cDNA from potato. The 2762 bp long cDNA clone designated SBSS 1 encodes for a 822 amino acid polypeptide of a predicted molecular mass of 93.7 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of sugar beet sucrose synthase has homologies of 65–70% when compared to predicted amino acid sequences of sucrose synthases from other species. RNA blot analysis shows that SBSS1 is expressed most predominant in tap root under normal growth conditions. Cold treatment and anaerobiosis lead to an increase in the steady-state levels of SBSS 1 mRNA in leaf and root tissue. In tap root slices, sugars in various concentrations had no influence on the SBSS 1 transcript level. On the other hand, wounding resulted in a decreased transcript level.
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    Isolation, characterization and expression of the maize Cat2 catalase gene (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 913-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: catalase ; gene expression ; gene structure ; isozyme ; reactive oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize Cat2 gene was isolated by direct cloning and PCR. The clones were mapped and sequenced. The start site of transcription was determined by primer extension. Computer analysis of the 1.6 kb Cat2 promoter sequence has revealed an obvious TATA box, two GC boxes, a putative GA response element, and several ACGT core sequences known to have diverse regulatory functions in plants. Several other protein binding motifs were also identified within 800 bp upstream from the transcriptional start site. Five introns were identified in the Cat2 coding region. All five Cat2 introns are located in exactly the same position as five of the six introns in Cat1. Two of the Cat2 introns are located in the same position as the two Cat3 introns. The identical positioning of these introns suggests an evolutionary link between all three maize catalase genes. The response of the Cat2 gene to plant growth regulators was examined. Results clearly showed that the response of Cat2 to several environmental factors are developmental stage-dependent. Thus, complex regulatory mechanisms appear to be involved in the regulation of Cat2 expression in maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020803
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    The mRNA for an ETR1 homologue in tomato is constitutively expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1331-1338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ethylene ; ethylene receptor ; signal transduction ; ETR1 ; tomato ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dominant mutations in the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene block the ethylene signal transduction pathway. The ETR1 gene has been cloned and sequenced. Using the ETR1 cDNA as a probe, we identified a cDNA homologue (eTAE1) from tomato. eTAE1 contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 754 amino acid residues. The nucleic acid sequence for the coding sequence in eTAE1 is 74% identical to that for ETR1, and the deduced amino acid sequence is 81% identical and 90% similar. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that three or more ETR1 homologues exist in tomato. RNA blots show that eTAE1 mRNA is constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined, and its accumulation in leaf abscission zones was unaffected by ethylene, silver ions (an inhibitor of ethylene action) or auxin.
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    Identification of three cDNA clones expressed in the leaf extension zone and with altered patterns of expression in theslender mutant of barley: a tonoplast intrinsic protein, a putative structural protein and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: elongation growth ; gene expression ; Hordeum vulgare ; protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase ; slender mutant ; tonoplast intrinsic protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three cDNA clones have been isolated on the basis of altered patterns of expression in the leaf extension zone of the developmental mutant,slender barley, compared with the wild type. mRNAs corresponding to two of the cDNAs, 7s and 8s, are increased inslender compared with normal. 7s encodes a putative γ-TIP and is expressed throughout the elongation zone. γ-TIPs form transmembrane channels which allow the passive transfer of water. Although expression of 7s was increased inslender leaf tissue, the increase was much less extreme than that shown by Phillips and Huttly (1994) following the application of GA to an extreme dwarf ofArabidopsis. 8s is maximally expressed in the region of early cell elongation and has 66% encoded protein identity with MFS18, a cDNA encoding a putative cell wall structural protein isolated from male flowers of maize. Both 8s and MFS18 encode small (128 amino acids) basic proteins rich in glycine, alanine, proline and serine. mRNA corresponding to the third cDNA, 24n, is present at a greatly reduced level inslender compared with normal and encodes protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). POR catalyses the conversion of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide. The reduced level of POR mRNA is not correlated with a similar reduction in expanded leaf blade chlorophyll levels. Western analysis identified two POR proteins present in light-grown seedlings. Whilst the larger of the proteins is present throughout most of the leaf, the smaller protein mimics the mRNA results, being both maximally present in the elongation tissue and present at a reduced level inslender. An antagonistic relationship between chlorophyll biosynthesis and extension growth is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042226
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    The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LI818 gene represents a distant relative of the cabI/II genes that is regulated during the cell cycle and in response to illumination (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 461-473 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene ; circadian rhythms ; gene expression ; light-regulated genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as in higher plants, the expression of the genes encoding the chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) polypeptides associated with photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) is regulated by endogenous (circadian clock) and exogenous signals (light and temperature). The circadian clock ensures that the oscillation in the levels of the different cab mRNAs is continuously kept in phase with light/dark (LD) cycles and is maximal by the middle of the day. On the other hand, light controls the amplitude of the oscillations. We report here the cloning and characterization of the C. reinhardtii LI818 gene, which identifies a CAB-related polypeptide and whose expression is regulated quite differently from the cabI/II genes. We show: (1) that in LD synchronized Chlamydomonas cells LI818 mRNA accumulation is subject to dual regulation that involves separable regulation by light and an endogenous oscillator; (2) that LI818 mRNA is fully expressed several hours before the cab I/II mRNAs and that the latter accumulate concomitantly; (3) that blocking the electron flow through PSII using DCMU prevents cells from accumulating cab I/II mRNAs but not LI818 mRNA and (4) that the accumulation of LI818 mRNA is abolished by blocking cytoplasmic protein synthesis, suggesting that these regulatory mechanisms are mediated by labile proteins.
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    Isolation of cDNAs encoding two purine biosynthetic enzymes of soybean and expression of the corresponding transcripts in roots and root nodules (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 751-757 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Glycine max. L. ; nodule development ; purN ; purD ; GAR synthetase ; GAR transformylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean nodule cDNA clones encoding glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase (GMpurD) and GAR transformylase (GMpurN) were isolated by complementation of corresponding Escherichia coli mutants. GAR synthetase and GAR transformylase catalyse the second and the third steps in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, respectively. One class of GAR synthetase and three classes of GAR transformylase cDNA clones were identified. Northern blot analysis clearly shows that these purine biosynthetic genes are highly expressed in young and mature nodules but weakly expressed in roots and leaves. Expression levels of GMpurD and GMpurN mRNAs were not enhanced when ammonia was provided to non-nodulated roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020216
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    G2-and early-M-specific expression of the NTCYC1 cyclin gene in Nicotiana tabacum cells (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 1093-1101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell division cycle ; gene expression ; mitotic cyclin ; plant suc1 homologue ; Ntcdc2-1 ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have previously reported the isolation of a cDNA encoding a mitotic cyclin, NTCYC1, from a tobacco cell suspension library. Here we describe the expression patterns of NTCYC1 and of Ntsuc1, a suc1 plant homologue, in synchronized tobacco cell suspensions. Furthermore, the expression pattern of this cyclin is compared to that of Ntcdc2-1, a Nicotiana tabacum homologue of cdc2. While no NTCYC1 transcript was detected in cells synchronized in the G1 and S phases, NTCYC1 expression was observed in late G2 and early M phases, disappearing in the G1′ of a new cell cycle. On the other hand, Ntsuc1 and Ntcdc2-1 exhibited a constitutive expression during the cell cycle. A functional analysis performed by microinjecting NTCYC1 mRNA into immature Xenopus oocytes, indicates that NTCYC1 could participate in the control of the G2/M transition in plant cells. Subsequently NTCYC1 expression was used to assess the status of mesophyll cells in expanded leaves of N. tabacum. Depending on leaf position along the shoot axis, a large population of mesophyll cells appeared with a 4C DNA content, suggesting a G2 arrest. It was found that leaves with such a population also contained high levels of NTCYC1 transcripts. With respect to these results concerning a naturally occurring G2-arrested cell population, the regulation of NTCYC1 expression in planta is discussed.
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    Rosetteness in Portulaca grandiflora: An altered genetic expression (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 23 (1996), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: gene expression ; Portulaca grandiflora ; protein profiles ; rosette ; ratooning ; SDS-PAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rosetteness is either developmentally controlled or induced by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Prolonged vegetative growth and/or pruning seems to be inducing rosetteness in Portulaca grandiflora. Analysis of cellular extracts from rosette stems by SDS-PAGE, revealed induction of a polypeptide of high molecular mass (≃ 58 kDa) and over-expression of a few lower molecular weight polypeptides. However, leaves showed no differences in the protein profiles.
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    Induction of homologous low temperature and ABA-responsive genes in frost resistant (Solanum commersonii) and frost-sensitive (Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje) potato species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 331-336 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; cold acclimation ; frost tolerance ; gene expression ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A DNA fragment corresponding to a low-temperature- and ABA-responsive gene (Scdhn1) was amplified by PCR from genomic DNA of a wild, frost-resistant potato species, Solanum commersonii. A homologous gene (Stdhn1) was identified in Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje, a frost-sensitive domesticated potato cultivar. The expression of the gene was studied during low temperature and ABA treatments in both Solanum species. The analysis revealed that both low temperature and ABA lead to the accumulation of a 1 kb transcript that corresponded to the PCR fragment. The induction of the gene was relatively rapid and maximum amounts of the transcripts were detected already after 1 day and 7 h of treatment with low temperature and ABA, respectively. Previous results have shown that there is no increase in the amount of endogenous ABA in S. tuberosum during low-temperature treatment, which indicates that two independent signalling pathways lead to the induction of this gene.
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    Characterization of a cDNA encoding cysteine proteinase inhibitor from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) flower buds (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 373-379 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. spp. pekinensis) ; cDNA ; cystatin ; inhibitor ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding a new phytocystatin isotype named BCPI-1 was isolated from a cDNA library of Chinese cabbage flower buds. The BCPI-1 clone encodes 199 amino acids resulting in a protein much larger than other known phytocystatins. BCPI-1 has an unusually long C-terminus. A BCPI-1 fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli strongly inhibits the enzymatic activity of papain, a cysteine proteinase. Genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that the BCPI gene is a member of a small multi-gene family in Chinese cabbage. Northern blot analysis showed that it is differentially expressed in the flower bud, leaf and root.
