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  • 36.40  (59)
  • wheat  (55)
  • maize  (37)
  • Springer  (151)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (151)
  • 1991  (151)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (151)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (151)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, in a crop environment in South Africa (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: African migratory locust ; crop environment ; oviposition behaviour ; oviposition sites ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was studied in maize and wheat crops on the Orange Free State Highveld. Maize was shown to be the most important oviposition habitat with peak laying taking place in autumn and early winter when highest pod densities were recorded. Laying was mainly concentrated along the middle of the crop interrows in maize and within clearings in the wheat crop. Despite the uniform layout of these crops, the distribution of egg pods was found to be aggregated. Non-reproductive behaviour, such as locust aggregation, basking and feeding, as well as environmental factors appeared to influence the distribution of egg pods in these crops. Secondary selection for optinum soil moisture and compaction on the laying site enhanced the aggregation of pods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191747
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent raman spectroscopy of nitrogen molecules and clusters in supersonic jets (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 84-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 42.65 ; 47.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering CSRS and CARS have been employed to study the spectroscopy of nitrogen molecules and clusters in the expansion of a supersonic jet. In the vibrational spectrum, at strong stagnation conditions, an intense redshifted peak is observed which can be assigned to the intramolecular vibrations in large N2 clusters having adopted the β-phase structure. Another weak feature is assigned to nitrogen clusters in the α-phase. In the rotational region of the spectrum only monomer features have been observed. The failing to observe librational motions is consistent with the finding that the nitrogen clusters are predominantly in the orientationally unordered β-phase. The low rotational temperature suggests supercooling of the β-phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357660
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-fluorescence diagnostics for condensation in laser-ablated copper plasmas (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We are investigating the thermodynamic conditions under which condensation occurs in laser ablated copper plasma plumes. The plasma is created by XeCl excimer laser ablation (308 nm, 300 mJ/pulse) at power densities from 500–1000 MW/cm2 into backing pressures of helium in the range 0–50 torr. We use laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to probe velocity and relative density of both atomic copper and the copper dimer molecule, Cu2, which is formed during condensation onset. At low pressure (10 mtorr), the atomic Cu velocity peaks at approximately 2×106 cm/s. Copper dimer time-of-flight data suggest that condensation onset occurs after the Cu atoms have slowed very significantly. Excitation scans of the Cu2A-X (0,0) and (1,1) bands yield a rotational and vibrational temperature in the neighborhood of 300 K for all conditions studied. Such low temperatures support the theory that Cu2 is formed under thermally and translationally cold conditions. Direct laser beam absorption is used to determine the number density of atomic copper. Typical densities attained with 5 torr of helium backing gas are 6–8×1013 cm−3. Rayleigh scattering from particulate is easily observable under conditions favorable to particulate production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331827
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from New Zealand maize fields (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; maize ; moniliformin ; mycotoxins ; trichothecenes ; zearalenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty Fusarium isolates obtained from maize fields were screened for moniliformin production on maize kernels. Twelve isolates, including seven of F. subglutinans, were found to produce moniliformin at levels ranging from 0.4 to 64 ppm. Twenty six isolates were also screened for production of deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Of these, 22, including all 11 isolates of F. graminearum, produced zearalenone at levels ranging from 0.1 to 96.0 ppm, while 13 produced T-2 toxin at low levels, (〈1.1 ppm). Deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were each produced by six isolates, also at low levels (〈1.0 ppm). Three isolates of F. graminearum and one of F. sambucinum produced four toxins simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436385
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00462220
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of level of application on the residual value of superphosphate on a sandy soil in south-western Australia (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048956
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cluster emission under ion bombardment of metallic targets (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mass spectroscopic studies of the neutral particles sputtered by Ar+ ions at 8 keV from polycrystaline samples have been performed, using non-resonant laser ionization and subsequent time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Besides sputtered atoms, also dimer and trimer contributions in the order of 10−1 to 10−2 and 10−3 to 10−4, respectively, are found in the sputtered flux. The data obtained here together with previously published data by other groups for different bombarding energies provide strong support for the validity of the recombination model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324422
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-stimulated desorption of potassium atoms (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65 ; 36.40 ; 73.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Desorption of K atoms by laser-excitation of surface plasmons in small K particles is reported. The desorption rate has been measured for different laser wavelengths and particle sizes. Time-of-flight measurements reveal a kinetic energy of the desorbed atoms of Ekin=0.13(3) eV. From the experimental data it is concluded that the desorption mechanism is non-thermal in nature. Comparison of the results reported here with our earlier work on Na desorption is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323657
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A maize gene expressed during embryogenesis is abscisic acid-inducible and highly conserved (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 919-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; embryogenesis ; abscisic acid ; seed maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated by differential hybridization a cDNA, termed Emb564, which is complementary to an 800 nt embryo-specific transcript in Zea mays. The expression of Emb564 can be enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and the effect of ABA on the accumulation of Emb564 transcript appears to be confined to embryos at the early and mid embryonic stages. In addition, Emb564 is expressed at low levels in ABA-deficient but not in ABA non-responsive embryos. Genomic analysis suggested that the Emb564 mRNA is encoded by a single gene. Sequence analysis showed that Emb564 exhibits extensive similarities with several known ABA-inducible genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015086
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of members of a pseudogene subfamily of the wheat α-gliadin storage protein genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020565
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat ubiquitin gene exhibits a conserved protein coding region and a diverged 3′ non-coding region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015082
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of ‘repeat-2’ of the mitochondrial DNA from the maize N-cytoplasm (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 935-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site-directed mutagenesis and expression inEscherichia coli of WMAI-1, a wheat monomeric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037140
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A Triticum aestivum cDNA clone encoding a low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 273-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp17.3 ; low-molecular-weight HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039504
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the maize pyruvate decarboxylase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1259-1261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic genes ; maize ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028743
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogen-induced ; peroxidase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the complete amino acid sequence of a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as deduced from cDNA clones representing mRNA from leaves infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis. The protein consists of 312 amino acids, of which the first 22 form a putative signal sequence, and has a calculated pI of 5.7. Sequence comparison revealed that the putative wheat peroxidase is most similar to the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase, with which it shares 57% identical and 13% conserved amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020563
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence and tissue-specific expression of a putative peroxidase gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: peroxidase gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used a cDNA clone encoding a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase to screen a genomic libary of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cheyenne) and isolated one positive clone, lambda POX1. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains a gene encoding a putative peroxidase with a calculated pI of 8.1 which exhibits 58% and 83% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase and a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase, respectively. The two introns in the wheat gene are at the same positions as introns in the peroxidase genes of tomato and horseradish. Results of S1-mapping experiments suggest that this gene is neither pathogen-nor wound-induced in leaves but is constitutively expressed in roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017928
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of a maize cDNA that complements an enolase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 787-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic stress ; enolase ; gene regulation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding maize enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) was purified by functional genetic complementation using an enolase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, DF261. This cDNA, pZM245, was characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 446 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to enolase sequences from other organisms (72% identity to yeast enolase and 82% identity to human enolase). The pZM245 contains a correctly positioned consensus prokaryotic translation initiation sequence. The specific activity of enolase in maize increases to about twice its initial level after 48 hours of anaerobiosis. Northern-blot analysis showed a five-fold anaerobic induction in enolase mRNA, while heat shock or cold shock increased enolase mRNA levels only slightly. Southern-blot analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated that there is one copy of the pZM245 hybridizing sequence per haploid genome in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015071
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of pollen polygalacturonase encoded by several cDNA clones in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1155-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA family ; maize ; pollen-expressed genes ; polygalacturonase ; signal peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone, named PG1, abundantly expressed in late stages of pollen development, has been isolated from a cDNA library using a differential screening method with cDNA probes representative of microspores at early or late developmental stages. The encoded 410 amino acid polypeptide has significant homology with various polygalacturonases (PG) described elsewhere. Two polypeptides, of 49 and 53 kDa respectively, have been identified in the active PG fraction, isolated from mature pollen by immuno-cross-reaction with tomato PG antibodies. According to their N-terminal sequence, they can be identified as being mature peptides encoded by the PG1 cDNA clone. We propose that these two proteins derive from a unique precursor through several post-translational events, including the excision of a 22 amino-terminal signal peptide and glycosylation. PG-encoding genes form a small genomic family. Sequence analysis of three PG cDNA clones shows that they are closely related. The divergence of nucleotides between these three cDNA clones is 1%. They encode the same product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028732
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a Group 3 LEA mRNA inducible by ABA or dehydration stress in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1073-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (pMA2005) of a Group 3 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein has been sequenced from wheat. The wheat cDNA clone codes for a protein with ten tandem repeats of an 11 amino acid sequence and has homology to other Group 3 LEAs reported in barley, carrot, cotton and rape (L. Dure et al., Plant Mol Biol 12: 475–486, 1989). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the wheat protein has a molecular weight of 23 000 and is a basic, hydrophilic protein. Northern analysis with the cDNA clone shows that dehydration of wheat shoot tissue results in increased transcript levels that correlate with increases in endogenous ABA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016078
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  • 22
