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  • RFLP  (166)
  • pharmacokinetics  (145)
  • Springer  (311)
  • 1995-1999  (311)
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  • 1996  (151)
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  • 1995-1999  (311)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Interindividual Variability in Parameters Related to Health Risks (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 711-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: variability ; exposure ; susceptibility ; risk assessment ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews existing data on the variability in parameters relevant for health risk analyses. We cover both exposure-related parameters and parameters related to individual susceptibility to toxicity. The toxicity/susceptibility data base under construction is part of a longer term research effort to lay the groundwork for quantitative distributional analyses of non-cancer toxic risks. These data are broken down into a variety of parameter types that encompass different portions of the pathway from external exposure to the production of biological responses. The discrete steps in this pathway, as we now conceive them, are: •Contact Rate (Breathing rates per body weight; fish consumption per body weight) •Uptake or Absorption as a Fraction of Intake or Contact Rate •General Systemic Availability Net of First Pass Elimination and Dilution via Distribution Volume (e.g., initial blood concentration per mg/kg of uptake) •Systemic Elimination (half life or clearance) •Active Site Concentration per Systemic Blood or Plasma Concentration •Physiological Parameter Change per Active Site Concentration (expressed as the dose required to make a given percentage change in different people, or the dose required to achieve some proportion of an individual's maximum response to the drug or toxicant) •Functional Reserve Capacity–Change in Baseline Physiological Parameter Needed to Produce a Biological Response or Pass a Criterion of Abnormal Function Comparison of the amounts of variability observed for the different parameter types suggests that appreciable variability is associated with the final step in the process–differences among people in “functional reserve capacity.” This has the implication that relevant information for estimating effective toxic susceptibility distributions may be gleaned by direct studies of the population distributions of key physiological parameters in people that are not exposed to the environmental and occupational toxicants that are thought to perturb those parameters. This is illustrated with some recent observations of the population distributions of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol from the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007045922532
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the Uncertainty in an Oral Reference Dose for Methylmercury Due to Interindividual Variability in Pharmacokinetics (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 547-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: MeHg ; pharmacokinetics ; PBPK model ; variability ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the uncertainty in guidelines for the ingestion of methylmercury (MeHg) due to human pharmacokinetic variability was conducted using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes MeHg kinetics in the pregnant human and fetus. Two alternative derivations of an ingestion guideline for MeHg were considered: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 μg/kg/day derived from studies of an Iraqi grain poisoning episode, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry chronic oral minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.5 μg/kg/day based on studies of a fish-eating population in the Seychelles Islands. Calculation of an ingestion guideline for MeHg from either of these epidemiological studies requires calculation of a dose conversion factor (DCF) relating a hair mercury concentration to a chronic MeHg ingestion rate. To evaluate the uncertainty in this DCF across the population of U.S. women of child-bearing age, Monte Carlo analyses were performed in which distributions for each of the parameters in the PBPK model were randomly sampled 1000 times. The 1st and 5th percentiles of the resulting distribution of DCFs were a factor of 1.8 and 1.5 below the median, respectively. This estimate of variability is consistent with, but somewhat less than, previous analyses performed with empirical, one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. The use of a consistent factor in both guidelines of 1.5 for pharmacokinetic variability in the DCF, and keeping all other aspects of the derivations unchanged, would result in an RfD of 0.2 μg/kg/day and an MRL of 0.3 μg/kg/day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007017116171
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular identification of co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species from southeastern Australian sclerophyll forests (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words PCR ; RFLP ; ITS sequence analysis ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Cortinarius taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to discriminate 10 co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species at a southeastern Australian sclerophyll forest site was assessed. Using the basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1F and ITS4B, some taxa were separated on the basis of individual RFLP patterns derived using the restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hinf I. Combined data from both endonucleases were, however, required to separate all taxa [Dermocybe austro-veneta Clel. (Moser & Horak), C. rotundisporus Clel. & Cheel, C. archeri Berk., C. sinapicolor Clel., C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, C. radicatus Clel. and four morphologically-distinct, but unidentified Cortinarius spp.]. ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that D. austro-veneta belongs in Dermocybe, that C. rotundisporus is correctly placed in subgenus Phlegmacium, and suggest that Australian C. violaceus collections are not conspecific with northern hemisphere C. violaceus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Different DNA Extraction Protocols: A Fast, Universal Maxi-Preparation of High Quality Plant DNA for Genetic Evaluation and Phylogenetic Studies (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428009556
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007418606098
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human interleukin (IL)-4 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 738-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin (IL)-4 ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP ; Linkage disequilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050677
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new polymorphism in the promoter of the Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (IL-5RA) gene (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050402
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of age, frailty and liver function on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 387-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Liver function tests; elderly ; pharmacokinetics ; geriatrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of brofaromine, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, was evaluated in 12 frail elderly patients (66–92 y) and 12 healthy volunteers (20–35 y). Methods: Quantitative liver function tests were performed to show whether brofaromine elimination in the elderly could be predicted from noninvasive assessment of CYP1A2 activity (caffeine clearance) or liver plasma flow (sorbitol clearance). Results: In the elderly the AUC of brofaromine was significantly increased (e.g. for the 75 mg dose 43.2 vs 19.9 μmol*h⋅l−1, clearance was reduced (5.0 vs. 11.8 l⋅h−1), the volume of distribution was smaller (130 vs. 230 l), and the half-life was slightly increased (19.0 vs. 14.2 h). No significant correlation was observed between hepatic plasma flow and brofaromine clearance (r = 0.41, P = 0.05), whereas CYP1A2 activity and brofaromine clearance were tightly correlated (r = 0.94, P 〈 0.0001). Conclusion: Caffeine clearance, a simple, noninvasive test of CYP1A2 activity, is predictive of brofaromine clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050037
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a suitable formulation of FK613, a novel antiallergic agent, based on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in healthy subjects (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antiallergic drug ; FK613 ; pharmacokinetics ; histamine skin-test ; drug formulation ; urinary excretion ; safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of FK613, a novel indolyl piperidine derivative, were investigated after oral administrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg in hard gelatin capsules to healthy male volunteers. FK613 was rapidly and almost completely absorbed, and 〉89% was recovered in the urine as the unchanged form. The urinary excretion of FK613 was linearly correlated with plasma concentration and its low water solubility was the main concern regarding the safety. In another experiment using a double-blind crossover design, in which 0 (placebo), 5 and 20 mg FK613 were administered to determine the plasma concentration-effect relationship, suppression of the intradermal histamine-induced skin reaction by FK613 was observed. Thus, the maintenance of a plasma concentration of FK613 in the range of 80–250 ng · ml-1 was recommended to ensure the suppression of histamine-induced wheal by 〉50% and not to exceed the solubility in urine. To achieve this, a new hydrogel-type formulation of FK613 was developed, with the aim both of delaying its absorption, so as to suppress the sharp rise in plasma concentration, and of maintaining the effective concentration for a longer period of time. This formulation was administered after meals at the doses of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg, and at repeated doses of 40 mg twice daily for 6.5 days to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy subjects. The area under the plasma concentration curve increased linearly with dose, whereas maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) tended to peak as dose increased, indicating the desirable properties of this formulation. Although Cmax exceeded 250 ng/ml at doses of 30 mg or more, no urinary crystal formation was observed on careful inspection of urine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226328
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of tiludronate in healthy volunteers (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Tiludronate; healthy volunteers ; bisphosphonates ; pharmacokinetics ; calcium metabolism ; bone resorption ; adverse events
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the bisphosphonate tiludronic acid, administered once daily as sodium tiludronate 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg for 12 days. Four groups of ten subjects participated in the study, with a drug to placebo ratio of 4:1. Methods: Pre-dose blood samples were taken on alternate days, starting on Day 1 and additional samples were collected over 144 h following the final dose on Day 12. Urine was collected over 24 h after the final dose. Indices of calcium homeostasis and biochemical markers of bone turnover were assessed during the study as pharmacodynamic parameters. Tolerability was evaluated with special emphasis on renal function and gastrointestinal irritation. Adverse experiences were assessed at regular time intervals. Results and conclusions: Steady state was attained from Day 4 (200 mg) or from Day 6 (400, 600 and 800 mg). Following the final dose on Day 12, minimal plasma concentrations (Cmin) ranged between 0.19 and 1.5 mg ⋅ l−1, and maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) between 1.1 and 7.8 mg⋅l−1 for the lowest and highest doses, respectively. A supra-proportional increase in Cmax, AUC24 and Ae 24 with dose was observed. There was a linear relationship between the plasma tiludronic acid and its urinary excretion rate, so, the disproportional rise in Cmax and AUC24 with increasing dose could not be attributed to saturation of renal excretion. Certain indices of calcium homeostasis changed significantly during the study, but generally, became only prominent at the highest dose level of 800 mg. Total serum calcium and the urinary calcium/creatinine clearance ratio fell, indicating depression of osteoclastic bone resorption, which was not revealed by serum osteocalcin levels probably because of the brevity of the treatment (12 days). In response to the decline in serum calcium, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and intact PTH (1–84) levels increased. None of the safety parameters raised any concerns about the safety of sodium tiludronate administered in this way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050181
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in healthy volunteers (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Dihydropyridine ; Amlodipine ; Grapefruit juice; flavonoids ; interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: This study was performed to assess whether coadminstration with grapefruit juice significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine class calcium antagonist with slow absorption, distribution and low plasma clearance. The primary objective was to evaluate whether short exposure to grapefruit juice could affect the metabolism of amlodipine to an extent similar to that previously demonstrated for other dihydropyridines (e.g. felodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine). Methods: Twelve healthy male volunteers followed a randomised, open crossover study design, comparing the effect of a single oral dose of amlodipine (5 mg) taken together with a glass of grapefruit juice (250 ml) vs water. Blood samples to determine plasma concentration were taken and blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout the study. Results: When amlodipine was coadministered with grapefruit juice, Cmax was 115% and AUC(0–72 h) was 116% compared with water, but tmax was not significantly changed. There were no significant differences in BP and HR between the two treatments. A small decrease in diastolic BP, however, was observed in both treatments 4–8 h after drug administration, coinciding with Cmax, but this was normalised after 12 h. The BP reduction seen was compensated by a slight increase in HR, which remained throughout the study. Conclusion: An interaction between grapefruit juice and amlodipine was demonstrated. The haemodynamic data showed that a dose of 5 mg was sufficient to achieve a BP reduction in healthy subjects, but the increase in amlodipine plasma concentration seen after intake of grapefruit juice was too small to significantly affect BP or HR. The clinical significance of this food/drug interaction, however, cannot be ignored since there is considerable variation between individuals and a more extensive intake of grapefruit juice might give more pronounced effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050183
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of oral d-and l-nebivolol in hypertensive patients (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Nebivolol ; Hypertension; d ; l-enantiomers ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Nebivolol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker possessing an ancillary vasodilating effect. The objective of the present study was to study the haemodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of nebivolol 5 mg once daily in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Methods: Fifteen patients, 12 men and 3 women, with essential hypertension were investigated. Blood pressure and peripheral circulation were determined after acute oral nebivolol administration, 5 mg daily, and after 4 weeks treatment. Results: The acute effect on blood pressure upon single-dosing was weak and non-significant. After 4 weeks both systolic blood pressure (152 vs 163 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (89 vs 97 mmHg) were significantly reduced after nebivolol treatment as compared to placebo. Following the first dose the venous volume was higher on placebo (5.88 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 tissue) as compared to active nebivolol treatment (5.17 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 tissue), while there were no statistically significant differences with regard to venous plethysmographic findings after 1 month on placebo (5.53 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 tissue) or on active treatment (5.97 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 tissue). Calculated peripheral resistance did not differ between active treatment (617 units) or placebo (548 units) after the first dose, whereas it was significantly lowered after 4 weeks of nebivolol treatment (483 units) as compared to placebo (593 units). Conclusions: Oral nebivolol 5 mg once daily lowered blood pressure and heart rate during steady state compared to placebo. Moreover, venous volume was reduced during acute but not steady-state dosing, while peripheral resistance was unaffected in the acute phase but reduced during steady state. Plasma concentrations of the separate enantiomers plus hydroxylated metabolites after the first and last dose in hypertensive patients were similar to those in healthy subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050194