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    An endochitinase gene expressed at high levels in the stylar transmitting tissue of tomatoes (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 899-911 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogenesis-related protein ; gene expression ; flowering ; plant reproduction ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene (pMON9617; Chi2;1) identified by screening a tomato pistil cDNA library has been found to encode a protein similar in sequence to class II chitinases. Using a baculovirus expression system we show that the Chi2;1 protein is an active endochitinase. The Chi2;1 protein is most similar in sequence to a previously described stylar chitinase (SK2) isolated from potato. Both proteins lack the diagnostic N-terminal cysteine-rich regions and the C-terminal vacuolar targeting signals of class I chitinases and appear to define a novel type of class II endochitinases associated with flowers. Chi2;1 is expressed predominantly in floral organs and its expression within these organs is temporally regulated. The highest level of expression is found in the transmitting tissue of the style where Chi2;1 mRNA begins to accumulate just prior to anthesis. In vegetative tissue, low levels of Chi2;1 mRNA were detected, and these levels did not increase in response to wounding or treatment with ethephon. mRNA from Chi2;1 orthologs was not detected in most other angiosperms tested, even including some members of the Solanaceae, and it is therefore unlikely that Chi2;1 is essential for stylar function. A fragment containing 1.4 kilobase pairs of 5′-flanking DNA from the Chi2;1 gene was shown to drive high-level expression of an attached reporter gene in the styles of transgenic tomatoes. This fragment has utility for engineering expression of other coding regions in styles.
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    Two new oleosin isoforms with altered expression patterns in seeds of the Arabidopsis mutant fus3 (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 413-417 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: oleosin ; gene expression ; seed development ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oleosins are proteins associated with lipid bodies mainly synthesised during seed development. Using a subtractive hybridisation approach two new members of the oleosin gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana have been isolated. The quantitative and temporal expression patterns of both genes are found to be affected in the fus3 mutant defective in late embryogenesis. This pattern is interpreted as a molecular marker for a mutant specific developmental change from a seed maturation toa germination pathway.
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    Phytohormone control of the tobacco anionic peroxidase promoter (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 565-573 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Nicotiana tabacum ; peroxidase ; tobacco ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tobacco anionic peroxidase gene encodes the predominant peroxidase isoenzyme in the aerial portions of tobacco. Three kb of the peroxidase promoter was joined to the coding region of theEscherichia coli β-glucuronidase gene (GUS), and transiently expressed in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts in the presence or absence of plant growth regulators. Benzyladenine, ethylene, and gibberellic acid did not affect peroxidase gene expression. Abscisic acid slightly inhibited expression at high concentrations. The auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid strongly suppressed peroxidase expression. We observed half maximal suppression at 30 μM IAA. An antiauxin,p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), enhanced expression from the peroxidase promoter above that of untreated controls or restored activity when used in combination with IAA. Sequencing 3 kb of the peroxidase promoter revealed many potential regulatory elements based on sequence homology to previously characterized genes. This includes several consensus transcription factor binding sites found in auxin-regulated promoters. 5′ deletions of the peroxidase promoter/GUS fusion revealed several positive and negative regulatory elements. An upstream enhancer element was found between −3146 and −638 from the start of transcription. A strong silencer element was observed between −638 and −220. Removal of this silencer resulted in a truncated promoter (−220) with 100% activity of the full-length promoter (−3146). Inhibition by auxin was observed with all 5′ deletions.
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    The BARE-1 retrotransposon is transcribed in barley from an LTR promoter active in transient assays (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 295-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Barley ; gene expression ; Hordeum vulgare ; promoter ; retrotransposon ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The BARE-1 retrotransposon occurs in more than 104 copies in the barley genome. The element is bounded by long terminal repeats (LTRs, 1829 bp) containing motifs typical of retrotransposon promoters. These, the presence of predicted priming sites for reverse transcription, and the high conservation for all key functional domains of the coding region suggest that copies within the genome could be active retrotransposons. In view of this, we looked for transcription of BARE-1 within barley tissues and examined the promoter function of the BARE-1 LTR. We demonstrate here that BARE-1-like elements are transcribed in barley tissues, and that the transcripts begin within the BARE-1 LTR downstream of TATA boxes. The LTR can drive expression of reporter genes in transiently transformed barley protoplasts. This is dependent on the presence of a TATA box functional in planta as well. Furthermore, we identify regions within the LTR responsible for expression within protoplasts by deletion analyses of LTR-luc constructs. Similarities between promoter regulatory motifs and regions of the LTR were identified by comparisons to sequence libraries. The activity of the LTR as a promoter, combined with the abundance of BARE-1 in the genome, suggests that BARE-1 may retain the potential for propagation in the barley genome.
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    Members of two gene families encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, AtUBC1-3 and AtUBC4-6, fromArabidopsis thaliana are differentially expressed (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 493-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; proteolysis ; ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes ; gene families ; gene expression ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other intracellular proteins is essential for many physiological processes in eukaryotes, including selective protein degradation. Selection of proteins for ubiquitin conjugation is accomplished, in part, by a group of enzymes designated E2s or ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBCs). At least six types of E2s have been identified in the plantArabidopsis thaliana; each type is encoded by a small gene family. Previously, we described the isolation and characterization of two three-member gene families, designatedAtUBC1-3 andAtUBC4-6, encoding two of these E2 types. Here, we investigated the expression patterns, of theAtUBC1-3 andAtUBC4-6 genes by the histochemical analysis of transgenicArabidopsis containing the corresponding promoters fused to the β-glucuronidase-coding region. Staining patterns showed that these genes are active in many stages of development and some aspects of cell death, but are not induced by heat stress. Within the two gene families, individual members exhibited both overlapping and complementary expression patterns, indicating that at least one member of each gene family is expressed in most cell types and at most developmental stages. Different composite patterns of expression were observed between theAtUBC1-3 andAtUBC4-6 families, suggesting distinct biochemical and/or physiological functions for the encoded E2s inArabidopsis.
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    The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 possesses a close homologue to the chloroplast ClpC protein of higher plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 721-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chaperone ; cyanobacteria ; gene expression ; heat shock ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Clp family consists of large, ubiquitous proteins that function as molecular chaperones and/or regulators of ATP-dependent proteolysis. A single copy gene coding for one of these proteins, ClpC, was cloned from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The predicted polypeptide is most similar (ca. 88%) to the chloroplast-localized ClpC protein from higher plants. Using degenerate PCR primers specific for the two distinct ATP-binding domains characteristic of all ClpA-C proteins, partial sequences homologous to clpC from Synechococcus were also identified in five other cyanobacterial strains. The Synechococcus clpC gene is transcribed under standard growth conditions as a monocistronic message of around 2.7 kb. The level of this message, however, decreases slightly after a shift from 37 to 47.5°C for 2 h, similar to expression previously observed for clpC mRNA from heat-shocked higher plants. At the protein level, the amount of ClpC remains relatively unchanged during the high temperature shift, while that of the known heat shock protein GroEL rises considerably. In contrast, the constitutive level of ClpC in Synechococcus increases considerably under conditions of rapid growth, both with increasing light intensities or CO2 concentrations. This, and the fact that attempts to inactivate clpC expression fail to produce a viable phenotype, suggest that ClpC activity is essential for growth in this obligate photoautotrophic cyanobacterium.
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    Optimizing expression of transgenes with an emphasis on post-transcriptional events (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 393-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; endotoxin ; untranslated leader ; intron ; splicing ; synthetic genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Introducing a foreign gene into a new plant host does not always result in a high level of expression of the incoming gene. Numerous promoters have been used to express foreign genes in different plant tissues, but there are sometime various features of the new gene which are deleterious to expression in the new host. There are a number of posttranscriptional steps in the expression of a gene and sometimes sequences present in a particular coding region can resemble the signals which initiate these processing steps. When aberrantly carried out, these steps diminish the level of expression. By removing such fortuitous signals, one can dramatically increase expression of a transgene in plants. Ensuring proper protein folding and/or targeting the protein product to a particular cellular compartment can also be used to increase the level of protein obtained. The various methods used to optimize expression of a foreign gene in plants by concentrating on post-transcriptional events are discussed.
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    Cloning and expression of transaldolase from potato (1996)
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    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 447-452 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pentose-phosphate pathway ; Solanum tuberosum ; lignin ; wound ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated a cDNA encoding transaldolase, an enzyme of the pentose-phosphate pathway, from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The 1.5 kb cDNA encodes a protein of 438 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 47.8 kDa. When the potato cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli a 45 kDa protein with transaldolase activity was produced. The first 62 amino acids of the deduced amino acid sequence represent an apparent plastid transit sequence. While the potato transaldolase has considerable similarity to the enzyme from cyanobacteria and Mycobacterium leprae, similarity to the conserved transaldolase enzymes from humans, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more limited. Northern analysis indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulated in tubers in response to wounding. Probing the RNA from various potato tissues indicated that the transaldolase mRNA accumulation to higher levels in the stem of mature potato plants than in either leaves or tubers. These data are consistent with a role for this enzyme in lignin biosynthesis.
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    Expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in red and white grapes (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 565-569 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; flavonoid ; gene expression ; grape ; proanthocyanidin ; Vitis vinifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of seven genes from the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was determined in different tissues of Shiraz grapevines. All of the tissues contained proanthocyanidins, but only the berry skin accumulated anthocyanins. In most tissues, all of the flavonoid genes except UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (UFGT) were expressed, but UFGT expression was only detected in berry skin. Similar patterns of expression were observed in the skin of other red grapes. In white grapes, UFGT expression was not detected. White grape cultivars appear to lack anthocyanins because they lack UFGT, although they also had decreased expression of other flavonoid pathway genes.
