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  • 1995-1999  (10,683)
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  • 1995  (10,683)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Kraftsportler ; hohe Proteinzufuhr ; renale Nettosäureausscheidung ; Urin pH ; Ammoniumausscheidung ; Ammoniumproduktion ; renale Säureausscheidungskapazität ; Sulfat ; Bodybuilder ; high protein diet ; renal net acid excretion ; urine-pH ; ammonium excretion ; ammonia production ; sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bodybuilders often prefer a high protein diet to achieve maximum skeletal muscle hypertrophy. In this study the effect of a high protein diet on renal acid load and renal handling of proton excretion was studied comparing dietary intake and urinary ionograms in 37 male bodybuilders and 20 young male adults. Energy intake (+7 %), protein intake (128 vs 88 g/d/1.73 m2), and renal net acid excretion (95 vs 64 mmol/d/1.73 m2) were higher in the bodybuilders than in the controls, however, urine-pH was only slightly lower (5.83 vs 6.12). In the bodybuilders renal ammonium excretion was higher at any given value of urine pH than in the controls. In a regression analysis protein intake proved to be an independent factor modulating the ratio between urine-pH and renal ammonium excretion. The concomitant increase of renal net acid excretion and maximum renal acid excretion capacity in periods of high protein intake appears to be a highly effective response of the kidney to a specific food intake leaving a large renal surplus capacity for an additional renal acid load.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kraftsportler ernähren sich zur Förderung des Muskelwachstums häufig proteinreich. In dieser Studie wurde die Wirkung einer hohen Proteinzufuhr auf die renale Säurelast und die renale Säureausscheidungskapazität anhand des Vergleichs der Daten der Nährstoffzufuhr und der Harnionogramme von 37 Kraftsportlern mit hoher Proteinzufuhr und 20 jungen Erwachsenen mit normaler Proteinzufuhr (Vergleichsgruppe) untersucht. Die Kraftsportler zeigten eine höhere Energie-(+7 %) und Proteinzufuhr (128 vs 88 g/d/1.73 m2) und eine höhere renale Nettosäureausscheidung (95 vs 64 mmol/d/1.73 m2) als die Vergleichsgruppe. Die Differenz der Urin pH-Werte der beiden Gruppen war allerdings erstaunlich gering (5.83 vs 6.12). Bei den Kraftsportlern war die renale Ammoniumausscheidung bei allen Urin pH-Werten deutlich höher als bei der Vergleichsgruppe. Eine Regressions-analyse ergab, daß die Proteinzufuhr das Verhältnis von Urin pH und renaler Ammoniumausscheidung eigenständig zu beeinflussen vermag. Eine vermehrte Proteinzufuhr führt zu einer erhöhten renalen Säurelast und Nettosäureausscheidung. Die gleichzeitig auftretende Steigerung der renalen Säureausscheidungskapazität infolge einer erhöhten Ammoniumproduktion stellt einen sinnvollen Anpassungsmechanismus des Körpers an diese besondere Form der Ernährung dar, der dem Körper eine ausreichende funktionelle Reservekapazität für weitere den Säure-Basen-Haushalt belastende pathophysiologische Ereignisse erhält.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 160-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Immunglobulin G ; Dotterantikörper ; Intestinale Absorption ; Kalb ; Immunoglobulin G ; yolk antibodies ; intestinal absorption ; calf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studying the prophylactic effects of specific yolk antibodies against diarrhea in newborn calves, also the intestinal absorption of unspecific heterogeneous avian antibodies as well as their effects on the uptake of maternal bovine colostral antibodies (bIgG) was investigated. Two groups of newborn calves received egg powder (16 g or 8 g per day) for the first 10 days of their life beginning with the first meal. A third group was kept as a control without any egg powder in their diet. Blood samples (5 to 10 calves per sampling time) were taken from 123 calves at 6, 12, 24, 48, or 96 h postnatally. With both doses the highest chicken IgG (cIgG) levels (3.1 µg resp. 1.2 µg per ml serum) have been measured 12 h after birth. These concentrations decreased continuously to the levels of 1.1 µg resp. 0.2 µg cIgG per ml serum at 96 h postnatally. The uptake into blood at 6 h postnatally has roughly been estimated as approximately 23 % (bIgG) and 7 % resp. 6 % (cIgG) of the IgG dosages given with the first meal. The time-course (6 to 96 h) of the bIgG level in blood was quite stable, plateauing already after 6 h at a mean of 5.9 mg per ml serum. Significant differences between the bIgG levels of calves with yolk antibodies in their diet (6.2 resp. 6.1 mg bIgG per ml serum) and those of the control group (5.4 mg per ml serum) could not be observed. Obviously, the prophylactic use of egg powder in newborn calves has no negative effect on the absorption of colostral antibodies. However, with the feeding of chicken egg yolk antibodies already with the first meal also the absorption of avian antibodies has to be taken into consideration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung zur prophylaktischen Wirksamkeit von spezifischen Dotterantikörpern bei erregerbedingten Kälberdurchfällen wurde auch die Absorption der unspezifischen heterologen aviären Dotterantikörper (cIgG) und deren Wirkung auf die Aufnahme von maternalen bovinen Kolostrumantikörpern (bIgG) überprüft. Zwei Gruppen von neugeborenen Kälbern wurde sprühgetrocknetes Volleipulver ab der ersten Tränke in einer Dosierung entweder von 16 g oder von 8 g pro Tag während der ersten 10 Lebenstage verabreicht. Eine dritte Gruppe diente als Kontrolle und erhielt kein Eipulver. Von insgesamt 123 Kälbern (5 bis 10 Kälber pro Entnahmezeitpunkt) wurden 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 bzw. 96 Stunden post natum Blutproben genommen. Bei beiden Eipulverdosierungen wurden die höchsten Hühner-IgG-Konzentrationen (3,1 µg bzw. 1,2 µg pro ml Serum) jeweils 12 Stunden post natum ermittelt. Diese cIgG-Konzentrationen nahmen danach kontinuierlich auf Konzentrationen von 1,1 µg bzw. 0,2 µg pro ml Serum zum Zeitpunkt 96 Stunden post natum ab. Bezogen auf die mit der ersten Tränke verabreichte bIgG- bzw. cIgG-Menge wurde überschlagsweise zum Zeitpunkt 6te Lebensstunde eine Anflutung im Blut von 23 % (bIgG) bzw. von 7 % und 6 % (cIgG) errechnet. Der zeitliche Verlauf (6te bis 96te Stunde) der Konzentration des bovinen IgGs in den Blutproben war vergleichsweise stabil und lag durchschnittlich bei 5,9 mg pro ml Serum, wobei das Plateau bereits nach 6 Stunden erreicht war. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den bIgG-Werten der Kälber, die Dotterantikörper bekamen (6,2 bzw. 6,1 mg pro ml Serum), und denen der Kontrollgruppe (5,4 mg pro ml Serum) waren nicht zu beobachten. Eipulver kann somit offensichtlich zur Prophylaxe bei neugeborenen Kälbern ohne Beeinträchtigung der Absorption der kolostralen Antikörper verabreicht werden. Allerdings muß bei einer Eipulververgabe mit der ersten Tränke auch mit einer Absorption von aviären Dotterantikörpern gerechnet werden.
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 190-197 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verzehrserhebungen ; Nationale Verzehrsstudie ; Lebensmittelverzehr ; internationaler Vergleich von Verzehrserhebungen ; Dietary surveys ; national food consumption study ; food intake ; international comparison of dietary surveys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Referring to the data of the National Food Consumption Study in Germany and the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, this article compares the food intake of German and British adults. Such a comparison is possible because both studies have mainly the same methodology. The comparison of the food intake of German and British adults points out food groups which Germans consume inhigher amounts than British people do. To this category belong meat products and sausages, eggs, cheese and cottage cheese, butter, fat for cooking and salad oil, bread and pastries, vegetables, fruit, preserves and soft drinks. The Germans consumeless meat, fish and fish products, milk and milk products, pasta, rice and miscellaneous cereals, potatoes, sugar, sweets and tea than the British people do. The consumption of fruit products, alcoholic beverages and coffee is nearly the same in Germany and Great Britain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie und des „Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults“ wird der Lebensmittelverzehr der Erwachsenen in Deutschland und Großbritannien verglichen. Dies ist möglich, weil die Methodik weitgehend übereinstimmt. Beim Vergleich des Lebensmittelverzehrs von Deutschen und Briten fallen Lebensmittel auf, von denen die Deutschenmehr zu sich nehmen als die Briten. Dazu gehören Fleisch- und Wurstwaren, Eier, Käse und Quark, Butter, Speisefette und -öle, Brot und Backwaren, Gemüse, Obst, Marmelade/Konfitüre und alkoholfreie Getränke. Die Deutschen nehmen dagegenweniger Fleisch, Fisch und Fischwaren, Milch und Milchprodukte, Nährmittel, Kartoffeln, Zucker, Süßwaren und Tee zu sich als die Briten. Beim Konsum von Obstprodukten, alkoholischen Getränken und Röstkaffee herrschen nur geringfügige Unterschiede zwischen Deutschen und Briten.
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  • 4
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 206-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fischöl ; Olivenöl ; Überernährung ; Sauen ; Energiebilanz ; Thermogenese ; Gaswechsel ; Fish oil ; olive oil ; overfeeding ; sows ; energy balance ; thermogenesis ; gaseous exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A trial on total metabolism was conducted in eight nonpregnant, nonlactating sows over eight periods, each of 16 days duration, to measure potential fatty acid induced thermogenesis. During the first and last experimental periods, the animals received a basal ration which just covered the energy maintenance requirement. In the second to seventh periods supplements of olive oil, fish oil, or puffed wheat starch as reference nutrient were added to the diet in random sequence at two levels up to 50 % above the maintenance requirement. All rations were calculated with reference to the sows' initial weight and remained quantitatively unchanged throughout the experiment. The animals were fed twice daily. During each metabolism period a complete energy balance was assessed for all sows by means of collection technique (feed, feces, urine), and 48-h measurements of the gas exchange in a respiration chamber. The sows' body mass increased linearly during the course of the experiment by 5.8 kg per period. The three supplement types had no influence on the animals' final body weight, wich averaged 205.5 kg with the starch supplement, 204.8 kg with olive oil, and 205.8 kg with fish oil. Energy digestibility (DE/GE) was 100 % for all three supplements, and metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) one percentage point less. Carbon and energy depositions showed a pronounced linear relationship to the level of supplementation and were also influenced by the type of supplement. Heat production was 20.9 MJ/d after feeding the basal ration alone and, taking the average of the two supplementation levels, 21.6 MJ for the starch supplement, 21.0 MJ for olive oil, and 20.6 MJ for fish oil. The relationship between energy deposition and the supply of ME resulted in regression coefficients of 0.9 MJ/MJ after feeding starch and 1.0 MJ/MJ after feeding the two oils. It can be concluded from these results that supplementation of the diet with fat containing mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids above the energetic maintenance requirement under conditions of severely restricted movement (respiration chamber) has no influence on thermogenesis and consequently causes a deposition of energy equivalent to the amount supplied with the dietary fat.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Messung einer fettsäureninduzierten Thermogenese wurde ein Gesamtstoffwechselversuch mit 8 nichtgraviden, nichtlaktierenden Sauen über 8 Perioden von jeweils 16 Tagen Dauer durchgeführt. Die Tiere erhielten in der ersten und letzten Versuchsperiode eine den energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf deckende Grundration. In Periode 2 bis 7 wurden in zufälliger Reihenfolge Olivenöl, Fischöl bzw. als Referenznährstoff Weizenquellstärke in jeweils 2 Mengenstufen bis 50 % über das Erhaltungsniveau zugelegt. Alle Rationen wurden aufgrund der Anfangsmasse der Sauen eingestellt und über den gesamten Versuch in unveränderter Menge beibehalten. Die Fütterung erfolgte zweimal täglich. Von allen Tieren wurde in jeder Stoffwechselperiode eine vollständige Bilanzmessung mit Sammeltechnik (Futter, Kot, Harn) und 48stündiger Messung des Gaswechsels in der Respirationskammer durchgeführt. Die Körpermasse der Sauen stieg im Versuchsablauf linear um 5,8 kg je Zulageperiode an. Die drei Zulagearten hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Körpermasse der Tiere, sie wogen im Mittel bei Stärkezulage 205,5 kg, bei Olivenöl und Fischöl 204,8 bzw. 205,8 kg. Die Verdaulichkeit der Energie (DE/GE) betrug bei allen drei Zulagen 100 %, die Umsetzbarkeit der Energie (ME/GE) einen Prozentpunkt weniger. Der Kohlenstoffund Energieansatz zeigte eine ausgeprägte lineare Abhängigkeit zur Zulagenhöhe sowie einen signifikanten Effekt der Zulagenart. Die Wärmebildung betrug bei alleiniger Fütterung der Grundration 20,9 MJ und im Mittel der beiden Zulagestufen bei Stärkefütterung 21,6 MJ und bei Olivenöl und Fischöl 21,0 bzw. 20,6 MJ/d. Die Abhängigkeit des Energieansatzes von der Zufuhr an ME ergab Regressionskoeffizienten von 0,9 MJ/MJ bei Verabreichung von Stärke und 1,0 MJ/MJ bei Fütterung der beiden Öle. Aus den Ergebnissen ist zu folgern, daß eine Zulage von Fetten mit einfach oder mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren über dem energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf unter der Bedingung stark eingeschränkter Bewegungsaktivität (Respirationskammer) keinen Einfluß auf die Thermogenese und somit einen energetischen Ansatz entsprechend der zugeführten Energie des Nahrungsfettes bewirkt.