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and phenprocoumon in man (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Pantoprazole; Proton pump inhibitor drug interaction ; oral anticoagulant phenprocoumon ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Pantoprazole is a selective proton pump inhibitor characterized by a low potential to interact with the cytochrome P450 enzymes in man. Due to the clinical importance of an interaction with anticoagulants, this study was carried out to investigate the possible influence of pantoprazole on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenprocoumon. Methods: Sixteen healthy male subjects were given individually adjusted doses of phenprocoumon to reduce prothrombin time ratio (Quick method) to about 30–40% of normal within the first 5–9 days and to maintain this level. The individual maintenance doses remained unaltered from day 9 on and were administered until day 15. Additionally, on study days 11–15, pantoprazole 40 mg was given per once daily. As a pharmacodynamic parameter, the prothrombin time ratio was determined on days 9 and 10 (reference value) and on days 14 and 15 (test value), and the ratio test/reference was evaluated according to equivalence criteria. Results: The equivalence ratio (test/reference) for prothrombin time ratio was 1.02 (90% confidence interval 0.95–1.09), thus fulfilling predetermined bioequivalence criteria (0.70–1.43). The pharmacokinetic characteristics AUC0–24h and Cmax of S(−)-and R(+)-phenprocoumon were also investigated using equivalence criteria. Equivalence ratios and confidence limits of AUC0–24h and of Cmax of S(−)-phenprocoumon (0.93, 0.87–1.00 for AUC0–24h; 0.95, 0.88–1.03 for Cmax) and of R(+)-phenprocoumon (0.89, 0.82–0.96; 0.9, 0.83–0.98) were within the accepted range of 0.8–1.25. Conclusion: Pantoprazole does not interact with the anticoagulant phenprocoumon on a pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic level. Concomitant treatment was well tolerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050198
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of age, frailty and liver function on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 387-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Liver function tests ; elderly ; pharmacokinetics ; geriatrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of brofaromine, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, was evaluated in 12 frail elderly patients (66–92 y) and 12 healthy volunteers (20–35 y). Methods: Quantitative liver function tests were performed to show whether brofaromine elimination in the elderly could be predicted from noninvasive assessment of CYP1A2 activity (caffeine clearance) or liver plasma flow (sorbitol clearance). Results: In the elderly the AUC of brofaromine was significantly increased (e.g. for the 75 mg dose 43.2 vs 19.9 μmol*h·l−1, clearance was reduced (5.0 vs. 11.8 l·h−1), the volume of distribution was smaller (130 vs. 230 l), and the half-life was slightly increased (19.0 vs. 14.2 h). No significant correlation was observed between hepatic plasma flow and brofaromine clearance (r=0.41, P=0.05), whereas CYP1A2 activity and brofaromine clearance were tightly correlated (r=0.94, P〈0.0001). Conclusion: Caffeine clearance, a simple, noninvasive test of CYP1A2 activity, is predictive of brofaromine clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203783
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of moxisylyte in healthy volunteers after intracavernous injection of increasing doses (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 411-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Moxisylyte ; pharmacokinetics ; intracavernous administration ; healthy volunteers ; adverse events ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The concentration-time profiles of specific metabolites of moxisylyte, an α-adrenoceptor blocking agent, in the plasma and urine from 18 healthy volunteers were investigated after intracavernous (IC) administrations at three dose levels (10, 20 and 30 mg). Results: Four metabolites, unconjugated desacetyl-moxisylyte (DAM), DAM glucuronide, and DAM and monodesmethylated DAM (MDAM) sulphates were found in plasma and urine. For all metabolites, t1/2 elimination was independent of the administered dose (1.19 h for unconjugated DAM; 1.51 h for DAM glucuronide; 1.51 h for DAM sulphate; and 2.17 h for MDAM sulphate). Cmax and AUC increased in direct proportion to dose, except for the inactive DAM glucuronide. Any the differences detected were small and equivalence of the three doses can be accepted. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics of moxisylyte in humans following intracavernous administration were linear in the dose range 10 to 30 mg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203788
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rectal pharmacokinetics of budesonide (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Budesonide; enema ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy subjects ; hepatic bypass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and systemic availability of budesonide after rectal administration of two single enema doses (2 mg in 100 ml fluid of almost identical composition) were compared in 15 healthy volunteers. In 11 of these subjects, 2 mg oral budesonide in a gelatine capsule was given on a separate occasion. An intravenous administration (0.5 mg) was given as reference. With this design, individual hepatic bypass of the rectally administered budesonide dose could be estimated. The pharmacokinetics of the two enema formulations were similar, although not bioequivalent. Mean systemic availability was 16% (range 4.2–43%) and 15% (3.2–50%) after rectal administration and 6.3% (2.4–10%) after oral administration. The rectal data revealed a small intra- but a substantial inter-subject variability in systemic availability. Cmax was 3.3 nmol ⋅ l−1 (0.95–8.2), 3.0 nmol ⋅ l−1 (0.64–8.9) and 1.3 nmol ⋅ l−1 (0.61–3.0), respectively, for the three formulations. Absorption was rapid and essentially terminated within 3 h after rectal dosing [tmax = 1.3 h for both formulations (range 0.5–2.0)], but was slower after oral dosing [tmax = 2.1 h (1.0–6.0)]. If a complete absorption after oral and rectal dosing is assumed, the fraction of the rectal dose entering the liver at first pass can be calculated to be 88% (55–99%). The higher systemic availability and intersubject variability after rectal dosing does not seem to be caused by differences in first-pass liver metabolism but rather by hepatic bypass of a varying portion of administered drug. This portion seems to be typical for an individual and might be explained by anatomical differences between subjects.
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    Electronic Resource
    Rectal pharmacokinetics of budesonide (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Budesonide ; enema ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy subjects ; hepatic bypass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and systemic availability of budesonide after rectal administration of two single enema doses (2 mg in 100 ml fluid of almost identical composition) were compared in 15 healthy volunteers. In 11 of these subjects, 2 mg oral budesonide in a gelatine capsule was given on a separate occasion. An intravenous administration (0.5 mg) was given as reference. With this design, individual hepatic bypass of the rectally administered budesonide dose could be estimated. The pharmacokinetics of the two enema formulations were similar, although not bioequivalent. Mean systemic availability was 16% (range 4.2–43%) and 15% (3.2–50%) after rectal administration and 6.3% (2.4–10%) after oral administration. The rectal data revealed a small intra- but a substantial inter-subject variability in systemic availability. Cmax was 3.3 nmol·l-1 (0.95–8.2), 3.0 nmol·l-1 (0.64–8.9) and 1.3 nmol·l-1 (0.61–3.0), respectively, for the three formulations. Absorption was rapid and essentially terminated within 3 h after rectal dosing [tmax=1.3 h for both formulations (range 0.5–2.0)], but was slower after oral dosing [tmax=2.1 h (1.0–6.0)]. If a complete absorption after oral and rectal dosing is assumed, the fraction of the rectal dose entering the liver at first pass can be calculated to be 88% (55–99%). The higher systemic availability and intersubject variability after rectal dosing does not seem to be caused by differences in first-pass liver metabolism but rather by hepatic bypass of a varying portion of administered drug. This portion seems to be typical for an individual and might be explained by anatomical differences between subjects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226330
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    Electronic Resource
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    Increase in magnesium plasma level after orally administered trimagnesium dicitrate (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 317-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Plasma level ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; circadian fluctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium plasma concentrations were measured in healthy probands before and after administration of trimagnesium dicitrate by the oral and intravenous routes. There was a notable circadian fluctuation of the plasma concentration with a peak in the evening hours. After oral administration of 12 and 24 mmol magnesium, a long-lasting, statistically significant increase in plasma magnesium concentration measured as the increase in area under the curve (AUC) between 0 and 12 h, of 3.1% and 4.6%, respectively, was found. After intravenous administration of 4 and 8 mmol magnesium, AUCs increased by 9.5% and 16.1%, respectively. The decline in the plasma magnesium concentration after i.v. administration was compatible with a three-compartment model with a terminal half-time of about 8 h. Although no absolute value of the oral bioavailability of trimagnesium dicitrate could be determined from the data, our results may be important in helping to elucidate the influence of magnesium preparations on the plasma magnesium concentration. By comparing the effects of different preparations, it should be possible to estimate the relative oral bioavailability and the bioequivalence of these preparations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226334
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  • 20
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    Multiple-dose clinical pharmacology of the catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibitor tolcapone in elderly subjects (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Tolcapone ; Elderly; levodopa ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; multiple-dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the multiple-dose clinical pharmacology of tolcapone, a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, in elderly subjects. Methods: The drug was administered orally t.i.d. for 7 days to four sequential groups of eight elderly subjects (gender ratio1:1) at doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, ascending-multiple-dose design. On days 2 and 7, a single dose of levodopa/benserazide 100/25 mg was given 1 h after the first intake of tolcapone. Plasma concentrations of tolcapone, its metabolite 3-O-methyltolcapone, levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa were determined during the course of the study in conjunction with COMT activity in erythrocytes. Results: Tolcapone was well tolerated at all dose levels, with a slight increase in gastrointestinal adverse events in females at higher doses. The drug was rapidly absorbed and eliminated and showed no changes in pharmacokinetics with time during multiple doses of 100 and 200 mg t.i.d. At doses of 400 and 800 mg t.i.d., tolcapone accumulated moderately as reflected in increased Cmax and AUC values. Despite the long half-life of 3-O-methyltolcapone (39 h), only minor accumulation occurred due to suppression of its formation by tolcapone. The pharmacodynamics of tolcapone did not change during the week of treatment as reflected in inhibition of COMT activity in erythrocytes, the derived parameters of the plasma concentration-effect relationship (inhibitory Emax model with constant EC50 values) and the effect on levodopa pharmacokinetics (1.6 to 2.5-fold increase in bioavailability). This suggests the absence of tolerance development and the insignificance of the altered pharmacokinetics at 400 and 800 mg t.i.d. with regard to the pharmacodynamics. Conclusion: The results of this study offer promising perspectives for the application of tolcapone as adjunct therapy to levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050068
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    A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cilazapril between Chinese and Caucasian healthy, normotensive volunteers (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Cilazapril ; Caucasians ; Chinese; cilazaprilat ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; ACE inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Methods: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor cilazapril were studied in 12 Chinese and 13 Caucasian, healthy, normotensive volunteers on their normal diet. Cilazapril was given orally as a single 2.5 mg capsule. Plasma was sampled for assay of the active metabolite, cilazaprilat, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, angiotensin I (AI) and ACE-activity. Plasma concentrations of the active drug were measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at regular intervals. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters of cilazaprilat were similar in the two ethnic groups. No significant difference in plasma concentrations was found at any of the time points. However, the weight-adjusted plasma clearance was significantly higher in the Chinese group, which is compatible with their lower body weight. The effects on plasma hormones were also comparable, although there was a somewhat greater rise in PRA and greater fall in aldosterone levels in Chinese than in Caucasians. The effect of cilazapril on blood pressure and heart rate was greater than was previously reported in healthy volunteers. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were significantly reduced in both groups, but there was a more prolonged reduction in DBP in Caucasians. In addition, heart rate (HR) was significantly increased from baseline from 5 h onwards in Chinese subjects and significantly higher in comparison with Caucasians at most time points from 1.5 h onwards. The pharmacokinetic parameters of cilazapril were essentially the same in healthy, normotensive Chinese and Caucasians. Cilazapril reduced blood pressure acutely in both groups, with good tolerance. The inhibition of ACE in relationship to time and the plasma concentrations of cilazaprilat were similar in the two groups, although the changes in PRA and aldosterone suggest an ethnic difference in the responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050069
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  • 22
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    Pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine and the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist felodipine (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Cyclosporine ; Felodipine; dehydrofelodi-pine ; pharmacokinetics ; blood pressure ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: In a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study 12 healthy male volunteers were allocated to receive felodipine + placebo, cyclosporine + placebo, and felodipine + cyclosporine in order to investigate the interaction between the calcium channel blocker felodipine and cyclosporine as it affects the pharmacokinetics of felodipine, dehydrofelodipine, and cyclosporine, and 24-hour blood pressure measurements. Methods: Single doses of cyclosporine (capsules, 5 mg/kg body weight) and of felodipine (extended release (ER) tablets 10 mg) were given at a 1–2 week interval. Plasma drug concentrations were followed for 2 days after drug intake. Results: For cyclosporine, Cmax was increased after combined treatment (16%) compared to cyclosporine alone, but felodipine did not influence other kinetic parameters of cyclosporine. For felodipine, combined treatment with cyclosporine and felodipine increased AUC and Cmax (58% and 151%, respectively) and lowered mean residence time (24%) significantly compared to felodipine alone. For the metabolite dehydrofelodipine, too, AUC and Cmax were increased after the combined treatment (43% and 94%, respectively). Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower after felodipine, both when felodipine was given alone (121/68 mmHg) and in combination with cyclosporine (122/68 mmHg) compared to cyclosporine alone (127/73 mmHg). Conclusion: A combined single dose of cyclosporine and felodipine in healthy subjects increased the AUC and Cmax of felodipine suggesting a cyclosporine-induced decrease in the first-pass metabolism of felodipine, whereas the AUC of cyclosporine was only slightly increased by felodipine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050093
