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  • Hymenoptera  (36)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Springer  (57)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser vascular welding ; Tissue fusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The central problem in microsurgery is the reconstruction of small vessels. The long operating time, foreign body granuloma formation around the suture material as well as aneurysmal alterations of the vessel wall after conventional suture technique make the search for alternatives indispensable. Some of these disadvantages can be avoided as demonstrated by our animal experiments and histological examinations in laser-assisted anastomosing. The aim of this study is to show these aspects in connection with laser application and compare them with conventional suture techniques.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notes: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
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  • 5
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Thalassemia ; Ferrihydrite ; Crystallinity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The cores of ferritins isolated from different organs of human subjects withβ-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease have different size distributions and crystallinities depending on the source organ. These patients have not been treated by hypertransfusion regimen or iron chelation therapy.β-Thal/HbE spleens and livers yield ferritin cores which are less crystalline than those isolated from normal spleens and livers, reflecting the more rapid deposition of iron in the diseased state. Ferritins isolated from the hearts and pancreases ofβ-thal/HbE subjects were found to have larger, more crystalline cores than those from theβ-thal/HbE livers and spleens, possibly as a consequence of the role of the heart and pancreas as long-term iron deposition sites in this iron overload pathology.
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  • 8
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
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  • 9
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    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
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  • 10
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; three-dimensional vision ; surface reconstruction ; stereo ; shape from shading ; dynamic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The computational reconstruction of surface topographies from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images has been extensively investigated in the past, but fundamental image processing problems still exist. Since conventional approaches adapted from general-purpose image processing have not sufficiently met the requirements in terms of resolution and reliability, we have explored combining different methods to obtain better results. This paper presents a least-squares combination of conventional stereoscopy with “shape from shading” and a way of obtaining self-consistent surface profiles from stereoscopy and “stereo-intrinsic shape from shading” using dynamic programming techniques. Results are presented showing how this combined analysis of multi-sensorial data yields improvements of the reconstructed surface topography that cannot be obtained from individual sensor signals alone.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Nocardia opaca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase (hydrogen-NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2), consisting of four non-identical subunits, was isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 and from Nocardia opaca 1b and analyzed by a HPLC gel permeation technique and electron microscopy. The tetrameric enzyme particles from both origins, as determined from negatively stained electron microscopic samples, were found to be elongated and very similar in shape and size. The A. eutrophus enzyme was measured in more detail. It exhibited dimensions of 12.7 nm by 5.5 nm (axial ratio 2.3:1). Dissociation into smaller particles and unspecific aggregation combined with partial inactivation were observed in the presence of the inhibitor NADH. Kept in buffer without added nickel, the enzyme was partially dissociated. Reassociation of tetramers without restored enzyme activity was achieved by addition of 0.5 mM NiCl2. A working model for the structural organization of the tetrameric enzyme particle is presented.
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  • 17
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 18
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
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  • 19
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 517-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Spermatids ; DNA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine ; Mouse ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA distribution in mouse, rabbit and bull spermatids was analyzed by electron microscopy, after using a Feulgen-like HCl-osmium ammine procedure, and after immunocytochemistry with anti-DNA antibodies. In addition, nucleic acids were visualized with the intercalating dye ethidium bromide and phosphotungstic acid. The parts of DNA displaying a beta helix configuration (possibly A-T rich parts) were identified by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33258. In all 3 species, young spermatid nuclei were seen to have large areas poor in DNA, as well as DNA-rich areas, which were mostly concentrated into a peripheral layer close to the acrosome and into one or several masses, displaying species-specific locations. These DNA-rich areas were stained with Hoechst 33258. Elongating spermatid nuclei contained homogeneously distributed DNA, and this was evident following both immunocytochemistry and nucleic acid histochemistry in all 3 species. However, the distribution appeared more heterogeneous after the Feulgen-like procedure, and was accompanied by a disappearance of Hoechst-fluorescence. In fully elongated spermatids, all nuclear areas stained with Hoechst 33258, while the 3 other techniques labeled either all or species-specific parts of the condensed chromatin. The reasons for these variable reactions are discussed in terms of technique specificities, DNA configuration and nucleoprotein moiety replacements.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Neurohypophysis ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunohistochemistry ; In-situ hybridization ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spot 35 protein is a Ca-binding protein originating from the rat cerebellum; it is now referred to spot 35-calbindin. This protein is expressed in immature pituicytes of the neurohypophyseal anlage in the E11–E18 rat embryo. The gene expression of spot 35-calbindin was detected by in-situ hybridization analysis only at stage E11–E12. Profiles of spot 35-positive nerve fibers of a neurosecretory nature were found in anlage at stage E16. At this stage, some immature pituicytes are partially immunopositive for spot 35-calbindin only in their peripheral cytoplasm; others are immunonegative. At birth and thereafter through adulthood, abundant nerve fibers are the sole structures immunoreactive for spot 35-calbindin; all the pituicytes are immunonegative, resulting in a light-microscopic appearance of numerous immunonegative round profiles, corresponding to pituicytes, and capillaries embedded in the granularly immunostained neurohypophysis. The present findings suggest that, during specific embryonic stages, immature pituicytes exert some as yet unidentified roles related to Ca-mediated functions involving the expression of spot 35-calbindin.