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  • 5
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iod ; Uriniod ; Quotient Uriniod/Urinkreatinin ; Iodresorption ; Iodbioverfügbarkeit ; Nahrungsiod ; Iodine ; urinary iodine ; quotient iodine in urine/creatinine in urine ; iodine absorption ; iodine bioavailability ; alimentary iodine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The standard food for our volunteers, prepared in the central kitchen of the University Hospital of Tuebingen, consisted of breakfast, warm lunch and cold supper and contained, on average, approximately 230 µg of iodine/day. It is generally assumed that an equilibrium is established between iodine intake from food and urinary iodine excretion. Hence, the amount of iodine excreted with the urine within 24 h may reflect the daily ingestion of iodine. The fecal iodine losses are considered negligible. The alimentary iodine supply from food of our clinic would meet the WHO recommendations of 〉150 µg/day to prevent iodine-deficiency goiters. In 27 healthy volunteers the daily uptake of iodine was determined and the urinary excretion of iodine within 24 h was measured. Unexpectedly, only 16 % to 18 % of the alimentary iodine were excreted with the urine. Hence, the utilization of iodine from the food appears to be limited and therefore cannot prevent goiters in goiter areas. In addition, it was found that the correlation between urinary excretion of iodine and urinary excretion of creatinine is not a reliable parameter for the real daily excretion of iodine and iodine balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verpflegung (Frühstück, Mittagessen und Abendessen) aus der Zentralküche des Universitätsklinikums in Tübingen enthält durchschnittlich 230 µg Iod/Tag. Bei Personen, die täglich an dieser Verpflegung teilnehmen, stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Iodaufnahme und renaler Iodausscheidung ein. Die Iodausscheidung über die Faeces gilt als vernachlässigbar. Die in unserer Klinikverpflegung angebotene Iodmenge entspricht dem von der WHO geforderten Angebot von 〉150 µg Iod/Tag, um endemische Strumen zu verhindern. Bei 27 gesunden Probanden wurden die tägliche Iodaufnahme und die zugehörige Ausscheidung von Iod im 24-h-Urin ermittelt. Dabei zeigte sich überraschend, daß vom angebotenen Iod nur 16 % bis 18 % mit dem Urin ausgeschieden wurden. Das mit der Nahrung angebotene Iod steht offenbar dem Organismus nur begrenzt zur Verfügung und kann Strumen in Iodmangelgebieten nicht verhindern. Der Bezug der Uriniodausscheidung auf das Kreatinin liefert nur einen groben Parameter für die tägliche Iodausscheidung und für die Iodbilanzierung.
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Auswahl von Mahlzeiten ; Einschätzung von Mahlzeiten ; Gesundheitswert ; Entwicklungsstand ; Ernährungserziehung ; Selection of meals ; estimation of meals ; value of health ; age differences ; education of nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With regard to the reported knowledge concerning the health value of food in 9–10-year-old children (DGE, 1984) the question arose of whether this knowledge is also valid if pupils have to evaluate meals. Twenty-seven photos of meals (9 each of breakfast, lunch and supper) were presented to 252 children of the age groups 6–7, 9–10 and 12–13 years. By means of these photos, they were requested to organize their meals for 3 days. Subsequent to this procedure the children were asked to evaluate the meals with regard to their health value. The presented meals were classified by five experts of nutrition as more healthy, indifferent and less healthy. The results showed an improved selection of more healthy meals with increasing age. Likewise, the selection of meals for lunch and supper was better than the one for breakfast. There were no differences between boys and girls and children with and without experience of dieting. The evaluation of more healthy and less healthy meals demonstrated an improvement with increasing age. In contradiction to these results, children within all age groups showed a very low level of estimation (10 %) for indifferently classified meals and this level did not improve with increasing age. The results were discussed concerning the establishment of an appropriate education of nutrition with regard to the developmental stage and the emotional and motivational engagement of the children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die relativ gute Bewertung einzelner Nahrungsmittel durch 9–10jährige Kinder (DGE, 1984) stellte sich die Frage, ob dieses Wissen gleichfalls für die Einschätzung von Mahlzeiten gilt. 252 Kinder der Altersgruppe 6–7 Jahre, 9–10 Jahre und 12–13 Jahre wurden daher 27 Fotos von Mahlzeiten (je 9mal Frühstück, Mittagessen und Abendbrot) vorgelegt. Die Kinder wurden aufgefordert, ihre Mahlzeiten auf der Basis der vorgelegten Fotos für 3 Tage zusammenzustellen. Danach wurden die Kinder befragt, wie sie die Mahlzeiten bezüglich ihres Gesundheitswertes einschätzen würden. Die vorgelegten Mahlzeiten waren von 5 Experten zuvor als „eher gesund“, „mittelmäßig gesund“ und „eher ungesund“ eingestuff worden. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine häufigere Auswahl „eher gesunder“ Mahlzeiten mit ansteigendem Alter hin. Die Auswahl für das Mittagessen und das Abendbrot war unter dem Aspekt des Gesundheitswertes in allen Altersstufen besser als die Auswahl für das Frühstück. Es zeigten sich keine deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen Jungen und Mädchen und Kindern mit und ohne Diäterfahrung. Die Einschätzung der „eher gesunden“ bzw. „eher ungesunden“ Mahlzeiten verbesserte sich gleichfalls mit zunehmendem Alter. Andererseits fand sich bei der Einschätzung der als „mittelmäßig gesund“ eingestuften Mahlzeiten ein recht niedriges Niveau in der richtigen Einschätzung (etwa 10 %) auf allen 3 Altersstufen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit gegenwärtigen und künftigen Maßnahmen in der Ernährungserziehung diskutiert, wobei aufgrund der Ergebnisse Entwicklung und Motivation und die emotionalen Bedürfnisse der Kinder stärker zu berücksichtigen sind.
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  • 7
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 166-166 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin C ; Vitamin E ; β-Carotin ; antioxidative Vitamine ; Vitaminaufnahme ; Augenlinse ; Katarakte ; Alter ; Vitamin C ; vitamin E ; β-carotene ; antioxidant vitamins ; vitamin intake ; ocular lens ; cataracts ; elderly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Senile cataract indicates the opacity of ocular lenses occuring in old and especially in very old people. Lens proteins are extremely long-living and often show oxidative damages. Aging and smoking appear to be the greatest risk factors for the development of lens opacities. The sufficient antioxidant protection of young lenses decreases with the aging process. Consequently, the importance of other protective factors increases. Nutritional factors, particularly vitamins with antioxidant properties, may influence the development of senile cataracts in the ocular lens. Meanwhile an association between the supply with vitamin C, E and β-carotene and the risk of cataract development was demonstrated in animal studies and also in an increasing number of epidemiological studies. These epidemiological studies mainly support the hypothesis that higher vitamin intakes reduce the risk of developing cataracts in old age. The antioxidant properties of the named nutrients give a plausible explanation for the mechanism of cataractogenesis. On the basis of the present data definitive recommendation, necessary for cataract prevention can not yet be established. Some results seem to support higher recommendations. At the moment several large human intervention trials are carried out. Form these studies a further confirmation of the antioxidant hypothesis and of a dose-response-relationship are expected.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die senile Katarakt ist eine im Alter und besonders häufig im hohen Alter auftretende Trübung der Augenlinsen. Die extrem langlebigen Linsenproteine weisen häufig oxidationsbedingte Schädigungen auf. Altern und Rauchen erscheinen als die größten Risikofaktoren für eine Kataraktbildung. Während junge Augenlinsen in der Regel über eine ausreichende antioxidative Schutzkapazität verfügen, nimmt diese mit dem Alter ab. Damit wächst die Bedeutung anderer Schutzfaktoren. Nahrungsfaktoren, besonders Vitamine mit antioxidativen Eigenschaften, schützen möglicherweise vor einer Bildung von senilen Katarakten in den Augenlinsen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Versorgung mit Vitamin C, E und β-Carotin und dem Kataraktrisiko konnte in tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen aufgezeigt und inzwischen auch in einer wachsenden Zahl epidemiologischer Studien nachgewiesen werden. Die bisher vorliegenden epidemiologischen Studien unterstützen mehrheitlich die Hypothese, daß erhöhte Vitaminaufnahmen das Risiko einer Kataraktbildung reduzieren. Die antioxidative Wirkung der genannten Nährstoffe liefert eine plausible Erklärung für den Mechanismus der Kataraktgenese. Es fehlen aber noch Studien, aus denen sich die für eine Prävention notwendigen Vitaminmengen ableiten lassen. Einige Untersuchungsergebnisse sprechen möglicherweise dafür, daß diese über den bisher geltenden Empfehlungen liegen. Zur Zeit werden verschiedene, große Interventionsstudien durchgeführt, die eine weitere Absicherung der Antioxidanshypothese und von Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen erwarten lassen.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 240-242 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodine ; iodized salt ; canteen ; lunch meals ; sodium chloride ; Jod ; jodiertes Speisesalz ; Großküche ; Mittagessen ; Natriumchlorid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In zwei Universitäts-Großküchen, die für die Nahrungszubereitung jodiertes Speisesalz immer (Mensa A) oder nie (Mensa B) verwendeten, wurden 15 möglichst gleiche Mittagessen gesammelt und auf ihre Gehalte an Jodid und NaCl analysiert. Bei durchschnittlich ähnlichem Kochsalzgehalt enthielt das Essen in Mensa A im Mittel 6,1 µg I/100 g ww (8,5 µg I/g NaCl) mehr Jod als in Mensa B. Die Gesamtjodaufnahme mit einem durchschnittlichen Mittagessen in Mensa A betrug demnach 56,5±24,1 µg (Mensa B: 17,0±9,9 µg). Dem Einsatz von jodiertem Speisesalz in der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung scheint somit eine wichtigere Rolle auf dem Weg zu einer ausreichenden Jodaufnahme zuzukommen als bisher angenommen wurde.
    Notes: Summary In each of two university canteens differing in the use (canteen A) or non-use (canteen B) of iodized salt for food preparation, 15 mostly equal lunch meals were collected for iodide and NaCl analysis. With similar NaCl content, the meals of canteen A contained on average 6.1 µg I/100 g ww (8.5 µg I/g NaCl) more I than the meals of canteen B. Total I intake by consumption of an average meal of canteen A was estimated as 56.5±24.1 µg (canteen B: 17.0±9.9 µg). Consequently, the use of iodized salt in central catering seems to play a more important role in a sufficient I intake than assumed so far.
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  • 10
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 284-292 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Human placenta ; brush border membrane ; alanine transport ; group specific reagents ; SH-groups ; Alanintransport ; menschliche Plazenta ; Kinetik ; gruppenspezifische Reagentien ; SH-Gruppen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Transportsysteme in der apikalen Zellmembran der Syncytiothrophoblasten der Plazenta sind für den Nährstoff-transport aus dem mütterlichen Kreislauf in den fetalen Stoffwechsel von elementarer Bedeutung für Wachstum und Entwicklung des Fötus. Die Carriersysteme für Aminosäuren limitieren dabei die Versorgung des Fötus mit essentiellen und nicht essentiellen Aminosäuren. An isolierten Bürstensaummembranvesikeln (BBMV) reifer menschlicher Placenta haben wir die Aufnahme von neutralen Aminosäuren am Beispiel von Alanin charakterisiert. Darüber hinaus wurden durch den Einsatz gruppenspezifischer Reagentien wichtige Aminosäureseitengruppen der entsprechenden Transportproteine identifiziert. Die Alaninaufnahme in die BBMV wird durch zwei sättigbare Carriersysteme mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften vermittelt. Neben einem elektrogenen Na+-abhängigen System, das auch Gln, meAIB und Met transportiert, existiert ein Na+-unabhängiges System, das kein meAIB, dafür aber zusätzlich Leu und Tyr transportiert. Beide Transportsysteme haben gleiche Affinitätskonstanten (Km-Werte) für Alanin (0,45±0,06 mmol/l). Das Na+-abhängige System transportiert Alanin mit einer 1:1 Stöchiometrie mit Na+-Ionen und weist eine 3fach höhere maximale Transportgeschwindigkeit auf. Durch Einsatz gruppenspezifischer Reagentien wurden freie SH-Gruppen in den beiden Carriern identifiziert, die für die Funktion von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Durch Oxidation und Rückreduktion der SH-Gruppen konnte die Transportleistung der Carrier reversibel verändert werden. Da die modifizierenden Reagentien die SH-Gruppen auch in Gegenwart der Substrate blockierten, ist zu vermuten, daß die wichtigen SH-Gruppen nicht in der Substratbindungsstelle der Transportproteine liegen.