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    Effect of food on the bioavailability of oxybutynin from a controlled release tablet (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 221-223 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Oxybutynin; effect of food ; N-desethyl oxybutynin ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The effect of food on the bioavailability of oxybutynin was assessed in a randomised cross-over study in 23 healthy volunteers. A single oral 10 mg dose of a controlled release oxybutynin tablet was administered after a high fat breakfast and to fasting subjects. The AUC, Cmax, tmax, t1/2 and MRT of oxybutynin and its active metabolite N-desethyloxybutynin were determined. Results: Breakfast did not change the AUC of oxybutynin but increased the AUC of N-desethyloxybutynin by about 20% . The Cmax of oxybutynin and N-desethyl oxybutynin were two-fold higher when the drug was administered after breakfast compared to the fasting state. Conclusion: Breakfast significantly reduced the MRT of oxybutynin and N-desethyloxybutynin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050096
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  • 24
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    Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of idebenone and its metabolites following single and repeated doses in young patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 167-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Idebenone; mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; young patients ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics and tolerance of idebenone after single or repeated doses have been studied in young patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Results: No significant adverse effects were noted. In 3 out of 7 patients idebenone induced overall stimulation and improvement in arousal. Plasma concentrations of idebenone and its main metabolites were determined and the pharmacokinetic parameters of idebenone after single and repeated doses were estimated. During the single dose study, the mean plasma concentrations of idebenone and its main metabolites and mean pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to published results (Cmax = 452.2 ng ⋅ ml−1, tmax = 2.3 h, AUC = 26 μg ⋅ ml−1 ⋅ h, t1/2β = 16.5 h). During the repeated doses study, no significant difference was found between mean residual plasma concentrations of idebenone on Day 2 (47 ng ⋅ ml−1) and Day 5 (70.6 ng ⋅ ml−1), and mean t1/2β of idebenone after the single and after repeated dose studies, i.e., there was no evidence of accumulation. Although idebenone did not appear to accumulate during this study, the coadministration of anticonvulsants, often prescribed during mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, can affect its pharmacokinetics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050179
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    Single oral doses of amisulpride do not enhance the effects of alcohol on the performance and memory of healthy subjects (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Amisulpride; ethanol vector ; performance ; memory ; cognitive function ; interaction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Amisulpride is a benzamide antipsychotic that binds selectively to dopamine D2- and D3-receptors, preferentially in limbic and hippocampal structures. Since other substituted benzamides have a limited or negligible interaction with alcohol on human performance, amisulpride was studied for this potential. Methods: In a randomised double-blind crossover study, 18 young, non-smoking men took single oral doses of placebo and amisulpride 50 mg and 200 mg, without and with ethanol (0.8 g ⋅kg−1) taken 30 min later. Objective performance tests and self-ratings were done at baseline and 1.5, 3.5 and 6.5 h after drug intake. Memory (immediate and delayed recall) was tested 2 h after dosing. Breath ethanol and the plasma concentrations of amisulpride and prolactin were measured. Three-way ANOVA + Newman-Keul tests were used for statistical analyses; interactions were confirmed by factorial contrast ANOVA. Results: Mean blood ethanol was 0.94, 0.62 and 0.26 g ⋅l−1 at the three test times. It produced significant impairment in all performance tests (symbol digit substitution, simulated driving, body sway, flicker fusion, tapping, nystagmus), reduced both immediate and delayed recall in memory tests, and caused subjective clumsiness, muzziness and mental slowness, mainly between 1.5 to 4.5 h after dosing. Amisulpride, 50 and 200 mg elevated plasma prolactin but had minimal or no effect on performance, attention and memory. The decreases in immediate free recall after the 50 mg dose and in delayed free recall after the 200 mg dose were slight. Amisulpride neither modified blood ethanol concentrations nor enhanced the detrimental effect of ethanol on skilled and cognitive performance; it slightly antagonised ethanol in the digit copying test. Ethanol did not modify the effect of amisulpride on plasma prolactin, and the plasma concentrations of amisulpride were little changed by ethanol. Conclusions: Amisulpride in single oral doses of 50 and 200 mg did not interact significantly with the effects of high, moderate or low concentrations of ethanol on human skilled and cognitive performance. The drugs did interact pharmacokinetically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050178
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    Comparison between concentrations of racemic mefloquine, its separate enantiomers and the carboxylic acid metabolite in whole blood serum and plasma (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Mefloquine; mefloquine enantiomers ; carboxylic acid metabolite ; blood concentrations ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To compare concentrations of the separate enantiomers of mefloquine (MQ), total racemic MQ and the carboxylic acid metabolite in different blood fractions at steady state. Setting: Human volunteer laboratory, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute. Volunteers: Ten healthy adult Caucasian volunteers. Methods: Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Trough concentrations of the (+)RS enantiomer were higher in venous whole blood than in plasma and serum (mean ratios, 1.41 and 1.38). For the other enantiomer, (−)SR, concentrations were lower in whole blood than in plasma (mean ratio 0.89) and for the metabolite this ratio was 0.5. Conclusion: Stereoselective distribution might be important for antimalarial activity and should be considered when pharmacokinetic studies are performed.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus,Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross inUromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91 % of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221580
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rustsCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed aeciospore isolates ofCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar betweenC. flaccidum andP. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGSI) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms ofC. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual formC. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious formP. pini.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208620
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words  Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Mixed aeciospore isolates of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar between C. flaccidum and P. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms of C. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual form C. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious form P. pini.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050060
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    Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in premature neonates (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 477-483 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Dexamethasone ; Premature neonates ; pharmacokinetics ; bronchopulmonary dysplasia ; infant ; newborn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Dexamethasone is frequently used in premature neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, however little is known about its disposition in this population. Methods: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in 9 premature neonates with a mean gestational age of 27.3 weeks and a postnatal age of 21.8 days. Results: There was a strong relationship between clearance (4.96 ml·min−1·kg−1) and gestational age (r=0.884). Pharmacokinetic parameters were grouped based on a gestational age of less than 27 weeks (Group I) and greater than 27 weeks (Group II). Mean clearance in group I and group II was 1.69 and 7.57 ml·min−1·kg−1, respectively. Mean distribution volume in group I and II was 1.26 and 2.19 l·kg−1, respectively. No significant relationships were noted between the disposition of dexamethasone and ventilator requirements or adverse effects. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in premature neonates was related to gestational age.
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    Influence of food on the bioavailability and some pharmacokinetic parameters of diprafenone – a novel antiarrhythmic agent (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Diprafenone; antiarrhythmics ; bioavailability ; human ; foods ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The present study was done to investigate the effect of food on the bioavailability of diprafenone. Methods: The most important pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, t1/2, AUC) and the relative oral availability of a solid oral preparation of racemic diprafenone were investigated when administered to fasting subjects and 10 min after a standard meal, in an open, randomised, crossover trial. Single oral doses of 100 mg were given on two different occasions, at least 1 week apart. The serum concentrations of diprafenone and its hydroxy-metabolite were determined up to 24 hours after administration by a sensitive, specific HPLC method. Fifteen healthy, male volunteers were enrolled in the trial. Their mean height, weight and age were 183 cm, 80 kg and 22 years, respectively. Fourteen volunteers were found to be rapid hydroxylators and one was a slow hydroxylator of debrisoquine. Only data from the rapid hydroxylators were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Food increased the oral bioavailability of diprafenone by approximately 50%. This effect was similar in rapid and in slow hydroxylators. The only slow hydroxylator in this trial had an AUC0–last ratio (with food/fasting) of 1.54. These findings suggest that diprafenone should be administered in a constant temporal relationship to food.
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    Evaluation of plasma and urinary salbutamol levels in COPD (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 91-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Salbutamol; nebulised ; pharmacokinetics ; COPD ; overnight urinary salbutamol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use of trough plasma salbutamol and overnight urinary salbutamol excretion in the assessment of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Twenty in-patients with COPD receiving nebulised salbutamol, age 69.7 years, FEV1 38.1% predicted, were studied on two consecutive days, receiving four 2.5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 1 and four 5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 2, the first dose at 8.00 h the last dose at 22.00 h. Salbutamol delivery was assessed after the last dose by trough plasma salbutamol 8.00 h and overnight urinary excretion of salbutamol (22.00–8.00 h). Results: Levels of urinary salbutamol were detectable in all 20 patients at both doses, whereas for plasma salbutamol detectable levels were only found in 16/20 cases at the 2.5 mg dose and in all cases at the 5 mg dose. For overnight urinary salbutamol (μg⋅10 h−1  n = 20) the results were 141 for 2.5 mg and 249 for 5 mg. The dose ratio for urinary salbutamol between 2.5 mg and 5 mg doses was 1.83. Results for plasma salbutamol (ng/ml, n = 16) were 1.58 at 2.5 mg and 2.43 at 5 mg: dose ratio (geometric mean) 1.49. Conclusion: Overnight urinary salbutamol provides a simple and effective measure of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with COPD, which would be suitable for studying nebuliser performance and compliance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050166
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    Therapeutic monitoring of nalbuphine: transplacental transfer and estimated pharmacokinetics in the neonate (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Nalbuphine ; Neonate; therapeutic drug monitoring ; placental transfer ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nalbuphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist opiate, is commonly used as a systemic analgesic during labour. Recent reports of perinatal adverse effects prompted us to carry out therapeutic nalbuphine monitoring in obstetric analgesia. Because data on fetomaternal transfer are scarce and the pharmacokinetics of this drug in the neonate are largely unknown, we report data obtained from 28 parturients treated with nalbuphine either intramuscularly and/or intravenously during labour. Plasma nalbuphine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. At delivery, 30–150 min after maternal administration, nalbuphine concentrations ranged from 5.0 to 79.2 ng ⋅ ml−1 in mother plasma samples and from 3.0 to 46.6 ng ⋅ ml−1 in umbilical cord plasma samples. Nalbuphine concentrations were highly correlated to dose. The fetomaternal ratio was high: 0.74 and not correlated to the administered dose of nalbuphine. An estimated plasma half-life of 4.1 h was calculated from two determinations in the neonate based on the assumption of a monoexponential decay of nalbuphine concentrations. Apart from a flattening of the fetal heart rate tracing in 54% of the cases, only one neonate had a low Apgar score at birth. The apparent prolonged half-life of nalbuphine in the neonate indicates the usefulness of an intramuscular injection of naloxone to prevent recurrence of cardiorespiratory depression due to nalbuphine administration to the mother.
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    Therapeutic monitoring of nalbuphine: transplacental transfer and estimated pharmacokinetics in the neonate (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nalbuphine ; Neonate ; therapeutic drug monitoring ; placental transfer ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nalbuphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist opiate, is commonly used as a systemic analgesic during labour. Recent reports of perinatal adverse effects prompted us to carry out therapeutic nalbuphine monitoring in obstetric analgesia. Because data on fetomaternal transfer are scarce and the pharmacokinetics of this drug in the neonate are largely unknown, we report data obtained from 28 parturients treated with nalbuphine either intramuscularly and/or intravenously during labour. Plasma nalbuphine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. At delivery, 30–150 min after maternal administration, nalbuphine concentrations ranged from 5.0 to 79.2 ng·ml−1 in mother plasma samples and from 3.0 to 46.6 ng·ml−1 in umbilical cord plasma samples. Nalbuphine concentrations were highly correlated to dose. The fetomaternal ratio was high: 0.74 and not correlated to the administered dose of nalbuphine. An estimated plasma half-life of 4.1 h was calculated from two determinations in the neonate based on the assumption of a monoexponential decay of nalbuphine concentrations. Apart from a flattening of the fetal heart rate tracing in 54% of the cases, only one neonate had a low Apgar score at birth. The apparent prolonged half-life of nalbuphine in the neonate indicates the usefulness of an intramuscular injection of naloxone to prevent recurrence of cardiorespiratory depression due to nalbuphine administration to the mother.