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 563-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Xenografted human carcinomas ; Basal lamina ; Development, following heterotransplantation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Man ; Mouse (NMRI, nu/nu)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The development of the basal lamina (BL), the key structure of the basement membrane (BM), was investigated in three xenografted human carcinomas of the sigmoid colon (CA 1), the lung (L 261), and the hypopharynx (H-Stg 1) following heterotransplantation to athymic mice. The study involved the use of electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence techniques employing highly specific antibodies against the intrinsic BL components, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, laminin and type-IV collagen. Following transplantation, the extracellular matrix material of the transplanted tumors decomposed and was phagocytozed by invading macrophages within 1 to 2 days. During this stage, no specific binding of the applied antibodies to BL components could be detected within the xenografts. Following the ingrowth of host-derived connective tissue between days 2 to 6, small fluorescence-positive granules appeared within the cytoplasm and around those tumor cells that were located close to the invaded strands of connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, typical secretory granules were detectable in the cytoplasm of many xenografted carcinoma cells. Thereafter, a tannic acid-positive, patchy material appeared in the extracellular space of CA 1 and L 261 and aggregated to form small fragments of a discontinuous BL. In the H-Stg 1 xenografts, this material assembled to form continuous mono-, bi- and multilayered structures. Large amounts of excess BL material remained accumulated in the L 261 and H-Stg 1 xenografts until the end of the observation period (day 24). These findings reveal that discontinuities of the BL occur independent of the active invasion processes of tumor cells, since xenografted human carcinomas neither grow invasively nor metastasize in nude mice. Moreover, they confirm that these discontinuities are not caused by a quantitatively insufficient production of BL material, but rather arise from qualitative imbalances of the composition of the synthesized BL material.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 311-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental root surface ; Periodontal fiber fringe ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) has never before been studied in human teeth. We have therefore examined the initiation of AEFC in the form of a collagenous fiber fringe and its attachment to the underlying dentinal matrix, in precisely selected, erupting human premolars with roots developed to 50%–60% of their final length. Freshly extracted teeth were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative, decalcified in EDTA and subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces, vertical to and along the root axis. The blocks were postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon and cut for light- and electron-microscopic investigation. Starting at the advancing edge of the root, within a region extending about 1 mm coronal to this edge, fibroblast-like cells were seen closely covering the external root surface. Along the first 100 μm from the root edge, these cells extended cytoplasmic processes and contacted the dentinal collagen fibrils. Between these cells and the dentinal matrix, new collagen fibrils and very short collagen fibers gradually developed. Within the second 100 μm from the root edge, this resulted in the formation of a cell-fiber fringe network. Newly formed fibers of the fringe were directly attached to the non-mineralized matrix containing dentinal collagen fibrils and could be distinguished from the latter by differences in fibril orientation. During the process of dentin mineralization, the transitional zone between the fiber-fringe base and the dentinal matrix, i.e., the future dentino-cemental junction, also mineralized. It is suggested that this fiber fringe is the base of AEFC, which later increases in thickness by fiber extension and subsequent mineralization.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 325-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cementum ; Fiber fringe ; Periodontal ligament fibers ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The present study describes for the first time the development of early acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) until its establishment on human teeth. Precisely selected premolars with roots developed to 50%–100% of their final length were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative and most of them were decalcified in EDTA. Their roots were subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces. Following osmication, these blocks were embedded in Epon and sectioned for light-and transmission electron microscopy. Some blocks were cut non-demineralized. From semithin stained sections, the density of the collagenous fiber fringe protruding from the root surface was measured by using the Videoplan-system. After initiation of this fiber fringe and its attachment to the dentinal root surface followed by mineralization, the fringe gradually increased in length and subsequently became mineralized. Fringe elongation and the advancement of the mineralization front appeared to progress proportionally. Thus, in all stages of AEFC development, a short fiber fringe covered the mineralized AEFC. Its density remained constant, irrespective of AEFC thickness. The latter gradually increased and reached an early maximum of 15–20 μm in the cervical region. At this stage, the AEFC fringe appeared to fuse with the future dentogingival or other collagen fibers of the tooth supporting apparatus. Mineralization of the fringe commenced with isolated, spherical or globular centers, which later fused with the mineralization front and became incorporated in AEFC.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythroblast ; Cytokinesis ; Cytoplasmic bridge ; Fetal liver ; Erythropoiesis ; Electron microscopy ; dd Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A unique cytoplasmic connection between erythroblasts was studied by electron microscopy in mouse hemopoietic tissues (fetal liver, fetal and neonatal spleen and adult bone marrow). Many pairs of interphase erythroblasts were connected by a “cytoplasmic bridge” that was very thin and sometimes long in comparison with telophase bridges. The stage of maturation of the cells in a pair was similar. Small numbers of microtubules ran along the cytoplasmic bridge; a mid-body was not seen. The plasma membrane at approximately the middle of the bridge bulged to form a ring-shaped ridge filled with dense amorphous substances; this was called a “bulging ring”. Thus, the cytoplasmic bridge between erythroblasts did not morphologically correspond to the telophase bridge in the usual cytokinesis. Cytoplasmic bridges were observed in various differentiating stages of erythroblasts, whereas other cell types of the hemopoietic lineage did not have such a bridge. The cytoplasmic bridge is unique to erythroblasts and provides an evidence for the atypical cytokinesis of the erythroblastic lineage.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Meiosis ; Energy metabolism ; Protein synthesis ; Nuclear envelope ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse (Swiss)