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    A molecular study of dormancy breaking and germination in seeds of Trollius ledebouri (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 559-564 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Trollius ledebouri ; germination ; glucose/ribitol dehydrogenase ; glutathione S-transferase ; late embryogenesis abundant ; seed dormancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA library was generated from seeds of Trollius ledebouri cv. Golden Queen after GA3 treament. Five clones encoded mRNAs which were down-regulated during dormancy breaking and the initial stages of germination. Two of these showed homology to storage proteins (pPCB3 and pPCB4) and one each to the late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) group 2 dehydrin proteins (pPCB2), a barley glucose dehydrogenase (pPCB6) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily (pPCB7). Transcript levels declined over 8 days in GA3-treated seeds. In dormant imbibed seeds transcript levels were relatively unchanged over the same period except for the PCB3 transcript, the level of which increased.
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    The same nuclear proteins bind to the 5′-flanking regions of genes for the rice seed storage protein: 16 kDa albumin, 13 kDa prolamin and type II glutelin (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 621-630 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice seed storage protein ; albumin ; gene expression ; glutelin ; prolamin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of rice seed storage-protein genes is dramatically regulated over a short period of seed maturation. To characterize the expression mechanism of the rice seed storage protein genes, their expression of major storage protein genes (16 kDa albumin, 13 kDa prolamin and type II glutelin) were compared by RNA blot analysis. Their coordinate expression suggests that the transcriptional regulatory machinery is shared among the glutelin, prolamin and albumin-genes. We isolated two novel genomic genes for prolamins (PG5a and PG5b) and obtained the promoter region of the glutelin gene by PCR. The 5′-flanking regions of these three rice seed storage protein genes were found to contain some similar conserved sequences. Nuclear extract partially purified from maturing rice seeds was used for the gel shift assay of the 5′ region of the RA gene. We identified two DNA sequences of RA gene which were recognized by independent DNA-binding proteins. The complexes of these DNA sequences and DNA-binding proteins were inhibited by the fragments containing the 5′ regions of the prolamin and glutelin genes, suggesting that these three genes share transcription factors.
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    Circadian expression of the carbonic anhydrase gene, Cah1, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 745-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: circadian rhythm ; CO2 fixation ; gene expression ; green alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated whether the expression of carbonic anhydrase genes (Cah1 and Cah2) is regulated by a circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. When cells were grown in ordinary air under 12 h light/12 h dark (LD) cycles, the levels of the Cah2 mRNA hardly altered during the cycles, while the Cah1 mRNA showed a strong diurnal rhythm. The rhythm of about 24 h continued at least 3 days even under continuous light. Temperature compensation of the rhythm was demonstrated, using cultures maintained at 16, 22, and 28°C. These results indicate that the abundance of the Cah1 transcript is controlled by a circadian clock.
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    The pc-1 phenotype of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results from a deletion mutation in the nuclear gene for NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 15-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; chlorophyll biosynthesis ; gene expression ; protochlorophyllide reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pc-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been shown to be incapable of protochlorophyllide photoconversion in vivo and is thought to be defective in light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity. We have isolated and characterized the nuclear genes encoding this enzyme from wild-type and pc-1 mutant Chlamydomonas cells. The wild-type CRlpcr-1 gene encodes a 397 amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 57 residues comprise the chloroplast transit sequence. The Chlamydomonas protochlorophyllide reductase has 66–70% identity (79–82% similarity) to the higher plant enzymes. Transcripts encoding protochlorophyllide reductase are abundant in dark-grown wild-type cells, but absent or at very low levels in cells grown in the light. Similarily, immunoreactive protochlorophyllide reductase protein is also present to a greater extent in dark-versus light-grown wild-type cells. Both pc-1 and pc-1 y-7 cells lack CRlpcr-1 mRNA and the major (36 kDa) immunodetectable form of protochlorophyllide reductase consistent with their inability to photoreduce protochlorophyllide. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the lpcr gene in pc-1 y-7 cells contains a two-nucleotide deletion within the fourth and fifth codons of the protochlorophyllide reductase precursor that causes a shift in the reading frame and results in premature termination of translation. The absence of protochlorophyllide reductase message in pc-1 and pc-1 y-7 cells is likely the consequence of this frameshift mutation in the lpcr gene. Introduction of the CRlpcr-1 gene into pc-1 y-7 cells by nuclear transformation was sufficient to restore the wild-type phenotype. Transformants contained both protochlorophyllide reductase mRNA and immunodetectable enzyme protein. These studies demonstrate that pc-1 was in fact a defect in protochlorophyllide reductase activity and provide the first in vivo molecular evidence that the lpcr gene product is essential for light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017800
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    Isolation, characterization and expression of cDNA clones encoding a mitochondrial malate translocator from Panicum miliaceum L. (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator ; C4 plant ; gene expression ; mitochondria ; Panicum miliaceum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three cDNA clones that hybridize to a partial rice cDNA that show similarity to bovine mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator were isolated from leaves of Panicum miliaceum L. (proso millet), an NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 plant. The nucleotide sequences of the clones resemble each other, and some of the isolated cDNAs contained extra sequences that seemed to be introns. The predicted proteins encoded by the cDNAs have 302 amino acids and molecular weights of 32211 and 32150. The hydrophobic profile of the amino acid sequence predicted the existence of six transmembrane α-helices that is a common property of members in the mitochondrial transporter family. The predicted amino acid sequence showed the highest similarity with that of the 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator from mammalian mitochondria. An expression plasmid containing the coding region of the cDNAs was used to over-express recombinant protein with a C-terminal histidine tag Escherichia coli, which was affinity-purified. The antibody against the recombinant protein cross-reacted with proteins of 31–32 kDa in the membrane fraction from P. miliaceum mitochondria, but not with the chloroplast fraction. The recombinant protein reconstituted in liposomes efficiently transported malate, citrate, and 2-oxoglutarate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017802
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    High-level secretion of a virally encoded anti-fungal toxin in transgenic tobacco plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anti-fungal killer toxin ; double-stranded RNA ; gene expression ; transgenic plant ; Ustilago maydis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ustilago maydis killer toxins are small polypeptides (7–14 kDa) whichkill susceptible cells of closely related fungal species. The KP4 toxin is a single polypeptide subunit with a molecular weight of 11.1 kDa. In this work, a transgenic tobacco plant was constructed which secretes the KP4 toxin at a high level. The KP4 toxin expressed in this transgenic plant was of the same size and specificity as the authentic Ustilago KP4 toxin. The expression level was at least 500 times higher than that of the KP6 toxin expressed in plants. Transgenic crop plants producing the KP4 toxin could be rendered resistant to KP4-susceptible fungal pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020122
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    ZmHox: a novel class of maize homeobox genes (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 439-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Zea mays ; homeobox gene family ; gene expression ; DNA-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clones of two highly related genes, ZmHox2a and ZmHox2b (Zea mays homeobox), were isolated from maize embryo cDNA libraries by screening with the ZmHox1a homeobox sequence. The genes map to chromosomes 3 and 8, respectively, and encode mRNA transcripts of 6 kb. The encoded proteins, ZmHox2a and b, share 84% sequence identity and exhibit a modular structure with several novel plant-specific protein domains. Interestingly, each ZmHox2 gene product contains two complete homeodomains which, for Zmhox2a, were both shown to be functional DNA-binding motifs in vitro. Not only probes encoding the homeobox but also DNA fragments corresponding to other ZmHox2 domains hybridize to multiple bands in genomic Southern blots, indicating that related protein domains may be conserved in other maize genes. The ZmHox2a/b genes, therefore, are members of a novel and large class of maize genes, some of which can be expected to encode new transcription factors.
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    Gibberellin-repressible gene expression in the barley aleurone layer (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 611-623 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone layer ; embryo ; gene expression ; gibberellin ; Hordeum vulgare ; thionin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gibberellins are noted for their ability to induce expression of genes, such as α-amylase, in the aleurone layers of cereals. However, a number of mRNA species in the mature imbibed aleurone cell of barley, such as a storage globulin (Heck et al., Mol Gen Genet 239: 209–218 1993), are simultaneously and specifically repressed by gibberellin. In a continuing effort to understand this effect, we report cloning and characterization of two additional cDNAs from barley designated pHvGS-1 and pcHth3 that have high corresponding mRNA levels in the mature imbibed aleurone but are repressed 10-fold or more within 24 h of treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3). The extent of repression was concentration dependent and maximally effective at 10-6 M GA3. Repression was also noted in the constitutive gibberellin response mutant, slender, in the absence of exogenous GA3. The antagonistic phytohormone, abscisic acid, had no effect or was weakly inductive of the steady-state levels of these mRNAs. During development of the seed, repressible mRNAs are present to different degrees in the maturing aleurone layer and embryo, but not in the starchy endosperm. Some repressible mRNA persists in the mature dry aleurone layer, but is degraded during imbibition, replenished by de novo transcription, and maintained at high steady-state levels until GA3 is perceived. Preliminary investigation suggests that repression is at least partly due to destabilization of the mRNAs which have estimated half-lives of 12 h or greater in the absence of GA3. pcHth3 encodes a member of the γ-thionin gene family located on chromosome 7. pHvGS-1 corresponds to a gene on chromosome 3 of unknown function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049335
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    Evolutionary conservation and expression patterns of maize starch branching enzyme I and IIb genes suggests isoform specialization (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1223-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene evolution ; gene expression ; Zea mays L. ; starch biosynthesis ; starch branching enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the maize (Zea mays L.) starch branching enzyme (SBE) genes Sbe1 and Sbe2 were characterized during kernel development and in vegetative tissues. The onset of Sbe1 and Sbe2 expression during endosperm development was similar to that of other genes involved in starch biosynthesis (Wx, Sh2 and Bt2). However, the expression of Sbe2 peaked earlier than that of Sbe1 in developing endosperm and embryos resulting in a shift in the ratio of Sbe1 to Sbe2 relative message levels during kernel and embryo development. Transcripts hybridizing to the Sbe2 probe were not detectable in leaves or roots which nonetheless have SBEII enzymatic activity, suggesting that there may be another divergent SBEII-like gene(s) in maize. A similar expression pattern is shared between the maize genes and related genes in pea, which together with their evolutionary conservation, suggests that the SBE isoforms may play unique roles in starch biosynthesis during plant development.