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    Pharmacokinetics of quinine in patients with chronic renal failure (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 497-501 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Quinine ; Malaria ; pharmacokinetics ; chronic renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methods: We investigated the pharmacokinetics of quinine (Qn) following administration of a single oral dose of 600 mg Qn sulphate in six male Thai patients with a moderate degree of chronic renal failure (CRF), and six male Thai subjects with normal renal function. Results: The drug was well tolerated in both groups of subjects; no major adverse reactions were observed. A marked alteration in the pharmacokinetics of Qn was found in patients with CRF compared to healthy subjects; there were six signifiicant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Absorption was delayed, but increased in CRF (tmax 4.5 vs 1.6 h, Cmax 6.17 vs 3.45 μg·ml−1). Total clearance was significantly reduced 0.94 vs 2.84 ml·min−1·kg−1, whereas Vz/f remained unchanged (1.82 vs 2.78 1·kg−1). This resulted in the increased values of AUC and prolongation of the t1/2z and MRT in the patients (AUC 181.5 vs 61.8 μg·min−1·ml−1, t1/2z 26 vs 9.7 h, MRT 36.4 vs 11.3 h). Median concentrations of plasma unbound fraction of Qn collected at 4 h after drug administration in patients and healthy subjects were 7.3 vs 9.8%, respectively.
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    Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in young children (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 241-244 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Mefloquine ; Children; enantiomer ; pharmacokinetics ; stereoselectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: the stereospecificity of mefloquine pharmacokinetics in children has been investigated. Patients: Twelve children aged 6 to 24 months were treated for uncomplicated falciparum malaria with a single oral dose of 25 mg⋅kg−1 racemic mefloquine in combination with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. Methods: concentrations of mefloquine enantiomers were determined using a coupled achiral-chiral chromatographic system. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using model-independent analysis. Results: Maximum plasma concentrations, areas under the curve and apparent plasma elimination half-lives were higher for the (−) enantiomer than its antipode. In contrast, the apparent volume of distribution (V/f) and total clearance (Cl/f) values were higher for the (+) enantiomer. Conclusion: the stereoselectivity of mefloquine pharmacokinetics is similar to that observed in adults.
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    A single dose of ursodiol does not affect cyclosporine absorption in liver transplant patients (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 335-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Cyclosporine ; Ursodiol; ursodeoxycholic acid ; absorption ; pharmacokinetics ; liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To study the possible influence of ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid), a hydrophilic bile acid, on cyclosporine (CsA) bioavailability. Methods: Seven adult liver transplant recipients participated in a randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic study comparing ursodiol (600 mg) with placebo in single doses. Blood concentrations of CsA were measured by HPLC. Results: There was no significant effect of ursodiol on CsA absorption: AUC was 5011 vs 5486 ng⋅h⋅ml–1, Cmax was 832 vs 871 ng⋅ml–1 and tmax was 2 vs 2 h, after ursodiol and placebo, respectively. Conclusion: Although a significant period effect was observed, we conclude that a single dose of ursodiol has little effect on CsA absorption in liver transplant patients and that an interaction in the intestinal lumen between these two drugs is unlikely.
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    Absolute bioavailability of fluoride from disodium monofluorophosphate and enteric-coated sodium fluoride tablets (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 321-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Sodium fluoride ; Disodium monofluorophosphate; absolute bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; elderly population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The absolute bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of two fluoride formulations were investigated in 13 healthy volunteers, aged 61–70 years. Methods: The following formulations were administered, under fasting conditions, in a single-dose three-way cross-over design: tablets of 76 mg disodium monofluoro phosphate (MFP, equivalent to 10.0 mg F− ion), enteric-coated (e.c.) tablets of 25 mg sodium fluoride (NaFor, equivalent of 11.3 mg F− ion), and an isoosmotic aqueous injection solution (4 ml) of 22.1 mg sodium fluoride (NaFiv, equivalent of 10.0 mg F− ion). There was a wash-out period of at least one week between each administration. Blood was sampled before and during a 24-hour period after administration. For F− excretion urine was sampled 48 hours before (baseline) and over the 48 hours after the adminstration. Results: The mean t1/2 values of the three formulations were 8.3, 8.7 and 8.3 h for MFP, NaFor and NaFiv respectively, and were not significant different. Mean Cmax after MFP was significantly higher than after NaFor [344 vs 142 μg⋅l−1]. Mean tmax for MFP was shorter than for NaFor [1.1 vs 4.6 h]. MFP had significantly higher bioavailability [102.8%] than NaFor [64.2%]. Conclusion: The MFP formulation showed higher bioavailability with smaller variation than the NaFor formulation. MFP is preferable, therefore, for fluoride therapy in clinical practice, and changing from NaFor to MFP will require adjustment of the dose.
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    Bioavailability of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin with an enzyme inhibitor (aprotinin) from the small intestine in healthy volunteers (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 491-495 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Aprotinin ; Arginine vasopressin; bioavailability ; dDAVP ; enzyme inhibitor ; gastrointestinal tract ; healthy volunteer ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The bioavailability of an aqueous solution of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), with and without an enzyme inhibitor, was studied in six healthy, male volunteers aged 19–34 years, followed for 8 h after each drug administration. Methods: For i.v. administration the subjects received 4 μg dDAVP. For intestinal administration 500 μg dDAVP was administered directly, in two separate sessions, in the first part of the duodenum via a triple-lumen channel tube. In one session a solution of isotonic polyethylene glycol (PEG) was given as a continuous enteral perfusion. In the other session a solution of PEG and aprotinin was administered enterally at the constant rate of 5 ml⋅min−1 for 4 h. Plasma dDAVP was measured using a specific, sensitive radioimmunoassay and intestinal juice was collected for measurement of lipase, chymotrypsin and pH every 30 min for 5 h. Results: The intestinal chymotrypsin activity was decreased after perfusion of aprotinin while the lipase activity was not modified. After i.v. administration, the half-life of elimination of dDAVP was 1.56 h and plasma clearance 1.24 ml⋅min⋅kg−1. The mean bioavailability after duodenal administration of dDAVP + aprotinin was 0.46% compared with 0.09% after duodenal administration of dDAVP alone. The bioavailability of dDAVP after direct duodenal administration of an aqueous solution was similar to that after swallowing a tablet in a previous study and increased 5 times when given together with a perfusion of an enzyme inhibitor.
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    Bioavailability of estradiol from a new matrix and a conventional reservoir-type transdermal therapeutic system (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 327-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Hormone replacement therapy; estradiol ; pharmacokinetics ; bioequivalence ; postmenopausal volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Bioavailability of estradiol delivered from a newly developed matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system (MTTS) was compared with that of the conventional reservoir-type system (RTTS). Both formulations have a nominal delivery rate of 50 μg per day of 17β-estradiol (E2). Plasma concentrations of E2 and estrone (E1) were determined at steady state during a 96-h application of each formulation to 34 postmenopausal volunteers, using a two-stage randomized two-period crossover design. Results: The MTTS proved to be equivalent to the RTTS with respect to the extent of E2 absorption. Due to differences in patch design and composition, the rate of absorption was different between the two systems, with less fluctuating E2 plasma levels during application of the matrix system. Local tolerability and adhesion of MTTS appeared to be better than those of the reservoir system.
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    Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zopiclone (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Zopiclone ; Itraconazole; drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We studied the possible interaction between itraconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A, and zopiclone, a short-acting hypnotic. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, two-phase crossover design was used. Ten healthy young subjects received daily either 200 mg itraconazole or placebo for 4 days. On day 4 they ingested a single 7.5-mg oral dose of zopiclone. Plasma concentrations of zopiclone and itraconazole were determined and pharmacodynamic responses were measured up to 17 h. Results: Itraconazole significantly increased the Cmax of zopiclone from 49 to 63 ng ⋅ ml−1. The t1/2 of zopiclone was prolonged from 5.0 to 7.0 h. The AUC(0–∞) of zopiclone was increased from 415 to 719 ng ⋅ ml−1 h by itraconazole. No statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacodynamic responses between the groups. Conclusion: Itraconazole has a statistically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with zopiclone but this is only of limited clinical importance, at least in young adults.
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    Effects of heat exposure in a Finnish sauna on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of midazolam (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Midazolam ; Sauna; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; heat ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The effect of short-term heat exposure in a Finnish sauna on hepatic first-pass metabolism and the capacity to metabolize midazolam were studied in a crossover trial. Midazolam oral (15 mg) and intravenous (0.05 mg ⋅ kg−1) was given to 6 healthy young male volunteers, in random order, during a control session and a sauna bathing session (temperature 85–100° C, relative humidity 25–30%). Blood samples for the determination of plasma midazolam and α-hydroxy midazolam concentrations were taken for 6 h after drug administration. Results: After oral administration, the bioavailability and clearance of midazolam were not affected by sauna bathing, nor was there a significant difference in α-hydroxy midazolam plasma concentration or the α-hydroxy midazolam/midazolam AUC-ratio between the sessions. Midazolam Cmax was increased and its t1/2β was prolonged during the sauna session, but the clinical relevance of the findings appears to be modest. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous midazolam were not affected by sauna bathing. Conclusions: Short-term heat exposure may not affect the first-pass metabolism or hepatic capacity to metabolize midazolam.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross in Uromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91% of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    Chalcone synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Detection of the CHS protein in seedlings and molecular mapping of the chs locus (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 735-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chalcone synthase cDNA (chs cDNA) ; RFLP ; anthocyanins ; flavonoids ; synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chalcone synthase is a key enzyme that catalyses the first dedicated reaction of the flavonoid pathway in higher plants. The chs gene and its protein product in rice has been investigated. The presence of a chalcone synthase (CHS) protein in rice seedlings and its developmental stage-specific expression has been demonstrated by western analysis. The chalcone synthase of rice was found to be immunologically similar to that of maize. A rice cDNA clone, Os-chs cDNA, encoding chalcone synthase, isolated from a leaf cDNA library of an indica rice variety Purpleputtu has been mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 11 of rice. It was mapped between RFLP markers RG2 and RG103. RG2 is the nearest RFLP marker located at a genetic distance of 3.3 cM. Some segments of chromosome 11 of rice including chs locus are conserved on chromosome 4 of maize. The markers, including chs locus on chromosome 11 of rice are located, though not in the same order, on chromosome 4 of maize. Genetic analysis of purple pigmentation in two rice lines, Abhaya and Shyamala, used in the present mapping studies, indicated the involvement of three genes, one of which has been identified as a dominant inhibitor of leaf pigmentation. The Os-chs cDNA shows extensive sequence homology, both for DNA and protein (deduced), to that of maize, barley and also to different monocots and dicots.
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sauva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza saliva L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar ‘Labelle’ (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar ‘Black Gora’ (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and singlepoint analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale x wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple-addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale × wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens and B. webbiana have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050220
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    Comparative genetic mapping between duplicated segments on maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and homoeologous regions in sorghum and sugarcane (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1024-1030 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Sorghum ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Comparative mapping within maize, sorghum and sugarcane has previously revealed the existence of syntenic regions between the crops. In the present study, mapping on the sorghum genome of a set of probes previously located on the maize and sugarcane maps allow a detailed analysis of the relationship between maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and sorghum and sugarcane homoeologous regions. Of 49 loci revealed by 46 (4 sugarcane and 42 maize) polymorphic probes in sorghum, 42 were linked and were assigned to linkage groups G (28), E (10) and I (4). On the basis of common probes, a complete co-linearity is observed between sorghum linkage group G and the two sugarcane linkage groups II and III. The comparison between the consensus sorghum/sugarcane map (G/II/III) and the maps of maize chromosomes 3 and 8 reveals a series of linkage blocks within which gene orders are conserved. These blocks are interspersed with non-homoeologous regions corresponding to the central part of the two maize chromosomes and have been reshuffled, resulting in several inversions in maize compared to sorghum and sugarcane. The results emphasize the fact that duplication will considerably complicate precise comparative mapping at the whole genome scale between maize and other Poaceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050225
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    RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 920-927 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Yield traits ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143-RG214, about 4 cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050212
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050318
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    Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1321-1330 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Ustilago maydis ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Ustilago maydis and investigated their consistency across different flint-maize populations. Four independent populations, comprising 280 F3 lines (A×BI), 120 F5 lines (A×BII), 131 F4 lines (A×C) and 133 F4 lines (C×D), were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 RFLP marker loci, respectively. All Fn lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in five German environments. Genotypic variances were highly significant for the percentage of U. maydis infected plants (UST) in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.69. Between five and ten QTLs were detected in individual populations by composite interval mapping, explaining between 39% and 58% of the phenotypic variance. These 19 different QTLs were distributed over all ten chromosomes without any clustering on certain chromosomes. In most cases, gene action was dominant or overdominant. Fourteen pairs of the detected QTLs for UST displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, but only two of them did so after arcsin √UST/100 transformation. Significant QTL× environment interactions occurred frequently. Between two to four QTLs were common between pairs of populations. Population C×D was also grown in Chartres, a location with a high U. maydis incidence. Two out of six QTLs identified for Chartres were in common with QTLs detected across five German environments for C×D. Consequently, marker-assisted or phenotypic selection based on results from natural infection seem to be suitable breeding strategies for improving the resistance of maize to U. maydis.