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    Organ-specific expression of different histone H3 and H4 gene subfamilies in developing and adult maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 935-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression ; germination ; histone genes ; maize ; subfamilies ; tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state levels of H3 and H4 mRNAs transcribed from three H3 and two H4 multigene subfamilies were studied during germination and in different organs of maize. During germination the five subfamilies are expressed in parallel to DNA synthesis, but a 5-fold difference in the quantity of mRNAs transcribed per gene copy was found from our subfamily to another. In adult plants H3 and H4 mRNA levels are highest in organs containing meristematic tissues but also high in non-proliferating tissues. No strict tissue specificity expression could be detected but some subfamilies show preferential expression in some tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037077
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  • 23
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    A gene coding for a basic pathogenesis-related (PR-like) protein from Zea mays. Molecular cloning and induction by a fungus (Fusarium moniliforme) in germinating maize seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: germination ; fungi ; maize ; pathogenesis-related ; seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are plant proteins produced in leaves in response to infection by pathogens including viruses, viroids, fungi and bacteria. Information on the presence and/or expression of PRs in monocotyledonous plants is scarce. Here we report the identification of cDNA and genomic clones coding for a basic form of a protein from germinating maize seeds having a high homology with the group of PR-1 from tobacco. A cDNA library enriched in aleurone-specific sequences was prepared from maize seeds two days after germination. One clone was found to contain an open reading frame encoding a protein homologous to PR proteins from tomato (p14) and tobacco (PR-1 group). Sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clone revealed that it was encoded by a single exon. Besides, DNA blot hybridization indicates that this PR-like protein is encoded by a single-copy gene in maize. The accumulation of its mRNA increases after rehydration of desiccated seeds. Furthermore, a relationship was found between its expression and infection by a natural pathogen of maize, the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. The possible role of this protein as a response mechanism following fungal infection in cereal seeds is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023419
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    A novel proline-rich protein from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 663-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; proline-rich protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA (WPRP1) encoding a wheat proline-rich protein has been isolated and sequenced. The amino acid composition shows 45% proline, with high levels of methionine, lysine and glutamic acid. The derived 378 residue amino acid sequence has a highly repetitive structure which is unlike those of other proline-rich proteins. The WPRP1 cDNA clone was used to determine the copy number and chromosomal location of the WPRP1 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat inbred lines. Although WPRP1 is encoded by a single-copy gene it is also a representative of a larger family of related sequences. RNA gel blot analysis showed that expression of WPRP1 is highest in rapidly growing tissue which together with its amino acid composition suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023430
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  • 25
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    Sequence, identification and characterization of cDNAs encoding two different members of the 18 kDa heat shock family of Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 699-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: heat shock ; heat shock cDNAs ; maize ; small heat shock proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shocked maize seedlings (cv. Oh43) synthesize a characteristic set of heat-shock proteins (hsps) which include an 18 kDa family containing at least six major isoelectric variants. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNAs isolated from the radicles of heat-shocked maize seedlings and screened with a DNA fragment from the theoretical open reading frame of a putative Black Mexican Sweet maize hsp 18 genomic clone. Two clones, cMHSP18-3 and cMHSP18-9, were isolated, and the RNA transcripts generated from them were translated into proteins which immunoreact with antibodies directed against the maize 18 kDa hsps and exhibit the same electrophoretic characteristics as two different members of the 18 kDa hsp family. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the cDNAs in these clones reveal that their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions exhibit 33–34% identity and that their protein encoding regions share 93% identity. The deduced amino acid sequences of these clones show 90% identity, and the apparent molecular masses and isoelectric points of these proteins agree with those established for two different 18 kDa hsps, numbered 3 and 6. This report substantiates that at least two of the 18 kDa hsps in maize are products of different but related genes. Moreover, it establishes that transcripts for these proteins accumulate during heat shock and that both their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences share extensive similarities with the class VI small hsps in soybean and with transcripts expressed during meiosis in Lilium.
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    The combination of a novel stimulatory element in the first exon of the maize Shrunken-1 gene with the following intron 1 enhances reporter gene expression up to 1000-fold (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: enhanced gene expression ; exon ; intron ; maize ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both exon 1 and intron 1 of the maize Shrunken-1 (Sh1) gene individually stimulate expression of reporter genes in transient gene expression experiments if present within the transcription unit. The Sh1 exon 1 mediates a 10-fold increase in activity when inserted at the 5′ end of the bacterial chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) marker gene in both monocot and dicot protoplasts. The Sh1 intron 1 enhances chimeric gene expression in rice and maize protoplasts approximately 100-fold but inhibits CAT expression in tobacco protoplasts. In combination, the stimulatory effects of Sh1 exon 1 and intron 1 are multiplicative in monocot protoplasts resulting in a final enhancement of up to 1000-fold compared to the unmodified CAT or luciferase marker genes.
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    A wheat glutathione-S-transferase gene with transposon-like sequences in the promoter region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1089-1091 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; glutathione-S-transferase ; transposon-like sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016083
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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    Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encodingB-Peru, a regulatory protein of the anthocyanin pathway in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 127-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; B-Peru ; maize ; transcription activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036813
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    Structure and sequence of a wheat phosphoribulokinase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 167-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; monocot gene ; phosphoribulokinase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036823
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    Nucleotide sequence of a Triticum aestivum cDNA clone which is homologous to the 26 kDa chloroplast-localized heat shock protein gene of maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 255-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp26.6 ; chloroplast-localized HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039500
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    Nucleotide sequence of two cDNAs encoding the adenine nucleotide translocator from Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 305-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: adenine nucleotide translocator ; ADP/ATP translocase ; mitochondria ; maize ; inner mitochondrial membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039511
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    Entire maize chloroplast genome is stably maintained in a yeast artificial chromosome (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 361-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genome ; cloning in YACs ; maize ; stability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 139 kb circular maize chloroplast genome was cloned in a linear form in a single yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), and several such clones were then analyzed to study the stability of large DNA sequences in YACs. The YAC clones were isolated from a partial maize DNA YAC library. The library was constructed byBal-31 nuclease digestion of high-molecular-weight total maize genomic DNA followed by blunt-end ligation into a modified YAC vector, pYAC11. All chloroplast genome-containing YACs (cpYACs) were characterized by comparing their restriction enzyme digestion patterns with that of purified maize chloroplast DNA (MCD). Comparison of the restriction patterns of four cpYACs, MY503, MY504, MY518 and MY526, with that of MCD did not show any change in the size of the restriction fragments except at the chloroplast DNA-vector junction fragments. These altered size fragments were confirmed as junction fragments by hybridization of the pYAC11 border fragments. The end-specific T3 and T7 transcripts synthesized from MY503 also identified the same junction fragments as did the pYAC11 border fragments. Most cpYACs were completely stable through the analyzed one hundred generations.
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    Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for RNA species induced by substituted benzenesulfonamides in corn (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 679-690 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: herbicide safener ; maize ; inducible plant genes ; differential gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A search of compounds capable of inducing specific gene expression in plants without affecting growth and development led to the examination of changes in the pattern of gene expression in corn after treatment with substituted benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners. Following hydroponic treatment of corn with the safener N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSU), the specific induction of new translatable mRNA species was observed. Replicate copies of a cDNA library made using RNA from 2-CBSU-treated corn roots were differentially screened with cDNA probes made from either the same mRNA fraction used for library construction or mRNA isolated from roots treated with 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSA), an inactive analog of the safener. Colonies showing hybridization only with the probe made using mRNA from 2-CBSU-treated roots were further characterized to assess the specificity of the induction and decay of the corresponding induced RNA species. RNA blot analyses showed two clones, designated In2-1 and In2-2, contained plasmids that hybridized to RNAs that were induced from an undetectable background in corn roots within 30 minutes after treatment with 2-CBSU. Leaf and meristem tissues showed similar inductions of the In2-1 and In2-2 RNA species after a delay of several hours. In addition, both RNA species were induced in corn by foliar application of 2-CBSU. In contrast, neither RNA species was induced following stress treatments of plants. These results indicate a substituted benzenesulfonamide safener might be used with the promoters from the In2-1 and In2-2 genes to develop a new inducible gene expression system for plants.
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    Whole-cell and single-channel currents across the plasmalemma of corn shoot suspension cells (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 121 (1991), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: channel ; protoplast ; K+ current ; patch clamp ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Whole-cell sealed-on pipettes have been used to measure electrical properties of the plasmalemma surrounding protoplasts isolated from Black Mexican sweet corn shoot cells from suspension culture. In these protoplasts the membrane resting potential (V m ) was found to be −59±23 mV (n=23) in 1mm K o − . The meanV m became more negative as [K−] o decreased, but was more positive than the K+ equilibrium potential. There was no evidence of electrogenic pump activity. We describe four features of the current-voltage characteristic of the plasmalemma of these protoplasts which show voltagegated channel activity. Depolarization of the whole-cell membrane from the resting potential activates time- and voltage-dependent outward current through K+-selective channels. A local minimum in the outward current-voltage curve nearV m =150 mV suggests that these currents are mediated by two populations of K+-selective channels. The absence of this minimum in the presence of verapamil suggests that the activation of one channel population depends on the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. We identify unitary currents from two K+-selective channel populations (40 and 125 pS) which open when the membrane is depolarized; it is possible that these mediate the outward whole-cell current. Hyperpolarization of the membrane from the resting potential produces time- and voltage-dependent inward whole-cell current. Current activation is fast and follows an exponential time course. The current saturates and in some cases decreases at membrane potentials more negative than −175 mV. This current is conducted by poorly selective K+ channels, whereP Cl/P K=0.43±0.15. We describe a low conductance (20 pS) channel population of unknown selectivity which opens when the membrane is hyperpolarized. It is possible that these channels mediate inward whole-cell current. When the membrane is hyperpolarized to potentials more negative than −250 mV large, irregular inward current is activated. A third type of inward whole-cell current is briefly described. This activates slowly and with a U-shaped current-voltage curve over the range of membrane potentials −90〈V m 〈0 mV.