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    Expression of the Volvox gene encoding nitrate reductase: Mutation-dependent activation of cryptic splice sites and intron-enhanced gene expression from a cDNA (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cryptic splice sites ; intron-enhancement ; gene expression ; nitA cDNA ; Volvox ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Use of the nitrate reductase encoding gene (nitA) as selection marker has facilitated the successful nuclear transformation of Volvox carteri. The Volvox nitA gene contains 10 introns. A stable nitA mutation in the Volvox recipient strain 153–81 resides in a G-to-A transition of the first nucleotide in the 5′ splice site of nitA intron 2. This mutation resulted in at least three non-functional splice variants, namely: (1) intron 2 was not spliced at all; (2) a cryptic 5′ splice site 60 nt upstream or (3) a cryptic 5′ splice site 16 nt downstream of the mutation were activated and used for splicing. When we used nitA cDNA (pVcNR13) for transformation of V. carteri 153–81, a low efficiency of about 5×10-5 transformants per reproductive cell was observed. Re-integration of either intron 1 (pVcNR15) or introns 9 and 10 (pVcNR16) in the transforming cDNA increased transformation rates to 5×10-4. In parallel, pVcNR15-transformed Volvox exhibited growth rates that were 100-fold increased over the pVcNR13-transformed alga. This intron-enhancement of nitA gene expression appears to be associated with post-transcriptional processing and ‘channelling’ of the message. These data suggest an important role of splicing for gene expression in V. carteri.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020601
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    Elongation factor 1α genes of the red alga Porphyra purpurea include a novel, developmentally specialized variant (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 77-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: developmental regulation ; elongation factor ; evolution ; gene expression ; rhodophyte, sporophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle of the red alga Porphyra purpurea alternates between two morphologically distinct phases: a shell-boring, filamentous sporophyte and a free-living, foliose gametophyte. From a subtracted cDNA library enriched for sporophyte-specific sequences, we isolated a cDNA encoding an unusual elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) that is expressed only in the sporophyte. A second EF-1α gene that is expressed equally in the sporophyte and the gametophyte was isolated from a genomic library. These are the only EF-1α genes detectable in P. purpurea. The constitutively expressed gene encodes and EF-1α very similar to those of most eukaryotes. However, the sporophyte-specific EF-1α is one of the most divergent yet described, with nine insertions or deletions ranging in size from 1 to 26 amino acids. This is the first report of a developmental stage-specific EF-1α outside of the animal kingdom and suggests a fundamental role for EF-1α in the developmental process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020608
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    Characterization and expression of Metallothionein-like genes in cotton (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 701-705 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cotton ; gene expression ; Gossypium hirsutum ; metallothionein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genes encoding type 1 metallothionein-like proteins that are highly expressed in roots. Little or no expression of these genes was detected in other organs and tissues. The deduced amino acid sequences have a high degree of similarity with type 1 metallothionein-like proteins from other plants, including a central hydrophobic domain flanked by conserved cysteine-rich motifs. The type 1 metallothionein-like genes of cotton are encoded by a small gene family. One gene (MT1-A) was analyzed in detail and found to have three exons which are 52, 83 and 397 bp long, and two introns 130 and 1042 bp in length. Three of the type 1 metallothionein-like genes are organized in a tandom array, and the 5′-flanking regions of these genes share a high degree of sequence similarity. Two of the clustered genes (MT1-A andMT1-B) are expressed at about equal levels in roots and use the same transcription start site. A 640 bp promoter fragment from theMT1-A gene was sufficient to direct expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in transformed cotton roots. The expression was highest near the root tip.
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    Eucalypt α-tubulin: cDNA cloning and increased level of transcripts in ectomycorrhizal root system (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 905-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; Eucalyptus globulus ; gene expression ; mycorrhiza ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Because symbionts are experiencing major morphological changes during ectomycorrhiza development, the expression of genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins is likely altered. To test this contention, we have cloned and characterized in a α-tubulin cDNA (EgTubA1) from Eucalyptus globulus. A poorly-aggressive isolate (No. 270) of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius caused no changes in root transcript levels of EgTubA1, whereas a drastic up-regulation in its expression was observed between 3 to 4 days after contact with the aggressive isolate 441. This enhanced α-tubulin expression coincided with the increase lateral root formation induced by fungal colonisation. The changes in α-tubulin expression support a role for cytoskeleton components in ectomycorrhiza development.
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    Characterization and expression of chitinase and 1,3-β-glucanase genes in cotton (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 911-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chitinase ; cotton ; gene expression ; 1,3-β-glucanase ; Gossypium hirsutum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated cDNA clones representing mRNAs encoding chitinase and 1,3-β-glucanase in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves. The chitinase clones were sequenced and found to encode a 28,806 Da protein with 71% amino acid sequence similarity to the SK2 chitinase from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The 1,3-β-glucanase clones encoded a 37,645 Da protein with 57.6% identity to a 1,3-β-glucanase from soybean (Glycine max). Northern blot analyses showed that chitinase mRNA is induced in plants treated with ethaphon or salicylic acid, whereas the levels of 1,3-β-glucanase mRNA are relatively unaffected. Southern blots of cotton genomic DNA and genomic clones indicated chitinase is encoded by a small gene family of which two members, Chi 2;1 and Chi 2;2, were characterized. These genes share 97% sequence identity in their transcribed regions. The genes were found to have three exons which are 309, 154 and 550 bp long, and two introns 99 and 154 bp in length. The 5′-flanking regions of Chi 2;1 and Chi 2;2 exhibit a large degree of similarity and may contain sequences important for gene response to chemical agents and fungal attack.
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    Differential expression of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin glb3 gene promoter in transgenic legume and non-legume plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 931-935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: leghemoglobin ; gene expression ; site-directed mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The involvement of the Sesbania rostrata glb3 gene promoter NICE (nodule-infected cell expression) element in root-enhanced expression of 5′-Srglb3-uidA-3′nos chimeric gene was investigated in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants. The full-length wild-type Srglb3 promoter directed root meristem-enhanced expression in transgenic tobacco plants. The expression pattern of nine selected Srglb3 promoter mutations in the NICE element was examined in transgenic tobacco plants and compared with the pattern observed in nodules of transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants. The results suggest that the highly conserved motifs in the NICE element play an important role in expression in roots of non-legume plants.
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    Characterization ofVitis vinifera L. glutamine synthetase and molecular cloning of cDNAs for the cytosolic enzyme (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 983-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA cloning ; gene expression ; glutamine synthetase ; grapevine ; nitrogen ; Vitis vinifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) glutamine synthetase (GS) was analysed into two distinct classes of isoforms; one of them was present in both leaf and root tissues while the other one showed leaf specificity. Western blot analysis revealed that grapevine GS consists of three types of polypeptides of distinct size and differential tissue specificity. Two structurally distinct cDNA clones, pGS1;1 and pGS1;2, encoding grapevine GS were isolated from a cell suspension library and characterized. Both clones contained open reading frames encoding for polypeptides of 356 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of about 39 kDa. Although the coding sequences of pGS1;1 and pGS1;2 were 84% similar, their 5′-and 3′-untranslated sequences showed only 40% similarity. The coding sequences of the two clones and the derived amino acid sequences showed higher homology to cytosolic than to chloroplastic GSs of other higher plants indicating that the cDNAs isolated encode for cytosolic isoforms of grapevine GS. Southern blot analysis suggested the existence of more than two GS genes in the grapevine genome. In northern blots both clones were hybridized to mRNAs of about 1.4 kb that are differentially expressed in the various tissues. Supply of nitrate or ammonium in the cell suspension culture medium, as a sole nitrogen source, resulted in differential response of the pGS1;1-and pGS1;2-related genes.
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    Generative cells ofLilium longiflorum possess translatable mRNA and functional protein synthesis machinery (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1083-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Generative cells ; gene expression ; Lilium longiflorum ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolic labelling with [35S]-methionine demonstrated that generative cells ofLilium longiflorum possess their own set of mRNA and are capable of synthesising proteins independently from the vegetative cell. The isolated generative cells synthesised ten proteins, of which six were unique to these specialised cells. Isolation of generative cells from pollen grains after [35S]-methionine labelling resulted in an identical protein profile, therefore the synthesis of these proteins was not due to isolation shock. Addition of cycloheximide, abolished TCA-precipitable counts, whilst actinomycin D had no qualitative effect on the observed protein profile, indicating active translation of pre-existing mRNAs by the generative cells.
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    Transcription ofCABII is regulated by the biological clock inChlamydomonas reinhardtii (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1173-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: CABII ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; circadian rhythm ; gene expression ; lhcb ; transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The small gene family encoding the chlorophylla/b-binding proteins of photosystem II (CABII orlhcb) is known to exhibit circadian rhythms of mRNA abundance inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this study we investigated the role of transcription in the phenomenon. We used as reportersChlamydomonas genes that encode nitrate reductase (NITI) and arylsulfatase (ARS2) transcriptionally fused to sequences upstream of one of theCABII genes (calledCABII-1). We found that both reporters exhibited the same circadian rhythm of mRNA abundance in phase, period, and amplitude as does the endogenousCABII-1 gene. We also evaluated the efficacy of arylsulfatase enzymatic activity as a reporter and found that its half-life is too long to make it a useful reporter of rhythmic transcription during a circadian or diurnal cycle. The amount of mRNA synthesis from theCABII-1 gene was examined byin vivo labeling experiments and a circadian rhythm in transcription rate was demonstrated.In vivo labeling also revealed a circadian rhythm of mRNA synthesis for theCABII gene family as a whole. The results from the transcriptional reporter assays together with thein vivo labeling experiments strongly support the conclusion that the biological clock regulates the transcriptional activity of theCABII-1 gene, and moreover that regulation at the transcriptional level is the predominant mode by which the clock regulates this gene.