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    Inter- and intra-genomic homology of the Brassica genomes: implications for their origin and evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1225-1233 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. oleracea ; B. nigra ; Genome homology ; RFLP ; Linkage maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the homologous regions shared by the cultivated Brassica genomes, linkage maps of the diploid cultivated B. rapa (A genome, n = 10), B. nigra (B genome, n = 8) and B. oleracea (C genome, n = 9), were compared. We found intergenomic conserved regions but with extensitve reordering among the genomes. Eighteen linkage groups from all three species could be associated on the basis of homologous segments based on at least three common markers. Intragenomic homologous conservation was also observed for some of the chromosomes of the A, B and C genomes. A possible chromosome phylogenetic pathway based on an ancestral genome of at least five, and no more than seven chromosomes, was drawn from the chromosomal inter-relationships observed. These results demonstrate that extensive duplication and rearrangement have been involved in the formation of the Brassica genomes from a smaller ancestral genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223454
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    Phylogenetic analysis of Acacia (Mimosaceae) as revealed from chloroplast RFLP data (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words DNA ; Molecular evolution ; Parsimony ; PAUP ; Phylogeny ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chloroplast DNA of 22 species of Acacia (Tourn.) Miller was digested with ten restriction endonucleases, Southern-blotted and probed with cloned fragments covering the chloroplast genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Phyletic and phenetic analyses of the resulting 176 polymorphic bands recorded among the 22 species were performed. The phylogram was reconstructed using heuristic search and Wagner parsimony. The resulting most parsimonious consensus phylogram displayed three major phyletic lineages, consistent with the previously established three subgenera of Acacia. The 10 species of subgenus Acacia and the 6 species of subgenus Heterophyllum formed two monophyletic sister clades. The 5 species of subgenus Aculeiferum studied and Acacia albida (Syn. Faidherbia albida) grouped together and were basal to the clades of subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum. The phylogram indicated that subgenus Heterophyllum diverged earlier from subgenus Aculeiferum than did subgenus Acacia; however, the phenogram indicated the reverse. The study indicated that A. nilotica and A. farnesiana are sister species, though A. nilotica is Afro-Asiatic and A. farnesiana is American. The phenogram separated the three subgenera in agreement with the phylogram, but the two dendrograms differed regarding the topologies of the species and the distance of evolution between subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum.
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    Mapping of Ve in tomato: a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum pathogen, Verticillium dahliae race 1 (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 315-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Linkage analysis ; Mapping populations ; Introgression Lines ; RFLP ; Host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The soil-borne fungi Verticillium spp. cause vascular wilt disease in a wide range of crop plants. In tomato, resistance to Verticillium dahliae race 1 is conferred by a single dominant gene, Ve. Previous efforts to map Ve in tomato have yielded confusing results, locating it on different chromosomes, which subsequently raised the possibility that Verticillium resistance may be controlled by a number of loci. We used three different mapping populations to obtain an unambiguous map location of Ve: a recombinant inbred (RI) line population; an F2 population segregating for Verticillium resistance; and a population of 50 introgression lines (IL). In all of the mapping populations Ve was positioned on the short arm of chromosome 9 tightly linked to the RFLP marker GP39. This linkage was confirmed by screening for GP39 in different breeding lines with known resistance or susceptibility to Verticillium. A perfect match was found between GP39 and the Verticillium response of the lines, indicating the potential of GP39 in the rapid detection of Verticillium resistance and as a starting point for map-based cloning of Ve. This approach is particularly relevant for Verticillium dahliae race 1, since in the present work we also show that the isolate that infects tomato is responsible for wilt disease in other important crop plants.
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    Genetic linkage map of a wheat×spelt cross (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1163-1170 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsTriticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We constructed a genetic map of a cross between the Swiss winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Forno and the Swiss winter spelt (Triticum spelta L.) variety Oberkulmer. For the linkage analysis,176 polymorphic RFLP probes and nine microsatellites were tested on 204 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Forno×Oberkulmer revealing 242 segregating marker loci. Thirty five percent of these loci showed significant (P〉0.05) deviation from a 1 : 1 segregation, and the percentage of Forno alleles ranged from 21% to 83% for individual marker loci. Linkage analysis was performed with the program MAPMAKER using the Haldane mapping function. Using a LOD threshold of 10, we obtained 37 linkage groups. After finding the best order of marker loci within linkage groups by multi-point analysis we assembled the linkage groups into 23 larger units by lowering the LOD threshold. All except one of the 23 new linkage groups could be assigned to physical chromosomes or chromosome arms according to hybridisation patterns of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring and published wheat maps. This resulted in a genetic map comprising 230 marker loci and spanning 2469 cM. Since the analysed population is segregating for a wide range of agronomically important traits, this genetic map is an ideal basis for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits.
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    Construction of RFLP-based maps of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; Genetic map ; Primary trisomics ; RFLP ; Setaria italica ; Setaria viridis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP-based map consisting of 160 loci was constructed in an intervarietal cross of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green. The map comprises nine linkage groups, which were aligned with the nine foxtail millet chromosomes using trisomic lines, and spans 964 cM. The intraspecific map was compared to an interspecific map, constructed in a S. italica×S. viridis cross. Both the order of the markers and the genetic distances between the loci were highly conserved. Deviations from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian segregation ratios were observed in both the intra- and inter-specific populations. The segregation data indicate that chromosome VIII in the Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green cross carries a gene that strongly affects gamete fertility.
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    Organization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the RPS2 gene, in the Brassica nigra genome (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 468-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsynteny ; Genome ; Gene cluster ; RFLP ; PFGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and physical maps, consisting of a large number of DNA markers for Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes, represent excellent tools to determine the organization of related genomes such as those of Brassica. In this paper we report the chromosomal localization and physical analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a well-defined gene complex of A. thaliana in the Brassica nigra genome (B genome n=8). This complex is approximately 30 kb in length in A. thaliana and contains a cluster of six genes including ABI1 (ABA-responsive), RPS2 (resistance against Pseudomonas syringae, a bacterial disease), CK1 (casein kinase I), NAP (nucleosome-assembly protein), X9 and X14 (both of unknown function). The Arabidopsis chromosomal complex was found to be duplicated and conserved in gene number at different levels in the Brassica genome. Linkage group B1 had the most-conserved arrangement carrying all six genes tightly linked. Group B4 had an almost complete complex except for the absence of RPS2. Other partial complexes of fewer members were found on three other chromosomes. Our studies demonstrate that by this approach it is possible to identify ancestrally related chromosome segments in a complex and duplicated genome, such as the genome of B. nigra, permitting one to draw conclusions as to its origin and evolution.
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    QTL mapping of resistance to Sporisorium reiliana in maize (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 593-598 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords Maize ; Head smut ; Sporisorium reiliana ; QTL ; RFLP ; Ustilago maydis ; Puccinia sorghi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Sporisorium reiliana. A population of 220 F3 families produced from the cross of two European elite inbreds (D32, D145) was evaluated with two replications at a French location with high natural incidence of S. reiliana and at a Chinese location employing artificial inoculation. The 220 F3 families were genotyped with 87 RFLP and seven SSR markers. Using composite interval mapping, we identified two different sets of 3 and 8 QTL for the French and the Chinese locations explaining 13% and 44% of respectively. Individual QTL explained up to 14% of σ^2 p. The 11 QTL mapped to eight maize chromosomes and displayed mostly additive or partial dominant gene action. Significant digenic epistatic interactions were detected for one pair of these QTL. Only a few QTL for S. reiliana were in common with QTL for resistance to Ustilago maydis and Puccinia sorghi, identified at a German location for the same population. Consequently, in our materials resistance to these three fungal pathogens of maize seems to be inherited independently.
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    RFLP mapping of BaYMV resistance gene rym3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 727-732 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Hordeum vulgare ; BaYMV ; Resistance gene ; RFLP ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The rym3 (formerly designated ym3) gene conferring resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is effective against all strains of the virus but up to now has not been mapped to any chromosome. We performed a linkage analysis, using DNA extracted from individually harvested mature leaves of 153 F2 plants derived from a cross between BaYMV-resistant cv ’Ishuku Shirazu’ carrying rym3 and susceptible cv ’Ko A’. Additionally, the F3 lines derived from F2 plants were grown in the BaYMV-infested field and examined for their reaction to BaYMV. Our results indicated that rym3 is located on the short arm of chromosome 5H and flanked by RFLP markers MWG28and ABG705A at distances of 7.2 and 11.7 cM, respectively. The chromosomal configuration estimated by DNA markers around rym3 and the utilization of these molecular markers for pyramiding with the BaYMV resistance genes in barley breeding programs are discussed.
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    Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 617-625 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangroves ; Genome relationship ; Phylogeny ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.
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    A genetic linkage map of durum wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 721-728 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Durum wheat ; Mapping ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; Morphological markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of tetraploid wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell.] was constructed using segregation data from a population of 65 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar Messapia and accession MG4343 of T. turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp dicoccoides (Korn.) Thell. A total of 259 loci were analysed, including 244 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one PCR (polymerase chain reaction) marker (a sequence coding for a LMW (low-molecular-weight) glutenin subunit gene located at the Glu-B3 locus), seven biochemical (six seed-storage protein loci and one isozyme locus) and seven morphological markers. A total of 213 loci were mapped at a LOD≥3 on all 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes. The total length of the map is 1352 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers is 6.3 cM. Forty six loci could not be mapped at a LOD≥3. A fraction (18.6%) of the markers deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios; clusters of loci showing distorted segregation were found on chromosomes 1B, 3AL, 4AL, 6AL and 7AL. The durum wheat map was compared with the published maps of bread wheat using several common RFLP markers and general features are discussed. The markers detected the known structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B as well as the translocation between 2B-6B, but not the deletion on 2BS. This map provides a useful tool for analysing and breeding economically important quantitative traits and for marker-assisted selection, as well as for studies of genome organisation in small grain cereal species.
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    A molecular genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye incorporating the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene, CreR (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1000-1012 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CCN ; RFLP ; PCR ; Heterodera avenae ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye was constructed using eight homoeologous group-6 RFLP clones and five PCR markers derived from the rye-specific dispersed repetitive DNA family, R173. The map was developed using a novel test-cross F1 (TC-F1) population segregating for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode. Comparisons were made between the map generated with other rye and wheat group-6 chromosome maps by the inclusion of RFLP clones previously mapped in those species. Co-linearity was observed for common loci. This comparison confirmed a dramatic reduction in recombination for chromosome 6R in the TC-F1 population. The CreR locus was included in the linkage map via progeny testing of informative TC-F1 individuals. CreR mapped 3.7 cM distal from the RFLP locus, XksuF37. Comparative mapping should allow the identification of additional RFLP markers more closely linked to the CreR locus.
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    Linkage relationships among molecular markers and storage root traits of carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 58-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic map ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SAMPL ; Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A 109-point linkage map consisting of three phenotypic loci (P 1, Y 2, and Rs), six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), two random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 96 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and two selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) was constructed for carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus; 2n=2x=18). The incidence of polymorphism was 36% for RFLP probes, 20% for RAPD primers, and 42% for AFLP primers. The overall incidence of disturbed segregation was 18%. Linkage relationships at a LOD score of 4.0 and θ=0.25 indicated 11 linkage groups. The total map length was 534.4 cM and the map was clearly unsaturated with markers spaced at 4.9 cM. AFLP P6B15 was 1.7 cM from P 1, AFLP P1B34 was 2.2 cM from Y 2, and AFLP P3B30XA was 8.1 cM from Rs.