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    Notes: Summary In the absence of a suitable energy source, mouse oocytes cultured in vitro resume, but fail to complete, meiotic maturation. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms leading to this meiotic failure. We utilized pyruvate-deficient medium to test for the role of pyruvate throughout the meiotic maturation process. Germinal vesicle-stage (GV) oocytes underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but failed to form a polar body when cultured continuously in pyruvate-free medium. However, when GV oocytes were preincubated for 4 h in pyruvate-free medium containing dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) and then cultured in pyruvate-free medium, GVBD was markedly inhibited. Preincubation of GV oocytes in dbcAMP and cycloheximide, followed by culture in cycloheximide only, also inhibited GVBD. A longer preincubation period was required in the cycloheximide-dbcAMP case (12 h) than in pyruvate-free-dbcAMP medium situation (4 h). Strikingly, reassembly of the nuclear membrane without polar body formation was observed following GVBD in oocytes continuously cultured in pyruvate-free medium. The reassembled nuclear membrane increased in size with continued culture, and it surrounded partially-decondensed chromatin. Nuclear membrane reassembly also occurred in oocytes which had undergone GVBD during continuous culture in medium containing only cycloheximide. Reformation of nuclear membranes after GVBD was confirmed by electron-microscopic analyses of oocytes cultured in pyruvate-free medium or in the presence of cycloheximide. We conclude that both pyruvate and protein synthesis are required for nuclear membrane disassembly, whereas lack of pyruvate or protein synthesis is associated with interruption of the metaphase state and reassembly of the nuclear membrane. The evidence suggests that assembly and maintenance of an intact nucleus and its disintegration are all amenable to regulation by pyruvate, possibly via mechanism(s) involving protein synthesis.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Glia ; Meninges ; Electron microscopy ; Skate, Raja erinacea (Elasmobranchii)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report gives the results of the first electron-microscopic examination of the cell layers covering the outer brain surface and the inner surface of the cartilaginous skull in the skate, Raja erinacea. The perivascular glial blood-brain barrier — a characteristic of elasmobranchs — extends to the outer surface of the brain. This outer barrier layer is surrounded, in turn, by a subarachnoid compartment (depth: 30–40 μm), containing loose connective tissue and blood vessels; by an arachnoid-like epithelium (10–15 cell layers), impermeable to horseradish peroxidase; and, by perimeningeal fluid, a fluid with a slow turnover rate and a protein composition different from plasma. The inside of the skull, facing the perimeningeal fluid, is covered by a multilayered (10–15 layers) cuboidal epithelium, also impermeable to horseradish peroxidase. Closely apposed cells in the luminal layer of this epithelium have apical microvilli and numerous vesicular profiles, containing material of moderate electron density. These observations may explain, in terms of structure, the regulated protein content of perimeningeal fluid and the restricted exchange of solutes between brain and perimeningeal fluid in elasmobranchs.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Proximal tubule ; Hydraulic pressure ; Mechanical stress ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the basement membrane of the rat proximal tubule was observed by transmission electron microscopy after the use of a cold dehydration technique. The basement membrane of the P1 segment is thick and possesses several structural specializations that are rare in other basement membranes; these include intraepithelial ridges, dense bars, and basement membrane vesicles. The intraepithelial ridges are found in the intercellular spaces between interdigitating processes of the proximal tubule cells. The ridges and the interdigitating processes run circumferentially around the tubule. The dense bars are frequently found in the intraepithelial ridges. They are especially prominent on the concave side of the tubular bends and to a lesser extent near sites where intracellular actin filaments anchor onto the basal cell membranes. The basement membrane vesicles are bounded by unit membranes; they are variable in both their electron density and their size. They are usually found in association with dense bars, and the grade of their accumulation is positively correlated with the development of the dense bars. These three specializations have no topographical relationship with the interstitial structures, such as fibrobalasts and collagen fibrils. The specializations are best developed on the concave side of tubular bends where the circumferential stresses caused by the intraluminal hydraulic pressure are presumably the largest; we therefore propose that they are an adaptation to, or a manifestation of, the increased wall stress in the proximal tubule.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Islets of Langerhans ; Immunocytochemistry ; Endocrine cells four types ; Electron microscopy ; Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian fattailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, was investigated by means of electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry using the protein A-gold technique on London resin (LR) white-embedded tissue. The primary antibodies used were raised against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. The morphology of the secretory granules differed in the four cell types. The insulin cells are pleomorphic, and the secretory granules composed of an electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-lucen halo. The glucago cells possess granules with an electron-dense core usually surrounded by a halo of less dense granular material. Somatostatin cells have large, less dense secretory granules. The pancreatic polypeptide cells show small, dense secretory granules. In order for an ultrastructural study to be considered reliable for the definite identification of endocrine cell types, it is essential that it be corroborated by immunocytochemical data at the light-or preferably electron-microscopic level. Recent developments in immuno-electron-microscopic techniques have contributed to a better knowledge of cells responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of hormones, as in this study.