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    Characterization of pectinases and pectin methylesterase cDNAs in pods of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1141-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall ; gene expression ; pectin methylesterase ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; polygalacturonase ; texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato fruit maturation is accompanied by a depolymerization of cell wall pectins which is due to the action of endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) preceded by pectin methylesterase (PE) activity. To investigate the role of endoPG and PE in determining the structure of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pectins, these pectinases were studied during pod development. Early developmental stages displayed low endoPG or exoPG activities while PE activities were measurable during all stages of pod and seed development. These results do not favour a possible synergistic action of PE and PG. For seeds, the relatively high PE activities concurred with relatively low levels of pectin methyl esterification. At a molecular level, one partial chromosomal clone of 210 pb (PE1V), two partial PE cDNA clones of 660 bp (PE2V and PE3V) from cv. verona and one full-length PE cDNA clone of 1990 bp (PE3M), from cv. Masai were isolated. The identity of the CDNA clones was confirmed by expression inEscherichia coli and immunodetection with antibodies directed towards a tomato fruit PE. Transcripts corresponding with the genomic clone PE1V were not detected but both PE2 and PE3 cDNAs corresponded with mRNAs 1.8 kb in length. In contrast to PE2, PE3 gene expression levels varied significantly in pods from different cultivars suggesting an involvement in determining pod morphology.
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    Different sequences for 5′-untranslated leaders of nuclear genes for plastid proteins affect the expression of the β-glucuronidase gene (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 861-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ATP synthase subunit γ ; gene expression ; leader sequences ; plastocyanin ; Spinacia oleracea ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of chimeric uidA gene fusions (for bacterial β-glucuronidase) with 5′-flanking sequences of the spinach AtpC and PetE genes (encoding the subunit γ of the chloroplast ATP synthase and plastocyanin, respectively) requires sequences for the 5′-untranslated leaders. The sequence for the PetE leader does not exhibit significant similarities to those of other leader sequences. Closer inspection of PetE uncovered that the crucial region is located in the vicinity of the transcription start site (+5/+15, TTGTCATTTCT). In contrast, 3′ deletions of sequences for the AtpC leader revealed that the region in the vicinity of the translation initiation codon is essential for uidA gene expression (+103/+176). This segment contains a CT-rich sequence (TTCTCTCTCCT), which is found identically or in a slightly modified form in sequences for 85 plant leaders deposited in the EMBL data bank. Site-directed mutagenesis of the CT-rich sequence resulted in a three-fold reduction of the transcription of the transgene. It is concluded (1) that different elements in the sequences for the spinach PetE and AtpC leaders control the expression of the uidA gene, (2) that these elements operate transcriptionally rather than post-transcriptionally and (3) that a CT-rich sequence represents a crucial cis element for the transcription of the AtpC::uidA gene fusion.
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    Developmental expression and regulation by light of two closely related β-tubulin genes in Lupinus albus (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 1185-1189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; gene expression ; light regulation ; Lupinus albus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present here the characterization of a Lupinus albus β-tubulin gene, TubB2, which is closely related to TubB1 [22]. Both TubB1 and TubB2 transcripts are present in the embryonic axis of lupin dry seeds. The patterns of developmental expression of TubB1 and TubB2 β-tubulin genes are strongly correlated. Both genes are expressed at higher levels in hypocotyls of 7-day-old etiolated plants compared to hypocotyls from plants grown under light/dark cycles. When etiolated plants are exposed to continuous white light, differential changes in the steady state levels of the TubB1 and TubB2 mRNAs from hypocotyls are observed. These changes are accompanied by an inhibition of hypocotyl extension.
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    Molecular characterization of a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the gymnosperm Picea abies (Norway spruce) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 923-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: PEPC ; C3 metabolism ; gene expression ; evolution ; gymnosperm ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) genes and cDNA sequences have so far been isolated from a broad range of angiosperm but not from gymnosperm species. We constructed a cDNA library from seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and identified cDNAs coding for PEPC. A full-length PEPC cDNA was sequenced. It consists of 3522 nucleotides and has an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a polypeptide (963 amino acids) with a molecular mass of 109 551. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a higher similarity to the C3-form PEPC of angiosperm species (86–88%) than to the CAM and C4 forms (76–84%). The putative motif (Lys/Arg-X-X-Ser) for serine kinase, which is conserved in all angiosperm PEPCs analysed so far, is also present in this gymnosperm sequence. Southern blot analysis of spruce genomic DNA under low-stringency conditions using the PEPC cDNA as a hybridization probe showed a complex hybridization pattern, indicating the presence of additional PEPC-related sequences in the genome of the spruce. In contrast, the probe hybridized to only a few bands under high-stringency conditions. Whereas this PEPC gene is highly expressed in roots of seedlings, a low-level expression can be detected in cotyledons and adult needles. A molecular phyiogeny of plant PEPC including the spruce PEPC sequence revealed that the spruce PEPC sequence is clustered with monocot and dicot C3-form PEPCs including the only dicot C4 form characterized so far.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020489
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    Ubiquitin promoter-based vectors for high-level expression of selectable and/or screenable marker genes in monocotyledonous plants (1996)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 5 (1996), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: gene expression ; transgenic monocots ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A set of plasmids has been constructed utilizing the promoter, 5′ untranslated exon, and first intron of the maize ubiquitin (Ubi-1) gene to drive expression of protein coding sequences of choice. Plasmids containing chimaeric genes for ubiquitin-luciferase (Ubi-Luc), ubiquitin-β-glucuronidase (Ubi-GUS), and ubiquitin-phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (Ubi-bar) have been generated, as well as a construct containing chimaeric genes for bothUbi-GUS andUbi-bar in a single plasmid. Another construct was generated to allow cloning of protein coding sequences of choice onBam HI andBam HI-compatible restriction fragments downstream of theUbi-1 gene fragment. Because theUbi-1 promotor has been shown to be highly active in monocots, these constructs may be useful for generating high-level gene expression of selectable markers to facilitate efficient transformation of monocots, to drive expression of reference reporter genes in studies of gene expression, and to provide expression of biotechnologically important protein products in transgenic plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969712
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    Human placental alkaline phosphatase as a histochemical marker of gene expression in transgenic mice (1996)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 5 (1996), S. 459-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic mice ; reporter genes ; gene expression ; histochemical marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) gene was analysed for its utility as a histochemically detectable reporter gene in transgenic mice. A reporter gene was made by linking the PLAP structural gene to an enhancerpromoter element from the human β-actin gene. This gene was inserted into the mouse genome by transfection of embryonic stem cells, and by microinjection of fertilized eggs. Histochemical staining showed that the transgene was uniformly expressed in four of four stable ES cell lines, and in all ten tissues examined from adult animals from five lines of transgenic mice. Non-transgenic cells did not stain. These results suggest that the human PLAP gene will be of utility in studies requiring phenotypic marking of cells in tissues of mice.
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    Adsorption of a four-component gas mixture on zeolite NaX (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 794-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: nitrogen ; methane ; ethane ; propane ; combined adsorption ; zeolite NaX ; selectivity coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption of N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and their mixture on zeolite NaX was studied by the volumetric method under static conditions at 278 K in the pressure range from 0.1 to 0.8 MPa. Compressibility factors were calculated in order to take into account the nonideal character of the gas phase. Adsorption isotherms of individual gases and partial isotherms were obtained. The adsorption properties of gases in the adsorption of a mixture and its components were compared. The selectivity coefficient of adsorption of propane in the N2-CH4-C2H6-C3H8-NaX system was calculated, and its dependence on the total pressure was determined.
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    The nutrient translocation of seedlings with chemical analyses of the xylem saps ofCryptomeria japonica D. Don andPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 1 (1996), S. 23-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: calcium ; mineral distribution ; nitrogen ; potassium ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chemical compositions of xylem saps ofCryptomeria japonica D. Don andPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. were studied. One-year-old seedlings of these species were transplanted into hydroponics in the middle of June. Some seedlings were retained in the nursery. Two nitrogen sources, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, were applied separately. The samplings of xylem saps were made at the end of July. Saps were collected from both roots and tops of the seedlings using a pressure chamber. InC. japonica, the fact that the translocation form of nitrogen from the roots to shoots mainly was citrulline was confirmed. The result ofP. densiflora in this study showed that glutamine was the predominant compound of nitrogen translocation. Total nitrogen ofP. densiflora had a large value in the series of ammonium. Glutamine increased in the ammonium series of both species. Nitrate nitrogen was found in whole samples ofC. japonica, and was not found inP. densiflora. As the result of cations in the saps, monovalent cations were rich inP. densiflora, and divalent cation concentrations were greater inC. japonica. The idea that the great oxygen requirement ofP. densiflora produces the negative charge gives an explanation of the great retention of divalent cations in the roots. The idea that the mineral distribution indicates root activity related to its negative charge production also is considered a possibility.
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    Recent changes in the contributions of river Rhine and North Sea to the eutrophication of the western Dutch Wadden Sea (1996)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 30 (1996), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; primary production ; secondary production ; Mytilus edulis ; river Rhine ; Wadden Sea ; North Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From 1955 to the mid 1980s the loads of both nitrogen and phosphorus from the river Rhine to the Dutch coastal area, the Wadden Sea included, increased. Since 1985 the phosphorus loads has decreased significantly, while the nitrogen load remained about the same. Annual primary production in the western Dutch Wadden Sea has increased fromc. 40 g C m−2 (1950) to 150 (mid 1960s) and over 500 g C m−2 (1986). The biomass of macrozoobenthos has more than doubled since 1970. Simultaneously, the meat yield of cultured blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), has increased since the 1960s. Previously, it was indicated that the increase in primary production of the phytoplankton over the period 1950 to 1986 was stimulated by the load of dissolved inorganic phosphate from Lake IJssel, a reservoir supplied by Rhine water. Since 1990, however, primary production has been higher than was expected from decreased phosphate loads from Lake IJssel. It is argued that this lack of response may have been caused by increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphate at sea originating from increased inflow from a.o. the Strait of Dover, which compensate for the decrease in phosphate from the rivers, possibly in combination with a significant improvement of the light conditions of the water in the Wadden Sea.