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens (Hs1 pro-1) and B. webbiana (Hs1 web-1, Hs2 web-7) have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating F2 populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
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    A putative major gene for rust resistance linked with a RFLP marker in sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1059-1064 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Major gene ; Polyploidy ; Puccinia melanocephala ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to rust was investigated in the self progeny of the sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ also used to build a RFLP genetic map. Resistance was evaluated through both field and controlled greenhouse trials. A clear-cut 3 (resistant) ∶ 1 (susceptible) segregation indicative of a probable dominant resistant gene was observed. This is the first documented report of a monogenic inheritance for disease resistance in sugarcane. This gene was found linked at 10 cM with an RFLP marker revealed by probe CDSR29. Other minor factors involved in the resistance were also detected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224049
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar `Labelle' (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar `Black Gora' (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and single-point analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050141
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    Mapping of the K+/Na+ discrimination locus Kna1 in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 448-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Wheat ; Salt tolerance ; Homoeologous recombination ; QTL ; RFLP ; Genetic marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   In saline environments, bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (genomes AABBDD), accumulates less Na+ and more K+ in expanding and young leaves than durum wheat, T. turgidum L. (genomes AABB). Higher K+/Na+ ratios in leaves of bread wheat correlate with its higher salt tolerance. Chromosome 4D from bread wheat was shown in previous work to play an important role in the control of this trait and was recombined with chromosome 4B in the absence of the Ph1 locus. A population of plants disomic for 4D/4B recombined chromosomes in the genetic background of T. turgidum was developed to investigate the genetic control of K+/Na+ discrimination by chromosome 4D. Evidence was obtained that the trait is controlled by a single locus, designated Kna1, in the long arm of chromosome 4D. In the present work, K+/Na+ discrimination was determined for additional families with 4D/4B chromosomes. The concentrations of Na+ and K+/Na+ ratios in the youngest leaf blades clustered in two nonoverlapping classes, and all recombinant families could be unequivocally assigned to Kna1 and kna1 classes. The Kna1 locus scored this way was mapped on a short region in the 4DL arm and was completely linked to Xwg199, Xabc305, Xbcd402, Xpsr567, and Xpsr375; it was also mapped as a quantitative trait. The results of the QTL analysis, based on the K+/Na+ ratios in the young leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and flag leaves of field-grown plants, agreed with the position of Kna1 determined as a qualitative trait. Several aspects of gene introgression by manipulation of the Ph1 locus are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050148
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    A genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata based on RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 673-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Genetic linkage map ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) has been constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree. A total of 208 loci were analyzed including 165 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 41 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 microsatellite markers. The markers were assembled into 22 linkage groups of 2 or more loci and covered a total distance of 1382 cM. Thirteen loci were unlinked to any other marker. Of the RFLP loci that were mapped, 93 were detected by loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) cDNA probes that had been previously mapped or evaluated in that species. The remaining 72 RFLP loci were detected by radiata pine probes from a PstI genomic DNA library. Two hundred and eighty RAPD primers were evaluated, and 41 loci which were segregating in a 1∶1 ratio were mapped. Two microsatellite markers were also placed on the map. This map and the markers derived from it will have wide applicability to genetic studies in P. radiata and other pine species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226088
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    Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 1. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 905-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anthesis-silking interval ; Drought ; Quantitative trait loci ; RFLP ; Tropical maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drought is an important climatic phenomenon which, after soil infertility, ranks as the second most severe limitation to maize production in developing countries. When drought stress occurs just before or during the flowering period, a delay in silking is observed, resulting in an increase in the length of the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and in a decrease in grain yield. Selection for reduced ASI in tropical open-pollinated varieties has been shown to be correlated with improved yields under drought stress. Since efficient selection for drought tolerance requires carefully managed experimental conditions, molecular markers were used to identify the genomic segments responsible for the expression of ASI, with the final aim of developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. An F2population of 234 individuals was genotyped at 142 loci and F3 families were evaluated in the field under several water regimes for male flowering (MFLW), male sterility (STER), female flowering (FFLW) and ASI. The genetic variance of ASI increased as a function of the stress intensity, and the broad-sense heritabilites of MFLW, FFLW and ASI were high under stress conditions, being 86%, 82% and 78%, respectively. Putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the expression of MFLW and/or FFLW under drought were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, accounting for around 48% of the phenotypic variance for both traits. For ASI, six putative QTLs were identified under drought on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10, and together accounted for approximately 47% of the phenotypic variance. Under water stress conditions, four QTLs were common for the expression of MFLW and FFLW, one for the expression of ASI and MFLW, and four for the expression of ASI and FFLW. The number of common QTLs for two traits was related to the level of linear correlation between these two traits. Segregation for ASI was found to be transgressive with the drought-susceptible parent contributing alleles for reduced ASI (4 days) at two QTL positions. Alleles contributed by the resistant line at the other four QTLs were responsible for a 7-day reduction of ASI. These four QTLs represented around 9% of the linkage map, and were stable over years and stress levels. It is argued that MAS based on ASI QTLs should be a powerful tool for improving drought tolerance of tropical maize inbred lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221905
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    RFLP mapping of the dwarfing (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) genes on chromosome 5 of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1073-1077 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Dwarfing genes ; Hairy peduncle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An population was established for mapping the two dominant genes for dwarfness (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) on chromosome 5R. The location of both genes was shown to be on the segment of chromosome 5RL which was ancestrally translocated and is homoeologous to Triticeae 4L. Hp co-segregated with the wheat gDNA probe WG199, localised in wheat on chromosomes 5AL, 4BL and 4DL. No segregation was observed between the traits hairy peduncle and hairy leaf sheath. The locus for Ddw1 was found to map distally to Hp/Xwg199 but proximal to the isozyme marker β-amy-R1. The genetical distances were 5.6 cM between Hp/Xwg199 and Ddw1 and 11.5 cM between Ddw1 and β-amy-R1, respectively. The map position of Ddw1 suggests that it is homoeologous to the wheat dominant dwarfing gene Rht12, present on chromosome 5AL and linked to β-amy-A1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050232
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    Characterization of the Citrus genome through analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 425-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Molecular markers ; Fruit breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the nature of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were undertaken to characterize the Citrus genome. This type of analysis has not been carried out with any other perennial crop. Citrus reticulata Blanco cv Clementine, C. xparadisi Macf. cv Duncan, and an F1 hybrid (LB 1–21) were used to determine what probe/enzyme combinations revealed polymorphisms in Southern analysis, and a backcross family (LB 1–21x‘Clementine’) of 65 randomly selected hybrid seedlings was used for some analyses. A majority (73%) of the clones examined from a PstI genomic library appeared to detect single-copy sequences based on RFLP banding patterns, while clones from a cDNA library revealed a lower percentage of single copy sequences. When hybridization stringencies were lowered, 21% of the genomic clones examined revealed greater copy numbers. PstI digestion of ‘Duncan’ DNA indicated abundant methylation, so the relatively high frequency of multiple-copy sequences observed at moderate stringency cannot be attributed to a lack of methylation of the Citrus DNA. The polymorphisms in banding patterns observed primarily resulted from insertions and/or deletions rather than from base substitutions, and a model is presented to account for the varying patterns obtained from individual probes with different restriction enzymes. Finally, a model for transposon activity in Citrus is proposed, based on observations made during the course of these studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223689
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    RFLP-based maps of the homoeologous group-6 chromosomes of wheat and their application in the tagging of Pm12, a powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Aegilops speltoides to wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Ae. speltoides ; T. aestivum ; RFLP ; Pm12 ; Powdery mildew ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-6 chromosomes of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, have been constructed spanning 103 cM on 6A, 90 cM on 6B and 124 cM on 6D. These maps were transferred to a Chinese Spring (CS)×line #31 cross to locate a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene, Pm12, introgressed into line #31 from Aegilops speltoides. Pm12 was shown to lie on the short arm of translocation chromosome 6BS-6SS.6SL in line #31, but could not be mapped more precisely due to the lack of recombination between the 6S Ae. speltoides segment and chromosome 6B. Possible strategies to reduce the size of the alien segment, which probably encompasses the complete long arm and more than 82% of the short arm of chromosome 6B, are discussed.
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    Donor chromosome elimination and organelle composition of asymmetric somatic hybrid plants between an interspecific tomato hybrid and eggplant (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 268-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Eggplant ; Tomato ; Asymmetric somatic hybrids ; Dot-blot hybridization ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphology, the extent of elimination of donor chromosomes and the organelle composition of highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants between a interspecific tomato hybrid Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii (EP) as donor and a Solarium melongena, eggplant (E), recipient, were studied. Morphologically, the somatic hybrids most resemble eggplant but, due to polyploidy, growth is slower relative to both fusion parents. The somatic hybrids produce flowers that are characterized by abnormal styles, stigmas and by anthers which do not produce pollen. Limited amounts of donor EP genomic DNA were found in the three somatic hybrid plants (H18-1, H18-2 and H18-3), by dot-blot hybridization with probe pTHG2, equivalent to 6.23,5.41, and 5.95% EP, respectively. These percentages translated to the presence of 3.59, 2.90 and 3.19 average-size EP chromosomes in plants H1 8-1,-2 and-3, respectively. RFLP determination of L. esculentum- and L. pennellii-specific chromosomes revealed that only fragments of eight to ten out of the 24 EP chromosomes (EP has 12 L. esculentum and 12 L. pennellii chromosomes) are present in the asymmetric somatic hybrid plants. Loci of L. esculentum and L. pennellii were evenly represented in plants H18-1, -2, and -3: four to five from L. esculentum and four to five from L. pennellii. All somatic hybrid plants retained locus TG22, chromosome 4, from both EP species. Although the regeneration of plants, H18-1, -2 and-3 was from one callus, loci TG31 and TG79 of L. esculentum chromosome 2 and L. pennellii chromosome 9, respectively, were missing in hybrid plant H18-1. The three somatic hybrid plants all had chloroplast DNA fragments specific for S. melongena. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in the asymmetric somatic hybrids showed predominantly the pattern of eggplant; however, some eggplant-specific polymorphic bands were not present in the three plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225756
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    Linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling seed weight in pea (Pisum sativum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 431-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative QTL mapping ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Pisum sativum L ; Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting seed weight in pea (Pisum sativum L.) were mapped using two populations, a field-grown F2 progeny of a cross between two cultivated types (‘Primo’ and ‘OSU442-15’) and glasshouse-grown single-seed-descent recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a wide cross between a P. sativum ssp. sativum line (‘Slow’) and a P. sativum ssp. humile accession (‘JI1794’). Linkage maps for these crosses consisted of 199 and 235 markers, respectively. QTLs for seed weight in the ‘Primo’ x ‘OSU442-15’ cross were identified by interval mapping, bulked segregant analysis, and selective genotyping. Four QTLs were identified in this cross, demonstrating linkage to four intervals on three linkage groups. QTLs for seed weight in the ‘JI1794’ x ‘Slow’ cross were identified by single-marker analyses. Linkage were demonstrated to four intervals on three linkage groups plus three unlinked loci. In the two crosses, only one common genomic region was identified as containing seed-weight QTLs. Seed-weight QTLs mapped to the same region of linkage group III in both crosses. Conserved linkage relationships were demonstrated for pea, mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), and cowpea (V. unguiculata L.) genomic regions containing seed-weight QTLs by mapping RFLP loci from the Vigna maps in the ‘Primo’ x ‘OSU442-15’ and ‘JI1794’ x ‘Slow’ crosses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223187
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    Inheritance and genetic mapping of self-incompatibility in Coffea canephora Pierre (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 458-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Coffea canephora ; Self-incompatibility ; Gametophytic system ; S-locus ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cross-compatibility behaviour of doubled haploid (DH) and hybrid genotypes of Coffea camphora was established using both phenotypic bioassay and in situ seed-set examination. The availability of DHs provided the opportunity of working with genetically homogenous pollen and female parents. The aniline blue fluorescence (ABF) method was applied to detect callose accumulation in pollen and pistil. Clear cross-compatibility/incompatibility situations were observed and confirmed by in situ seed-set analysis. Cross-compatibility analysis of hybrid combinations involving different DHs corroborated the crossing behaviour observed at the DH level. Expression of the self-incompatibility system did not appear to be affected by the low vigour of the DH. The crossing-behaviour distribution observed within DHs derived from clone IF200 confirmed that self-incompatibility in C. canephora is a gametophytic self-incompatibility system controlled by a single locus (S-locus). Reduced seed-set developments following incompatible crosses may indicate the occurrence of pseudo-incompatibility. Molecular marker linkage analysis showed that the S-locus is associated with an RFLP marker on linkage group 9. The availability of a linked DNA marker should facilitate the genetic analysis of self-incompatibility in relation to coffee breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223190
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    RFLP loci associated with soybean seed protein and oil content across populations and locations (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 649-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; Glycine max ; Protein content ; Oil content ; Mapping ; QTL ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular markers provide the opportunity to identify marker-quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations in different environments and populations. Two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] populations, ‘Young’ x PI 416 937 and PI 97100 x ‘Coker 237’, were evaluated with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to identify additional QTLs related to seed protein and oil. For the Young x PI 416937 population, 120 F4-derived lines were secored for segregation at 155 RFLP loci. The F4-derived lines and two parents were grown at Plains, G.a., and Windblow and Plymouth, N.C. in 1994, and evaluated for seed protein and oil. For the PI 97100 x Coker 237 population, 111 F2-derived lines were evaluated for segregation at 153 RFLP loci. Phenotypic data for seed protein and oil were obtained in two different locations (Athens, G.a., and Blackville, S.C.) in 1994. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the Young x PI 416937 population, five of seven independent markers associated with seed protein, and all four independent markers associated with seed oil in the combined analysis over locations were detected at all three locations. For the PI 97 100 x Coker 237 population, both single-factor ANOVA and interval mapping were used to detect QTLs. Using single-factor ANOVA, three of four independent markers for seed protein and two of three independent markers for seed oil were detected at both locations. In both populations, singlefactor ANOVA, revealed the consistency of QTLs across locations, which might be due to the high heritability and the relatively few QTLs with large effects conditioning these traits. However, interval mapping of the PI 97100 x Coker 237 population indicated that QTLs identified at Athens for seed protein and oil were different from those at Blackville. This might result from the power of QTL mapping being dependent on the level of saturation of the genetic map. Increased seed protein was associated with decreased seed oil in the PI 97100 x Coker 237 population (r = −0.61). There were various common markers (P⩽0.05) on linkage groups (LG) E, G,H,K, and UNK2 identified for both seed protein and oil. One QTL on LG E was associated with seed protein in both populations. The other QTLs for protein and oil were population specific.