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  • 31
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    Keywords: Transverse (T-) tubules ; Muscle, cardiac ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rabbit (Lagomorpha)
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    Notes: Summary The goal of the present investigation was to compare quantitatively the distribution of T-tubules between regions of the myocardium. The volume fraction and surface density of T-tubules in rabbit right atrial free wall, left atrial free wall, right ventricular free wall, left ventricular free wall, right ventricular papillary muscle, and left ventricular papillary muscle were measured using established, electron-microscopic, morphometric techniques. T-tubules were delineated using wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. No significant differences were found in the morphometric parameters between any two ventricular samples or between atrial samples. Furthermore, little difference between T-tubule volume fraction or surface density was found between individual animals for any given site. Both volume fraction and surface density of ventricular T-tubules were more than ten-times their values in atrial tissue (volume fraction: 3.43%±0.35 vs. 0.20±0.09; surface density: 2.46 μm2/μm3±0.11 vs 0.10±0.04). Measurements show that there is greater variation of T-tubule volume fraction and surface density within atrial samples than within ventricular samples. This suggests greater inhomogeneity in T-tubule distribution in atrial myocardium than in ventricular myocardium. Morphometric data also indicate that the mean diameter of atrial T-tubules is greater than that of ventricular T-tubules while qualitative observations show that atrial T-tubules are distributed less regularly and have a larger longitudinal component to their organization than those in the ventricular myocardium.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth pulp ; NGF receptor ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve growth factor receptor (NGF receptor)-like immunoreactivity in pulps of developing primary and mature permanent cat canine teeth was examined, by use of a monoclonal antibody against NGF receptor detected by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and pre-embedding immunocytochemical light- and electron microscopy. Both primary and permanent pulps contained a vast number of NGF receptor-like immunoreactive nerves. Immunolabelling appeared to be localized both to axons and Schwann cells. In addition, many blood vessel walls in immature primary tooth pulps showed NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity, in contrast to permanent pulps where blood vessels rarely were NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Double-labelling immunofluorescence experiments revealed that in the permanent pulp a majority of the NGF receptor-positive nerves also showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity, and many showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. However, nerve fibers with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity lacked NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity. In developing primary tooth pulps fewer NGF receptor-positive nerves were CGRP-like immunoreactive or substance P-like immunoreactive, as compared to the permanent pulp. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were not detected in the primary tooth pulp. The results suggest a role for nerve growth factor in both developing and mature sensory nerves of the tooth pulp.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal autotransplants ; Sodium restriction ; Mineralocorticoid hormones ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Regenerated adrenocortical nodules were obtained by implanting fragments of the capsular tissue of excised adrenal glands into the musculus gracilis of rats (Belloni et al. 1990). Five months after the operation, operated rats showed a normal basal blood level of corticosterone, but a very low concentration of circulating aldosterone associated with a slightly increased plasma renin activity (PRA). Regenerated nodules were well encapsulated and some septa extended into the parenchyma from the connective-tissue capsule. The majority of parenchymal cells were similar to those of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis of the normal adrenal gland, while zona glomerulosa-like cells were exclusively located around septa (juxta-septal zone; JZ). In vitro studies demonstrated that nodules were functioning as far as glucocorticoid production was concerned, while mineralocorticoid yield was very low. Prolonged sodium restriction significantly increased PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration, and provoked a marked hypertrophy of JZ, which was due to increases in both the number and average volume of JZ cells. Accordingly, the in vitro basal production of aldosterone and other 18-hydroxylated steroids was notably enhanced. The plasma level of corticosterone, as well as zona fasciculata/reticularis-like cells and in vitro production of glucocorticoids by regenerated nodules were not affected. These findings, indicating that autotransplanted adrenocortical nodules respond to a prolonged sodium restriction similar to the normal adrenal glands, suggest that the relative deficit in mineralocorticoid production is not due to an intrinsic defect of the zona glomerulosa-like JZ, but is probably caused by the impairment of its adequate stimulation under basal conditions. The hypothesis is advanced that the lack of splanchnic nerve supply and chromaffin medullary tissue in regenerated nodules may be the cause of such an impairment.