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    Environmental effects on growth and biochemical composition ofNitzschia inconspicua Grunow (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 389-396 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Nitzschia inconspicua ; diatoms ; lipids ; fatty acids ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; silicate ; nitrogen ; carbon source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrate and silicate levels, and carbon source on growth, biochemical composition and fatty acid composition ofNitzschia inconspicua were investigated using batch cultures. Within the range of silicate levels supplied (8.8–176 μM), no marked variations in growth trend, biochemical composition or fatty acid composition were shown. Biomass at stationary phase, ranging from 64–66 mg ash-free dry weight (AFDW) L−1, and specific growth rate (μ) based on chlorophylla (0.41–0.50 d−1) of the cultures grown within 0.3–3.0 mM NaNO3 were not significantly different. Cultures supplemented with glucose (0.1 % w/v), acetate (0.1 % w/v) or 5% CO2 attained higher biomass (85, 85, 97 mg AFDW L−1) than the control which was grown in synthetic seawater and agitated by magnetic stirring. Cells grown at 〈3.0 mM NaNO3 contained higher carbohydrate contents (14.8–21.5% AFDW) than those grown at 3.0 mM (4.0% AFDW). Lipid content increased at the expense of proteins in cells aerated with 5% CO2. The dominant fatty acids, 16:0 and 16:1, ranged from 35.7–45.0% and 36.4–45.4% total fatty acids (TFA), respectively, while the relative proportions of 20:4 (n-6) and 20:5 (n-3) ranged from 1.7–5.4% and 3.4–5.9% TFA respectively. Cultures aerated with 5% CO2 attained the highest biomass (97 mg AFDW L−1) and yield of 20:5 (n-3) (0.34 mg L−1).
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    Site restricted and neuron dominant expression of α2,8sialyltansferase gene in the adult mouse brain and retina (1996)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 13 (1996), S. 471-480 
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    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: α2,8sialyltransferase gene ; mouse brain and retina ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gene expression of the α2,8sialyltransferase (α2,8S-T) responsible for GD3 synthesis in the adult mouse brain and retina was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/Southern blotting (RT-PCR/Southern) andin situ hybridization. Among various portions of the brain, high levels of 9.5 kb mRNA were observed in the retina and midbrain. Results of RT-PCR/Southern did not necessarily correlate with the enzyme activities in the individual sites.In situ hybridization analysis revealed that this gene was characteristically expressed in the inner segment of photoreceptor cells, some nuclei in the midbrain, cranial nerve nuclei in the pons-medulla, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and granular cells of the dentate gyrus. In the retina, the α2,8S-T gene was broadly expressed over the layers during development, and retained high expression levels in the photoreceptor cells of adult mice consistent with high expression of GD3. Destruction of neurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by injection of kainic acid and colchicine respectively resulted in the disappearance of the hybridization signal, suggesting that the α2,8S-T gene was mainly expressed by neurons.
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    Comparison of solutes, nutrients, and bacteria inputs from two types of groundwater to the Rhône river during an artificial drought (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 319 (1996), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: river ; hyporheic ; dissolved organic carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solute, nutrient and bacterial inputs to the River Rhône from the interstitial habitat of a gravel bar and the floodplain aquifer were investigated during an artificial drought. Eight springs were investigated: four groundwater-fed springs in the floodplain, located at the bottom of the bank; and four interstitial-fed springs located at the downstream end of a gravel bar. During this period, the inflows of groundwater to the river represented an average input of 0.77 mg l−1 of nitrogen (of which 93.3% were nitrates), 0.0187 mg l−1 of total phosphorus (of which 42.2% was orthophosphate), 3.56 mg l−1 of silica, 2.315 ± 0.703 mg l−1 of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, of which 47% was biodegradable) and 7.3 × 104 ± 3.7 × 104 bacteria per ml (of which 8.8% were active). Silica, DOC, biodegradable DOC, and bacteria concentrations displayed temporal variations during the study, which seem to be linked to the biological activity of the groundwater biofilm. There was a strong heterogeneity between the two types of groundwater that flow to the river: concentrations of calcium and alkalinity were higher in bank springs than in gravel bars springs. In these latters, sulfate, sodium, nitrogen, phosphorus were significantly higher.
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    The influence of suspended silt on oxygen consumption by the redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger,1896) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 325 (1996), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; silt ; oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The routine oxygen consumption of redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli exposed to silt from the Phalaborwa Barrage was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Exposure of adult fish to sublethal concentrations of silt did alter routine oxygen consumption by causing increased rates (53–77% from initial) of oxygen consumption. This indicates that sublethal levels of suspended silt concentrations results in an increase in oxygen consumption by the fish due to an increase in metabolic rate associated with increased activity and stress. From the laboratory experiments, it can therefore be predicted that sublethal releases from the Phalaborwa Barrage will stress the resident fish populations. However, the extent of the impact on the fish population will depend on factors such as frequency, duration and severity of exposure as well as the species in question. Long term monitoring of the fish population below the Phalaborwa Barrage is therefore essential.
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    Applying an index of biotic integrity based on fish assemblages in a West African river (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 331 (1996), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; biotic integrity ; river ; Guinea ; mormyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multivariate measure of river quality, the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), was adapted to a West African river, the Konkoure (Republic of Guinea). Fish assemblages were sampled using gill-nets during the dry season to provide data for the IBI. Ten metrics were subsequently defined. The capacity of the modified IBI to assess the impact of a bauxite treatment plant was tested. The IBI decreased as expected at the impacted station. Detailed examination of the data revealed that one family, the Mormyridae, was almost eliminated from the impacted station, suggesting that members of this familiy can be considered as intolerant species in future uses of the IBI in other African rivers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025409
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    Benthic oxygen respiration, ammonium and phosphorus regeneration in surficial sediments of the Sacca di Goro (Northern Italy) and two French coastal lagoons: a comparative study (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 329 (1996), S. 143-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; regeneration ; iron availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During 1994 net sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, ammonium and inorganic phosphorus as well as sediment profiles of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron were determined in three shallow eutrophic environments. Investigations were conducted monthly from March to December at five stations in the Sacca di Goro (Po River Delta, Italy). In the late summer, samples were collected from a single site in the Prévost lagoon (French Mediterranean coast) and three stations in the Bassin d'Arcachon (French Atlantic coast). In the Sacca di Goro, water-sediment exchanges of O2, NH 4 + and PO 4 3− were estimated by means of core incubation in the dark. Benthic fluxes for the French lagoons were in part determined experimentally using benthic chambers and in part from the literature. In general in the Sacca di Goro the highest oxygen uptake and nutrient release rates were found at the central sites, affected by macroalgal growth. At the sampling site adjacent to the freshwater inlet, sediment-water exchanges were principally influenced by tidal activity. In terms of organic matter and nutrient levels, sediments from the Sacca di Goro and from the Prévost lagoon, both colonised by the floating macroalga Ulva rigida C. Agardh, were similar. Sediments from the inner sheltered site in the Bassin d'Arcachon, invaded by the rooted macrophyte Ruppia cirrhosa (Pet.) Grande, showed the highest total N and P content (363 ± 157 µmol N cm−3 and 15 ± 2 µmol P cm−3 as average values in the top 10 cm of sediment), but were low in pore water ammonium and orthophosphate probably due to the high sequestering capacity of the system and/or efficient coupling between bacterial nutrient regeneration and assimilation by the plant roots. In addition the outer tidal stations in the Bassin d'Arcachon, invaded by rooted macrophytes, were low in pore water nutrients. A different trend was evident in the Prévost lagoon where the concentrations of exchangeable inorganic phosphorus and ammonium were appreciable (0.28 ± 0.07 µmol P cm−3 and 2.4 ± 1.4 µmol N cm−3 as average values in the top 10 cm of sediment). High amounts of dissolved organic nitrogen were found in the pore water at all the sites investigated showing the key role of the organic nitrogen in the recycling of nitrogen in these systems. The hypothesis that iron is a key factor in controlling phosphorus release is discussed since the Sacca di Goro, which is subject to dystrophic crises, is richer in iron than the Bassin d'Arcachon, which is a more buffered system.
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    16. Dispersal of freshwater algae — a review (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 336 (1996), S. 151-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dispersal mechanisms ; water ; fish ; insects ; mammals ; birds ; air ; distances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey is given on the various methods for dispersal of freshwater algae. Dispersal factors are either water or air, or organisms — from beetles, dragonflies and mammals to birds, the latter being the most important group. The question of dispersal distances is discussed, in relation to dispersal mechanisms and to the resistance of the algae to transport conditions. Man's recent importance in algal dispersal is emphasized.
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    Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of deposit-feeding polychaetes in the Nanakita River Estuary, Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 321 (1996), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nanakita River Estuary ; isotope ratio ; carbon ; nitrogen ; deposit-feeding polychaetes ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two types of deposit-feeding polychaetes, Neanthes japonica and Notomastus sp., and their surrounding sediments were collected from the Nanakita River Estuary and a small brackish lagoon (Gamõ Lagoon) in northeastern Japan. The samples were examined using stable isotope analysis to assess the site specific feeding mode of the animals and their trophic status. N. japonica is a surface deposit-feeder and Notomastus sp. is a subsurface deposit-feeder. In the estuary, the sedimentary δ 5N tended to become isotopically heavier from the upper estuary (2.0 ∼ 3.9‰) to the river mouth (4.3 ∼ 6.2‰), while sedimentary organic δ 13C constant value (−26.8 ∼ −24.4, average −25.6‰) throughout the river estuary. The δ 13C values of N. japonica were similar to those of the surrounding sediment in the upper estuary, whereas in the lower estuary, N. japonica had a heavier δ 13C value than the surrounding sediment. The δ 13C and dg 15N values indicated that the carbon, but not the nitrogen, of N. japonica was derived from upland plants in the upper estuary. In the lower estuary, a significant fraction of carbon of N. japonica was derived from phytoplankton. Notomastus sp. exhibited heavier δ 13C values than the surrounding surface sediment throughout the estuary and had heavier δ 13C values than N. japonica in the same location. These results suggest selective utilization of sedimentary carbon by those animals following bacterial processing and subsequent fractionation. The difference in δ 15N between sedimentary organics and corresponding polychaetes was 5 ± 1‰ and rather higher than 3.4 ± 1.1‰ expected for normal trophic effects in other animals.