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    Penetrometer resistance, root penetration resistance and root elongation rate in two sandy loam soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mechanical stress ; penetrometer ; root growth ; sandy loam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root penetration resistance and elongation of maize seedling roots were measured directly in undisturbed cores of two sandy loam soils. Root elongation rate was negatively correlated with root penetration resistance, and was reduced to about 50 to 60% of that of unimpeded controls by a resistance of between 0.26 and 0.47 MPa. Resistance to a 30° semiangle, 1 mm diameter penetrometer was between about 4.5 and 7.5 times greater than the measured root penetration resistance. However, resistance to a 5° semiangle, 1 mm diameter probe was approximately the same as the resistnace to root penetration after subtracting the frictional component of resistance. The diameter of roots grown in the undisturbed cores was greater than that of roots grown in loose soil, probably as a direct result of the larger mechanical impedance in the cores.
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    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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    Effects of limestone and gypsum application to a Malaysian ultisol on soil solution composition and yields of maize and groundnut (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 45-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; groundnut ; gypsum ; limestone ; magnesium ; maize ; soil solution ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on an Ultisol in Malaysia to assess changes in soil solution composition and their effects on maize and groundnut yields, resulting from limestone and gypsum application. The results showed that soil solution Ca in the lime treatment remained mainly in the zone of incorporation, but in the gypsum treatment some Ca moved into 15–30 cm zone. Al3+ and AlSO4 + were dominant Al species in the soil solution of nil treatment. Liming decreased Al3+ and AlSO4 +, but increased hydroxy-Al monomer activities. However, gypsum application resulted in an increase of AlSO4 + activity and in a decrease of Al3+ activity. Relative maize and groundnut yields were negatively correlated with Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Alsum activities. Likewise, relative yields were negatively correlated with Al concentration and the Al concentration ratio and positively correlated with soil solution Mg concentration and Ca/Al ratio.
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    Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 187-196 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; extraction method ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; nickel ; root exudate ; tobacco ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soluble root exudates were collected from three plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L. and Zea mays L.), grown under axenic and hydroponic conditions, in order to study their metal-solubilizing ability for Cd and other cations (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn). Nicotiana spp. and Zea mays L. root exudates differed markedly in C/N ratio, sugars vs. amino acids ratio and organic acids content. Metals from two soils were extracted with either root exudate solutions, containing equal amounts of organic carbon, or distilled water as control. In the presence or absence of root exudates, the solubility of Fe and Mn was much higher than of the four other metals tested. Root exudates increased the solubilities of Mn and Cu, whereas those of Ni and Zn were not affected. Root exudates of Nicotiana spp. enhanced the solubility of Cd. The extent of Cd extraction by root exudates (N. tabacum L. N. rustica L. Zea mays L.) was similar to the order of Cd bioavailability to these three plants when grown on soil. An increase in Cd solubility in the rhizosphere of apical root zones due to root exudates is likely to be an important cause of the relatively high Cd accumulation in Nicotiana spp.
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    Role of bacterial cyanide production in differential reaction of plant cultivars to deleterious rhizosphere pseudomonads (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivars ; growth inhibition ; hydrogen cyanide ; lettuce ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; volatile metabolites ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lettuce and wheat cultivars, differing in reaction to root inoculation with plant growth-inhibitory bacteria, were tested for sensitivity to (i) gaseous metabolites produced by deleterious, cyanogenic isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and to (ii) pure cyanide. Reactions were read as shoot and/or root elongation after exposure of seedlings to the volatiles in vitro. Lettuce cultivar Salad Bowl was significantly less sensitive than cv. Montana, both to bacterial volatiles and to pure cyanide, and a similar difference between these cultivars was also obtained in greenhouse experiments where bacteria were inoculated directly on the roots. Cultivar differences were, however, not recorded, either in vitro or in the greenhouse, when the bacteria were grown on a medium which did not support cyanide production. In wheat, a difference in sensitivity to bacteria-produced volatiles was recorded between two cultivars (Drabant and Besso) differing in reaction to bacterial inoculation, but in contrast to lettuce cultivars, the wheat cultivars tested did not react differentially to pure cyanide. The results suggest that in lettuce differential sensitivity to cyanide is one factor behind cultivar differences in reaction to the bacteria tested, even though bacterial metabolites other than cyanide may contribute to the plant growth inhibition recorded. In wheat, however, differential cultivar responses to these bacteria could not be shown to be related to cyanide.
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    Variation and covariation of silage maize digestibility estimated from digestion trials with sheep (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Breeding ; heritability ; in vitro digestibility ; in vivo digestibility ; maize ; silage maize ; variation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation and covariation for agronomic and digestibility traits of silage maize are reported from a compilation of 22 years of experiments with standard sheep. Genotype effects of DOM and DCF were highly significant, even when genotypes were nested in earliness groups or brown-midrib hybrids discarded (Table 2). The genetic variance of crude fiber content was low, but the variance of the DCF was high. The genetic variance of DOM was about 4 times lower than genetic variance of DCF, but broad sense heritability of DOM was higher because of lower residual variance (Table 3). Genetic correlations between grain or crude fiber content and DOM had similar absolute values, 0.65, so each of these two traits was an important but not the unique determinant of silage maize quality. There was no correlation between DCF and grain or crude fiber content. Yield was not related to DOM or DCF within each group of earliness, allowing some quality improvement without agronomic drift (Table 4). Except for late hybrids, most of DOM differences between groups of earliness came from lowering of minimum value, while maximum values were similar. It was the contrary for DCF, with similar minimum values for all groups (Table 5). There was no obvious correlation between year of registration of hybrids and DOM or DCF, but extra new variation seemed obtained only for low values (Figs 1, 2; Table 6). IVDOM according to the APC process was a poor predictor of DOM, especially when brown-midrib hybrids and earliness effects were discarded; but because heritability of this trait was similar to DOM heritability, such enzymatic processes could probably be used to avoid drift towards poor DOM with hybrids bred for higher stalk strength.
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    Hybridization barriers between wheat and rye: In vitro pollen assays and electrophoretic survey (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; hybridization ; pollen-tube-growth ; wide-crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five- to seven-day-old ovaries from Triticum aestivum vars Hope (non-crossable), Chinese Spring (CS, crossable) and the chromosomal substitution line Chinese Spring/Hope 5B (CS/H5B) were used to test the hypothesis that an ovarian substance inhibits rye (Secale cereale var Wrens) pollen tube growth. In vitro assays on a semi-solid medium demonstrated that a soluble, dialyzed lysate from Hope or CS/H5B ovaries inhibited rye pollen tube elongation significantly more than a similar lysate from CS ovaries (26%, 13% and 5% respectively compared to controls). When only the 20 longest tubes from each sample were included in the analysis the relationship was maintained (33%, 22% and 15% for Hope, CS/H5B and CS respectively). Heating the Hope lysate at 100° C for 10 min reduced the inhibition from 26% to 14% for all pollen tubes measured (n = 51 per sample) and from 33% to 20% when only the 20 longest pollen tubes per sample were analyzed. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) revealed several differences in the polypeptide profiles of soluble lysates from vars Hope, CS and CS/H5B. While two striking differences were observed, a 50 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide with an isoelectric point (pI) of approximately 8.5 and 100 kD polypeptide (pI∼4) from CS lysates which were considerably reduced in lysates of Hope and CS/H5B, none were obviously associated with the Hope 5B chromosome and therefore cross-incompatibility.
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
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    Major gene control of tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high concentrations of soil boron (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; inheritance ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic control of tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of soil boron was studied for five genotypes. Each genotype represented one of five categories of response to high levels of boron, ranging from very sensitive to tolerant. Tolerance to boron was expressed as a partially dominant character, although the response of an F1 hybrid, relative to the parents, varied with the level of boron applied. The F1 hybrids responded similarly to the more tolerant parent at low B treatments and intermediate to the parents at higher treatments. Ratios consistent with monogenic segregation were observed for the F2 and F3 generations for the combinations (WI*MMC) × Kenya Farmer, Warigal × (WI*MMC) and Halberd × Warigal. The three genes, Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3, while transgressive segregation between two tolerant genotypes, G61450 and Halberd, suggested a fourth locus controlling tolerance to boron.