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Immunization ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Electron microscopy ; Rabbit (Chinchilla, Ch: b Ch)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary An active or passive immunization against hormones and the subsequent neutralization of hormones by circulating antibodies is a valuable tool for the identification of hormonal action. To recognize presumed local (autocrine, paracrine) effects exerted by pancreatic hormones, the endocrine pancreas of rabbits was investigated electron-microscopically after long-term immunization against glucagon or somatostatin. Glucagon immunization resulted in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of glucagon- (A-) cells and in their increased metabolic activities: They showed prominent nucleoli, increased amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi areas, and mitochondria. These changes were paralleled by alterations in secretion granules (increased size, decreased hormonal content), increased numbers of lysosomes (crinophagic bodies), and an increment of the filamentous system. Basically, these findings point to an autocrine regulation of A-cells. Following somatostatin immunization, somatostatin- (D-) cells were hyperplastic but unchanged in their metabolic state. Instead, insulin-(B-) cells and A-cells exhibited equivalents of increased cellular activities (parameters, see above). This stimulation most probably is caused by cancelled paracrine (inhibitory) effects of somatostatin. The changes observed after both immunizations were differently expressed in morphologically heterogeneous islet types (size, angioarchitecture, cellular composition, microtopology of the various cell types). It is concluded, therefore, that the regulation of islets is not uniform. Autocrine and paracrine effects exerted by islet hormones are of different significance in individual islets, or they interfere differently with other regulatory signals.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Lectin-gold particles ; Cytology ; Glycoproteins ; Imaginal discs ; Tissue culture ; Plodia interpunctella (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Indian meal-moth cell line, IAL-PID2, established from larval wing discs was examined from the 250th to the 300th passages. The cultured cells retain various structural and functional qualities of epidermal cells. Under hormone-free conditions PID2 cells grow as a monolayer of round or spindle-shaped cells. They appear as weakly active epidermal cells. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are poorly developed and secretory activity is reduced. Culture conditions resulted in considerable cellular expansions, abundance of storage products (glycogen, lipids), and hypertrophy of the lysosomal system. The PID2 cell line retains the ability to respond to ecdysteroids; 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment (2×10-6 M) triggered morphogenetic and secretory processes. Cells formed pseudoepithelial aggregates interconnected and linked by desmosome-like structures. The hormone-stimulated cells are involved in the biosynthesis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-rich glycoproteins. The glycosylation sites were located, by use of WGA-gold particles, on cellular expansions and all along the plasma membrane. The possible significance of these glycoproteins is discussed.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adiantum capillus veneris ; Meristematic root cells ; Microtubule organization ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interphase meristematic root cells ofAdiantum capillus venerispossess a well developed cytoskeleton of cortical microtubules (Mts), which disappear at prophase. The preprophase-prophase cells display a well organized preprophase microtubule band (PMB) and a perinuclear Mt system. The observations favour the suggestion that the cell edges included in the PMB cortical zone possess a Mt organizing capacity and thus play an important role in PMB formation. The perinuclear Mts are probably organized on the nuclear surface. The preprophase-prophase nuclei often form protrusions towards the PMB cortical zone and the spindle poles, assuming a conical or rhomboid shape. Mts may be involved in this nuclear shaping. Reinstallation of cortical Mts in dividing cells begins about the middle of cytokinesis with the reappearance of short Mts on the cell surface. When cytokinesis terminates, numerous Mts line the postcytokinetic daughter wall. Many of them converge or form clusters in the cytoplasm occupying the junctions of the new and the old walls. In the examined fern, the cortical Mt arrays seem to be initiated in the cortex of post-cytokinetic root cells. A transitory radial perinuclear Mt array, comparable to that found in post-telophase root cells of flowering plants, was not observed inA. capillus veneris.
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 38
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    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Malus ; Medicago sativa ; Salvia glutinosa ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Apis mellifera ; Bombus ; Floral constancy ; foraging ; pollination ; social behaviour
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to most other bee species honeybees are highly eusocial and hold extremely long-lived societies. Their all-season activities force them to use whatever plants available and prevent any specific adaptations — in the flowers, in honeybees, and in all competing bees. This flexible behaviour in flowers has been a precondition for perennial colony life. But as bees evade becoming contaminated by pollen their visits often do not result in pollination. Honeybee monocultures thus must be avoided by all means.