    Notes: Summary We have determined the kinetic characteristics of alanine transport into brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of human full term placenta and identified functional groups of the carrier proteins that are important for transport function. Alanine influx into BBMV was found to be mediated by two transport systems with different kinetic features and distinct substrate specificities. An uphill operating electrogenic Na+-dependent contransport system could be kinetically separated from a Na+-independent facilitated diffusion system. The Na+-dependent transporter mediates Na+-alanine cotransport with a 1:1 flux coupling ratio (Hill coefficient 1.13±0.12) and a Km for alanine of 0.45±0.06 mmol/l. Halfmaximal stimulation of Na+-dependent alanine influx was observed at a Na+ concentration (NaCl) of 51.4±1.3 mmol/l. A variety of group specific reagents were used to identify functional groups in the transport proteins. Only compounds reacting with SH-residues (NEM, DTNB, PCMBS) or NH2-groups (PITC) were found to affect Na+ dependent and Na+ independent alanine transport. The EC50 value for inhibition of alanine influx by PCMBS was 450±48 µmol/l. Chemical modifications of SH-groups by PCMBS caused a significant reduction (p〈0.005) in the Vmax for Na+-dependent alanine influx from 0.57±0.06 to 0.16±0.05 nmol·mg protein−1·10s−1 without affecting significantly the Km value. Inhibition by PCMBS was reversed by treatment of BBMV with DTT. When the substrate binding site of the transporter was protected by alanine or leucine, PCMBS still blocked transport function, indicating that the cruical SH groups are not located within the substrate binding site of the transport proteins.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Sardinen ; Diäten mit Cholesterol bereichert ; Cholesterolspiegel ; Serumtriglyceride ; Olivenöl ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Fried sardines ; cholesterol-enriched diets ; serum cholesterol ; serum triglycerides ; olive oil ; sunflower oil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of diets containing olive-oil-fried sardines (diet 1) or sunflower-oil-fried sardines (diet 3) upon the serum cholesterolraise induced by dietary cholesterol was studied after a 4-week experiment in growing Wistar rats. Results of diet 1 were compared to those obtained in diets containing casein plus olive oil (diet 2), whereas results of diet 3 were compared to those obtained with casein plus sunflower oil (diet 4). All diets contained cholesterol and bovine bile as a cholesterol-raising agent. The hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary cholesterol in fried-sardine groups (a total cholesterol (TC) increase of 0.9 mmol/L (p〈0.05 and 0.4 mmol/L (not significant) in groups 1 and 3, respectively) was markedly lower than in groups 2 and 4 (a TC increase of 13.9 mmol/L (p〈0.01) and 18.2 mmol/L (p〈0.01), respectively). Serum triglyceride levels decreased in fried-sardine diets (p〈0.05) while they increased in casein diets (p〈0.05). HDL-cholesterol levels appear lower in diet 1 than in diet 2 (p〈0.05), but similar in diets 3 and 4. However, HDL-fraction carries in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, 13 %, 4 %, 53 % and 5 % of TC, respectively. Results showed that fried-sardine diets exert a powerful check effect on the cholesterol-raising effect induced by dietary cholesterol.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Versuchen von 4 Wochen Dauer wurde der Einfluß cholesterolangereicherter Diäten, die in Olivenöl (Diät 1) oder in Sonnenblumenöl (Diät 3) gebratene Sardinen enthielten, auf die Erhöhung des Cholesterolspiegels bei wachsenden Wistar Ratten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse von Diät 1 wurden mit denen von Diät 2 (Kasein plus Olivenöl) und die Resultate von Diät 3 mit denen von Diät 4 (Kasein plus Sonnenblumenöl) verglichen. Alle Diäten enthielten Cholesterol und Rindergalle als cholesterolerhöhende Agentien. Der hypercholesterolämische Effekt war in den Diäten mit den gebratenen Sardinen (eine Erhöhung des Cholesterolspiegels (TC) von je 0.9 mmol/L (p〈0.05) und 0.4 mmol/L (nicht signifikant) in den Gruppen 1 und 3) auffallend kleiner als in den Kontrollgruppen 2 und 4 mit Kasein (eine Erhöhung des TC von je 13.9 mmol/L (p〈0.01) und 18.2 mmol/L (p〈0.05)). Die Serumtriglyceride fielen bei Aufnahme der Sardinen (p〈0.05) und stiegen bei Aufnahme der Kasein-Diäten (p〈0.05). Das HDL-Cholesterolgehalt war niedriger mit Diät 1 als mit Diät 2 (p〈0.05) aber ähnlich bei den Diäten 3 und 4. Die HDL-Fraktion betrug in den Diäten 1, 2, 3 und 4 je 13 %, 4 %, 53 % und 5 % des TC. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Diäten mit gebratenen Sardinen eine große Hemmwirkung auf den cholesterolerhöhenden Effekt des Cholesterols haben.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Selen ; Glutathion-Peroxidase ; Schilddrüsenhormone ; Thyroxin ; Triiodthyronin ; Typ-I-Deiodase ; Selenium ; glutathione peroxidase ; thyroid hormones ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; type-I-deiodinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In an experiment with 72 male weanling Sprague Dawley rats the effect of varying selenium intake on parameters of thyroid hormone metabolism was investigated. The animals were divided into 6 groups. One of the groups was fed a semi-synthetic diet based on casein which was poor in selenium (38 µg/kg). The other groups were fed the same diet supplemented with Na2SO3·5H2O to achieve a selenium concentration of 50, 100, 300, 600 and 3 000 µg/kg. The experiment lasted 40 days. Different selenium intake had no effect on food intake, weight gain, hematological and selected clinical-chemical parameters. Determination of glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration of serum showed a selenium deficiency in animals fed the diet not supplemented with selenium. Serum T3 concentration and hepatic type-I-deiodinase activity were decreased in the group without selenium supplementation in contrast to the groups fed diets adequate in selenium (100, 300 µg/kg). A diet supplementation of 50 µg/kg already increased hepatic type-I-deiodinase activity to levels of the groups fed diets adequate in selenium. In groups supplemented with 600 and 3 000 µg/kg diet, serum T3 concentration was reduced by half of groups fed diets adequate in selenium. Supplementation with 3 000 µg Se/kg lowered the type-I-deiodinase activity in contrast to groups fed diets adequate in selenium, but not significantly. Serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were not changed by various selenium intake. The results of this investigation show an alteration in thyroid hormone metabolism at low selenium intake as well as at high selenium intake.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen einer unterschiedlichen Selenversorgung auf Parameter des Stoffwechsels der Schilddrüsenhormone sollten in einem Versuch mit 72 männlichen wachsenden Sprague Dawley Ratten untersucht werden. Die Tiere wurden in 6 Gruppen eingeteilt, wovon eine Gruppe eine selenarme halbsynthetische Diät auf Caseinbasis mit einem Se-Gehalt von 38 µg/kg erhielt. Die übrigen Gruppen erhielten die selbe Diät, die durch Zulage von Na2SO3·5H2O auf Selengehalte von 50, 100, 300, 600 und 3 000 µg/kg gebracht wurde. Die Versuchsdauer betrug 40 Tage. Die unterschiedliche Zufuhr von Selen hatte keinen Einfluß auf Futteraufnahme, Entwicklung der Lebendmasse, hämatologische und ausgewählte klinisch-chemische Parameter. Ein Selenmangel bei der Gruppe, die die nicht supplementierte Basisdiät erhalten hatte, konnte anhand der Aktivität der Glutathion-Peroxidase und der Selenkonzentration im Serum diagnostiziert werden. Beide Parameter stiegen ab einer Se-Zulage von 300 µg/kg noch an, allerdings geringfügig. Die Konzentration von T3 im Serum und die Aktivität der Typ-I-Deiodase in der Leber der Gruppe ohne Selenzulage war im Vergleich zu den bedarfsgerecht (100, 300 µg/kg) versorgten Gruppen vermindert. Bereits eine Selenzulage von 50 µg/kg Diät konnte die Aktivität der Typ-I-Deiodase auf die Werte der bedarfsgerecht versorgten Gruppen mit 100 und 300 µg Selenzulage anheben. Bei den Gruppen mit 600 und 3 000 µg/kg Diät Selenzulage war die Konzentration von T3 im Serum im Vergleich zu den bedarfsgerecht versorgten Gruppen auf etwa die Hälfte reduziert. Durch die Selenzulage von 3 000 µg/kg Diät war die Aktivität der Typ-I-Deiodase gegenüber den bedarfsgerecht versorgten Gruppen vermindert, die Verminderung war jedoch nicht statistisch signifikant. Die Konzentrationen von T4 und fT4 waren durch die unterschiedliche Selenzufuhr kaum verändert. Die Untersuchung zeigt insgesamt, daß sowohl unzureichende als auch über den Bedarf hinausgehende Selenzufuhr zu Veränderungen im Stoffwechsel der Schilddrüsenhormone führt.
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 30-31 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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  • 16
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Taurine ; plasma ; whole blood ; depletion ; supplementation ; Taurin ; Plasma ; Gesamtblut ; Taurinmangel ; Supplementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die Beziehung zwischen der Taurinkonzentration in Plasma und Gesamtblut unter normalen physiologischen Bedingungen bei Menschen und bei Katzen sowie nach oraler Taurinsupplementierung beim Menschen und nach taurinfreier Fütterung bei Katzen. Beim Menschen betrug die durchschnittliche Taurinkonzentration im Plasma 44±8 µmol/L und im Gesamtblut 222±35 µmol/L. Unter diesen „physiologisch normalen“ Bedingungen bestand zwischen der Taurinkonzentration in Plasma und Gesamtblut keine Korrelation (r=0.092). Die Plasmataurinkonzentration stieg nach oraler Taurinsupplementierung beim Menschen rasch an bzw. fiel schnell nach taurinfreier Ernährung bei Katzen ab. Die Taurinkonzentration im Gesamtblut war dagegen mehr inert und änderte sich erst nach anhaltender Taurinzufuhr beim Menschen bzw. nach andauerndem Taurinmangel bei Katzen.
    Notes: Summary In the present study the relationship between plasma and whole blood taurine was examined under normal physiological circumstances in humans and cats. In addition, the effect of taurine supplementation on plasma and whole blood taurine was evaluated in humans and the depletion of taurine pools after a taurine-deprived diet was studied in cats. The normal plasma taurine concentration in humans was 44±8 µmol/L and the whole blood taurine concentration was 227±35 µmol/L. Under normal physiological conditions plasma and whole blood taurine were not correlated (r=0.092). Plasma taurine responded rapidly to dietary supplementation in humans or the taurine depletion in cats. In contrast, the whole blood taurine pool was more inert and varied only under extremes of depletion (cats) or sustained taurine supplementation.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Strontium ; oraler Strontium-Test ; Calcium ; Absorption ; gesunde Probanden ; Strontium ; oral strontium test ; calcium ; absorption ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intestinal strontium absorption has been discussed recently as an indirect measure for calcium uptake. Prerequisite for the clinical use of an oral strontium test is the availability of a reliable procedure including controlled strontium supply, sample pretreatment and analysis as well as the assessment of normal values. In the present study, a group of young females (n=33; 24.0 ± 2.7 y; BMI 21.5 ± 1.9) received an oral dose of 2.27 mmol strontium in a standardized breakfast that contained 0.625 mmol calcium. Before and 220 min after the bolus serum strontium concentrations were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (coefficient of variation: within day 4.8 %, n=10; day-to-day 9.5 %, n=8). The error of the method was 2.7 %. Calculation of the fractional strontium absorption rate considered the respective distribution volume (extracellular fluid; either estimated using body weight or determined by means of bioimpedance analysis [BIA]). Average absorption rates were 13.3 ± 3.1 % and, considering BIA measurement 13.6 ± 2.6 %, respectively. Smoking, exercise and, use of oral contraceptives showed no effects. Our oral strontium test is characterized by excellent reliability, easy handling and low costs and, thus, is suitable for routine use.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Erfassung der Strontiumabsorption wird heute als indirektes Verfahren zur Beurteilung der intestinalen Calciumabsorption diskutiert. Voraussetzung für die klinische Anwendung ist ein vertrauenswürdiges Testverfahren inclusive kontrollierter Strontiumgabe, Probenaufarbeitung und -analyse sowie die Erfassung von Normalwerten. Für unsere Studien wurde ein Kollektiv junger Frauen (n=33, 24,0 ± 2,7 Jahre; BMI 21,5 ± 1,9) herangezogen. Die Probandinnen erhielten eine Bolusgabe von 2,27 mmol Strontium zusammen mit einem Standardfrühstück (ca. 0,625 mmol Calcium). Vor und 220 min nach der Bolusgabe erfolgte die Bestimmung des Serum-Strontiumgehaltes mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie. Der Variationskoeffizient der Methode lag innerhalb eines Tages bei 4,8 % (n=10) und von Tag zu Tag 9,5 % (n=8). Der Fehler der Methode betrug 2,7 %. Die Berechnung der fraktionellen Strontiumabsorptionsrate erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung des entsprechenden Verteilungsraumes (Extrazellulärflüssigkeit; Schätzverfahren über Körpergewicht bzw. Bioimpedanz-Analyse [BIA]). Die Strontiumabsorptionsrate lag im Mittel bei 13,3 ± 3,1 %, unter Berücksichtigung der BIA-Werte bei 13,6 ± 2,6 %. Rauchen, sportliche Aktivität bzw. Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva zeigten keinen Einfluß. Das hier vorgestellte Testverfahren ist aufgrund seiner hohen Vertrauenswürdigkeit und relativ einfacher Handhabung für Routine-untersuchungen geeignet.
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Amylin ; food intake ; vagotomy ; circadian effect ; rat ; Amylin ; Futteraufnahme ; Vagotomie ; zirkadiane Effekte ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das aus dem Pankreas stammende Peptid Amylin (1 µg/kg) reduzierte nach intraperitonealer (IP) Injektion die kumulative Futteraufnahme bei Ratten, denen vor der Injektion das Futter für 24 h entzogen worden war bzw. bei Ratten, denen Futter ad lib. zur Verfügung stand, für bis zu 4 h. Der Effekt trat zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten des Tag/Nacht-Zyklus (Beginn der Dunkelphase, Mitte der Dunkelphase, Beginn der Hellphase) auf. Der verzehrsreduzierende Effekt von IP verabreichtem Amylin wurde zu keinem dieser Zeitpunkte durch subdiaphragmatische Vagotomie aufgehoben. Vagotomie führte eher zu einer Verstärkung des verzehrsreduzierenden Effekts von Amylin, und zwar nach einem 24stündigen Futterentzug bei Injektion zu Beginn der Hellphase oder in der Mitte der Dunkelphase. Im Unterschied zu früheren Untersuchungen mit älteren Ratten konnte ein verzehrsreduzierender Effekt von Amylin auch bei Ratten beobachtet werden, denen vor der Injektion das Futter nicht entzogen worden war. In Ergänzung früherer Befunde zeigen also die Ergebnisse, daß der verzehrsreduzierende Effekt von IP verabreichtem Amylin zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten ausgelöst und durch subdiaphragmatische Vagotomie nicht aufgehoben werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic peptide amylin (1 µg/kg) injected intraperitoneally reduced cumulative food intake for up to 4 h in food-deprived (24 h) and non-deprived rats at various times of the day, i.e., at dark onset, in the middle of the dark phase, and at light onset. At none of these times did subdiaphragmatic vagotomy abolish the anorectic effect of amylin. Rather, vagotomy enhanced, by unknown mechanisms, amylin's anorectic effect in food-deprived rats at light onset and in the middle of the dark phase. In contrast to previous studies with older rats, amylin's anorectic effect was also observed when injected into nondeprived rats. The findings of the present study extend previous reports in that amylin's anorectic effect, not being abolished by abdominal vagotomy after intraperitoneal injection, can be elicited at different times of the day.
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 236-239 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verpflegungsplanung ; Krankenhausverpflegung ; Diabetesdiät ; Speisenauswahl ; wissensbasiertes System ; Menu planning ; hospital menu ; diabetes diet ; food selection ; knowledge-based system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Menu planning in hospitals is a complex decision problem. Patients expect the menu plan to be healthful and in accordance with their nutritional habits. Furthermore, the menu plan must conform to capacity limits of the kitchen. In this paper we present an approach to computerized food selection and menu composition. The model is based on nutritional knowledge, which is represented in the computer and used for problem solving.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Planung einer Krankenhausverpflegung stellt sich als komplexes Entscheidungsproblem dar. Die Verpflegung soll der Gesundheit der Patienten zuträglich sein, deren Ernährungsgewohnheiten entsprechen und im Rahmen der Küchenkapazität hergestellt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird am Beispiel der Diätverpflegung für Diabetiker ein computerunterstütztes Modell vorgestellt, das den Entscheidungsträgern im Krankenhaus Hilfestellung bei der Auswahl der Speisen und deren Zusammenstellung zu Menüs bietet. Die Planung erfolgt auf der Basis ernährungs- und haushaltswissenschaftlichen Fachwissens, das im Computer abgebildet und zur Problemlösung genutzt wird.