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    Pedigree analysis of the origin of manganese tolerance in Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Canada ; genotypic differences ; manganese toxicity ; manganese tolerance ; origin ; pedigree ; screening ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for tolerance to manganese (Mn) might be in some cases more feasible and economical than use of soil amendments. As part of research on the heritability of Mn tolerance, a study on the level of Mn tolerance in Canadian wheat cultivars and its probable origin was accomplished by analysis of cultivar pedigrees and drawing phylogenetic maps to discern filial relationships. Cultivar tolerance to Mn was determined by relative root weight (RRW) in solution culture in the presence of 500 μM Mn. A total of 91 cultivars were screened, 76 of which were Canadian. These data, together with data from another 28 cultivars reported in the literature, were used to draw two pedigree maps, a map for Canadian cultivars only, and a map for the Mn-tolerant Canadian cultivars Norquay and Laura. Results indicated a range of tolerance to Mn among Canadian cultivars. Manganese tolerance, found in either Canadian or foreign germplasm, and of either recent or older selection or origin, seems to have originated from land races from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Tolerance may have been introduced into Canadian germplasm directly by the use of Brazilian cultivars as parents, or indirectly by the introduction of Mexican germplasm with Brazilian parentages. This information will help the plant breeder to develop plant breeding systems, and may also help in the study of the mechanisms for Mn tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042053
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    Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (RWA) is responsible for significant economic damage to cereal crops in arid and semi-arid environments. In this research 20 red winter wheats originating from Iran were evaluated for resistance to RWA. Leaf rolling, leaf folding, and leaf chlorosis were measured using 0 to 3 scales. An overall mean damage score was calculated as the average of the three measured damage symptoms. Plants from seven central Asian accessions (PI222666, PI222668, PI225226, PI225267, PI225271, PI243630, and PI243642) had mean damage scores significantly lower (p 〈 0.001) than ‘Stephens’ wheat (RWA susceptible) and not significantly different from ‘Border’ oat (RWA resistant). These results are consistent with previous studies which found a high frequency of resistant wheats collected from the central Asian region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039668
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    Breeding for hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to conventional-till and no-till systems in northern latitudes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cold hardiness ; cultivar x tillage interaction ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conservation tillage in the Great Plains of North America has increased in recent years, in part, to control soil erosion, increase soil water storage and reduce production costs. No-till production is recommended for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern latitudes for the purpose of trapping snow and protecting the crop from freezing temperatures. A 5 year field study was conducted at four North Dakota locations from 1984–85 through 1988–89 to determine if significant cultivar x tillage interactions existed for grain yield of winter wheat. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted in both conventional-till and no-till systems. Significant cultivar x tillage interactions were obtained for grain yield from both a weighted analysis across all environments and from individual analyses of 12 of the 16 environments in which wheat survived under both tillage systems (P〈0.05). Regression of cultivar yield on mean environment yield produced b values that varied little between conventional till and no-till for 10 of the 14 cultivars. The top five yielding cultivars were the same for both tillage systems and had b values 〉 1.0. Although the cultivar x tillage interaction may be a result of differential winter survival rather than tillage per se, this study suggests that selection for winter wheats with superior yield performance can be conducted under either no-till or conventional-till systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035340
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    Genes for resistance to stripe rust in four spring wheat varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in origin and reaction in the seedling stage to pathotype CDL-6 (extant in California) were intercrossed and examined in greenhouse conditions in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Digenic and transgressive segregation was found in all crosses. The four varieties each had infection types (1 immune, 9 susceptible) and putative resistance genes as follows: ‘Anza’, IT 7, YrA; ‘Glennson 81’, IT 2, Yr9; ‘Yecora Rojo’, IT 6, YrC; and ‘Ollanta’, IT 4–6, YrL. ‘Anza’ was classified as susceptible, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Ollanta’ as intermediate in seedling resistance, and ‘Glennson 81’ as resistant in the seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022818
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    In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; day-length insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness ; tissue culture response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of genes affecting the ‘plant growth habit’ in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1〉Rht8〉rht8〉Ppd1. In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039663
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    Phosphorus availability under alley cropping and mulched and unmulched sole cropping systems in Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; beans ; Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; humid tropics ; isotopically exchangeable P ; maize ; mulching ; phosphorus cycle ; P desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus availability was measured in soils under five cropping systems: alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium, sole cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana mulch applied, sole cropping with Gliricidia sepium mulch applied, sole cropping with no mulch. The following parameters were measured: 1) plant-available soil P assessed by P uptake of maize and bean bioassay plants; 2) phosphate desorbable by anion exchange resin; 3) adsorption of added P into isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools. In the bioassay, P uptake of beans declined in the order: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped〉alley-cropped soils. For maize the relative uptake was: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped = alley-cropped soils. These results suggest trees had not incorporated a significant quantity of P into the system after seven years and, probably, there was a decrease in available soil P due to the sequestration of P in the tree biomass. Potentially resin-desorbable P was higher in alley-cropped and mulched sole-cropped soils than in unmulched sole-cropped soils. The adsorption and desorption of added P into and from exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools did not differ between alley-cropped and unmulched sole-cropped soils. Crop yield and crop N, P and K uptake were all higher in the alley crops than in the unmulched sole crop. The supply of P to the crop under alley cropping seems to be dependent on P cycled and released from the mulch. The P cycle in alley cropping appears to be self-sustaining at least under conditions of moderate P fertiliser input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011206
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    A statistical analysis of the influence of Striga hermonthica on maize yields in fertilizer trials in Southwestern Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizer trials ; Kenya ; maize ; Striga hermonthica ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adverse effect of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica on yield of maize was studied in a fertilizer trial in Southwestern Kenya. In two years of experimentation (1987 and 1988), the weed had a highly significant, negative impact on maize yields. The spotty incidence of Striga disturbed the fertilizer trials. Inclusion of the degree of Striga infestation in a regression model caused an increase in the fraction of experimental variation that could be explained by the model. Several methods were tested to combat Striga. Hand-pulling reduced Striga incidence and increased grain yields during the following growing season. No clear effect was obtained from the trap crop sunflower, although such an effect may have been concealed by the success of hand-pulling. Application of mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure did not significantly reduce Striga infestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011801
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    Manganese deficiency in maize affects pollen viability (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; manganese deficiency ; pollen viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) was grown with 0.55 mg L−1 (sufficient), or 0.0055 mg L−1 (deficient) manganese in sand. Manganese-deficient plants developed visible deficiency symptoms and showed poor tasseling and delayed anther development. Compared to Mn-sufficient plants, Mn-deficient plants produced fewer and smaller pollen grains with reduced cytoplasmic contents. Manganese deficiency reduced in vitro germination of pollen grains significantly. Ovule fertility was not significantly affected by Mn. But in Mn-deficient plants seed-setting and development was reduced significantly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011816
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    Organic nitrogen content and nitrate and nitrite reductase activities in tritordeum and wheat grown under nitrate or ammonium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 251-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; organic nitrogen ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tritordeum is a fertile amphiploid derived from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum) × a wild barley (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz.). The organic nitrogen content of tritordeum grain (34 mg g-1 DW) was significantly higher than that of its wheat parent (25 mg g-1 DW). Leaf and root nitrogen content became higher in tritordeum than in wheat after four weeks of growth, independently of the nitrogen source (either NO3 - or NH4 +). Under NO3 - nutrition, tritordeum generally exhibited higher levels of nitrate reductase (NR) activity than wheat. Nitrite reductase (NiR) levels were however lower in tritordeum than in its wheat parent. In NH4 +-grown plants, both NR and NiR activities progressively decreased in the two species, becoming imperceptible after 3 to 5 weeks of growth. Results indicate that, in addition to a higher rate of NO3 - reduction, other physiological factors must be responsible for the greater accumulation of organic nitrogen in tritordeum grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010913
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    Chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate in wheat seedlings as a measure of manganese tolerance (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; genotypic differences ; leaf elongation rate ; Mn toxicity ; Mn tolerance ; screening ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After aluminum toxicity, manganese (Mn) toxicity is probably the second most important growth limiting factor in acid soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate (LER) for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings as a rapid seedling based screening bioassay for Mn tolerance in segregating populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In one experiment, chlorophyll was determined for the cultivars Norquay (Mn-tolerant) and Columbus (Mn-sensitive) subjected to twelve Mn levels (2 to 2000 μM) in nutrient solutions. As Mn concentration increased, chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ contents of the Mn-tolerant cultivar decreased up to 9%, while in the Mn-sensitive cultivar it was reduced by as much as 43%. The chlorophyll ‘a/b’ ratio did not differ among Mn concentrations for either cultivar. In a second experiment, chlorophyll content and LER for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings (1000 μM) was determined for Columbus and Katepwa (Mn-sensitive), Oslo (Mn-intermediate), and Norquay and Laura (Mn-tolerant). Manganese tolerance as assayed by chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ and LER was significantly correlated with Mn tolerance as assayed by the relative root weight methodology (RRW). Thus, chlorophyll content of Mn-stressed seedlings and LER of seedling regrowth appear to be suitable techniques for screening unreplicated selections of segregating populations for tolerance to Mn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465214
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    A field comparison of lime requirement indices for maize (1991)
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    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium and acid saturation ; exchangeable aluminium and acidity ; lime requirement indices ; maize ; relative crop yields ; seasonal effects ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010725
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    Xylem exudate yield from detopped maize plants as an estimator of root pruning (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 277-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bleeding rate ; maize ; root pruning ; root-study methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of studying roots are either labour intensive or require expensive equipment. In 1986 and 1987 root pruning treatments were given to maize plants grown indoors. In both years the amount of xylem exudate collected from plant stumps shortly after root pruning increased with the dry weight of roots attached to the plant. The measurement of xylem exudation is presented as an alternative for conventional laborious root-study methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012046
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    Influence of adenine, isopentyl alcohol and Azotobacter chroococcum on the vegetative growth of Zea mays (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; plant growth-regulating substances ; plant hormones ; substrate dependend-cytokinin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of pretested cytokinin precursors, adenine (ADE) and isopentyl alcohol (IA), and a cytokinin producing bacterium, Azotobacter chroococcum added to soil, on the vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.). The combination of 2.0 mg ADE kg-1 soil, 13 mg IA kg-1 soil, plus an inoculum of A. chroococcum was the most effective in enhancing the vegetative growth of maize compared with the application of ADE plus IA, ADE plus A. chroococcum, or ADE, IA or A. chroococcum alone. The dry weight of root and shoot tissues was increased up to 5.57- and 5.01-fold, respectively, in comparison to the controls; however, the root/shoot ratios were similar. The increases in shoot height, internodal distance, stem and leaf width over the controls under the optimum treatment were: 2.07-, 2.81-, 1.46-, and 2.11-fold, respectively. The improvement in plant yield was primarily attributed to A. chroococcum production of cytokinins in the rhizosphere.