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  • 39
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA interstrand cross-links ; DNA repair ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The repair of interstrand cross-links induced by 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA (365 nm) radiation DNA was analyzed in diploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The strains employed were the wild-type D7 and derivatives homozygous for the rad18-1 or the rad3-12 mutation. Alkaline step-elution and electron microscopy were performed to follow the process of induction and removal of photoinduced crosslinks. In accordance with previous reports, the D7 rad3-12 strain failed to remove the induced lesions and could not incise cross-links. The strain D7 rad18-1 was nearly as efficient in the removal of 8-MOP photoadducts after 2 h of post-treatment incubation as the D7 RAD+ wild-type strain. However, as demonstrated by alkaline step-elution and electron microscopic analysis, the first incision step at DNA cross-links was three times more effective in D7 rad18-1 than in D7 RAD+. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the RAD18 gene product is involved in the filling of gaps resulting from persistent non-informational DNA lesions generated by the endonucleolytic processing of DNA cross-links. Absence of this gene product may lead to extensive strand breakage and decreased recognition of such lesions by structural repair systems.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; attine ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Inga oerstediana ; plant-herbivore interactions ; host selection ; condensed tannins ; fungal performance ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoid ; host-finding ; behavior ; feces odors ; attraction ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; associative learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females ofMicroplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile hostspecific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue.
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  • 42
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1897-1908 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidine ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidine ; Hofmann degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of three species in the Neotropical ant genusMegalomyrmex have identified this taxon as the third myrmicine genus to produce alkaloids as major venom products. Workers ofM. leoninus and workers and ergatoids ofM. goeldii produce one or more of fourtrans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines previously identified in other myrmicine genera.M. modestus, on the other hand, is distinctive in producing the novel alkaloid (5E,8E)-3-butyl-5-hexylpyrrolizidine (5d), whose structure was established using a micro-Hofmann degradation sequence. The relationship ofMegalomyrmex to other alkaloid-producing ant genera is discussed along with the possible chemotaxonomic significance of the analyzed species when viewed in terms of the recognized species groups in this genus.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; corn ; parasitoid ; host searching ; semiochemicals ; synomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, α-trans-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1, 3,7,ll-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest thatC. marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by-products.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dinotiscus dendroctoni ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; parasitoid ; kairomone ; electroan-tennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In two studies using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, bark beetle- and tree-produced semiochemicals were presented toDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), a larval parasitoid ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. In the first study, 20 test compounds and a standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes were presented individually at one concentration to the parasitoids. In the second study, the nine compounds that elicited the greatest EAGs in study 1 were then tested as serial dilutions of 10 to 0.0001μg/ul. The individual compounds did not elicit responses greater than the standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes. Males and females exhibited similar dose responses, although females showed lower thresholds of response than males to frontalin, terpinen-4-ol,E,Z-chalcogran, andexo-brevicomin. In both studies, pino-/isopinocamphone elicited the greatest responses at high concentrations. Tests of different ratios of the camphone mixture indicated that pinocamphone elicited the greatest response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggests that several of the compounds may be used together byD. dendroctoni in habitat and/or host community location.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2507-2518 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Myrmicinae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; pyrrolines ; alarm behavior ; stridulation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analysis of the venom of the myrmicine antMegalomyrmex foreli from Costa Rica revealed the presence of four major alkaloidal components. Two of these, 2-butyl-5-(E, 1-heptenyl)-5-pyrroline (3) and 2-butyl-5-(E, E, 1,3-heptadienyl)-5-pyrroline (4), constitute a new functional class of ant venom alkaloids, whose structures were assigned from their spectral and chemical behavior and unambiguous syntheses. The function of these compounds is suggested by field observations of the behavior ofM. foreli, its sting morphology, and the relative toxicity of 3 and 4 against termite workers.
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  • 47
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; Myrmica ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; exocrine secretions ; mandibular gland ; Dufour gland ; trail pheromone ; 3-ethyl-2,5-di-methylpyrazine ; bishomofamesene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An undescribed species ofMyrmica collected in Idaho has been shown to have the same substances in its mandibular glands (3-octanol and 3-octanone and related 3-alkanols and 3-alkanones) and in its Dufour gland (linear alkanes, alkenes, and farnesene isomers and homologs) as previously examined European species ofMyrmica. The poison gland contains the trail pheromone 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, common to allMyrmica species studied so far. The Dufour gland contains large amounts of bishomofarnesene, which easily distinguishes it from some 13 otherMyrmica already known.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
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  • 49
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acarapis woodi ; tracheal mite ; Tarsonemidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee ; hydrocarbons ; host selection ; cuticular lipids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a simple two-choice bioassay and video analysis of individual locomotory tracks, it was determined that a preference for young-bee hosts over old-bee hosts in female honeybee tracheal mites,Acarapis woodi (Rennie), is chemically mediated. When presented with a choice of cuticular extracts from 5-day-old and 〈1-day-old adult bees, mites showed a significant preference for the young-bee extract in three of four bee colony sources. This discrimination was due apparently to a greater positive response elicited by the young-bee extract rather than a deterrent effect of old-bee extract, as the extract of old bees evoked a significantly higher response than a hexane control. A bioassay of silica-gel fractions of young-bee extract indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons alone were responsible for tracheal mite response. Further fractionation of a hydrocarbon fraction by argentation chromatography demonstrated that both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were involved in the mite response, but when presented in opposition, mites showed a stronger response to the saturated than to the unsaturated components. Mites placed in zones treated with cuticular extract of young bees exhibited higher angular velocities than those placed on hexane, causing them to remain in the extract-treated zones for extended periods. These results point to a possible control strategy whereby migration of tracheal mites to young-bee hosts could be disrupted by artificially altering the chemical profile of the honeybee cuticle.