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    Effect of riparian land use on contributions of terrestrial invertebrates to streams (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 337 (1996), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: riparian zone ; grassland ; pasture ; forest ; fish ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since terrestrial invertebrates are often consumed by stream fishes, land-use practices that influence the input of terrestrial invertebrates to streams are predicted to have consequences for fish production. We studied the effect of riparian land-use regime on terrestrial invertebrate inputs by estimating the biomass, abundance and taxonomic richness of terrestrial invertebrate drift from 15 streams draining catchments with three different riparian land-use regimes and vegetation types: intensive grazing — exotic pasture grasses (4 streams), extensive grazing — native tussock grasses (6 streams), reserve — native forest (5 streams). Terrestrial invertebrate drift was sampled from replicated stream reaches enclosed by two 1 mm mesh drift nets that spanned the entire channel. The mean biomass of terrestrial invertebrates that entered tussock grassland (12 mg ash-free dry mass m−2 d−1) and forest streams (6 mg AFDM m−2 d−1) was not significantly different (p 〉 0.05). However, biomass estimated for tussock grassland and forest streams was significantly higher than biomass that entered pasture streams (1 mg AFDM m−2 d−1). Mean abundance and richness of drifting terrestrial invertebrates was not significantly different among land-use types. Winged insects contributed more biomass than wingless invertebrates to both pasture and tussock grassland streams. Winged and wingless invertebrates contributed equally to biomass entering forest streams. Land use was a useful variable explaining landscape-level patterns of terrestrial invertebrate input for New Zealand streams. Evidence from this study suggests that riparian land-use regime will have important influences on the availability of terrestrial invertebrates to stream fishes.
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    Growth of the seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh in relation to biomass densities, internal nutrient pools and external nutrient supply in the Sacca di Goro lagoon (Northern Italy) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 329 (1996), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ulva rigida ; growth rates ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of the seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh was investigated in relation to biomass densities, internal nutrient pools and external nutrient supply. Research was carried out from 23 March to 5 July 1994 in the Sacca di Goro (Po Delta, Northern Italy), whose south-eastern part was covered by extensive mats of Ulva rigida. Two types of field experiments were conducted by incubating Ulva thalli inside large cages. In the first experiment, beginning on 23 March, 100 g of wet thalli were placed into the cages, allowed to grow for two weeks, then collected and replaced. This procedure was repeated 8 times over the study period. In the second experiment, Ulva thalli were left inside the cages and collected at selected time intervals (14, 27, 41, 64 and 76 days) in order to simulate the effects of increased density on growth and nutrient storage. We recorded specific growth rates (NGR) ranging from 0.025 to 0.081 d−1 for a period up to two months in the repeated short-term experiments performed at relatively low initial algal densities (300–500 g AFDW m−3). These NGR resulted significantly related to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the water column. Tissue concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TN) were almost constant, while extractable nitrate decreased in a similar manner to DIN in the water column. Total phosphorus showed considerable variation, probably linked to pulsed freshwater inflow. In the long-term incubation experiment, NGR of Ulva was inversely related to density. Internal concentrations of both total P and TN reached maximum values after one month; thereafter P concentration remained almost constant, while TN decreased below 2% w/w (by dry weight). The TN decrease was also accompanied by an abrupt decrease in nitrate tissue concentration. The biomass incubated over the two month period suffered a progressive N limitation as shown by a decreasing NY ratio (49.4 to 14.6). The reciprocal control of Ulva against biogeochemical environment and viceversa is a key factor in explaining both resource competition and successional stages in primary producer communities dominated by Ulva. However, when the biomass exceeds a critical threshold level, approximately 1 kg AFDW m−3, the macroalgal community switches from active production to rapid decomposition, probably as a result of selfshading, biomass density and development of anaerobic conditions within the macroalgal beds.
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    Oligochaetes and eutrophication; an experiment over four years in outdoor mesocosms (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 334 (1996), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Oligochaete ; eutrophication ; large-scale experiment ; ditch ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight experimental ditch mesocosms were used to study the effect of eutrophication over four years. The experimental ditches had a sand or clay bottom. The ditches were treated with additions of phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen, or without additions (controls). Oligochaetes were sampled by deploying trays with substratum for colonization over twenty weeks. Both the important variables phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen as well as the oligochaete species and numbers are presented. The effects of nutrient additions on phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen concentrations were described together with changes in oligochaete species composition and numbers. The results were further analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA). In the clay-lined ditches nutrient addition coincided with fluctuation in oxygen concentration. The higher the nutrient addition levels the longer the period of oxygen depletion became. During oxygen depletion the number of oligochaetes was strongly reduced or even became zero. The low nutrient status of the sandy bed in the sand-lined ditches slowed down the rate of colonization. Only a few tubificids were collected. Eutrophication effects were only observed at the highest nutrient addition level. Considerable variation is attributed to stochastic factors in the sand-lined ditches. Whether oligochaete species were present was related to the length of the colonization period. The substratum composition and food together with oxygen regime decided whether they become more or less abundant in ditches. Large-scale mesocosm experiments require time to develop. Only after the first colonization period variables of species presences and abundances can be employed to detect changes associated with eutrophication. Oligochaetes can be used to measure colonization as well as eutrophication processes.
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  • 90
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    Concentration of nutrients in selected lakes in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia: effect of season and watershed (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 319 (1996), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; chlorophyll ; organic matter ; mountain lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), inorganic and organic nitrogen, organic matter, and chlorophyll-a were studied in ten mountain lakes at various stages of acidification, trophy, and type of watershed during each July and October from 1987 to 1990. Concentrations of TP and total organic matter were higher in July than in October. Concentrations of NH44 +-N decreased and NO3 −-N increased from July to October. The relative composition of total nitrogen (TN) and its concentration were strongly dependent on the type of watershed: the lowest TN concentrations were observed in lakes with forested watersheds, increasing above the timberline and reaching maximum values in acidified lakes with rocky watersheds. In the pool of TN, nitrate was most important in lakes above the timberline (70–86% of TN), and organic nitrogen in forest lakes (〉 90% of TN). Lakes with rocky watersheds were characterized by high ratios of TN:TP (〉 250 by mass). The concentration of chlorophyll-a varied widely, from 0.01 to 22.6 µg l−1, without any consistent change between July and October, and were P limited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020970
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  • 91
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    Ratios of expected values (REX), a method for impact evaluation of thermal discharges on the fish community in the Pickering littoral waters of Lake Ontario (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 328 (1996), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; community ; power station ; evaluation ; discharge effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discharge effects on the fish community are assessed for the Pickering power station and a creek in the neighbourhood, located in littoral waters of the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Since the ambience is cold in spring and fall, when the main spawning migration takes place, any positive thermal variation is selected with preference by the onshore migrants. Our goal is to identify these effects when significant or, alternatively, the community richness reduction, and even the biological damage to fish. Ratio to Expected Values (REX) involves a comparison of the diversity indexes from locations under impact versus ambient samples, in order to identify the effect magnitude. To clear the background records of local effects, they were checked for outliers, which have been replaced based on missing-value techniques. Applying the method, the slight thermal increase of the creek discharge was found to produce a higher richness compared to station discharges, hence offering more attraction for onshore migrants. Despite the high attraction of station thermal plumes, the general result is negative, due to a process described here as ambiguous attraction. It is preliminarily identified as a fish attraction, due to favourable thermal conditions at the plume edges, followed by repulsion and fish exhaustion, due to low oxygen level and absence of spawning conditions for the attracted fish, further in the plume. The paper also introduces a new statistical approach of effect evaluation for significance, based on pair comparison of records in the suspected area versus background records.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016901
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  • 92
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    Atmospheric deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and base cations in Scots pine stands of south-eastern Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, NW Russia in 1992 (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 322 (1996), S. 223-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: air pollution ; deposition ; sulphur ; nitrogen ; base cations ; throughfall ; Leningrad Region ; Scots pine ; soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents initial results of a joint Finnish-Russian investigation (1991–1996) of air pollutant deposition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linné) stands of Karelian Isthmus (north-western Leningrad Region, Russia) and south-eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation and canopy throughfall analyses revealed relatively high sulphur and nitrogen loads in the Karelian Isthmus and in the southern part of south-eastern Finland. The deposition load decreased gradually northwards, the highest levels of S and N deposition in the vicinity of St. Petersburg being two to three times higher than the values considered to be background level in Finland. Besides the acidifying elements, a high calcium deposition was detected in the Karelian Isthmus and in the southern part of south-eastern Finland. The high load of calcium, which probably emanates from oil shale burning in NE Estonia, alleviates the acidifying effect of sulphur and nitrogen deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031831
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  • 93
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    Water chemistry of Lake Ladoga and Russian-Finnish intercalibration of analyses (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 322 (1996), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water chemistry ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; intercalibration ; Lake Ladoga ; large lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of the Russian-Finnish research studies on Lake Ladoga, joint expeditions were organized in 1992 and 1993. Water samples were collected for intercalibration of chemical analysis methods and to monitor the chemical quality of the lake water. In August of 1992 water samples were taken from northern Lake Ladoga for intercalibration of Russian and Finnish analysis methods. In August 1993 water samples were collected from 23 sampling stations in all parts of the lake; some of these were also used for intercalibration purposes. The oxygen, colour and CODMn results were at the same level in the intercalibration. In 1993, the Ptot results obtained were acceptable. In Ntot, Fe and Mn analysis there seemed to be systematic and random errors between some results. The Secchi depth ranged from 1.5 m to 3.3 m. The average concentrations for the total phosphorus ranged from 15 µg 1−1 to 29 µg 1−1. The total nitrogen values were from 620 µg 1−1 to 690 µg 1−1. The N:P ratio varied from 24 to 40. The concentration of phosphorus indicated mesotrophic or even eutrophic conditions in the lake. Phosphorus seemed to be the limiting nutrient to bacteria and algae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031835