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    Engineering of interstitial foreign chromosome segments containing the K+/Na+ selectivity gene Kna1 by sequential homoeologous recombination in durum wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1180-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Salt tolerance ; Triticum ; Gene transfer ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Linkage ; Gene introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Targeted homoeologous recombination mediated by the absence of the Ph1 locus is currently the most efficient technique by which foreign genes can be introgressed into polyploid wheat species. Because intra-arm homoeologous double cross-overs are rare, introgressed foreign genes are usually on terminal foreign chromosome segments. Since the minimum length of such a segment is determined by the position of a gene in the chromosome, large chromosome segments with undesirable genetic effects are often introgressed. Introgression of foreign genes on short interstitial segments based on two cycles of homoeologous recombination is described here. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by the introgression of the Kna1 locus, which controls K+/Na+ selectivity in T. aestivum L., on short interstitial segments of chromosome 4D into chromosome 4B of Triticum turgidum L. The level of recombination in a homoeologous segment is not significantly affected by a juxtaposed proximal homologous segment in the absence of the Ph1 locus.
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    Molecular markers associated with seed weight in two soybean populations (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1011-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; Glycine max ; Seed weight ; RFLP ; QTL ; Markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed weight (SW) is a component of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seed yield, as well as an important trait for food-type soybeans. Two soybean populations, 120 F4-derived lines of ‘Young’xPI416937 (Pop1) and 111 F2-derived lines of PI97100x‘Coker 237’ (Pop2), were mapped with RFLP makers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning SW across environments and populations. The genetic map of Pop1 consisted of 155 loci covering 973 cM, whereas Pop2 involved 153 loci and covered 1600 cM of map distance. For Pop1, the phenotypic data were collected from Plains, GA., Windblow, N.C., and Plymouth, N.C., in 1994. For Pop2, data were collected from Athens, GA., in 1994 and 1995, and Blackville, S.C., in 1995. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), seven and nine independent loci were associated with SW in Pop1 and Pop2, respectively. Together the loci explained 73% of the variability in SW in Pop1 and 74% in Pop2. Transgressive segregation occurred among the progeny in both populations. The marker loci associated with SW were highly consistent across environments and years. Two QTLs on linkage group (LG) F and K were located at similar genomic regions in both populations. The high consistency of QTLs across environments indicates that effective marker-assisted selection is feasible for soybean SW.
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    A molecular linkage map of rye (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1112-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic map of six chromosomes of rye, (all of the rye chromosomes except for 2R), was constructed using 77 RFLP and 12 RAPD markers. The map was developed using an F2 population of 54 plants from a cross between two inbred lines. A rye genomic library was constructed as a source of clones for RFLP mapping. Comparisons were made between the rye map and other rye and wheat maps by including additional probes previously mapped in those species. These comparisons allowed (1) chromosome arm orientation to the linkage groups to be given, (2) the corroboration of several evolutionary translocations between rye chromosomes and homoeologous chromosomes of wheat; (3) an increase in the number of available markers for target regions of rye that show colinearity with wheat. Inconsistencies in the location of markers between the wheat and rye maps were mostly detected by multi-copy probes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230133
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    Engineering of interstitial foreign chromosome segments containing the K+/Na+ selectivity gene Kna1 by sequential homoeologous recombination in durum wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1180-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Salt tolerance ; Triticum ; Gene transfer ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Linkage ; Gene introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Targeted homoeologous recombination mediated by the absence of the Ph1 locus is currently the most efficient technique by which foreign genes can be introgressed into polyploid wheat species. Because intra-arm homoeologous double cross-overs are rare, introgressed foreign genes are usually on terminal foreign chromosome segments. Since the minimum length of such a segment is determined by the position of a gene in the chromosome, large chromosome segments with undesirable genetic effects are often introgressed. Introgression of foreign genes on short interstitial segments based on two cycles of homoeologous recombination is described here. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by the introgression of the Kna1 locus, which controls K+/Na+ selectivity in T. aesivum L., on short interstitial segments of chromosome 4D into chromosome 4B of Triticum turgidum L. The level of recombination in a homoeologous segment is not significantly affected by a juxtaposed proximal homologous segment in the absence of the Ph1 locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230144
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    Molecular markers associated with seed weight in two soybean populations (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1011-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Glycine max ; Seed weight ; RFLP ; QTL ; Markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed weight (SW) is a component of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seed yield, as well as an important trait for food-type soybeans. Two soybean populations, 120 F4-derived lines of `Young'×PI416937 (Pop1) and 111 F2-derived lines of PI97100×`Coker 237' (Pop2), were mapped with RFLP makers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning SW across environments and populations. The genetic map of Pop1 consisted of 155 loci covering 973 cM, whereas Pop2 involved 153 loci and covered 1600 cM of map distance. For Pop1, the phenotypic data were collected from Plains, GA., Windblow, N.C., and Plymouth, N.C., in 1994. For Pop2, data were collected from Athens, GA., in 1994 and 1995, and Blackville, S.C., in 1995. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), seven and nine independent loci were associated with SW in Pop1 and Pop2, respectively. Together the loci explained 73% of the variability in SW in Pop1 and 74% in Pop2. Transgressive segregation occurred among the progeny in both populations. The marker loci associated with SW were highly consistent across environments and years. Two QTLs on linkage group (LG) F and K were located at similar genomic regions in both populations. The high consistency of QTLs across environments indicates that effective marker-assisted selection is feasible for soybean SW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050328
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    Linkage disequilibrium among modern sugarcane cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 1053-1060 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sugarcane cultivars ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Foundation bottleneck ; Interspecific hybrids ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived from a few interspecific hybrids created early in this century. Linkage disequilibrium was investigated in a population of 59 cultivars representing the most important commercial clones bred in Mauritius as well as a few old cultivars involved in their genealogy. Thirty-eight probes scattered over the sugarcane genome map were used to reveal RFLPs. Forty-two cases of bilocus associations were observed involving a total of 33 loci. Most of them are separated by less than 10 cM. All the corresponding allele couples were found in at least 1 of the originally created cultivars, suggesting that they depict ancient associations. This global disequilibrium is interpreted as the result of the foundation bottleneck related to the first interspecific crosses; the preferential allele associations thus created have been maintained through subsequent crosses when the loci were closely linked. This phenomenon is likely also to apply to genes of agricultural interest. A practical consequence is that markers can be used to track known QTLs in modern breeding materials without the necessity to repeatedly study segregating progenies. This structure gives high value to the correlation between molecular markers and agricultural traits among cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051414
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci for soybean resistance to corn earworm (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 786-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Glycine max ; QTL ; RFLP ; Antixenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  One hundred and thirty nine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to construct a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genetic linkage map and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) in a population of 103 F2-derived lines from a cross of ‘Cobb’ (susceptible) and PI229358 (resistant). The genetic linkage map consisted of 128 markers which converged onto 30 linkage groups covering approximately 1325 cM. There were 11 unlinked markers. The F2-derived lines and the two parents were grown in the field under a plastic mesh cage near Athens, Ga., in 1995. The plants were artificially infested with corn earworm and evaluated for the amount of defoliation. Using interval-mapping analysis for linked markers and single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), markers were tested for an association with resistance. One major and two minor QTLs for resistance were identified in this population. The PI229358 allele contributed insect resistance at all three QTLs. The major QTL is linked to the RFLP marker A584 on linkage group (LG) ‘M’ of the USDA/Iowa State University public soybean genetic map. It accounts for 37% of the total variation for resistance in this cross. The minor QTLs are linked to the RFLP markers R249 (LG ‘H’) and Bng047 (LG ‘D1’). These markers explain 16% and 10% of variation, respectively. The heritability (h2) for resistance was estimated as 64% in this population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050803
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    RFLP analysis and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) in somatic hybrids and their progeny between Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum lycopersicoides (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 719-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Tomato and Solanum lycopersicoides intergeneric hybrid ; Chloroplast DNA ; Nuclear genome ; RFLP ; GISH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analyses were employed to identify the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of the somatic hybrids and progeny between tomato ‘Ohgata zuiko’ and Solanum lycopersicoides (‘LA 2386’). A random distribution of the chloroplast genotype was determined using a cloned 19.6-kb BamHI fragment (Ba1) of tobacco chloroplast DNA. Eight selected hybrids were analyzed for their chromosomal compositions; 4 were tetraploids (2n=48) with an equal number of chromosomes derived from each parent as accurately determined by GISH, and the other 4 were hexaploids, containing an average of two sets of tomato chromosomes and one set from the wild parent. RFLP analysis with six tomato nuclear probes of known chromosomal locations revealed no major variation among the 44 hybrid plants surveyed. However, it also showed the presence of both parent-specific alleles and the loss of some and the presence of a few non-parental alleles, indicating rearrangement and/or recombination of the nuclear DNA. The relevance of the molecular and cytological methods and the potential use of somatic hybrids for plant breeding are demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050794
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    Molecular examination of a chromosome region that controls resistance to potato Y and A potyviruses in potato (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1036-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Potato virus A ; Potato virus Y ; Resistance gene ; RFLP ; Diploid potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The gene Ry adg that confers resistance to potato Y potyvirus (PVY) in the cultivated potato [Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, line 2x(v-2)7] is located on chromosome XI in a segment that contains three other known resistance genes in other syntenic solanaceous species. One of them is the gene N that controls resistance to tobacco mosaic tobamovirus in tobacco and has previously been isolated and sequenced. Three sequence-related, resistance gene-like (RGL) DNA fragments (354–369 bp) highly homologous to the gene N were PCR-amplified from the potato line 2x(v-2)7. Two RGL fragments (79 and 81% homologous to the N gene) co-segregated with Ry adg among the 77 F1 progeny tested. These RGLs may originate from a resistance gene family on chromosome XI. The potato line 2x(v-2)7 also expressed resistance to potato A potyvirus (PVA), which was controlled by another locus on chromosome XI mapped ca. 6.8 cM distal to Ry adg .
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    Characterisation of the radish introgression carrying the Rfo restorer gene for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica napus ; Raphanus sativus ; Restorer gene ; Introgression ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Bulked segregant analysis and comparative mapping were applied to identify molecular markers linked to the Rfo restorer gene used for the Ogu-INRA cytoplasmic male-sterility system in rapeseed. These markers were then used to localise the radish introgression on the B. napus genetic map constructed from the cross ‘Darmor.bzh’ x ’Yudal’. The introgression mapped on the DY15 linkage group. From the comparison of this latter group to the linkage group constructed on a F2 progeny segregating for the radish introgression, it was concluded that the introgression had occurred through homoeologous recombination, that it was not distal and that it had replaced a B. napus region of around 50 cM. A QTL involved in aliphatic seed glucosinolate content was located on the DY15 linkage group at a position corresponding to one end of the introgression. The DNA markers identified in this study are being used in map-based cloning of the Rfo gene and in marker-assisted selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050876
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    Mapping of three self-fertility mutations in rye (Secale cereale L.) using RFLP, isozyme and morphological markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic mapping ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; Secale cereale L. ; Self-fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Three mutations determining self-fertility at the S, Z and S5 self-incompatibility loci on chromosomes 1R, 2R and 5R of rye, respectively, were mapped using three different F2 populations. There was a close linkage of one isozyme and four RFLP markers, and no recombinant plants were detected. These markers are Prx7, Xiag249 and Xpsr634 for the S locus (1R), Xbcd266 for the Z locus (2R) and Xpsr100 for the S5 locus (5R). Linkage data for markers associated to the self-fertility mutations at the S, Z and S5 loci were calculated and compared with genetic maps computed by MAPMAKER multipoint analysis.