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    Distribution of magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to supply (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; distribution ; magnesium deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of magnesium (Mg) and its retranslocation within wheat, in order to develop diagnostic procedures for Mg deficiency. Plants were grown in solution culture with both constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μMMg) and discontinued supply (40 μM and 160 μM decreased to nil). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was halted. However, initial deficiency symptoms occurred on young leaves under constant but inadequate supply, contrasting with previous reports. Magnesium concentrations were also lower in young leaves compared to old leaves. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis occurred if the leaf tissue contained 〈1194 μgg−1, irrespective of leaf age. The minimum Mg concentration in whole shoots associated with maximum shoot weight was 932 μgg−1; for the youngest emerged blade (YEB) it was 861 μgg−1. Symptoms were apparent on the young leaf before a reduction in shoot weight was measurable. The concentration of Mg in the YEB and whole shoot were better related to solution Mg concentration than was the Mg concentration in the old leaf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150049
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    The fate of carbon in pulse-labelled crops of barley and wheat (1991)
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    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; carbon ; 14C ; exudates ; partitioning ; respiration ; rhizodeposition ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv. Gutha) and barley (cv. O'Connor) were grown as field crops on a shallow duplex soil (sand over clay) in Western Australia with their root systems contained within pvc columns. At four stages during growth, the shoots were pulse-labelled for 1.5h with14CO2; immediately prior to labelling, the soil was isolated from the shoot atmosphere by pvc sheets. After labelling, the soil atmosphere was pumped through NaOH to trap respired CO2 and after 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 24 h from the start of labelling, columns were destructively sampled to recover14C from the roots, soil and shoot. Both species showed similar patterns of14C distribution and changes in distribution through the growing season. During early tillering, 15–25% of the14C recovered after 24 h had been respired by the roots and rhizosphere, 17–27% was retained in the roots, 0.4–1.8% was recovered as water-soluble14C in the soil and the remainder (45–67%) was present in the shoot. These percentages changed during growth so that during grain filling only 2–3% of the14C recovered after 24 h was as respired CO2, 2–6% was in the roots, 0.2% was in the soil and over 90% was in the shoot. The distribution of14C in components of the soil-plant system changed during the 24 h after labelling with the most rapid changes occurring generally during the first 7.5 h after labelling. Using growth measurements from adjacent plots, the amounts of C added to the soil were estimated for the whole season. Carbon input to the soil was about 48 gC m−2 for wheat and 58 gC m−2 for barley; the crops produced total shoot dry matter of 494 (wheat) and 735 g m−2 (barley). Of the C input to the soil, 27.8% (wheat) and 40.3% (barley) was as respired C and only 3.3 (wheat) and 4.1% (barley) was collected as exudate (water-soluble material).
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    The effect of soil aggregate size on early growth and shoot-root ratio of maize (Zea mays L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggregate size ; carbon allocation ; maize ; shoot-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot dry mass and leaf area of 16-d old maize plants decreased as soil aggregate size in greenhouse pots increased in diameter from 0.075–0.5 to 4–8 mm. Root length was also much greater on the finer aggregate beds, due primarily to increased growth of second-order laterals. In a subsequent experiment in which shoot dry matter again decreased with increasing aggregate size, it was found that a similar change in root morphology as noted in experiment I resulted in increased root dry mass as aggregate size increased. The associated change in shoot-root ratio was significant eight days after emergence. This change was due to a change in allocation of fixed carbon rather than allocation of seed reserves. Neither transpiration rate per unit leaf area, nor net assimilation rate were affected by aggregate size. Likewise nutrition could not account for the differences in shoot or root growth.
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    Genetic variation for traits relating to nitrogen content of maize stalks (1991)
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    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; nitrate accumulation ; N use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of this research was to obtain information about expression of genes controlling N concentration in the lower stalk internodes of maize at silking stages and in two other stages during the grain filling period. The inheritance of nitrate-N concentration, total N concentration, and the nitrate-N/total N ratio in the lower stalk internodes was measured in an eight-line diallel cross experiment and in an experiment involving segregating generations. The results show that the parameters examined, particularly nitrate-N concentration, are genetically controlled and that maize plants differ in this respect. Moreover, the magnitude of the general combining ability effects in relation to the size of specific combining ability obtained from the diallel analysis and the mean squares of the analysis of variance of generation means indicated additive heritability of nitrate-N concentration and other N-related traits in maize stalks. These findings suggest to us that a cyclic selection program in maize should be effective in modifying the level of N-related traits concentration in the stalks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021320
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    Components of variation, heritabilities and correlations for indices of sprouting tolerance and seed dormancy in Triticum spp. (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 221-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; sprouting tolerance ; dormancy ; variation ; heritability ; correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Germination of wheat (Triticum spp) kernels prior to harvest reduces the economic value of grain. Losses attributable to pre-harvest sprouting could be reduced by developing sprouting tolerant (ST) cultivars if heritable variation exists for this trait. Objectives of this study were to compare various assays that measure ST, seed dormancy (SD), and alpha-amylase activity, and to divide the total variation for these traits into parts relating to genetic differences, genotype-year interaction, and residual variation. Twenty-six hexaploid wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) (eight red-kernelled and eighteen white-kernelled), and three white-kernelled tetraploid wheat genotypes (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were subjected to various assays that measure ST, SD, and alpha-amylase production using artificial wetting treatments. Genotype effects accounted for 44% to 90% of the phenotypic variation. The genetic component of variation, when expressed as a proportion of the total variation, was 2 to 6 times greater than the proportion attributable to error. Heritability expressed on a genotype mean basis was highly significant for all variables and ranged from 0.59 to 0.93. The phenotypic correlation for any ST or SD trait or alpha-amylase activity measured on samples collected at two dates (T1 and T2 = T1+14 days) was highly significant and positive. The phenotypic correlation matrix among assays performed on the unthreshed spikes, germination tests and alpha-amylase activity at both T1 and T2 were positive and highly significant. Increased ST is an attainable objective, and direct selection for ST using an artificial wetting treatment is an appropriate breeding strategy.
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    Evaluation of environments for preliminary testing of maize for yield and stover digestibility (1991)
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    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; prediction ability ; discrimination ability ; yield ; digestibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The identification of environments suitable for selection should enable plant breeders to test reliably a larger number of genotypes with given resources. This research was undertaken to evaluate discrimination ability (DA) and prediction ability (PA) of eight environments involving two locations. Eckartsweier (Eck) 1 and Voelkenrode (Voe); 2 yer. 1984 (84) and 1985 (85); and two harvests, silage harvest (I) and later (II). It was based on dry matter yield of plant (PDMY), ear (EDMY) and stover (SDMY) and on in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of stover of 12 inbred lines and their 66 diallel crosses in maize (Zea mays L.). Linear regression coefficient of the performance of genotypes in an environment on that averaged across all environments and its degree of determination were used as measures of the DA and PA of environments, respectively. In hybrids, the DA of environments differed significantly for all traits except SDMY and ADL. Environment Eck851 showed better PA (≥0.63) than other environments for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM, NDF, and ADF. Among the 12 two-environment combinations. EckI was a better predictor for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM and NDF (PA≥0.80). The more productive environments showed better DA and PA for PDMY and FDMY than less productive ones. For IVDOM and NDF the first harvest provided better discrimination and prediction than the second harvest. In inbred lines the DA of environments differed significantly for EDMY only. In the present study, PA and DA seemed to be functions of the environments, PA was improved by combining two environments, and some environments seemed to be suitable for preliminary selection of genotypes for such diverse traits as yield and digestibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145626
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    A comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of 1BL.1RS translocations in bread wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 45-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triucum aestivum ; wheat ; storage protein ; bread-making quality ; N-banding PA ; subtilisin inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four methods for detecting 1BL. 1RS translocations in bread wheat have been compared winter wheat cultivars: N-banding of mitotic metaphase chromosomes, sodium lactate electrophoresis at pH 3.1, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorests under conditions, and a recently characterised protein, subtilisin inhibitor, separated by isoelectric N-banding was much the most labour intensive method, and, of the three electrophoretic recommend the use of subtilisin inhibitor, which is at least as easy to interpret as the other is often faster for screening purposes. The sources of the 1BL. 1RS translocation in this matenal Avrora. Kavkaz and Skorospelka 35, which have been extensively used as parents in breeding programmes. Out of 59 cultivars that include a line carrying the 1BL. 1RS pedigree. 23 of them did not carry the translocation; thus the effect on plant phenotype of insufficient to guarantee its selection during breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145630
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    Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; yield ; selection ; grain filling ; kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis. Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation. Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145637
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    Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; APAGE ; multiple allelism ; variation ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023005
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    Comparison of resistance of triticale, wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance ; seedling resistance ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. spelta ; spelt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones. In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.