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  • 20
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 32-33 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 34-34 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 95-112 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungsgeschichte ; Nahrungsgewohnheiten ; Ernährungspolitk ; Lebensmittelverfälschungen ; Lebensmittelrecht ; Food history ; food habits ; food policy ; food adulterations ; food legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During the last two decades, there has been an increasing movement in Germany to protect the natural environment from dangerous substances. This has renewed a growing common interest in government food control. This contribution ask the question of how this food legislation as a part of the general food and health policy in Germany came into being, and which promoting as well as inhibiting determinants in this scope could be observed. These statements are based partly on results of a project of the German National Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) in which the author investigates the change of food habits under the impact of industrialization and urbanization since the last century in a larger historical perspective and in a quantitative and qualitative manner with the help of current sources.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten in Deutschland angewachsene Bewegung zum Schutz der natürlichen Ressourcen und der verstärkten Reinerhaltung der Umwelt vor gefährlichen Schadstoffen hat auch die staatliche Lebensmittelüberwachung wieder stärker in den Brennpunkt des öffentlichen Interesses gerückt. Der Beitrag geht der bisher nur unzureichend behandelten Frage nach, wie diese gesetzliche Lebensmittelkontrolle als Bestandteil staatlicher Ernährungs- und Gesundheitspolitik in Deutschland entstanden ist und welche beschleunigenden und hemmenden Determinanten es dabei gegeben hat. Die Ausführungen basieren auf Teilergebnissen eines neuen Projekts der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, mit dem der Verfasser den Wandel der Nahrungsgewohnheiten unter dem Einfluß der Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung seit dem vorigen Jahrhundert erstmals im größeren historischen Zusammenhang anhand der überlieferten zeitgenössischen Quellen quantitativ wie qualitativ analysiert.
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fischöl ; Hyperlipoproteinämie ; Omega-3-Fettsäuren ; Triglyzeride ; Vitamin E ; Fish oil ; hyperlipoproteinemia ; omega-3 fatty acids ; triglycerides ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 56 patients with HLP (40 with hypertriglyceridemia and mixed HLP respectively and 16 with hypercholesterolemia), changes in the lipid state and in the parameters of the antioxidative potential before and after a 4-week olive-oil phase, and after 8-, 20-and 32-week intakes of salmon-oil capsules were determined. The treatment with salmon-oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and mixed HLP respectively, on the other hand, it led to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. The increase of malondialdehyde as measure of lipid peroxidation in both patient groups underlines the necessity of a substitution of antioxidants. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fishoil capsules can be recommended, expecially to avoid side-effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 56 Patienten mit HLP (40 Hypertriglyzeridämie bzw. mixed HLP und 16 mit Hypercholesterinämie) wurden Veränderungen im Lipidstatus und bei Parametern des antioxidativen Potentials vor und nach einer vierwöchigen Olivenölphase und nach 8, 20 und 32 Wochen Einnahme von Lachsölkapseln ermittelt. Die Behandlung mit Lachsöl führte bei Patienten mit Hypertriglyzeridämie/mixed HLP zu einer Senkung der Triglyzeride, dagegen bei Hypercholesterinämie zu einer Zunahme des Cholesterins. Die Erhöhung des Malondialdehyds als Maß für die Lipidperoxidation in beiden Patientengruppen unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit einer Substitution mit Antioxidantien. Vor einem breiten Einsatz von Fischölkapseln sind allerdings weitere Untersuchungen, nicht zuletzt zur Verringerung der Nebenwirkungen, erforderlich.
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  • 24
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fischöl ; Olivenöl ; Sauen ; Energiebilanz ; Thermogenese ; Gaswechsel ; Fish oil ; olive oil ; sows ; energy balance ; thermogenesis ; gaseous exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An animal model experiment was conducted with nine adult sows to study the effect of olive oil and fish oil (40 % polyunsaturated fatty acids) on thermogenesis compared to wheat starch as control. The treatments were given to each animal according to a latin square design. The basal diet (20 g DM/kg W0.75) was mainly based on barley and soybean meal, and matched 60 % of the ME requirements with all the other nutrients meeting maintenance requirements. The isoenergetic supplements amounted to 176 kJ gross energy per kg W0.75 and day. During each experimental period a complete energy balance was recorded for each animal using indirect calorimetry technique (RQ-method) as well as the carbonnitrogen-balance technique. The treatments did not influence the digestibility of the rations. Digestibility of energy and of carbon averaged 83.4 % and 83.3 %, respectively. All three supplements were nearly completly digested as calculated by the difference method. Fish oil increased urine energy and decreased CH4 production, the shifts, however, were in absolute terms very small. The mean O2 consumption was 1 002 l/d showing no significant treatment effects. CO2 production was lowered with olive oil by 10 %, and with fish oil by 13 % compared to the starch diet. The daily heat production was 20.95, 20.72, and 20.04 MJ when starch, olive oil or fish oil was given. Corrected for equal energy retention the difference of thermogenesis between olive oil and starch was −0.4 MJ/d, and between fish oil and starch −1.2 MJ/d. These differences corresponded to a relation of starch:olive oil:fish oil=1:0.95:0.86. The relation between starch and olive oil reflected exactly the theoretical expectation, calculated from the ATP regeneration by oxidation of both nutrients. When fish oil was added, the daily heat production was lower than theoretically calculated, which might be interpreted as an effect on the metabolic rate in general rather than especially on the efficiency of ATP formation from fish oil oxidation. In any case, there was no hint of a facultative thermogenesis induced by the oils.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der kalorimetrischen Bilanztechnik wurde an 9 Sauen nach dem Schema eines lateinischen Quadrates die Wirkung von Olivenöl und Fischöl im Vergleich zu Weizenquellstärke auf die Thermogenese im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel gemessen. Die zu prüfenden Nährstoffe wurden einer Basisration (20 g TM/kg W0,75) zugelegt, die auf 60 % des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs an umsetzbarer Energie ausgerichtet war. Die isoenergetischen Zulagen betrugen jeweils 176 kJ Bruttoenergie/kg W0,75. Von allen Tieren wurde in jeder Stoffwechselperiode eine vollständige Energiebilanz erfaßt. Die Versuchsbehandlung hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Verdaulichkeit der Rationen. Die mittleren VQ-Werte der Gesamtration betrugen 83,4 % für Energie und 83,3 % für Kohlenstoff. Die Energieverdaulichkeit der Zulagen betrug in allen Fällen um 100 %. Fischöl erhöhte signifikant die Harnenergie und verminderte die CH4-Bildung im Vergleich zu den beiden anderen Rationen. Allerdings waren diese Veränderungen absolut gesehen nur minimal. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch betrug im Mittel 1002 l/d und zeigte keine Behandlungsdifferenzen. Die CO2-Abgabe war bei Verabreichung von Olivenöl um 10 % und bei Fischöl um 13 % signifikant niedriger. Die tägliche Wärmebildung betrug 20,95, 20,72 bzw. 20,04 MJ bei Fütterung der Rationen mit Stärke, Olivenöl bzw. Fischöl. Auf der Basis gleicher Energieretention verglichen, betrug der Unterschied in der Thermogenese zwischen Olivenöldiät und Stärkediät −0,4 MJ/d, der zwischen Fischöldiät und Stärkediät −1,2 MJ/d. Dies entsprach einer Relation von Stärke:Olivenöl:Fischöl=1:0,95:0,86. Das Verhältnis zwischen Stärke:Olivenöl widerspiegelte genau die theoretische Erwartung aufgrund der ATP-Regenerierung durch Oxidation dieser beiden Nährstoffe. Fischöl (ca. 40 % mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren) wies eine tendenziell niedrigere Thermogenese als theoretisch erwartet auf, was möglicherweise auf einer entsprechenden Absenkung des Erhaltungsumsatzes beruhte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die verwendeten Öle keine fakultative Thermogenese induzierten.
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Validation ; 24-hour recall questionnaire ; dietary survey ; energy intake ; nutrient intake ; food intake ; Validierung ; 24-hour-recall-Fragebogen ; Ernährungserhebung ; Energieaufnahme ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Nahrungsaufnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Arbeit war, die relative Validität eines selbstgeführten 24-hour-recall-Fragebogens zu untersuchen, der in einer Ernährungserhebung mit 3 653 weiblichen und männlichen Erhebungsteilnehmern im Alter ab 7 Jahren eingesetzt wurde. Die Validierung wurde an einer Gruppe von 41 Männern durchgeführt. Ein 3-Tage-Protokoll diente als Referenzmethode. Der Vergleich des 24-hour-recall-Fragebogens mit dem 3-Tage-Protokoll erbrachte gute Übereinstimmung. Mittels des Wilcoxon matched-pairs ranked signs test (p〈0.05) konnten nur für die absoluten Energie- und Kohlenhydrataufnahmen sowie für die Protein-Nährstoffdichte signifikante Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Die prozentuale Verteilung der Energie auf die Hauptnährstoffe und Alkohol differierte um maximal 2,4 %. Der mediane prozentuale Unterschied in der absoluten Nährstoffaufnahme und der Nährstoffdichte lag zwischen −9 und 22 %. Die tägliche Nahrungsaufnahme war nur für 3 von 10 Lebensmittelgruppen signifikant verschieden. Die Spearman rank Korrelationskoeffizienten betrugen für alle Nährstoffdichten mehr als 0,35. Die höchsten Korrelationskoeffizienten um 0,60 wurden für die Alkoholund Nahrungsfaseraufnahme beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der 24-hour-recall-Fragebogen eine valide Methode zur Schätzung der medianen und mittleren Nahrungs-und Nährstoffaufnahme von großen Gruppen ist.
    Notes: Summary This study investigated the relative validity of a self-administered 24-h recall questionnaire in a dietary survey on 3 653 men and women 7 years of age and older. The validation was carried out in a group of 41 men. An estimated dietary record kept over 3 days served as reference method. Comparison of the questionnaire and the estimated 3-day record showed good agreement. The Wilcoxon matchedpairs ranked signs test (p〈0.05) demonstrated that the only differences were the crude energy and carbohydrate intake and the estimated nutrient density of protein. The estimated proportion of calories from carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol differed by no more than 2.4 %. The median percentage differences in crude nutrient intakes and nutrient densities between the two assessment techniques ranged from −9 % to 22 %. The daily food intake differed significantly in only three of ten food groups. Spearman's correlation coefficients were higher than 0,35 for all density measurements. The highest correlation coefficients of about 0.60 were observed for alcohol and dietary fiber intake. It is concluded that the self-administered 24-hour recall questionnaire is a valid method for estimating the median and mean dietary intake of large groups of subjects.
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 198-205 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Forelle ; Tocopherol ; Phyllochinon ; Antioxidans ; Lipidstabilität ; Trout ; tocopherol ; phylloquinone ; antioxidant ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rainbow trouts were fed a complete diet with 12 mg vitamin K3 and supplemented with 20, 200 or 2 000 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl-acetate/kg for 18 weeks. The ratio of the vitamin E-supplementation was 1 : 10 : 100. Fillets were minced and stored at −18 °C. Concentrations of α-tocopherol and phylloquinone and parameters of lipid peroxidation were measured after 4, 6, and 8 months of storage. The effects of α-tocopherol incorporated into fillets on storage stability were assessed by measuring free fatty acids, peroxides, malondialdehyde and lipofuscin. Mean α-tocopherol-concentrations in fillets were 1.4, 2.7 and 16.3 mg/100 g, respectively representing ratios of 1 : 2 : 12. The increase in α-tocopherol concentration resulted in a significant improvement of storage stability. The phylloquinone concentration in fillet was reduced in treatments with ≥200 mg vitamin E/kg; however, this did not affect the prothrombin time. No peroxides were detectable at any time. The concentrations of malondialdehyde significantly decreased with increasing supplementation of vitamin E. Lipofuscin concentrations were higher with low than with high vitamin E supplementation. The dose-related inhibition of lipid peroxidation became apparent in decreased concentrations of the free fatty acids in the crude fat. These results confirm the effectiveness of α-tocopherol as antioxidant in fish flesh. In this study the incorporation of α-tocopherol from dietary supplementation improved the long-term storage quality of trout fillets due to the effective inhibition of the lipid peroxidation. A measurable improvement of the storage stability was achieved with a supplementation of 200 mg vitamin E/kg feed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Filet von Forellen, die 18 Wochen lang ein Futter mit 12 mg Menadion/kg und mit drei im Konzentrationsverhältnis von 1 : 10 : 100 gestaffelten Dosierungen von all-rac-α-Tocopherylacetat (20, 200 und 2 000 mg/kg) erhalten hatten, wurde homogenisiert und bei −18 °C gelagert. Nach Lagerung über 4, 6 und 8 Monaten wurden die Konzentrationen an α-Tocopherol und Phyllochinon sowie von freien Fettsäuren, Peroxiden, Malondialdehyd und Lipofuszin als Parameter der Lipidperoxidation analysiert. Die mittleren α-Tocopherolgehalte betrugen 1,4; 2,7 und 16,3 mg/100 g Filet, entsprechend einem Konzentrationsverhältnis von etwa 1 : 2 : 12. Der dosisabhängige Anstieg bewirkte eine deutliche Verbesserung der Lagerstabilität. Die hohen Dosen an Vitamin E führten zu abnehmenden Gehalten an Phyllochinon im Fischmuskel, die ohne Einfluß auf die Prothrombinzeit waren. Die dosisabhängige Hemmung der enzymatisch katalysierten Fettoxidation spiegelte sich in abfallenden Gehalten an freien Fettsäuren im Rohfett wider. Peroxide waren an keinem Untersuchungstermin nachweisbar. Die Gehalte an Malondialdehyd sanken mit zunehmender Supplementierung von Vitamin E signifikant ab. Derselbe Einfluß zeigte sich bei Lipofuszin. Die Anreicherung der Filets mit α-Tocopherol nach Supplementierung des Futters begünstigte eine längerfristige Qualität bei Gefrierlagerung infolge einer effektiven Hemmung der Lipidperoxidation. Bereits mit der Dosierung von 200 mg α-Tocopherylacetat/kg Futter konnte im Vergleich zur Dosierung von 20 mg/kg eine meßbare Verbesserung der Lagerstabilität erzielt werden.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ω-3 Fettsäuren ; Kolonkarzinom ; Diät ; Fett ; Lipoproteine ; ω-3 fatty acids ; colonic neoplasms ; diet ; fat ; lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Several studies indicated a protective effect of fish oil on colon carcionogenesis which might be due to alterations in prostaglandin E2 synthesis of the colonic mucosa. Additional effects on fecal bile acid excretion may also play a role since especially secondary bile acids are known to act as promotors in colon cancer development. In the present study possible influences on bile acid excretion were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers whose daily diet was supplemented for 4 weeks with 11 g of fish oil (FO) and corn oil (CO) per day, respectively. Fecal bile acids were analyzed by gas-liquid-chromatography. Fecal excretion of total bile acids was not different during the periods of FO and CO-supplementation (301.9 vs. 320.3 mg/day). However, a non-significant trend to a lower daily excretion of the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid was found after FO compared to CO-ingestion (99.6 vs. 109.4 mg/day; p=0.22). Since secondary bile acids are known promotors of colon carcinogenesis, these findings may implicate a favorable situation with respect to colon cancer prevention.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Studien weisen auf einen protektiven Effekt von Fischöl bei der Kolonkarzinomentstehung hin. Mögliche Einflüsse auf die muscosale Prostaglandin-E2-Synthese wurden hierbei als Wirkungsmechanismus beschrieben. Zusätzliche Effekte auf die fäkale Exkretion von Gallensäuren könnten ebenso von Bedeutung sein, da insbesondere sekundäre Gallensäuren als Promotoren bei der Kolontumorentstehung angesehen werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde bei 12 gesunden Probanden der Effekt einer täglichen Supplementierung mit 11 g Fischöl (FO) bzw. Maiskeimöl (MO) über jeweils 4 Wochen zusätzlich zu einer fettreduzierten Basiskost (30 % der Gesamtenergie als Fett) auf die fäkale Exkretion von Gallensäuren untersucht. Die Analyse des fäkalen Gallensäurenspektrums erfolgte gaschromatographisch. Die Gesamtausscheidung an Gallensäuren war unter FO nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen unter MO (301,9 vs. 320,3 mg/Tag). Unter FO ergab sich jedoch eine tendenziell niedrigere Exkretion der sekundären Gallensäure Lithocholsäure als unter MO (99,6 vs. 109,4 mg/Tag, p=0,22). Da sekundäre Gallensäuren als ein wesentlicher Promotor der Kolonkarzinogenese angesehen werden, sind diese Veränderungen positiv im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Kolonkarzinomprävention zu werten.