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  • 94
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    Structural phase diagrams of animal communities in assessment of freshwater ecosystem conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 322 (1996), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phase diagram ; dynamics of diversity ; Shannon's index ; steady state ; fish ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phase diagram method, using indices of biological diversity, was applied to describe the dynamics of zooplankton and fish community structure in natural and experimental conditions. The phase diagram is constructed in the coordinates H′ and dH′ × dt−1, where H′ is the index of diversity of the community. The method reveals zones of steady state of a community and demonstrates community dynamics in undisturbed and disturbed conditions. Analysis of zooplankton dynamics in a fishless pond showed that in the absence of disturbances the community enters a zone of steady state (around dH′ × dt−1=0) and stays in it for a long time. Under the action of disturbances (e.g. oxygen depletion for fish, influence of heavy metals for zooplankton) the community leaves the steady state zone. The greater the disturbance, the more the system deviates from steady state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031840
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  • 95
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    Use of an alternative method for monitoring total nitrogen concentrations in Florida lakes (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 323 (1996), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; water chemistry methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied a recently described method for the determination of total nitrogen in natural waters involving sample oxidation with persulfate and subsequent determination of nitrate-nitrogen with second derivative spectroscopy and compared it to the USEPA approved method involving the sum of nitrate-nitrogen and Kjeldahl-nitrogen as measured with an automated analyzer. The overall objective was to determine if the two methods gave the same estimates of total nitrogen and if the detection limits, precision and accuracy of the new method were as good as those of the USEPA method. The new method was used to make measurements on replicated blanks, standards and lake water samples covering a range of concentrations. We also collaborated with certified laboratories to make comparative measurements on 5 standards and 21 lake water samples that were run by us with the new method and by them with the USEPA method. The new method had an instrument detection limit of 0.07 mg 1−1, and the standard deviation of 20 sets of lake water samples averaged 0.03 mg 1−1. The new method gave concentrations equivalent to those found with the USEPA method, was more sensitive, and had a higher degree of precision. We concluded that the new method is suitable as a substitute for the USEPA method. We also found that the addition of acid to lake water samples stored under refrigeration was not necessary to preserve them for later determinations of nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen and that freezing was an effective means of sample preservation for 90 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020542
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  • 96
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    Decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus leaves and three native leaf species (Alnus glutinosa, Castanea sativa and Quercus faginea) in a Portuguese low order stream (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 333 (1996), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Leaf decomposition ; polyphenols ; nitrogen ; microbial colonization ; Eucalyptus globulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf decomposition of the exotic evergreen Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus), and three native deciduous tree species, Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut) and Quercus faginea (oak), was compared in a second order stream in Central Portugal. Changes in dry weight, nitrogen and polyphenolic compounds and microbial colonization were periodically assessed for three months. Negative exponential curves fit the leaf weight loss with time for all leaf species. Mass loss rate was in the order alder (K = 0.0161) 〉 chestnut (K = 0.0079) 〉 eucalyptus (K = 0.0068) 〉 oak (K = 0.0037). Microbial colonization followed the same pattern as breakdown rates. Evidence of fungal colonization was observed in alder after 3 days in the stream, whereas it took 21 days in oak leaves to have fungal colonization. Fungal diversity was leaf species-dependent and increased with time. In all cases, percent nitrogen per unit leaf weight increased, at least, at the initial stages of decay while soluble polyphenolics (expressed as percentage per unit leaf weight) decreased rapidly in the first month of leaves immersion. Intrinsic factors such as nitrogen and polyphenolic content may explain differences in leaf decomposition. The possible incorporation of eucalyptus litter into secondary production in a reasonable time span is suggested, although community balance and structure might be affected by differences in allochthonous patterns determined by eucalyptus monocultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017570
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  • 97
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    Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) tank culture as biofilters for dissolved inorganic nitrogen from fishpond effluents (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 326-327 (1996), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biofilter ; nitrogen ; Sparus ; Ulvia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ulva rigida was cultivated in 7501 tanks at different densities with direct and continuous inflow (at 2, 4, 8 and 12 volumes d−1) of the effluents from a commercial marine fishpond (40 metric tonnes, Tm, of Sparus aurata, water exchange rate of 16 m3 Tm−1) in order to assess the maximum and optimum dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake rate and the annual stability of the ‘Ulva tank biofiltering system’. Maximum yields (40 g DW m−2 d−1) were obtained at a density of 2.5 g FW 1−1 and at a DIN inflow rate of 1.7 g DIN m−2 d−1. Maximum DIN uptake rates were obtained during summer (2.2 g DIN M−2 d−1), and minimum in winter (1.1 g DIN m−2 d−1) with a yearly average DIN uptake rate of 1.77 g DIN m−2 d−1 At yearly average DIN removal efficiency (2.0 g DIN m−2 d−1, if winter period is excluded), 153 m2 of Ulva tank surface would be needed to recover 100% of the DIN produced by 1 Tm of fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047787
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  • 98
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    Relationships between mesohabitats, ichthyological communities and IBI metrics adapted to a European river basin (The Meuse, Belgium) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 341 (1996), S. 133-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; Index of Biotic Integrity ; mesohabitats ; Belgium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the influence of mesohabitats on fish communities and on attributes of a multimetric index of fish integrity in the River Meuse basin. Three consecutive 150 m sectors in a Meuse tributary (Ourthe, Belgium), each divided in two or three sub-sections presenting various percentages of mesohabitats (riffles, runs and pools), were sampled by electrofishing. In each sub-section, relative and absolute biomasses of each fish species were estimated. The presence of limnophilic cyprinids was inversely correlated (r 2 = 0.70 and 0.56 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with the percentage of riffles. Salmonids preferred runs and their absolute biomass was highly dependent (r 2 = 0.71) on the proportion of this mesohabitat, whereas biomass of limnophilic cyprinids was highly correlated (r 2 = 0.75 and r 2 = 0.82 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with pools. A positive correlation (r 2 = 0.58) was established between relative biomass of predators and the percentage of this mesohabitat. An IBI was calculated for the three sectors on the basis of results from the entire Meuse catchment. Scores of most metrics showed low variation among sectors but values of two metrics (% of individuals as tolerant, % of individuals as ubiquitous spawners) were greatest in sector 2, where pools predominated. Further, the lowest IBI score (51/65, integrity class: fair to good) was recorded in sector 2 where pools dominated, while sector 1 (where runs dominated) obtained the highest score (63/65, integrity class: excellent). Sector 3 which has a balanced proportion of riffles and runs obtained an intermediate score (57/65). Considering the response of IBI to the natural variation of mesohabitat proportions, it appears that an accurate sampling requires the prospection of a variety of mesohabitats (with a majority of runs) for the evaluation of river quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018117
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  • 99
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    Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) (1996)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 10 (1996), S. 631-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: common environment ; reciprocal transplant ; genetic differentiation ; phenotypic plasticity ; trophic polymorphism ; evolution ; specialization ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adaptive variation can exist at a variety of scales in biological systems, including among species, among local populations of a single species and among individuals within a single population. Trophic or resource polymorphisms in fishes are a good example of the lowest level of this hierarchy. In lakes without bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) can be trophically polymorphic, including a planktivorous limnetic form found in the pelagic habitat, in addition to the usual benthic form found in the littoral zone. In this paper we examine the degree to which morphological differences between the two forms are caused by genetic differences versus phenotypic plasticity. Adults from pelagic and littoral sites in Paradox Lake, NY, were bred separately and their progeny were raised in cages both in the open water and shallow water habitats of an artificial pond. The experimental design permitted two tests of genetic differences between the breeding stocks (in open and shallow water cages, respectively) and two tests of phenotypic plasticity (in the limnetic and benthic offspring, respectively). Limnetic progeny were more fusiform than benthic progeny raised in the same habitat. In addition, progeny of both stocks displayed limnetic-type characteristics when raised in the open water and benthic-type characteristics in the shallow water. Thus, genetic differences and phenotypic plasticity both contributed to the trophic polymorphism. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation accounted for 53 and 14%, respectively, of the variation in morphology. This study addresses the nature of subtle phenotypic differences among individuals from a single population that is embedded within a complex community, a condition that is likely to be the norm for most natural populations, as opposed to very large differences that have evolved in relatively few populations that reside in species-poor environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237711
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  • 100
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    Subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: The Czech experience (1996)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 4 (1996), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: constructed wetlands ; wastewater ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first full-scale constructed wetland (CW) in the Czech Republic was built in 1989 and there are now three tertiary systems and 50 secondary treatment facilities. We report here on the design and operational efficiencies of these facilities. All CWs have been designed with horizontal subsurface flow. Coarse sand, gravel and crushed stones with size fraction of 4–16 mm are commonly used as substrates. The area of vegetated beds ranges between 18 and 4500 m2 and operational CWs are designed for population equivalent (PE) of 4 to 1,100. Common reed (Phragmites australis) is the most frequently used macrophyte species. Results from systems studied during 1994 and 1995 show that the effluent concentrations of organics and suspended solids (SS) are well below the required discharge limits. In most cases the final effluent BOD5 concentration is 〈10 mg l−1. The relationship between vegetated bed BOD5 inflow loadings (L 0) and outflow loadings (L) is very strong (r=0.92). Constructed wetlands with subsurface horizontal flow usually do not remove larger amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results from five Czech constructed wetlands show that nitrogen removal varies among systems, but the amount of removed nitrogen is very predictable. A regression equation between nitrogen inflow loading (L 0) and outflow loading (L) produces a strong correlation (r=0.98). The most important process responsible for phosphorus removal in wetlands is precipitation with soil Ca, Fe and Al. However, the subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands use mostly coarse gravel and/or sandy materials and this provides little or no P precipitation. Results from monitored systems in the Czech Republic show that the percentage phosphorus removal varies widely among systems and is lower than the percentage removal of organics and suspended solids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01879238
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