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    Mapping loci associated with flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 238-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Flour colour ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; AFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP map constructed using 150 single seed descent (SSD) lines from a cross between two hexaploid wheat varieties (‘Schomburgk’בYarralinka’) was used to identify loci controlling flour colour. Flour colour data were obtained from field trials conducted over two seasons at different sites. The estimated heritability of this trait was calculated as 0.67. Two regions identified in the preliminary analysis on chromosomes 3A and 7A, accounted for 13% and 60% of the genetic variation respectively. A detailed analysis of the major locus on 7A was conducted through fine mapping of AFLP markers identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA). Seven additional markers were identified by the BSA and mapped to the region of the 7A locus. The applicability of these markers to identify wheat lines with enhanced flour colour is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050891
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    Molecular mapping of the photoperiod response gene ea7 in barley (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 797-800 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Flowering time ; Photoperiod response ; Barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The gene ea 7 determining photoperiod insensitivity under short day length was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 6H near the centromere. The gene was linked to the two flanking markers Xmwg2264 and Xmwg916 by 6.7 and 13.0 cM, respectively. Compared to Ppd-H1 (chromosome 2H) and Ppd-H2 (chromosome 1H), ea 7 determines the strongest effect on flowering time with 55 and 18 days difference compared to photoperiod sensitive genotypes grown under short and long photoperiods, respectively. Allelic and homoeologous relationships to major genes and quantitative trait loci controlling flowering time in barley and wheat are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050958
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    Molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici) in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CAP ; py-1 ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot [Pyrenochaeta lycopersici (Schneider and Gerlach)] in tomato using RAPD and RFLP marker analysis. DNA from near-isogenic lines (NILs) of tomato differing in corky root rot resistance was screened with 575 random oligonucleotide primers to detect polymorphic DNAs linked to py-1. Three primers (OPW-04, OPC-02, OPG-19) revealed polymorphisms between the NILs. Twelve resistant and eight susceptible DNA pools derived from segregating F3 families were used to confirm that the RAPD markers were linked to the py-1 gene. Two of the linked amplified fragments, corresponding to OPW-04 and OPC-02, were subsequently cloned and mapped on the tomato molecular linkage map as RFLPs. These clones were located between TG40 and CT31 on the short arm of chromosome 3. Further analysis with selected RFLP markers showed that 7% (8.8 cM) of chromosome 3 of the resistant line ‘Moboglan’ was introgressed from the L. peruvianum donor parent. Three RFLP markers (TG40, TG324, and TG479) from the introgressed part of chromosome 3 were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) markers for use in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. These PCR markers will allow rapid large-scale screening of tomato populations for corky root rot resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050956
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    QTLs conditioning early growth in a soybean population segregating for growth habit (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1210-1216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Glycine max ; RFLP ; QTL ; Plant height ; Canopy width
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  There are both economic and environmental reasons for reducing the use of herbicides for weed control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields. Optimizing crop competitiveness can reduce reliance on chemical weed control. Fast and vigorous early growth and rapid canopy development can be effective in suppressing weed infestation of crop plants. The purposes of this study were to identify and molecularly map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning soybean plant height and canopy width during the early vegetative stages of soybean growth. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map was created using 142 markers and 116 F2-derived lines from a cross of ‘S100’בTokyo’. The parents and the 116 F2-derived lines were evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field at Athens, Ga., in 1996 and 1997. Combined over environments, Tokyo averaged 41 and 17% taller plants than S100 at the V7 and V10 stages of development. Transgressive segregation was observed among the progeny at both stages. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), three and four independent RFLP loci were associated with plant height at the V7 and V10 stages, respectively. All three loci detected [on linkage groups (LGs) C2 and F, and unlinked] at the V7 stage were also detected at the V10 stage along with one additional independent locus on LG E. The Tokyo allele contributed to increased plant height at all loci except at the unlinked locus. Three QTLs (on LGs C2, E, and F) were consistent across environments, three (on LGs C2 and F, and unlinked) were consistent across stages of plant development, and two (on LGs C2 and F) were consistent both across environments and stages of plant development. Within each stage of development, there was no interaction among the independent loci, and the respective loci together explained most of the variation in the traits. Three independent RFLP loci were associated with canopy width at the V10 stage, of which one was unique to the trait, while the remaining loci (on LGs C2 and F) were in common with the independent loci for plant height. Canopy width had a strong correlation (r=0.87) with plant height at the V10 stage. However, mature plant height, lodging, or seed weight had no phenotypic or QTL association with early plant height or canopy width.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051012
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    A consensus linkage map of rye (Secale cereale L.) including 374 RFLPs, 24 isozymes and 15 gene loci (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1279-1288 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Consensus map ; Isozymes ; RFLP ; Rye ; Secale cereale L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Consensus linkage maps were constructed for all seven rye chromosomes using 12 basic RFLP maps. The maps presented contain a total of 413 markers. The number of markers per chromosome varies from 41 (chromosome 3R) to 83 (chromosome 1R). In addition to 374 RFLP and 24 isozyme markers 15 gene loci were incorporated, determining the traits reduced plant height, self fertility, male sterility restoration, vernalization response, resistance against powdery mildew, chlorophyll deficiency, hairy leaf sheath, hairy peduncle, waxy endosperm, waxless plant and absence of ligules. The maps presented allow the selection of markers for the fine mapping of certain regions of the rye genome. In terms of the known chromosomal rearrangements within the Triticeae its utilization can also be extended for mapping in wheat and barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051020
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    Characterization of S tester lines in Brassica oleracea: polymorphism of restriction fragment length of SLG homologues and isoelectric points of S-locus glycoproteins (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1329-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica oleracea ; S haplotype ; Self-incompatibility ; RFLP ; IEF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Forty three S tester lines of Brassica oleracea were characterized using DNA and protein gel-blotting analyses. DNA gel-blot analysis of HindIII-digested genomic DNA with class-I and class-II SLG probes revealed that 40 lines could be classified as class-I S haplotypes while three lines could be classified as class-II S haplotypes. The band patterns in the S tester lines were highly polymorphic. Although the S tester lines typically showed two bands corresponding to SLG and SRK in the analysis with the class-I SLG probe, only one band was observed in the S 24 homozygote. This band was identified as SRK, suggesting that this haplotype has no class-I SLG band. In the analysis using the class-II SLG probe, one plant yielded a different band pattern from the known class-II haplotypes, S 2 , S 5 and S 15 . Unexpectedly, this plant was reciprocally cross-incompatible with the S 2 haplotype. Therefore, it was designated as S 2-b . We found an S 13 haplotype having a restriction fragment length polymorphism different from that of the S 13 homozygotes of the S tester line. These findings indicate that S homozygous lines with the same S specificity do not necessarily show the same band pattern in the DNA gel-blot analysis. Soluble stigma proteins of 32 S homozygotes were separated by isoelectric focusing and detected using anti-S 22 SLG antiserum. S haplotype-specific bands were detected in 27 S homozygotes but not in five S homozygotes, including the S 24 homozygote. This is consistent with the observation that the S 24 haplotype had no SLG band.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051199
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    Breeding for ”low-gossypol seed and high-gossypol plants” in upland cotton. Analysis of tri-species hybrids and backcross progenies using AFLPs and mapped RFLPs (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 1233-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cotton ; Gossypol ; Wide hybridization ; Backcrossing ; DNA markers ; AFLP ; RFLP ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  This work aims at breeding upland cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L., 2(AD)1 genome] with a reduced level of gossypol in the seeds for optimal food and feed uses, and a high gossypol level in the remaining organs for resistance to pests. Two tri-species Gossypium hybrids, (G. thurberi–G. sturtianum–G. hirsutum and G. hirsutum–G. raimondii–G. sturtianum) including G. sturtianum (2C1) as a donor, G. thurberi (2D1) and G. raimondii (2D5) as a bridge species, were created. Recurrent selection initiated with these tri-species hybrids produced backcross (BC) progenies expressing the ”low-gossypol seed and high-gossypol plant” trait at different levels. We used AFLP markers to assess the genetic similarity among the germplasm and RFLP probes to tag the introgression of specific chomosome segments from the parental species. Five pairs of AFLP primers generated 477 fragments, among which 417 (87.4%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity between the upland cotton and the wild species ranged from 29.5 to 43.2%, while similarity reached 80% between upland cotton and BC3 plants. Introgression of species-specific AFLPs was evident from all the parental species and confirmed the hybrid origin of the analyzed progenies. Southern-blot analysis based on 49 RFLP probes allowed us to trace the introgression of parental DNA segments in the tri-species hybrids and in three generations of backcross. Introgression was evident from 11, 8 and 7 linkage groups of G. sturtianum, G. raimondii and G. thurberi respectively. The types of introgression revealed by RFLP probes are discussed, and breeding schemes to enhance recombination are proposed. The ability to trace DNA segments of known chromosomal locations from the donor G. sturtianum through segregating generations is a starting point to map the ”low-gossypol seed and high-gossypol plant” traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051329
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    Construction of a high-resolution genetic map and YAC-contigs in the tomato Tm-2a region (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 228-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Tomato ; TMV resistance ; RFLP ; High resolution map ; YAC contig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract With the ultimate goal of cloning the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) resistance gene Tm-2a from tomato by means of positional cloning, a high-resolution map of a 4.3-cM region surrounding the Tm-2a gene has been constructed. In total, 13 RFLP and RAPD markers were mapped in close proximity to Tm-2a using 2112 individuals from an intraspecific Lycopersicon peruvianum backcross. The closest flanking markers were separated from Tm-2a by 0.05 cM on each side. Only one marker, the cDNA clone R12, co-segregated with Tm-2a. In order to physically cover the Tm-2a region, R12 and the flanking DNA marker TG207 were used to select homologous YAC clones. To-date, two YAC-contigs spanning approximately 340 kb and 360 kb have been constructed. The data obtained from these experiments indicate that recombination around the centromere of chromosome 9 is extremely suppressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050270
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    Molecular mapping of the ges gene controlling the super-giant embryo character in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 257-261 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rice (Oryza sativa ; L.) ; Super giant-embryo gene (ges) ; RFLP ; Microsatellite ; Molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The giant-embryo character is useful for quality improvement in rice. Three alleles controlling embryo size have been reported at the ge locus. Based on trisomic analysis, this locus is known to reside on chromosome 7. The objective of the present study was to identify linkage between molecular markers and the ge s gene using an existing molecular map of rice and an F2 population derived from Hwacheongbyeo-ge s (super-giant embryo)/Milyang 23. The bulked-segregant method was used to screen 38 RFLPs and two microsatellite markers from rice chromosome 7. RZ395 and CDO497 flanked the ge s gene, at 2.4 cM and 3.4 cM, respectively. The two microsatellite markers, RM18 and RM10, were linked with ge s at 7.7 cM and 9.6 cM, respectively. The availability of molecular markers will facilitate selection of this grain character in a breeding program and provide the foundation for map-based gene isolation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050274
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    Construction of a molecular linkage map in coffee (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Coffee ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Linkage map ; Doubled haploids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A linkage map for coffee (Coffea canephora P.) totalling 1402 cM has been developed on the basis of a population of doubled haploids. Both RFLP markers and PCR-based markers (RAPD) were used to construct 15 linkage groups. Coffee genomic and cDNA clones provided the source of the probes. In total, 47 RFLP and 100 RAPD loci have been placed on the linkage map. A rather low DNA polymorphism rate (18% for RFLP markers and 29% for RAPD primers) was detected. Only 81% of RAPD markers and 85% of RFLP markers fit an expected 1∶1 ratio (P〈0.01). The availability of a molecular linkage map has many implications for the future development of the genetics and breeding of this commercially important crop species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225725
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    Molecular mapping of the ge s gene controlling the super-giant embryo character in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 257-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) ; Super giant-embryo gene (ge s ) ; RFLP ; Microsatellite ; Molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The giant-embryo character is useful for quality improvement in rice. Three alleles controlling embryo size have been reported at the ge locus. Based on trisomic analysis, this locus is known to reside on chromosome 7. The objective of the present study was to identify linkage between molecular markers and the ge s gene using an existing molecular map of rice and an F2 population derived from Hwacheongbyeo-ge s (super-giant embryo)/Milyang 23. The bulked-segregant method was used to screen 38 RFLPs and two microsatellite markers from rice chromosome 7. RZ395 and CDO497 flanked the ge s gene, at 2.4 cM and 3.4 cM, respectively. The two microsatellite markers, RM18 and RM10, were linked with ge s at 7.7 cM and 9.6 cM, respectively. The availability of molecular markers will facilitate selection of this grain character in a breeding program and provide the foundation for map-based gene isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225754
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