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 243-244 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 245-251 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Deep-fat frying ; sunflower oil ; column and HPSE chromatographies ; color index ; acid value ; UV absorption ; Ölbad-Fritierung ; Sonnenblumenöl ; Säulen- und HPSE-Chromatographie ; Farbindex ; Säurezahl ; Refraktionsindex ; UV-Absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chemische und physikalische Standardkennzahlen, wie zum Beispiel der Refraktions-und Farbindex, die Säurezahl und der K270-Wert, wurden mit den Gehalten an polaren Verbindungen sowie spezifischen thermooxidativen und hydrolytischen Fettbestandteilen verglichen, die in einem Sonnenblumenöl, das 75 mal zum Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war, entstanden sind. Der Farbindex, die Säurezahl, der K270-Wert und der Gehalt an polaren Verbindungen stiegen signifikant (p〈0,05) nach 30 Fritierungen. Anschließend stabilisierten sich die drei letztgenannten Indices. Der Inhalt an polymeren Verbindungen und Triglyceridendimeren stieg signifikant nach 30 Fritierungen an (p〈0,05), während die oxidierten Triglyceride keine signifikante Steigerung aufwiesen. Der Gehalt an Diglyceriden und freien Fettsäuren, als Maß der hydrolytischen Vorgänge, zeigte während des Fritierprozesses keine signifikante Veränderung. Die signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen der Säurezahl und dem Gehalt an polaren Verbindungen, den dimeren und polymeren Triglyceriden und den oxydierten Triglyceriden, zwischen dem Farbindex und dem Gehalt an polaren Verbindungen und polymeren Triglyceriden, oder zwischen dem K270-Wert und den polymeren Triglyceriden zeigen, daß diese einfachen Standard-Methoden benutzt werden können und genauso nützlich sind wie mehr spezifische Methoden zur Bewertung von Fritierprozessen, wenn man die Ausgangswerte aller dieser Indices kennt.
    Notes: Summary Standard chemical and physical indexes, such as color index, acid value, and K270 were compared with the polar content and the specific thermoxidative and hydrolytic compounds originated during 75 potato fryings with sun-flower oil. The color index, acid value, K270 and total polar content showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after the first 30 fryings, followed by a tendency of the last three indexes to reach a near-steady state. Triglyceride polymers and triglyceride dimers showed a significant increase (p〈0.05) after 30 fryings, while the oxidized triglycerides were not increased significantly after 30 fryings. The amount of diglycerides and free fatty acids related to hydrolytic alteration did not change significantly throughout the frying operations. The significant correlations between acid value and total polar content, triglyceride dimers, triglycerides polymers and oxidized triglycerides, or between color index and polar content and triglyceride polymers or between K270 and triglyceride polymers indicate that these simple and standard methods can be applied and they are as useful as more specific methods of evaluation in the monitoring of frying operations, provided that initial values of all of these indexes are available.
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  • 31
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Enamel ; Etch ; Laser ; Acid ; Nd-YAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Acid etching is regarded as one of the main means of providing additional retention in aesthetic dentistry. Alternative methods of achieving bonding to tooth tissue which have been proposed include laser etching. Conflicting results on bond strength to enamel have been reported for laser etching. Here the tensile bond strength of composite resin to acid- and laser-etched enamel was measured and the topographical differences between the surfaces were evaluated using the scanning electron microscope. The laser used was a pulsed Nd-YAG laser at 10 pulses per second with a pulse length of 150μs, 80mJ pulse−1, 1.064μm wavelength. The results obtained indicate that the bond strength of laser-etched enamel was significantly lower than that of acid-etched enamel. In this study the difference may be attributable to the chromophore used. Variations in the rate of traverse of the laser tip across the surface did not appear to produce significant alterations in the bond strength.
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  • 32
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Embryonal carcinoma ; F9 cells ; Laser ; Hyperthermia ; Nigericin ; Acidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate how acidosis affects the sensitivity of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to conventionally induced hyperthermia and Nd-YAG laser-induced laserthermia. Nigericin, a polyether ionophore, was used to reduce the intracellular pH to 6.8, while the control cells were maintained at a physiological pH of 7.4. Acidosis increased the heat sensitivity significantly. After the water bath only 75% of the acidotic F9S1 cells were viable, whereas all of the control cells at pH 7.4 survived. When the laser was used, the difference was even more pronounced. Only 9% of the acidotic cells were viable after a 2-min treatment and 0.2% after a 4-min treatment. At physiological pH a 2-min treatment left 41% of the cells viable and a 4-min treatment 2%. This study showed that laserthermia is significantly more effective in killing cells with low intracellular pH than it is in killing cells with normal intracellular pH. The core of a tumour is often acidotic and thus radioresistant. It is suggested that laserthermia could be a good choice when treating acidotic radioresistant cancer cells, and its effect as an adjuvant to radiation therapy should be investigated.
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  • 33
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Diode lasers are now capable of delivering up to 60 W of power down thin optical fibres, and their medical applications have increased considerably over the past 5 years. Most of the recent experimental and clinical work has been performed using the 805 nm diode laser wavelength, which is more heavily absorbed and is less penetrating than the 1064 nm Nd-YAG wavelength in most tissues. In contact and non-contact mode, the overall tissue effects from the diode laser are similar to the Nd-YAG laser, but with interstitial therapy the 805 nm wavelength produces significantly greater necrosis than the 1064 nm wavelength. Experimental work has established the effectiveness of the diode laser and clinical work has confirmed its suitability for a wide variety of procedures. Diode lasers have the major advantages of being small, compact, portable, efficient, easy to use and virtually maintenance free; they are likely to replace more cumbersome lasers for many medical applications.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Transmyocardial revascularization ; Lasers ; Coronary artery disease ; Ischaemia ; Tissue hibernation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) is a puncture technique proposed as a solution for patients with coronary artery disease who cannot be efficiently treated with the standard revascularization procedures such as bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The studies presented in this review have investigated the use of lasers to revascularize ischaemic myocardium. Needle puncture methods are also briefly described. The results from experimental studies are not conclusive but the encouraging clinical reports raise further questions about the mechanism of angina relief.
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  • 35
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Copper vapour laser ; Electron microscopy ; Illumination time ; Numerical modelling ; Optimal treatment ; Port-wine stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the electron microscopy results obtained from two patients who were treated with 5 W of yellow (578 nm) light from a copper vapour laser with an illumination time of 3.6 ms and a 0.3 mm spot diameter. The endpoint of treatment was transient blanching. Following treatment, erythema was observed. There was minimal damage to the epidermis and non-vascular tissue such as the nerve fibres. There was severe damage to the endothelial cells of the ectatic vessels. Twenty-four hours after treatment, platelet activation and collagen were present, indicating that these vessels were no longer viable. Theoretical calculations are used to determine the flow of heat within and away from a 50μm diameter vessel. From this, heating of the entire vessel is shown to occur with illumination times of 4 ms, with minimal heating of the non-vascular tissue. Shorter illuminations do not heat the entire vessel, while the use of longer illumination times will cause excessive damage to the surrounding non-vascular tissue. Illumination times close to 4 ms must be regarded as optimal.
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Larynx ; Oval cavity ; Light dose rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to treat early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx while preserving normal tissue. However, normal tissues retain the photosensitizing agents and may be activated by high light fluence and dose rates resulting in normal tissue necrosis. The effects of varying dose rates of light delivery on various tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract have not been evaluated to date and are necessary to determine a ‘therapeutic light dose range’ that will result in selective tumour necrosis. Thirty adult mongrel dogs received intravenous Photofrin, 2 mg kg−1, 48 h prior to PDT treatment. Photodynamic therapy was administered to the tongue, buccal mucosa and larynx with a microlens fibre and implantable cylindrical diffuser at various dose rates from 20 to 125 J cm−2 at 150 mW cm−2. At the same dose rate of light delivery, the tongue was the most sensitive organ, followed by the buccal mucosa, and last by the larynx. The differential tissue effect of identical dose rates of therapy must be taken into account when administering PDT so that selective tumour necrosis with normal tissue preservation may be achieved. This study indicates the need to perform evaluations of the effect of PDT on other tissue types in an animal model with each new photosensitizer prior to administering PDT to those areas in humans.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nerve conduction ; Laser therapy ; Skin temperature ; Biostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of low-intensity near-infra-red laser irradiation (820 nm; 1.5 and 9.0 J cm−2; pulsed at 12 Hz, 73 Hz and 5 kHz) upon peripheral neurophysiology and skin temperature were investigated using antidromic conduction studies in the human median nerve in vivo. Healthy human volunteers (n = 90) were recruited and allocated randomly to either a control group (n=10) or one of eight experimental groups (two radiant exposures, 1.5 J cm−2 and 9.0 J cm−2 at one of three pulse repetition rates, 12 Hz, 73 Hz or 5 kHz, in addition to a placebo group for each radiant exposure;n = 10 all groups). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in skin temperature following irradiation at the lowest radiant exposure (1.5 J cm−2) combined with pulse repetition rates of 73 Hz and 5 kHz, with the greatest effect at 73 Hz. These changes in skin temperature were coupled with increases in negative peak latency (NPL); ie changes in NPL were inversely related to changes in skin temperature. However, in contrast to the authors' previous findings using continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation, differences in NPL were not found to be significant. These findings, therefore, provide little evidence of the neuro-physiological effects of low-intensity infra-red irradiation at the dosage levels and pulse repetition rates used here.
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  • 38
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Blood flow pulsatility ; Human infants ; Laser Doppler velocimetry ; Retinal blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present study was conducted to assess the feasibility of laser Doppler velocimetry in young infants, as a prelude to ultimately undertaking such measurements in premature infants. A portable, unidirectional laser Doppler velocimeter was developed based on a Kowa RC-2 hand-held fundus camera. Six infants between 1 and 21 weeks of age were studied. Relative red blood cell velocity (δfmax) at the centre of retinal arteries was measured over approximately 10 heart cycles. A pulsatility parameter (P=1−δfmax.dia/δfmax.sys), a summary index of vascular status, was determined from the average diastolic and systolic values of δfmax. Velocity waveforms were obtained in four of the six infants. Arterial pulsatility for the group was 0.63±0.13. Precise non-invasive measurement of arterial red blood cell velocity waveforms in young infants was achieved. The high signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution of this data suggest that relative measurements of retinal blood flow may permit assessment of haemodynamic changes in premature infants.
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Light dosimetry ; Fibre optic probes
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the calibration of fibre optic probes used to perform in vivo light dosimetry studies during the treatment of skin lesions by photodynamic therapy. Results from six individual detectors show that the linearity of the calibration and the calculated radiant energy fluence rate within a liquid phantom are independent of the type and sensitivity of the probe. The method of calibration is also shown to yield the optical interaction coefficients of the phantom.
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of therapeutic lasers depends on four basic laser-tissue interactions; photothermal, photochemical (PDT), mechanical and ablative. There is no place for mechanical and ablative interactions in oncology; PDT will be the subject of a further review and the subject of this review is therefore the photothermal reaction. Thermal lasers have been in routine use in oncology for the last 10–15 years. These lasers, emitting in the visible or infra-red parts of the spectrum, are used to produce three basic effects; hyperthermia, coagulation and vaporization. Other energy sources beside lasers can also be used to produce these tissue effects but lasers seem to possess certain basic advantages. In comparison with monopolar or bipolar diathermy and heater probes, lasers can deliver more power, more accurately at the target tissue with better control of damage and a wider range of effects. In comparison with microwave and ultrasound therapy, lasers are again more precise and can be used with more compact and accurate delivery devices. In gastroenterological surgery (as opposed to endoscopy), neurosurgery and gynaecology, laser light can be delivered via a handpiece to cut and coagulate. In ENT and also some applications of gynaecology lasers can also be used via a microscope. In endoscopic surgery laser light is delivered through an optical fibre within the endoscope—this for the time being precludes the use of the CO2 laser for these applications. More recently, the laser fibre can be placed directly within tumour tissue for interstitial thermal therapy of liver metastases, pancreatic tumours and brain tumours. The future use of thermal lasers in oncology depends very much on the results of properly controlled comparative studies against PDT and non-laser thermal devices; in addition their use may well be widened to include some curative procedures; up until now their use has very much been restricted to palliative therapy except where they are used as an adjunctive cutting device alongside conventional curative surgery.
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  • 41
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Stomach ; Polyposis ; Nd-YAG laser ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen patients with gastric polyposis (113 polyps) were treated by endoscopic Nd-YAG laser irradiation. Among them there were five cases with adenomas, six with hyperplastic polyps and two with inflammatory polyps. Ninety-six polyps were 〈1 cm, 13 polyps were ⩾ 1 cm, and four polyps were ⩾ 2 cm. In the patient who had the largest number of lesions, 22 polyps were found at endoscopic examination. All but two patients were regularly followed up endoscopically for 2–5 years after treatment and showed no sign of recurrence. Mild bleeding occurred in three cases. No perforation or any other serious complications occurred. The results were encouraging. It is concluded that endoscopic Nd-YAG laser ablation of gastric polyposis is effective, simple to perform, safe and deserves recommendation.