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    Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 229-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; harvest index ; diallel analysis ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; assimilate partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F1's, their F2 progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021243
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    Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variation at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci in determining the bread-making quality of breeding lines of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 277-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunits ; bread-making quality ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation has been studied between the high molecular weight glutenin (HMWg) subunit alleles and the bread-making quality of 226 lines of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), grown in The Netherlands. The lines represented a wide range of genetic backgrounds, and had not been selected for quality, in contrast to the established varieties used by other authors. The variation in HMWg subunit genotypes accounted for about 20% of the total variation in loaf volume among the lines. Most important was the allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus. The Glu-D1 allele encoding the subunits 5+10 was superior to its allelic counterpart, encoding 2+12. The difference in average of loaf volume between groups of lines containing 5+10 or 2+12 was negatively related with protein content of the flours. When protein content was below 9.2%, no effect of allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus was present. Epistatic effects between the Glu-I loci also contributed to the variation in loaf volume of the lines: i.e. the effect of allelic variation at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 depended on the allele present at the Glu-D1. The contribution of the epistatic effects was about half the contribution of the additive effects, and should therefore be included in predictive models for bread-making quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021248
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    Wheats with purple and blue grains: a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum species ; wheat ; grain colour ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In addition to white and red grains, wheats with purple and blue grains may occur. Purple grain colour is caused by anthocyanins in the pericarp whereas blue colour is caused by anthocyanins in the aleurone layer. Purple grains occur in tetraploid wheats from Ethiopia, and in one bread wheat accession apparently native to China. Although the use of the purple and blue grain characters as markers has been suggested, their expression is often erratic, especially when heterozygous. No hexaploid wheat with blue grains was described prior to the artificial introgression of genes from diploid wheat and Agropyron species. The number of different sources of blue aleurone gene(s) from Agropyron elongatum is unknown. It is possible that with exchange between researchers the same or related accessions have been used at several research stations. Accessions of diploid wheats are known to possess blue aleurone. The breeding history of a number of purple and blue grained accessions is described. Research should indicate the source species of the gene for blue aleurone of the blue-grained Barevna.
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    Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 71 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars from India and Pakistan were postulated. In total, 9 known and one unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combination: Lr1 (in 20 cultivars), Lr3 (5), Lr10 (21), Lr11 (1), Lr13 (43), Lr17 (5), Lr23 (14), Lr26 (2), Lr27 + Lr31 (2), and the unknown gene in 2 cultivars. Additional temperature-sensitive seedling resistance appeared to occur in 27 cultivars. This resistance in at least 15 cultivars appeared to be due to Lr34. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for these 27 cultivars indicated variable levels of adult plant resistance. Several other cultivars with high seedling infection types to one or more of the predominant field pathotypes were also partially resistant in the field. High levels of adult plant resistance occurred in some cultivars even in the absence of known seedling resistance genes with major effects.
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    Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Adult plant resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; partial resistance ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; race-specificity ; temperature sensitivity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (‘Felix 3B’, ‘Clement B’ and ‘Betuwe 85C’) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.
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    An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; choice of parents ; distance analysis ; standardized potence ; character selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022817
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    Inhibition of tillering in cereals by substituted 2-phenoxypropionic acids (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: tillering ; wheat ; barley ; rice ; 2-phenoxypropionic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The properties of various mono- and di-substituted analogues of 2-phenoxypropionic acid as inhibitors of tillering were investigated on wheat, barley and rice. Highest levels of activity were shown by (R)2-Cl,5-Cl, (R)2-Cl,5-F, and (R)2-Cl,5-methyl analogues. Few or no signs of phytotoxic effects (leaf chlorosis or necrosis) were evident on wheat or barley following spray application of these compounds. Rice was both more susceptible to inhibition of tillering and phytotoxic effects. However, almost complete inhibition of tillering was achieved by application of some compounds to rice with little or no phytotoxicity. Comparisons were made between the properties of these compounds and commercially used phenoxyacetic and phenoxypropionic herbicides and plant growth regulators. Dichlorprop inhibited tillering in rice, fenoprop in wheat and rice, and fluroxypyr in wheat, all without phytotoxic effects.
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    Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; cultivars ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    Phosphate sorption approach for determining phosphorus requirements of wheat in calcareous soils (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphate adsorption ; external P requirement ; wheat ; fertilizer requirements ; calcareous soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five field experiments involving P application rates from 0 to 66 kg P ha−1 were conducted on irrigated wheat at Tandojam, Pakistan. The soils belonged to two great soil groups, Torrifluvent and Camborthid. All soils were calcareous. Olsen-P contents ranged from 3.5 to 6.3 mg P kg−1. Phosphate sorption curves were developed for soils from control (no P) plots at each site. Concentrations of P in solution established by fertilization in the field as estimated from the sorption curves ranged from 0.008 to 0.16mg P L−1. Actual grain yields were converted to relative grain yields and plotted against corresponding concentrations of P in solution. Yield response to P application was obtained in each experiment. Control plot yields ranged from 57 to 89% of maximum yield of respective experiments. Phosphorus requirements of wheat were 0.032 mg L−1 for 95% yield as determined from a composite yield response curve. Predicted quantities of P required to attain 0.032 mg P L−1 ranged from 18 to 29 kg P ha−1. The results of the study suggest that the P sorption approach can be used as a rational basis for making P fertilizer recommendations for various soil-crop combinations.
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    Selenium content of wheat as affected by selenate and selenite contained in a Cl- or SO4-based NPK fertilizer (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; pH ; residual effect ; sandy soil ; selenate ; selenite ; sulphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas where soils supply inadequate Se to crops to meet animal nutritional needs, it may be necessary to supplement Se in some fashion. This greenhouse experiment was designed to study the effect of selenate and selenite, incorporated with a Cl- or a SO4-based NPK (16-5-12) fertilizer added to a low-Se soil, on the Se concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The sandy soil was limed to pH 5.5 and 6.5 prior to receiving 0, 0.03, or 0.06 mg Se kg−1 of soil with each NPK source each year for two years. The SO4-based NPK fertilizer treatment was used only at the 0.06 mg Se kg−1 rate. In the third year, the residual effect of the Se applied in the first 2 years was studied. The grain yield among treatments differed significantly but the effects of the rate or source were not consistent in all the years. However, significantly higher yields were obtained at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5. Selenium concentration and uptake in wheat grain increased in proportion to the applied selenate but not selenite. However, selenite increased the Se concentration and uptake over the control. The concentration and uptake of Se were higher from selenate than from selenite. The effect of the Cl- and SO4-based NPK fertilizers was different on selenate and selenite. Selenium accumulation in wheat grain was greater from the Cl-based NPK fertilizer when selenate was used but it was greater from the SO4-based NPK fertilizer when selenite was used. The Se concentration in wheat, especially from selenate, was generally higher at the higher pH level except in the first year where it was higher at the lower pH level. The uptake of Se from the Se-enriched NPK fertilizers was generally as high as from the Se applied separately. The residual effect of both sources of Se applied in the first 2 years was very poor in the third year. The results suggest that the Se concentration in wheat grain can be increased by incorporating the Se salts in the NPK fertilizers but more selenate is recovered than selenite. Selenate should, however, be incorporated in a Cl-based NPK fertilizer to avoid the ionic competition from SO4 ions in the SO4-based NPK fertilizer. The uptake of Se is generally higher at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5.
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    Influence of different P sources on the efficiency of several tropical endomycorrhizal fungi in promoting the growth ofZea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Rock phosphate ; single superphosphate ; P uptake ; VAM fungi ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with fourteen endomycorrhizal species belonging to the generaGigaspora, Scutellospora, Glomus, Acaulospora andEntrophospora on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under glasshouse conditions in an unsterilized tropical virgin soil using two P sources with different solubility. In both P treatments the population of indigenous mycorrhiza species was not affected and growth of maize was enhanced. Introducing VAM species additionally modified the growth pattern of maize. Using a low-grade rock phosphate (Patos de Minas) from Brazil all endophytes with exception ofGigaspora margarita, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora gregaria, Entrophospora colombiana andGlomus pallidum improved shoot dry weight. In the treatment with single superphosphate, dry matter production was not significantly enhanced byGigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora gilmorei andGlomus manihotis. When rock phosphate was added root fresh weights were enhanced only by three endophytes (Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea andAcaulospora rehmii); with single superphosphate none had a significant effect. The percentage of P in shoots was almost equal in non-inoculated and inoculated plants and yield responses did not always follow the pattern of P uptake. Mycorrhizal root infection was always highest in the treatment with single superphosphate and in most cases a correlation with plant growth was found. The present results show that introduced vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza species differently promote growth of maize according to their adaptability to the P source and to their capability to compete with native VAM endophytes.