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  • 50
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1021-1035 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendrocerus carpenteri ; Hymenoptera ; Megaspilidae ; hyperparasitoid ; primary parasitoid ; marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; self-recognition ; superparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The megaspilidDendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) is a solitary ectohyperparasitoid of aphid primary parasitoids. It avoids superparasitism, but the avoidance rate depends on the amount of time elapsed after the first oviposition. In addition, females discriminate in a time-dependent manner between hosts parasitized by themselves and hosts parasitized by conspecifics. They recognize parasitized hosts by means of two externally perceivable chemical markers that are deposited on the mummy shell. One of the markers is highly active, short-lived, not passable through gas chromatography (GC), and freezing sensitive; the other is moderately active, persistent, GC-passable and freezing tolerant. Using two markers is believed to be advantageous for the hyperparasitoid female, as their ratio provides information on mark age and on the producer of the mark (the female herself or a conspecific female).
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  • 51
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1557-1573 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Laburnum anagyroides ; Robinia pseudacacia ; Aphis cytisorum ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Bruchidius villosus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Lasius niger ; Formica species ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Triaspis thoracicus ; Braconidae ; Chalcidoidea ; quinolizidine alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) of golden rain,Laburnum anagyroides, and those of phytophagous insects associated with the plant, as well as of parasitoids of the latter, were analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The alkaloid content in samples of vegetative plant parts was high at the beginning of the season, then decreased, while that of reproductive organs was high throughout flowering, pod formation, and maturation. The analyses showed that the QA of the plant passed through two higher trophic levels (herbivorous insects and their parasitoids) and that the alkaloid pattern changed little during the passage. The alkaloids were present in two phytophagous insect species associated with golden rain: the predispersal seed predator,Bruchidius villosus [5–13μg/g fresh weight (fw)], andAphis cytisorum (182–1012μg/g fw), an aphid that feeds on shoots, leaves, and inflorescences. Braconid and chalcidoid parasitoids emerging from the bruchid host also contained alkaloids (1.3–3μg/g fw), as did three foraging ant species,Lasius niger, Formica rufibarbis, andF. cunicularia (45μg/g fw), that visited the aphid colonies or honeydew-covered leaves of aphid-infested plants. The hypothesis that developing bruchid larvae and/or the plant “manipulate” QA supply to infested seeds was not supported, because QA content of leftover endosperm in seeds after bruchid development was similar to that of uninfested seeds. The frass of developing bruchid larvae was rich in QA (31μg/ g dry weight). While aphids sequestered, the bruchid larvae took up and eliminated QA with the frass without chemical transformation.
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  • 52
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1641-1664 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Formicinae ; mimicry ; artificial mixed colonies ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; colony recognition ; ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Formica selysi ; Monica rubida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular hydrocarbons ofFormica selysi (Formicinae) andMonica rubida (Myrmicinae) reared in single species and in mixed species colonies were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. In colonies containing both species, each species modified its species-specific recognition odor. This odor is composed, at least partly, of cuticular hydrocarbons. The cuticular hydrocarbons ofM. rubida consist only of saturated alkanes (n-alkanes and branched alkanes). InF. selysi the mixture also contains unsaturated compounds (monoenes and dienes). In hetero-specific colonies, a new chemical signature developed. This signature resulted from qualitative and quantitative changes in the spectrum of hydrocarbons produced by each species and permitted the two species to inhabit the same nest without displaying interspecific aggression. The readjustment seemed to be more an active synthesis or an active transfer than simply a passive transfer from one species to the other. This may imply that the ants synthesized some components of the hydrocarbon signature of the other species. These synthesizing processes may be activated under particular social environmental conditions.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Telenomus sphingis ; Scelionidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)/glandular trichome-based resistance to insects ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, PI 134417, on the behavioral responses ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) were observed in the laboratory. ForT. pretiosum, these effects included (1) longer time required by the wasps to cross a leaf disk (diam. 16.3 mm), (2) higher percentage of wasps initiating flight from disks before reaching the edge, and (3) entrapment of wasps in trichome exudates. In tomato genotypes with varying densities of type VI glandular trichomes (3.1–9.2/mm2) but with no methyl ketones in the trichome tips, no such adverse effects were observed. The time taken to cross a disk or initiate flight byT. sphingis, a larger wasp thanT. pretiosum, was not significantly affected on 16.3-mm leaf disks, although the percentage ofT. sphingis initiating flight was directly correlated with trichome density among lines with no ketones. When placed on whole leaflets of plant lines with or without methyl ketones,T. sphingis was entangled by trichome exudates. However, unlikeT. pretiosum, T. sphingis was eventually able to free itself from entanglement. Landing rates byT. sphingis on PI 134417 foliage contained in dialysis tubes were also reduced. Data indicate that suppression of egg parasitism byT. sphingis on resistant foliage is due to both repellent action of its foliar volatiles and reduced searching rates by the parasitoids. Results indicate that a significant portion of the reduction of egg parasitism byT. pretiosum andT. sphingis is attributable to the effects of 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone present in the tips of type VI glandular trichomes on PI 134417 foliage, although the trichomes also adversely affect the wasps even in plant lines without ketones.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; hydrocarbons ; kin recognition ; genetic relatedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrocarbons of worker honeybees of known pedigree were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Variability in hydrocarbon extracts of individual workers is determined at least in part genetically. Correlations in hydrocarbon composition of extracts were highest among more closely related individuals. Individuals maintained in groups exchange hydrocarbons but still maintain enough self-produced compounds to retain genetically determined individual characteristics. These results demonstrate that extractable hydrocarbons of bees provide sufficiently reliable genetic information to function as labels for use during kin recognition.