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  • 42
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Granular cell tumours ; CO2 Laser treatment ; Electron microscopic examinations ; Tongue ; Larynx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Seven cases of granular cell Abrikossoff tumours of the larynx and tongue are reported: four in the tongue and three in the larynx. All of these tumours were removed with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The anatomical site of the origin and clinical features of granular cell tumours (GCT) are not specific. Histological, light microscopic, electron microscopic (EM) and immunohistochemical studies are required for diagnosis. The histogenesis and cellular derivation of GCTs is still controversial. The biological potential and lack of cellular atypia define a benign process. However, it is important to take into account that these tumours have ill-defined borders without a capsule. Radiation therapy has proved ineffective in the past. Surgical excision with a wide margin is required. Because of numerous advantages, for example, no bleeding, no oedema, minimal pain and quick recovery, CO2 laser removal is the treatment of choice. The authors have not seen any recurrence or complications.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Blood vessel ; Pulse duration ; Energy threshold ; Selective photothermolysis ; Monte Carlo ; Thermal diffusion ; Vascular injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo simulation of laser energy deposition in a port-wine stain (PWS) skin model and numerical solution of the thermal diffusion equation have been used to calculate threshold energies for thermal injury of PWS blood vessels for different vessel sizes and laser pulse durations. It has been assumed that an average vessel temperature rise of 65
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Radiation effects ; In vitro maturation ; In vitro fertilization ; HeNe laser irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the effects of low power laser irradiation on in vitro oocyte maturation rates and subsequent fertilization of immature bovine oocytes. Immature bovine oocytes from cows sacrificed at a slaughterhouse were irradiated with Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser) irradiation at an energy density of 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2. An oocyte group was left untreated, serving as control group. All oocytes were matured and fertilized in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS). Maturation and fertilization rates obtained in the irradiated oocytes group were lower (p〈0.001 andp〈0.05, respectively) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the laser-treated oocytes showed important degenerative changes on both cytoplasm and chromosomes in comparison with untreated control oocytes which showed a homogenous cytoplasm and disperse chromosomes. It is concluded that the application of HeNe laser irradiation at 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2 energy densities has a detrimental effect on in vitro maturation and fertilization process of immature bovine oocytes.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Laser ; Light source ; Murine tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a low cost, table-top/portable light source was tested against an argon ion pumped dye laser for in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT). The prototype delivers up to 1 W via a 4 mm flexible lightguide within a 30 nm bandwidth centred at any wavelength from 300 nm to 1200 nm at fluence rates of up to 8 W cm−2. An in situ bioassay using regrowth delay of tumour T50/80 was used to quantify the relative efficacy of the prototype with a laser. The tumours were sensitized with haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and externally irradiated. There was no significant difference in the response of the tumour to treatment between the two light sources (p = 0.69). Mean growth delays ranged from 2 days (light dose 10 J cm−2) to 20 days (light dose 100 J cm−2). The estimate for the difference in means (laser minus prototype growth delay) was only 0.66 days and was not statistically significant. This in vivo study demonstrates that the prototype is equivalent to a laser in PDT effect. The device has low capital/running cost, is simple to use and is one of the most powerful, spectrally efficient non-laser PDT sources available.
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  • 46
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Isotropic fibre optic light diffusers ; Construction of diffusers ; Quality assurance of diffusers ; Calibration of diffusers ; Goniometer ; Integrating sphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers are used in photodynamic therapy either as a light source or as a light detector. The construction of light diffusers using different materials is described, viz. an optical method involving local polymerization of a dental fissure sealant, which is referred to as the Henderson method, and a second method using plastic or ceramic pre-fabricated spheres. Quality tests necessary for reliable clinical use are presented for the mechanical strength, output power and isotropy. The maximum pull-off force and blow-off output power for the different kinds of diffusers were determined. The calibration procedures are given for measurement of the output power and wavelength of the light emitted by a diffuser and for measurement of the fluence rate by a light-detecting diffuser, using a compact integrating sphere device. With all types of diffusers described, an isotropy can be obtained of better than ± 20% measured over a 320° angle for spheres as small as ≈ 1 mm. Larger ceramic diffusers are particularly suitable for delivering high output powers. A 3-mm-diameter ceramic diffuser mounted on a 600-μm-core fibre can emit up to ≈ 5 W of continuous wave (CW) visible light in air. Diffusers used for light detection can measure the light fluence rate in tissue with ≈15% accuracy or better if calibration factors are determined for each individual probe.
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  • 47
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 155-155 
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  • 48
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    Keywords: Bone histology ; Holmium-YAG laser ; Infra-red lasers ; Laser surgery ; Photo ablation ; Otology ; Stapes ; Otosclerosis
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tissue micro-architecture and water content on ablation rates in bone is examined. Precisely machined and prepared porcine calvarial lamellar and cortical bone were ablated with a Holmium-YAG laser (λ=2.1Μm). Lamellar and cortical bone differ substantially in their tissue micro-architecture. Both are porous hard tissues, which differ predominantly in size and distribution of pores within the bone matrix. These hard tissues were ablated under physiological (wet) and chemically dehydrated conditions. The ablation rates over the range of energy densities examined assumes many linear characteristics. Ablation rate (as a function of fluence) is considerably higher for dehydrated cortical bone (4.7Μm cm2 J−1) compared to fresh cortical bone (1.49Μm cm2 J−1). This trend is also observed in lamellar bone (2.31Μm cm2 J−1 for wet and 0.37Μm cm2 J−1 for dry). Under both physiological and dehydrated conditions, cortical bone was ablated faster. Mechanisms accounting for these observations are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Hyperthermia ; Light penetration ; Temperature distribution ; Feedback control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A sapphire probe and a bare fibre were compared with respect to temperature control and distribution and light fluence in interstitial laser thermotherapy. Experiments were performed in processed liver using an Nd-YAG laser and output power levels of 1–4 W. The temperature was controlled at a distance of 10 mm using a feedback circuit with an automatic thermometry system and thermistor probes. With the sapphire probe, carbonization was rare at power levels of 1–2 W but was observed in half of the experiments at 3 W and in all experiments at 4 W. Using the bare fibre, carbonization was seen in almost all experiments. Absence of carbonization was associated with a moderate decrease in the penetration of light and excellent control of the temperature, whereas carbonization led to rapid impairment of light penetration and temperature control. In addition, the temperature gradient was smaller with the sapphire probe than with the bare fibre or when carbonization was absent. It is concluded that a diffuser tip, such as the sapphire probe, may be preferable to the bare fibre for interstitial laser thermotherapy because it gives a smaller temperature gradient and helps to avoid carbonization which results in preserved light penetration and improved temperature control.
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  • 50
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    Keywords: Laser scalpel ; Nd-YAG laser ; Wrist ganglion
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel laser scalpel, consisting of a clad conically-sculptured silica tip (core diameter: 600Μm; end diameter: 150Μm transmitting radiation from a 10 W CW Nd-YAG laser, was used for the excision of a dorsal wrist ganglion. The dynamic range of this instrument (17–57 kW cm−2) easily suffices for the cutting of soft tissues, which feature is combined with impressive haemostatic properties, thus obviating the need for tourniquet control. Morphological examination of the excised ganglion reveals a peripheral zone of heat-damaged collagenoius tissue containing vessel profiles which show signs of thermally-induced blood flow stasis.
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  • 51
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    Keywords: Chromosome ; Laser ; Image cytometry ; Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Microdissection
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser effects on human chromosomes have been studied with an image cytometer using an argon ion laser emitted beam at 488 nm, with a 50 mW power. The smallest laser spot was of 0.2Μm. Aiming of the laser beam was controlled by a computer. Irradiated and non-irradiated chromosomal fragments were analysed by measuring the fluorescence intensity of propidium iodide and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with fluorescein biotinylated Alu polymerase chain reaction products. No propidium iodide staining or FISH could be observed on irradiated chromosome fragments indicating total elimination of DNA by the laser beam. The non-irradiated fragments of chromosome showed Alu hybridization similar to control metaphase spreads, suggesting that the DNA structure remained intact. This methodological approach could be used to carry out precise and rapid microdissection of chromosomes.
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  • 52
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 287-289 
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome ; Haemodynamics ; Intra-uterine laser coagulation ; ND-YAG laser treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies have shown that laser therapy can reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse current treatment strategies using laser surgery, and to suggest ways in which fetal mortality may be further reduced.
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  • 54
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Female rats ; estradiol ; pituitary ; pars distalis ; TSH cells ; immunohistochemistry ; morphometry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Beta-thyrotropin (TSH)-producing cells in the pituitary pars distalis of female rats were studied using rabbit anti-rat beta-thyrotropin (TSH) serum and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical procedure. Animals were neonatally treated with 1 mg estradiol-dipropionate (EDP) and sacrificed at different stages of development up to adulthood. Intact females of the corresponding age served as the controls. Morphometry and stereology were used to evaluate the changes in TSH-cell number and volume densities of the cells and nuclei. All morphometric parameters examined in estradiol-treated animals showed a significant decrease in comparison with immunoreactive TSH cells of age-matched controls. The most prominent EDP-induced changes were evident in peripubertal 38-day-old rats, the number and volumetric densities of both TSH cells and their nuclei being reduced by about 90% compared to intact pituitary. This decrease in the number and volume densities of TSH cells in EDP-treated rats explicitly demonstrated that this hormone, applied neonatally, has an inhibitory effect on TSH-immunoreactive cells up to adulthood, in accordance with our earlier data obtained by light and electron microscopy.
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  • 55
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Gastrotricha ; DNA content ; genome size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cytofluorometric evaluation of nuclear DNA content was carried out on fifteen species of Gastrotricha. Genome size, ranging from 0.05 to 0.63 pg, appears uniform in this group and rather low compared to values found in other lower Metazoa. Differences in DNA content between the two orders of the phylum, Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida, which differ greatly in morphology and reproductive biology, are not evident. From these data, a polyploid condition of obligatory parthenogenetic Chaetonotida seems unlikely.
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  • 56
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 368-369 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Black-tailed deer ; Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ; (E)-3-tridecen-2-one ; antimicrobial activity ; interdigital gland
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (E)-3-tridecen-2-one, the major volatile component of interdigital gland extracts from the black-tailed deer,Odocoileus hemionus columbianus, inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The bacteria,Propionibacterium acnes, and the fungi,Trichophyton mentagrophytes had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively.
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  • 57
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 388-390 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Trematode ; Plagiorchiidae ; progenesis ; water fleas
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The trematode,Alloglossidium anomophagis sp. n. (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) exhibits progenesis in water fleas of the genusDaphnia (Anomopoda: Daphniidae) occurring in temporary rainwater-filled ditches near Houston, Texas, USA. We assume thatA. anomophagis has achieved its truncated life cycle by eliminating the vertebrate which originally served as the definitive host. The adults ofA. anomophagis represent the smallest trematodes in the family Plagiorchiidae, measuring less than 0.5 mm in length.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: N2O release ; activated sludge ; nitrification ; denitrification ; ozone destruction ; greenhouse effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Waste water purification is characterized by intensive mineralization and nitrification processes. Because of the high O2 demand, temporarily anaerobic conditions may be produced, and denitrification by nitrifying organisms as well as heterotropic denitrification may contribute to N2O release. In situ measurements (1993–1994) suggest that N2O is released from activated sludge in a domestic waste water treatment plant at an average rate of 1040 μg m−2h−1 with a range between zero and 6198 μg m−2h−1. The production of N2O seems to be related to the concentration of NO 2 − and NO 3 − as well as to the pH. In the waste water about 75–200 μg N2O l−1 is dissolved. This N2O is released after discharge into the receiving waters. The N2O is produced essentially by nitrification rather than by heterotropic denitrification. On a long-term scale the increasing use of mechanical-biological waste water purification plants world-wide may add increasingly to the anthropogenic production of N2O, although the present amount of N2O produced is negligible compared to its global terrestrial production.
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  • 59
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 437-453 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Food quality ; food quantity ; competition to cladocerans ; predation ; body size ; rmax/Ks-strategy ; bottom-up control ; top-down control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rotifers play an important role in many freshwater plankton communities. The populations are controlled from ‘bottom-up’ depending on different food quantities and qualities. As threshold food levels for rotifers are higher than for cladocerans they are often outcompeted when food concentrations are lowered by the clearance activity of cladocerans. Rotifers also are controlled from ‘top-down’ by predators, especially by copepods, by instars ofChaoborus and by predatory rotifers. Mechanical interference by daphnids is considered here as a special case of ‘predation’. Different defense mechanisms are discussed. At the cost of higher food concentrations (high Ks-food levels) rotifers may exhibit high maximum growth rates (rmax) and short times for their population development. This ability increases with rotifer body size. Within this taxonomic unity, therefore, different life history strategies have developed. These strategies may be characterized by the rmax/Ks-model presented.
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  • 60
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 482-497 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Freshwater pulmonates ; population genetics ; mating systems ; selfing ; phally ; polyploidy ; population structure ; colonization ; allozymes ; genetic markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Freshwater gastropods (Basommatophora and Prosobranchia) harbor a variety of mating systems. In particular, apomictic parthenogenesis in prosobranchs and self-fertilization in the hermaphrodite pulmonates may be viable alternatives to outcrossing sexuality in a number of species. The coexistence of different mating systems in extant populations provides opportunities to examine the forces directing their evolution. We review the models analyzing and predicting genetic variability in subdivided populations, with an emphasis on the effects of inbreeding. Population genetic data on freshwater pulmonates are examined in the context of selfing rates and the loss of variability under selfing. Furthermore, the genetic and demographic factors thought to influence mating system evolution are considered, and we highlight the different approaches available to estimate mating system parameters, in particular the selfing rate. Recent population biological studies on polyploid species (Bulinus truncatus, Ancylus fluviatilis) indicate that selfing is the predominant mating system. These studies have contributed to a deeper understanding of conceptual issues in the evolution of selfing rates. Throughout, we emphasize the need for further carefully designed studies.
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  • 61
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 556-560 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Camostate ; endocrine and exocrine pancreas
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that oral administration of camostate induces hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the rat pancreas. It is not clear, however, whether pancreatic hormone and enzyme secretion are affected by camostate treatment. In rats, daily administration of 200 mg camostate/kg b. wt for 14 days significantly increased pancreatic weight and pancreatic content of DNA, protein, amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin, as well as the amount of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. In the intact animal, blood glucose levels and serum concentrations of insulin and glucagon in response to an oral glucose load were not impaired after camostate treatment. In the isolated perfused pancreas, however, insulin and glucagon secretions were reduced, whereas somatostatin release was not affected. The volume of pancreatic juice produced by the unstimulated isolated perfused organ, as well as protein and enzyme secretion, were increased after camostate treatment. Likewise, the isolated perfused pancreas from camostate-treated rats secreted a larger volume of pancreatic juice and more protein in response to cholecystokinin (CCK), while enzyme secretion was affected in a non-parallel manner: amylase release was markedly reduced, lipase release was unchanged, and release of trypsin and chymotrypsin was increased.