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    Intercropping Acacia albida with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 193-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia albida ; intercropping ; maize ; green gram ; coastal lowlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term agroforestry demonstrations/trials using Acacia albida and other nitrogen fixing multipurpose trees/shrubs were initiated in mid-1982 to assess soil and crop productivity at a coastal lowland site characterized by low soil fertility, weed problems and consequent poor crop yields. Growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, dbh) of Acacia albida under eight densities rotationally intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus), crop grain yields, soil fertility changes and weed control were assessed for a 5-year period (May 1982 to March 1987). A parallel-row systematic spacing field layout was used. Intercropped Acacia albida mean hight and dbh were 140 and 24% respectively higher than tree-only controls by the fifth year. Growth rate was low during the first year but increased in subsequent years to mean height and dbh of 9 m and 10 cm respectively by March 1987. While differences in dbh were significant, those between stand heights were not. Crop yields, especially under higher tree densities, declined considerably due to unexpected shade which also caused significant reductions in weed biomass. Soil fertility levels remained unchanged during the experimental period relative to the initial status, and differences between the intercropped Acacia albida plots and the tree — or crop — only control appeared not to be significant. We conclude that an understanding of the mechanism regulating leaf fall/retention phenomena of Acacia albida is crucial towards determining the intercropping potentials of the species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115735
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    The ethnoecology of maize variety management: A case study from Mexico (1991)
    Springer
    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 389-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: maize ; indigenous knowledge ; technological change ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a case study of the relationship between farmers' knowledge of maize varieties and their selection and management of these varieties under conditions of technological change. Research for this paper was done among Spanish-speaking small farmers in an ejidoof central Chiapas, Mexico. This ejido is well integrated into the market, and the use of modem technologies is widespread. This research demonstrates that farmers have an extensive and widely shared knowledge of their maize varieties. This knowledge reflects objective maize characteristics. Variation occurs in the farmers' selection and management of maize varieties, but on average the variation deviates from a random pattern in the direction predicted by the farmers' knowledge base. They have incorporated the technological changes brought about by development into their knowledge base. Farmers maintain maize varieties with contrasting traits, and their knowledge base provides important information about which traits and constraints are important to them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888984
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    Effects of a long chain aliphatic alcohol mixture on growth and solute accumulation in water stressed wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: moisture stress ; polyethylene glycol ; long-chain aliphatic alcohols ; seedling growth, solute accumulation ; hydrolases ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress adversely affected the germination and seedling growth of Sonalika and WL2265 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Application of a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols having the composition C-24 Tetracosanol (10%), C-26 Hexacosanol (16%), C-28 Octacosanol (15%), C-30 Tricontanol (30%), C-32 Dotriacontanol (15%) and C-34 Tetratriacontanol (14%), partially ameliorated these effects and promoted both percent germination and seedling growth. Application also stimulated the activities of the hydrolases α- and β-amylase and acid invertase, so increasing free sugar accumulation. A role for long chain aliphatic alcohols in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is suggested. The alleviation of moisture stress by application of this mixture suggest that long chain aliphatic alcohols may be most effective at low water potentials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024413
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    Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Introgression ; leaf rust ; Puccinia spp. ; rust resistance ; species-specific probes ; stem rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Originally developed for resistance to greenbug derived from Insave rye, Amigo wheat carries two genes for resistance to stem rust. One of these genes is associated with a rye chromosome 1RS segment carrying the Sec-1 protein marker and presumably greenbug resistance. The second gene which is genetically linked to leaf rust resistance is associated with an Agropyron-derived segment. Rust tests in Canada confirmed that these genes were Sr24 and Lr24. In contrast to Agent and certain 3D/Ag derivatives from Dr. E.R. Sears, the Amigo source of Sr24/Lr24 freely recombined with white seed colour during backcrossing.
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    Transport of Rb and Sr to the ear in mature, excised shoots of wheat: Effects of temperature and stem length on Rb removal from the xylem (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: internode ; phloem ; rubidium ; solute transfer ; strontium ; temperature ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Arina’) shoots grown in the field were excised post-anthesis and incubated in the laboratory for 72 h standing in 2 mM RbCl+2 mM SrCl2. Strontium is a phloemimmobile, xylem-mobile element and indicates the distribution of the xylem sap in the plant. Rubidium is easily transported in the phloem and behaves similarly to the highly mobile K as far as the redistribution within the plant is concerned, although Rb cannot substitute physiologically or biochemically for K. The Sr contents in the ear were hardly affected by stem length or by steam-girdling (phloem-interruption). Rubidium on the other hand accumulated in the stem. A peduncle length of 5 cm was sufficient to decrease the Rb concentration in the xylem by more than 50% at 25°C. Only a minor quantity of Rb reached the ear after passing through 20 cm of stem without nodes and this transport was prevented by steam-girdling. A remarkable flux of Rb into the ear was observed in shoots with a vascular connection between the flag leaf lamina and the ear. Our results suggest that Sr was transported with the transpiration stream, while Rb was rapidly eliminated from the xylem and reached the ear via the phloem. The temperature optimum for the removal of Rb from the xylem was around 35°C. The nodes may further contribute, but are not prerequisites for this redistribution. The observed transfer processes could allow a solute specific transport via the xylem and phloem of maturing cereals and may be an important factor influencing the nutrient economy in the field.
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    Tolerance to high concentrations of boron for the amphiploid of Triticum aestivum × Agropyron elongatum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 297-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agropyron ; amphiploid ; boron toxicity ; tolerance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response to high concentrations of B in soil was compared for Triticum aestivum L. (vars. Chinese Spring and Halberd) and the amphiploid of Chinese Spring × Agropyron elongatum (Host). The tolerance of the three genotypes, with respect to yield at the high B treatments, was amphipolid〉Halberd〉Chinese Spring. The concentration of B in whole shoots was similar for the amphiploid and Halberd and significantly higher for Chinese Spring. The mechanism for tolerance to B appears to be the same for the amphiploid and wheat and is related to reduced accumulation of B in shoots.
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    Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; copper ; hyphal transport ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; phosphorus ; VA-mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out to test whether the mechanism of increased zinc (Zn) uptake by mycorrhizal plants is similar to that of increased phosphorus (P) acquisition. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in pots containing sterilised calcareous soil either inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe or with a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi, or remaining non-inoculated as non-mycorrhizal control. The pots had three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for hyphal growth. The compartmentalization was done using a 30-μm nylon net. The root compartment received low or high levels of P (50 or 100 mg kg−1 soil) in combination with low or high levels of P and micronutrients (2 or 10 mg kg−1 Fe, Zn and Cu) in the hyphal compartments. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation did not influence shoot dry weight, but reduced root dry weight when low P levels were supplied to the root compartment. Irrespective of the P levels in the root compartment, shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants had on average 95 and 115% higher P concentrations, and 164 and 22% higher Zn concentrations, respectively, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. These higher concentrations could be attributed to a substantial translocation of P and Zn from hyphal compartments to the plant via the mycorrhizal hyphae. Mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced copper concentration in roots (135%) but not in shoots. In contrast, manganese (Mn) concentrations in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants were distinctly lower, especially in plants inoculated with the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi. The results demonstrate that VA mycorrhizal hyphae uptake and translocation to the host is an important component of increased acquisition of P and Zn by mycorrhizal plants. The minimal hyphae contribution (delivery by the hyphae from the outer compartments) to the total plant acquisition ranged from 13 to 20% for P and from 16 to 25% for Zn.
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    Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to nonnodulating soybean in intercrops: the 15N dilution method (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 53-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; intercropping ; maize ; N-depleted soil ; 15N dilution method ; N transfer ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1985, 1986 and 1988, maize (Zea mays L.) was monocropped or intercropped with nodulating or nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In addition, nodulating soybean and nonnodulating soybean were each monocropped and grown as a mixture. In 1985 and 1986, treatments were grown at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 and in 1988, the treatments were grown without N fertilizer, on N-depeted soil and on non-N-depleted soil. 15N enriched N was applied to soil in all the aforementioned treatments to test for N transfer from nodulating soybean to non-N2-fixing crops by the 15N dilution method. The 15N dilution method did not show the occurrence of N transfer in 1985 and 1986, but the N sparing effect was evident from the total N uptake of nonnodulating soybean, dwarf maize and tall maize, in 1986. In 1988, maize and nonnodulating soybean seed yields and seed N yields were higher on non-N-depleted soil than on N-depleted soil. On N-depleted soil, the 15N dilution method indicated N transfer from nodulating soybean to maize and to nonndulating soybean. At a population ratio of 67% nodulating soybean to 33% nonnodulating soybean, N transfer was also seen on non-N-depleted soil in 1988.
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    Phosphate stress response in hydroponically grown maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; phosphate ; phosphatase ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long-term response of hydroponically grown maize plants to variations in the phosphate concentration in the growth medium was studied. There was a 5-week lag period before any differences between experimental and control groups could be seen. After this period, the plants grown without phosphate devoted a higher percentage of their total mass to roots than did the controls. The roots of the phosphate-free plants were longer and less bushy than those of the control plants. Plants grown without phosphate showed an increase in the amount of acid phosphatase extractable from the external surfaces of the roots by a high salt solution. These phosphate stress responses were induced by 5 μM phosphate but not by 25 μM phosphate.