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  • 55
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1633-1639 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Exocrine secretion ; Dufour gland ; Dorylus (Anomma) molestus ; Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans ; Dorylinae ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Dufour glands of workers ofDorylus (Anomma) molestus contain chiefly linear alkenes and alkanes, with (Z)-9-tricosene and tricosane representing over 70%. The glands are relatively small with some indication of very small (nanogram or less) amounts of dihydrofarnesol. Minima, medium, and major workers ofDorylus (Anomma) nigricans contain a similar spectrum of compounds.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivores ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; natural enemies ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; EAG responses ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded from an herbivore,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a parasitoid,Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exposed to 5-through 12-carbon aliphatic compounds of several chemical classes. The response of the herbivore was higher for the 6- and/or 7-carbon hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones. The response of the parasitoid was higher for the 7- and 8-carbon hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. Responses of the herbivore and the parasitoid to alcohols were similar. Both the herbivore and the parasitoid were most sensitive to aldehydes and ketones, and least sensitive to alcohols and hydrocarbons. Responses of the parasitoid to hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones were numerically higher than those of the herbivore. The adaptive significance of differential olfactory sensitivity between the herbivore and the natural enemy is discussed in relation to tri-trophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; recombinant males ; polygenes ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoïdes ; mâles recombinants ; polygénie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse de mâles recombinants issus de femelles hybrides vierges, obtenues à partir de croisements effectués entre populations solitaires et grégaires deMuscidifurax raptorrelus Kogan & Legner, a permis d'estimer le nombre minimal de loci impliqués dans le déterminisme de la grégarité. L'étude de ce phénomène dans la descendance de femelles ayant pour père des mâles F1 indique la présence d'hybrides parmi ces mâles. Les estimations du nombre de gènes impliqués, obtenues à partir des variances calculées sur les générations P1, F1, F2 et sur celles issues des backcross de premier, deuxième et troisième ordre, sont toutes comprises entre deux et dix-neuf, la plupart entre deux et cinq. Les données de backcross suggèrent cependant qu'au moins huit loci segrègent activement dans le déterminisme de ce comportement. Des effets de semi-dominance (D=0.63 à 0.84) et des effets inégaux des gènes en cause expliquent probablement que les estimations obtenues conduisent à des résultats plus faibles que le nombre réel de loci impliqués. Des estimations du coefficient d'héritabilité, au sens large, fondées sur l'analyse de la variance des générations des parents, de la F1 et de la F2 indiquent que la variabilité de la grégarité est ici pour plus de 60% sous la dépendance de facteurs génotypiques. Des analyses par régression parents-enfants donnent des estimations supérieures à 38%.
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of the minimum number of genetic loci governing expressions of gregarious oviposition inMuscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner were enabled by the verification of recombinant males, which were secured from virgin hybrid females, formed by crossing cohorts from solitary and gregarious populations. Examinations of parasitization behavior in female progeny that had F1 male fathers indicated the presence of hybrids among the males. Estimates of gene number, made on the basis of variances in P1, F1, F2 and backcross progeny, and by observing behavior in second and third order backcrosses, ranged from two to 19, with most between two and five. However, backcrossing data suggested that at least eight loci were actively segregating for this characteristic. Semi-dominance of the solitary trait (D=0.63 to 0.84), and unequal gene effects probably caused these gene estimated to be lower than the actual number. Estimates of the coefficient of heritability, in the broad sense based on parental and F1 and F2 variances indicated that variability of gregarious behavior in the experimental environment was influenced 〉60% by genotypic factors, offspring-parent regression analyses gave estimates 〉38%.
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