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  • 62
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 577-584 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Tannic acid ; autophosphorylation ; insulin ; tyrosine kinase ; lipogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tannins occur naturally in relatively abundant amounts in fruits, herbal medicines and common beverages. Thus an understanding of how these polyphenols affect peptide hormone action is of importance. We report here that tannic acid (a hydrolysable tannin) inhibits insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in rat adipose tissue in vitro, with an IC50 estimated to be about 350 μM. However, its monomer, gallic acid, did not show a similar inhibitory effect at concentrations up to 1 mM. The inhibition by tannic acid was less evident with higher concentrations of bovine serum albumin in the incubation buffer. This was attributed to the formation of a tannin-protein complex between bovine serum albumin and tannic acid. In a binding assay, it was observed that the specific binding of insulin to its receptor was not inhibited by tannic acid in the concentration range 0–200 μM. However, insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and receptor-associated tyrosine kinase phosphorylation of RR-SRC peptide, were inhibited by tannic acid at concentrations as low as 25 μM. Our data do not support the current speculation that tannins affect the activity of peptide hormones by binding to them. Therefore, our finding opens up a new perspective in the understanding of the mode of action of tannins on such hormones.
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  • 63
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 596-600 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Tick ; Ornithodoros moubata ; ecdysteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the ingestion of some phytoecdysteroids were studied in the soft tickOrnithodoros moubata. Supernumerary moulting and malformations of first leg pairs were obtained with 22-oxo-20-hydroxyecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone-22-acetate, and 20-hydroxyecdysone-22-benzoate. Egg-yield was reduced with 20-hydroxyecdysone-22-acetate and carthamosterone. Finally, drying-out of eggs was observed with carthamosterone and 22-deoxy-20,26-dihydroxyecdysone. In addition, we demonstrated that there is a correlation between the number of completed gonotrophic cycles and the impossibility of inducing supernumerary moulting.
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  • 64
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 616-622 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: 70Z/3 pre-B cells ; poly-A addition site ; post-transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mouse pre-B cell line, 70Z/3, expresses multiple transcripts of the homeobox gene,HoxB5. We show here that this heterogeneity is due, at least in part, to the usage of alternative poly-A addition sites in the 3′ untranslated region (UT) of the primaryHoxB5 transcript. Furthermore, upon analysis of the subcellular distribution of the differentHoxB5 RNA species, we found that the transcripts are present mainly in the nucleus, with two-to-five-fold less RNA present in the cytoplasm. These studies suggest that multiple post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are involved in the expression ofHoxB5 RNA.
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  • 65
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ranunculus bulbosus ; gene flow ; pollen carryover ; neighbourhood area ; neighbourhood size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of gene flow has a major influence on the spatial scale of evolutionary processes. In plant populations pollen carryover will influence the pattern of gene flow. InRanunculus bulbosus L. pollen carryover was found to occur over a maximum of 5 flowers, with seed set per flower decreasing in a curvilinear fashion with increasing visit number in a sequence of visits by a bee after pollen pick-up from a donor plant. The effect of pollen carryover is to increase both neighbourhood area and neighbourhood size by two-fold.
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  • 66
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 465-481 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Natural interspecific hybridization ; introgression ; parthenogenesis ; life histories ; population genetics ; Daphnia longispina complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary process of interspecific hybridization in cladocerans is reviewed based on ecological and population genetic data. The evolutionary consequences of hybridization, biogeographic patterns and fitness comparisons are analyzed within the conceptual framework of theories on hybridization. Among species of theD. longispina complex no interpopulational transition zones (hybrid zones) have been detected, but rather patchy distributions of hybrids and parentals have been found. Hybrids occur across broad geographic ranges and can be more abundant than parental species. Due to asexual reproduction (ameiotic parthenogenesis), hybrid breakdown can be avoided, and hybrids can even (temporarily) combine advantageous traits of both parental species. Evolutionary consequences may arise from repeated backcrossing, which in some cases results in introgression and patterns of reticulate evolution.
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  • 67
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 703-709 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Geophysics ; geology ; natural radioactivity ; radiometry ; mining ; uranium ores ; radon ; disposal of radioactive waste
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    Notes: Abstract Almost simultaneously with Roentgen rays, natural radioactivity was discovered. Its investigation led to important fundamentals of the geosciences: petrophysics, terrestrial heat flow, isotope geology, and absolute geological chronology. In applied geophysics and geology, exploration of radioactive ores and of tectonic faults, and radiometric well loggings, are used. Production of radioactive water and mining for uranium ores are discussed, including their development (especially in the Saxon ore mountains) and the consequences on health (radon in underground air and houses). Disposal of radioactive waste is touched on briefly.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Hamsters ; L. donovani ; CDRI compound 86/450 ; muramyl dipeptide (MDP) ; sodium stibogluconate (SAG)
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    Notes: Abstract Several novel type of lipopeptides were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to stimulate non-specific resistance againstLeishmania donovani infection. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from young male hamsters treated with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and various synthetic lipopeptides (6 mg/kg i.p.) 7 days earlier, were cultured in vitro and challenged 24 h later withL. donovani promastigotes. One lipopeptide, Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) compound 86/450, exhibited significantly higher immunostimulatory activity than MDP. Its prophylactic activity was further confirmed in hamsters by giving 2 split doses of 3 mg/kg of the compound spaced at 2 weeks, i.e. on day −7 and +7 of challenge withL. donovani amastigotes. The prophylactic effect lasted for 7 days following the last treatment with compound 86/450. The antileishmanial action of sodium stibogluconate (SAG) was also found to be enhanced by 16% in hamsters primed with compound 86/450.
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  • 69
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 757-757 
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  • 70
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 849-850 
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) ; MBOCA-DNA adduct ; P450 2B5 ; P450 1A1 ; yeast
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    Notes: Abstract N-Oxidation of 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) may lead to formation of DNA adducts. To determine if cytochrome P450s are involved in the formation of MBOCA derived-DNA adducts, yeast strains expressing rodent P450s were exposed to MBOCA, and32P-postlabelling of nucleotides from yeast genomic DNA was done. Chromatographic analysis on PEI cellulose showed that, upon exposure to MBOCA for 1 h, nine DNA adducts were formed in yeast expressing phenobarbital-inducible rabbit P450 2B5. With a 4-h-exposure, all adducts increased in parallel. In cell-free experiments, the incubation of MBOCA with phenobarbital-induced rat microsomal fraction followed by incubation with thymus DNA, led to the formation of more than ten DNA adducts. When yeast expressing 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible rat P450 1A1 was exposed to MBOCA, one major and two minor adducts were formed. No adducts were detected in control yeast. These results show that recombinant rabbit P450 2B5 exhibits a potential activation of MBOCA and that rat P450 1A1 has some effect. The use of yeast expressing recombinant P450s and the technique of32P-postlabelling facilitates a simple search for chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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  • 72
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 762-764 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Blood flow rate ; laser Doppler flowmeter ; jejunal ischemia-reperfusion injury ; anesthetized rat
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    Notes: Abstract We examined changes in the blood flow rate in the course of jejunal ischemic injury using a laser Doppler flowmeter. For this purpose, we designed a sensor holding system, which involved the fixation of the sensor to the jejunum and allowed their movements to be synthronized. When the jejunum was reperfused after 10 min of ischemia, the blood flow rate markedly increased and then gradually decreased to the initial level. A 30-min period of ischemia produced the slowest recovery of the blood flow rate. This system could be useful for monitoring the blood flow rate in different anatomical regions.
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  • 73
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 775-779 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Escherichia coli GroEL ; hsp65 ; oral tolerance ; rheumatoid arthritis
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    Notes: Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSP) have been implicated in rodent models of autoimmunity, particularly arthritis, and there is suggestive though inconclusive evidence that they may also play a role in human autoimmune disease. The simplest hypothesis is based on molecular mimicry due to the amino-acid sequence homology between mammalian and microbial HSP. Recently OM-89, an extract of several strains ofEscherichia coli, has shown some efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when taken orally. Using species-specific antibodies, we show here that OM-89 contains the 65 kDa HSP (hsp65), while hsp65 was not detected in another bacterial extract containing other microorganisms, includingStaphylococcus aureus (OM-85). We suggest that if the human homologue of hsp65 is a relevant target antigen in the human disease, the efficacy of the preparation could be due to induction of oral tolerance or to switching the Th1 response towards Th2. Alternatively, even if the human hsp65 is not a target molecule in RA joints, OM-89 may evoke bystander suppression of joint inflammation via induction of TGFβ-secreting effector cells. These hypotheses should be tested in further studies.
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  • 74
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 799-803 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ileum ; basolateral membrane vesicles ; bicarbonate and chloride transport
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    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of HCO 3 − and Cl− transport across basolateral membranes from rat ileum were investigated in isolated vesicles by means of uptake experiments. Neither Cl−/HCO 3 − exchanger nor Na+−(HCO 3 − )n cotransport seem to be present in ileal basolateral membranes. Moreover Cl− uptake is unaffected bycis Na+ and/or K+ gradients, indicating the absence of Na+−Cl−, K+−Cl− and Na+−K+−2Cl− symport activity. An electrically conductive pathway seems to be responsible for both HCO 3 − and Cl− fluxes. Evidence is also given for the presence of a Na+/H+ exchanger at the basolateral pole of ileal enterocytes.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ca2+ mobilisation ; purinergic receptors ; nucleotide receptors ; sweat gland ; epithelial cells ; ionomycin ; Fura-2 ; horse
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    Notes: Abstract We have explored the properties of a Ca2+-dependent cell-signalling pathway that becomes active when cultured equine sweat gland cells are stimulated with ATP. The ATP-regulated, Ca2+-influx pathway allowed Sr2+ to enter the cytoplasm but permitted only a minimal influx of Ba2+. Experiments in which cells were repeatedly stimulated with ATP suggested that Sr2+, but not Ba2+, could become incorporated into the agonist-sensitive, cytoplasmic Ca2+ store. Further evidence for this was provided by experiments using ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore which has no affinity for Sr2+.
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  • 76
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 831-833 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; pesticide resistance ; selection ; neem ; azadirachtin
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    Notes: Abstract Two lines ofMyzus persicae of the same origin were treated repeatedlywith pure azadirachtin (aza), or a refined neem seed extract (NSE), at the equivalent concentration of aza. After 40 generations, the aza-selected line had developed 9-fold resistance to aza compared to a non-selected control line, whereas the NSE-selected line did not. These results suggest that a blend of active constitutents in a botanical insecticide such as neem might diffuse the selection process, mitigating the development of resistance compared to that expected with a single active ingredient.
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  • 77
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 851-852 
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  • 78
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 914-926 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cell-matrix interactions ; adhesion ; cytokines ; collagens ; proteoglycans ; tenascin ; laminin ; fibronectin ; cellular receptors
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    Notes: Abstract The bone marrow microenvironment plays an important role in promoting hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation and the controlled egress of these developing hematopoietic cells. The establishment of long-term bone marrow cultures, which are thought to mimic hematopoiesis in vitro, and various stromal cell lines has greatly facilitated the analysis of the functions of this microenvironment. Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of all three categories (collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) have been identified as part of this microenvironment and have been shown to be involved in, different biological functions such as cell adhesion and anti-adhesion, binding and presentation of various cytokines and regulation of cell growth. It is suggested that these matrix molecules in combination with cytokines are crucial for compartmentalization of the bone marrow. Although many cell adhesion molecules have been characterized on the surface of hematopoietic progenitor cells, the nature of cellular receptors for the ECM components is less well defined. During leukemia, many immature blood cells are released from bone marrow, but it is not yet known whether these abnormalities in hematopoiesis are also caused by an altered microenvironment or altered composition of its extracellular matrix. The elucidation of the involvement of specific ECM-isoforms and as yet not characterized ECM components and their receptors in the bone marrow will certainly help towards a better understanding of these phenomena.
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  • 79
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Syndecan ; heparan sulphate ; proteoglycan ; growth factor ; extracellular matrix ; differentiation ; tissue interaction
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    Notes: Abstract Syndecans are a family of integral membrane proteoglycans with conserved membrane-spanning and intracellular domains but with structurally distinct extracellular domains (ectodomains). They are known to function as heparan sulphate co-receptors in fibroblast growth factor signalling as well as to link cells directly to the extracellular matrix. These and other biological activities of syndecans involve specific interactions of the heparan sulphate side chains of syndecans with cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins. Four different vertebrate syndecans, designated as syndecans 1–4 (or syndecan, fibroglycan, N-syndecan and amphiglycan, respectively), are known. During embryonic development, syndecans have specific and highly regulated expression patterns that are distinct from the expression in adult tissue, suggesting an active role in morphogenetic processes. The developmental expression of syndecans is particularly intense in mesenchymal condensates and at epithelium mesenchyme interfaces, where a number of heparan sulphate-binding cytokines and matrix components are also expressed in a regulated manner, ofter spatially and temporally co-ordinated with the syndecan expression. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of heparan sulphate fine structure (mainly the number and arrangement of sulphate groups along the polymer) provides a mechanism for the cellular control of syndecan-protein interactions. Furthermore, morphogenetically active cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor-2 and transforming growth factor-β participate in the regulation of syndecan expression and glycosaminoglycan structure. This review discusses the developmental expression and binding functions of syndecans as well as the molecular regulation of specific heparan sulphate-protein interactions.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 883-900 
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    Keywords: Extracellular matrix ; intestine ; development ; differentiation ; interactions ; integrins ; hormones
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    Notes: Abstract Intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation are dependent on heterotypic cell interactions between embryonic epithelial cells (endoderm) and stromal cells (mesenchyme). Extracellular matrix molecules represent attractive candidates for regulators of these interactions. The structural and functional diversity of the extracellular matrix as intestinal development proceeds is demonstrated by 1) spatio-temporal specific expression of the classically described constituents, 2) the finding of laminin and collagen IV variants, 3) changes in the ratio of individual constituent chains, and 4) a stage-specific regulation of basement membrane molecule production, in particular by glucocorticoids. The orientation/assembly of these extracellular matrix molecules could direct precise cellular functions through interactions via integrin molecules. The involvement of extracellular matrix, and in particular basement membrane molecules in heterotypic cell interactions leading to epithelial cell differentiation, has been highlighted by the use of experimental models such as cocultures, hybrid intestines and antisense approaches. These models allowed us to conclude that a correct elaboration and assembly of the basement membrane, following close contacts between epithelial and fibroblastic cells, is necessary for the expression of differentiation markers such as digestive enzymes.