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    In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. I. Double-layer culture technique (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium resistance ; Fusarium spp. ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; double-layer technique ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Calluses of spring and winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) were selected for Fusarium resistance in vitro, using the double-layer culture technique. Potato-dextrose agar medium in vials was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. After one week, fungal cells were killed by autoclaving and the agar medium containing the thermostable toxic metabolites was overlayered with MS callus-growing medium. Later, wheat calluses were placed on the upper medium for 4–5 weeks, and from the surviving calluses plants were regenerated. R2 seedling populations from self-fertilized R1 plants of 4 varieties were tested for Fusarium resistance by artificial infections in the greenhouse, and 3% of the regenerated R2 plants have been found to be more resistant than the original cultivars.
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of the intergeneric hybrids between nine Elymus species and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elymus species ; genome ; germplasm resources ; intergeneric hybridization ; meiosis ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybridizations were performed between Triticum aestivum L. (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and twelve Elymus species, ten tetraploids (2n=4x=28, SSYY) and two hexaploids (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY and SSYY??), namely, E. pendulinus (Nevski) Tzvelev, E. altissimus (Keng), Löve, E. anthosachnoides (Keng) Löve, E. brevipes (Keng) Löve, E. dolichatherus (Keng) Löve, E. parviglumis (Keng) Löve, E. pseudonutans (Keng) Löve, E. tibeticus (Melderis) G. Singh, E. semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Melderis, E. caucasicus (C. Koch) Tzvelev (tetraploids), and E. tsukushiensis Honda and E. tschimganicus (Drobov) Tzvelev (hexaploids). The hybrid seed sets in different combinations varied from 4.8%–72.2%, and embryo yields ranged from 3.2%–36.7%. Nine combinations produced adult hybrid plants, eight pentaploids and one hexaploid, through embryo rescue. The production of hybrid plants varied from 1.2%–30%. Chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in the parental species and the hybrids. Average meiotic configurations of 33.51 I+0.74 II+0.03 III+0.001 IV were observed amongst the pentaploid hybrids although there was a large variation, and 31.42 I+5.21 II+0.04 III was recorded in the hexaploid hybrid. It is concluded from the study that: 1) very little pairing occurred between the ABD genomes in T. aestivum and the different genomes in the tetraploid Elymus species. even though the pairing behaviour varied in different combinations; 2) the hexaploid combination had distinctly higher chromosome pairing than the other pentaploid combinations, which could be due either to a low degree of homoeology between the T. aestivum and E. tschimganicus genomes or that the latter species contains, certain gene(s) which increase the meiotic pairing between genomes from the same parental species.
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    Field aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on maize kernels (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: corn ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; aflatoxin ; resistance ; lfy gene ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries spores are commonly used as inoculum for screening maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation on grain. Occasionally, A. parasiticus Speare is also used for this purpose. However, only limited data are available on whether one species is as effective as the other for identifying aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. Our objective was to determine relative aflatoxin accumulation on kernels of maize containing the leafy (Lfy) gene in response to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus on grain of seven maize synthetics containing the Lfy gene, viz., A619, A632, Mo17, B73, HY, Wf9, and 914, was examined in three environments in Louisiana. Ears were doubly inoculated at 14 and 21 days after mid-silk by atomizing over external silks a 2 ml suspension containing 2.0×107 spores ml-1 of either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. All genotypes responded similarly in the three environments to both the fungal species. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 production did not differ in the three environments. The seven genotypes did not differ in levels of aflatoxin accumulation in response to either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus was detected in maize samples from all three environments, but aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was found only in samples from Winnsboro, where moisture stress occurred. Mean B1 and B2 production by A. flavus from the three environments was, respectively, four and one-half times and two times more than that by A. parasiticus.
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    Zinc deficiency and the formation of white structures in immature embryo cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 9-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: culture medium ; embryo culture ; microelements ; wheat ; zinc ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of microelements on the induction of embryogenic callus from epiblast and scutellum of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos was studied by the sequential omission of each of the microelements from Murashige & Skoog medium. Omission of iron caused a marked decrease in yield and poor shoot formation from embryogenic callus. The yield of embryogenic callus on medium without added manganese was also reduced. Omission of boron, copper-cobalt, iodine, and molybdenum had little effect on the induction of embryogenic epiblast callus. By contrast there was a marked increase in the formation of white structures on the medium without any microelements or, specifically without addition of zinc. Since the formation of typical embryoids of wheat is associated with the formation of white structures, our result highlights the importance of certain microelements on somatic embryogenesis of wheat.
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    Studies of Sb and Bi cluster produced by laser desorption (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Direct production of cations and anions of metal clusters of Sb and Bi by laser evaporation in a vacuum has been studied. Bulk sample substrates are irradiated by 1064, 532 and 355 nm beams at variable intensity, and the ions produced are accelerated and identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. At 1064 nm, the cation distributions show that Sb 3 + and Bi 3 + are the most abundant species, while the monomer and dimer cations are almost non-existent. The anion spectra indicate very low yields of Sb− and Bi− with dominant dimer anion species. These patterns persist with laser power variation within the stable operation domain. With lower incident laser wavelength, the mass distributions are modified, favouring the production of the light cluster ions. In no circumstances were Sb and Bi ions withn〉5 observed. Many of the observed phenomena can be explained if one assumes that for these elements, clusters withn〈6 are formed on the substrate surface. Cluster ions are produced via a prompt desorption process, and are subjected to photon induced reactions due to the same incident laser beam. However, more detailed investigation of the desorption properties will be necessary to confirm such a desorption mechanism.
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    STM observation of Au fine-particles on graphite (1991)
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    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 333-335 
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    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 61.16.D ; 82.65.F
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Gold particles deposited on graphite in vacuum have been studied by STM observation in air. Liquid-like coalescence between small gold-particles has been observed near room temperature. Preparation of small particles in vacuum is discussed. Small particles are formed in nucleation process if the degree of coalescence of particles is reduced. Over 400 Au particles of 5 nm in diameters with a narrow size-distribution with FWHM 2 nm and a high density of 3×1012/cm2 is prepared by evaporating gold in a vacuum of about 2×10−5 Torr and at the substrate (HOPG) temperature of 20°C.
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    Adsorption — desorption kinetics on epitaxially oriented palladium clusters (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 347-351 
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    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 82.65.Jv ; 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Palladium clusters with a low size dispersion and a single crystallographic shape have been obtained by epitaxial growth on (100) MgO. The isothermal adsorption — desorption kinetics of CO is obtained by a molecular beam method allowing the direct determination of the global adsorption probability and of the mean life time of CO molecules on the clusters. Three main results are deduced from these measurements: — an increase of the adsorption rate of CO on the clusters by the capture of CO molecules physisorbed on the substrate, — a faster desorption rate from (100) than from (111) facets at high coverage, — an increase of the adsorption energy for clusters smaller than 3 nm.
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    Structural stability and energetics of C, Si, and Ge microclusters: empirical many-body potential energy function calculation (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 423-425 
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    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural stability and energetics of carbon, silicon, and germanium microclusters containing 3−7 atoms have been investigated by using a recently developed empirical many-body potential energy function (PEF), which comprises two- and three-body atomic interactions. The PEF satisfies both bulk cohesive energy per atom and bulk stability exactly. It has been found that the most stable C3−4 microclusters are linear withD ∞h symmetry but C5−7 microclusters are planar withD nh symmetry. Silicon and germanium microclusters show similar structural stability. TheX n (X=Si, Ge;n=3−7) microclusters are found to be most stable in the following forms:X 3 is triangular withD 3h symmetry,X 4 is tetragonal withT d symmetry,X 5 is square pyramidal withD 4h symmetry,X 6 is bipyramidal square withO h symmetry, and finallyX 7 is square pyramidal having two atoms underneath withD 2h symmetry.
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    C n carbon clusters (n=4−6, 60, 70): interesting cases of computation/observation comparisons (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 19 (1991), S. 431-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 35.20 ; 36.40 ; 82.30Q
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent theoretical studies proved some of the small carbon clusters C n (n≈1−10) are represented by several isomeric structures. Evaluation of the isomer relative stabilities is necessary for comparison of theoretical data with observation, this being exemplified by the C4 and C6 cases. For the former cluster a new energy estimation has been suggested based on the isomerism reasoning. Relative-stability evaluation for clusters of different dimensions is discussed on the C60/C70 system, pointing out a strong pressure-dependency of the picture. The scheme is matched to the recent observations of Bethune and Meijer.
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    On the shell structure and geometry of monovalent metal clusters (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 21 (1991), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Hückel model is used to study the electronic structure of monovalent metal clusters. In an fcc cluster the Hückel model gives an estimate to the electronic structure of a free electron cluster. It is shown that the surface faceting of the fcc cluster can destroy the electronic shell structure already when the cluster has about 100 electrons. In the Hückel model the icosahedral structure has smaller total energy than the fcc structures, from which the Wulff construction has the smallest energy already when the cluster has 600 atoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01426385
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