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  • 81
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 990-993 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pseudomonas syringae subsp.savastanoi ; ash ; ash bacterial canker ; phytohormones ; auxins ; cytokinins ; indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester ; dihydrozeatin riboside
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    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-acetic acid and its methyl ester have been isolated from cultures ofPseudomonas syringae subsp.savastanoi isolated from ash. However, typical strains produced only small amounts of the auxins, whereas relatively high amounts of the above phytohormones accumulated in the culture of an atypical strain. No cytokinins were isolated from cultures of the typical ash strains. Conversely, four cytokinins, namely dihydrozeatin and its 9-β-riboside,trans-zeatin riboside and its 1″-methyl derivative, were found in an atypical strain culture.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 994-998 
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    Keywords: Sexual receptivity ; sexual behavior ; juvenile hormone ; cockroach
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    Notes: Abstract Many animals exhibit specific behaviors associated with sexual receptivity only when they are reproductively competent. In insects with gonadal maturation cycles, these behaviors usually coincide with ovarian matruation. In the cockroachBlattella germanica, juvenile hormone (JH), produced by the corpora allata (CA), regulates female reproductive physiology. Various experimental manipulations, including ablation of the CA, therapy with JH analogs, CA denervation, ovariectomy, and changing nutrient quality, coupled with time-lapse video recording, support the hypothesis that JH also controls female sexual receptivity. A re-examination of the role of the CA in the maturation of male sexual readiness shows that, while sexual behavior develops in the absence of JH in bothB. germanica andSupella longipalpa, JH accelerates the expression of sexual readiness.
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  • 83
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. A1 
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  • 84
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 57-62 
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    Keywords: 2-methoxybenzoyl phosphate ; acylphosphatase
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    Notes: Abstract A new aromatic acyl phosphate, 2-methoxybenzoyl phosphate, has been synthesized. The compound shows an intrinsic fluorescence; it displays an intense emission band at 390 nm upon excitation in the near UV region. This band practically disappears after hydrolysis of the product. On the other hand, the product displays differences in the near UV absorption spectra measured before and after hydrolysis. The Δɛ at 301 nm is 2720 M−1 cm−1, a value that is 4.3-fold higher than that of benzoyl phosphate (the usual substrate for acylphosphatase assay) at 283 nm. The main kinetic parameters of three different acylphosphatase molecular forms (the muscular isoenzyme and two subtypes of the organ common isoenzyme) were determined using both benzoyl phosphate and 2-methoxybenzoyl phosphate as substrates, and then compared. These kinetic data and the UV absorption and fluorescence properties of 2-methoxybenzoyl phosphate sugest that this compound has better substrate features than benzoyl phosphate, and can be used for both high sensitivity continuous fluorimetric and UV absorption spectrophotometric assays of acylphosphatase.
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  • 85
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polyunsaturated fatty acids ; invertebrate oxylipins ; phospholipase A2 ; Hydra ; α-linolenic acid ; lipoxygenase(s)
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    Notes: Abstract Previous studies conducted in cytosolic extracts of the freshwater hydrozoanHydra vulgaris led to the finding of an abundant 11(R)-lipoxygenase catalyzing the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) on the tenth carbon atom from the aliphatic end (ω10 peroxidation). Here we describe experiments aimed at identifying the actual metabolites generated in vivo by such enzymic activity. Homogenates ofH. vulgaris polyps were analyzed by HPLC. This showed the presence of three major components chromatographically identical to three metabolites obtained when incubating the homogenates with exogenous α-linolenic acid (α-LA). The presence, in extracts of polyps prelabelled with [14C]-α-linolenic acid, of radioactive metabolites displaying the same chromatographic properties, substantiated the hypothesis that the natural products isolated in vivo are derived from α-LA. Gas chromatographic analyses revealed that this was the most abundant PUFA in both free and phosphoglyceride-bound fatty acid pools. [1H]-NMR analysis of the endogenous substances, carried out in comparison with products obtained from exogenously incubated α-LA, indicated that their structures were those of 9-hydroxy-, 9-hydroperoxy- and 9-keto-octadeca-10E-12Z-15Z-trienoic acids (9-α-HOTrE,-HPOTrE and-KOTrE).Hydra homogenates transformed 9-α-HPOTrE partly into 9-α-HOTrE and partly into 9-α-KOTrE. Chiral phase HPLC conducted on 9-α-HOTrE established that this metabolite was composed mostly of theR anantiomer. These observations, and the finding that the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid in incubated homogenates significantly reduces the production of α-LA metabolites, provide strong evidence that these compounds are produced by an enzymic activity identical to the previously-describedH. vulgaris (R)-ω10-lipoxygenase. Further experiments suggested that α-LA, acting as the native substrate for this enzyme, is mainly esterified on the 2 position ofHydra phosphoglycerides, and that the production of the α-LA metabolites described here for the first time from natural sources, can be potentially enhanced in vivo by stimuli activating phospholipase A2.
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  • 86
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Morphometry ; diapause ; host species ; egg parasitoids ; Trichogramma brassicae ; T. daumalae ; T. evanescens
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    Notes: Abstract Adult morphology ofTrichogramma is modified by environmental conditions during the preimaginal development. For instance, the low temperatures inducing diapause cause a decrease of the ratio ‘length of longest seta on male flagellum/width of flagellum’ inT. evanescens. The species of the host also influences numerous body ratios. So, in females, the development of tibiae with regard to wings is more important withScotia ipsilon than withGalleria mellonella. These results confirm the necessity of performing comparative morphological studies on individuals reared in the same conditions.
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  • 87
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 77-79 
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    Keywords: Ethylene ; kairomone ; Phloeotribus scarabaeoides ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
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    Notes: Abstract The role of ethylene, pure or in formulation, in the colonization behaviour of the olive bark beetle,Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) has been investigated in the laboratory. Ethylene has been found to be attractive in both sexes; the formulation ethrel 48 was active in an olfactometer up to several months. Ethylene, whose concentration varies with the developmental stage or the condition of the tree or its wood, may play an important role in the primary attraction of these scolytids to their host.
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  • 88
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 73-76 
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    Keywords: Carcinogens ; genotoxicity testing ; Drosophila melanogaster ; somatic mutation
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    Notes: Abstract To provide further background data on the wing spot somatic mutation and recombination assay, 10 selected carcinogens (acetamide, acrylamide, benzo(a)pyrene, cyclophosphamide, diethylstilbestrol, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, propyleneimine, safrole, thiourea, and o-toluidine) were tested in this assay. 72-h-old third-instar larvae, trans-heterozygous for 2 recessive wing cell markers:multiple wing hairs (mwh) andflare 3 (flr 3) were fed with 3 concentrations of each carcinogen during the rest of their development until pupation, and the genotoxic effects were measured as significant increases in the appearance of visible mutant hair clones on the adult wing blade. Our results show that 6 of the carcinogens tested produce significant increases in wing spot frequency, at least at one of the concentrations assayed. Benzo(a)pyrene, diethylstilbestrol, safrole and thiourea were the compounds that did not increase the incidence of mutant clones.
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  • 89
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Host-seeking ; Anopheles gambiae ; Anopheles atroparvus ; chemotaxis ; behaviour
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    Notes: Abstract While searching for blood, female mosquitoes pass through a behavioural process involving responses to visual, physical and chemical properties of the host. Temperature and humidity are thought to dominate mosquito orientation near the host. We observed that biting of two malaria mosquito species, i.e.Anopheles atroparvus (van Thiel) andAnopheles gambiae s.s. (Giles) preferentially occurs on different body regions of a naked motionless human host. Their preference for the head and foot regions respectively correlated with particular combinations of skin temperature and eccrine sweat gland density. Subsequent modification of the host's odour profile by removing exhaled breath and washing feet results in significant changes of these preferences.
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  • 90
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 98-98 
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  • 91
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 85-89 
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    Keywords: Taphonomy ; teleosts ; gastropods ; intertidal ; Sea of Cortez ; Nassarius ; fossil record
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental investigations on the feeding activity of the gastropodNassarius moestus in intertidal environments in the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) show them to be effective agents influencing processes of marine fish taphonomy. Time-lapse documentation reveals that potential whole-body preservation of fish carcasses is largely prevented through the rapid destruction of soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments, followed by disarticulation and subsequent disassociation of skeletal elements. Dissociated bones are subject to differential dispersal through hydrodynamic transport and physical wear through abrasion. Transformation of whole-body carcasses into thoroughly defleshed and disarticulated skeletons by large groups of scavenging snails was commonly observed to take place within one tidal cycle. The loss of information during taphonomic processes via destructive biological agents may ultimately bias the fossil record in a significant way and thus have implications for the paleoecological interpretation of fossil teleost assemblages.
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  • 92
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 95-97 
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    Keywords: Pottery technology ; archaeology ; Bridelia ferruginea ; procyanidins ; Cameroon ; sub-Saharan Africa
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    Notes: Abstract A phytochemical survey of several plant species used in sub-Saharan Africa for the treatment of pottery, as well as some coating experiments carried out with purified extracts ofBridelia ferruginea stem bark, indicated that procyanidin fractions play a predominant role in the coating properties of the plant extracts. The analysis by high performance gel permeation chromatography of organic compounds isolated from the vessel walls suggested that products deriving from pyrolysis of procyanidins are detectable both in contemporary and older pottery, and their analysis could be useful for archaeological purposes.
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  • 93
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 90-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Uricase II ; Phaseolus ; nodulin ; nitrogen fixation
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    Notes: Abstract APhaseolus vulgaris uricase II cDNA clone has been isolated and sequenced. Comparison on the nucleotide level between this clone and the soybean uricase II clone revealed 88.8% identity. The in situ hybridization technique was used to follow the expression pattern in developing root nodules ofPhaseolus vulgaris. The uricase II transcripts were localized only in the uninfected cells of the central tissue and mainly in the periphery of the cell. Uricase II mRNA is first detected in nodules 12 days after infection. A maximum level of transcripts is reached in 21-day-old nodules, followed by a considerable reduction in 28-day-old nodules.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1003-1027 
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    Keywords: Olfaction ; olfactory receptor neuron ; sensillum ; antenna ; antennal lobe ; glomerulus ; pheromone ; kairomone ; host odour ; Lepidoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Odours play a very important role in the life of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, a review is given of the current knowledge of morphology, development and function of the olfactory system in larval and adult moths and butterflies. Research regarding both the antennal and accessory olfactory pathways, as well as both the pheromone and the host odour detecting systems, is reviewed.
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  • 95
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1116-1123 
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    Keywords: Antisense RNA ; gene expression ; insertional mutagenesis ; physical mapping ; reporter genes
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    Notes: Abstract Over the past ten years, powerful molecular genetic techniques have been developed to analyze gene function inDictyostelium. DNA-mediated transformation using a variety of selections and vectors has allowed the introduction of wild-type or modified genes that are under various forms of transcriptional control. Homologous recombination is efficient and can be used to modify the genome in precise ways. In addition, it is now possible to clone genes based on their mutant phenotype alone, either by insertional mutagenesis, or by screening antisense expression cDNA libraries. Finally, a nearly complete physical map of the genome is available and so genes are easily mapped by physical techniques. We discuss many of these advances within the context of major research problems presently under study.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Chicken ; thymus ; bursa of Fabricius ; MDR ; mdr genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of a multidrug resistance (MDR) related protein, P-170, in normal and pathological lymphoid cells has been described. The present report evaluates the expression of themdr 1 gene by using the reverse Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on cells obtained from the thymus and bursa of chicken embryos starting from day 12 until hatching. Results show that the thymic cells are positive from day 12 to the end of the observation period. In contrast,mdr mRNA was detected in the bursa from day 14 to day 17 of embryonic life. Possible relationships between the expression ofmdr and the development of T and B lymphocytes are discussed.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 150-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sawflies ; sterols ; 7-dehydrocholesterol ; cholesterol ; dealkylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three species of sawflies, along with their particular host plants, were examined for neutral sterols. Cholesterol was the predominant sterol in the sawfliesDolerus nitens (56.6%) andAneugmenus flavipes (73.0%), with lesser amounts of sitosterol, campesterol and desmosterol.Xiphydria maculata, however, contained unusually high levels (74.9%) of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Based on the sterol composition of their individual host plants, which contained primarily 28- and 29-carbon sterols, it is likely that all three sawfly species are capable of dealkylation of phytosterols.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Seasonality ; annual rhythms ; hematology ; red blood cells ; platelets ; fibrinogen ; biological variation ; coefficient of variation ; index of individuality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study has been carried out in order to examine the components of biologicalaand, in particular, seasonal variation in hematologic measurements in normal humans. Toward this end, 26 normal volunteers had monthly blood samplings during one calendar year for determination of number of red blood cells (RBC) and platelets, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), MC Hb (MCH), MC Hb concentration (MCHC), RBC distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. The data were analyzed by means of spectral analyses of a group of time series or a single time series, and by means of repeated measures analyses of variance. Most of the hematologic variables show seasonal rhythms, such as annual rhythms or harmonics, which are expressed as a group phenomenon. An important part of the variance (〉15%) in Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, number of platelets, MPV and plasma fibrinogen was explained by a yearly variation. The peak-trough differences (expressed as a percentage of the mean) in the yearly variations in number of RBC, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW were very low (all〈8.5%). Number of platelets (14.4%) and plasma fibrinogen values (28%) showed a high-amplitude yearly variation. All hematological variables, except MCHC, show a high interindividual variability which exceeds by far the intraindividual variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Settlement inhibitor ; barnacle ; ubiquinone ; sponge ; Halichondria okadai ; sponge associated bacteria ; Alteromonas sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to clarify the influence of marine bacteria on the settling of fouling invertebrate larvae, we screened for inhibitors, produced by marine bacteria, of settling by cyprids of the barnacle,Balamus amphitrite. We found that the culture broth ofAlteromonas sp. strain number KK10304, which was associated with the marine sponge,Halichondria okadai, effectively inhibited settling of the cyprids. Bioassay-guided isolation indicated ubiquinone-8 (1) as an effective inhibitor of cyprid settling. As ubiquinones are widely distributed in bacteria, several related compounds were also tested.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Crayfish ; dopamine ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; ovary ; Procambarus clarkii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In vivo dopamine antagonizes the ovary-stimulating action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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