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  • wheat  (122)
  • Springer  (122)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (122)
  • 1993  (67)
  • 1991  (55)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (122)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (122)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00462220
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of level of application on the residual value of superphosphate on a sandy soil in south-western Australia (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048956
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-seed PCR of LMW glutenin genes to distinguish between durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028988
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amino acid sequence of a protein from wheat kernel closely related to proteins involved in the mechanisms of plant defence (1993)
    Springer
    The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 379-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Amino acid sequence ; wheat ; wounding ; plant defence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The amino acid sequence of wheatwin1, a monomeric protein of 125 residues isolated from wheat kernel (variety S. Pastore), is reported. Wheatwin1 is highly homologous (95%) to barwin, a protein from barley seed, which was shown to be related to the C-terminal domain of two proteins encoded by the wound-induced geneswin1 andwin2 in potato and to a protein encoded by the same domain of the hevein gene (hev1) in rubber tree. Similarly to barwin, wheatwin1 contains six cysteine residues all linked in disulfide bridges and the N-terminal residue is pyroglutamate. Moreover, structural studies performed on wheatwin1 andwin1 protein by predictive methods demonstrated that these proteins and barwin are closely related in the secondary structure also. The high level of homology found with the product ofwin1,win2, andhev1 genes strongly suggests that barwin and wheatwin1 play a common role in the mechanism of plant defence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025037
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of members of a pseudogene subfamily of the wheat α-gliadin storage protein genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020565
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat ubiquitin gene exhibits a conserved protein coding region and a diverged 3′ non-coding region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015082
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site-directed mutagenesis and expression inEscherichia coli of WMAI-1, a wheat monomeric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037140
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Triticum aestivum cDNA clone encoding a low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 273-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp17.3 ; low-molecular-weight HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039504
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual sequence of group 3 LEA (II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 907-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone, pMA1949, detects two mRNA species in wheat seedling tissue that are late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) and dehydration stress-inducible. Sequence analysis of the pMA1949 clone shows it to be a 991 bp partial cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 317 amino acids with homology to two group 3 LEA proteins, carrot (DC8) and a soybean protein encoded by pGmPM2 cDNA. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein reveals a 33 kDa acidic and extremely hydrophilic protein with potential amphiphilic α-helical regions. In addition, the protein contains eleven similar, contiguous repeats of 11 amino acids, which are separated by 118 amino acids from two additional and unique repeats of 36 residues each at the carboxyl end of the protein. Comparisons of sequences of reported group 3 LEA proteins revealed that there are two types, separable by sequence similarity of the 11 amino acid repeating motifs and by the presence or absence of a certain amino acid stretch at the carboxyl terminus. Based on resuls from these comparisons, we propose a second type of group 3 LEA proteins, called group 3 LEA (II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027121
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; chloroplast ; haloxyfop ; herbicide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in both wheat germ and total wheat leaf protein contains ca. 220 kDa subunits. It is the major biotin-dependent carboxylase present in wheat chloroplasts. Active acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from wheat germ is a homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 500 kDa. The enzyme from wheat germ or from wheat chloroplasts is sensitive to the herbicide haloxyfop at micromolar levels. The incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids in freshly cut wheat seedling leaves provides a convenient in vivo assay for both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and haloxyfop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015984
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Purification and characterization of (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases from germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 847-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amino acid sequence ; cDNA ; germination ; (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanases ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [(1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.73] was purified to homogeneity from extracts of germinated wheat grain. The enzyme, which was identified as an endohydrolase on the basis of oligosaccharide products released from a (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan substrate, has an apparent pI of 8.2 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. Western blot analyses with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the enzyme is related to (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI from barley. The complete primary structure of the wheat (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase has been deduced from nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs isolated from a library prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from gibberellic acid-treated wheat aleurone layers. One cDNA, designated λLW2, is 1426 nucleotide pairs in length and encodes a 306 amino acid enzyme, together with a NH2-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. The mature polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has a molecular mass of 32085 and a predicted pI of 8.1. The other cDNA, designated λLW1, carries a 109 nucleotide pair sequence at its 5′ end that is characteristic of plant introns and therefore appears to have been synthesized from an incompletely processed mRNA. Comparison of the coding and 3′-untranslated regions of the two cDNAs reveals 31 nucleotide substitutions, but none of these result in amino acid substitutions. Thus, the cDNAs encode enzymes with identical primary structures, but their corresponding mRNAs may have originated from homeologous chromosomes in the hexaploid wheat genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027370
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021416
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogen-induced ; peroxidase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the complete amino acid sequence of a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as deduced from cDNA clones representing mRNA from leaves infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis. The protein consists of 312 amino acids, of which the first 22 form a putative signal sequence, and has a calculated pI of 5.7. Sequence comparison revealed that the putative wheat peroxidase is most similar to the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase, with which it shares 57% identical and 13% conserved amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020563
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence and tissue-specific expression of a putative peroxidase gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: peroxidase gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used a cDNA clone encoding a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase to screen a genomic libary of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cheyenne) and isolated one positive clone, lambda POX1. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains a gene encoding a putative peroxidase with a calculated pI of 8.1 which exhibits 58% and 83% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase and a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase, respectively. The two introns in the wheat gene are at the same positions as introns in the peroxidase genes of tomato and horseradish. Results of S1-mapping experiments suggest that this gene is neither pathogen-nor wound-induced in leaves but is constitutively expressed in roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017928
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a Group 3 LEA mRNA inducible by ABA or dehydration stress in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1073-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (pMA2005) of a Group 3 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein has been sequenced from wheat. The wheat cDNA clone codes for a protein with ten tandem repeats of an 11 amino acid sequence and has homology to other Group 3 LEAs reported in barley, carrot, cotton and rape (L. Dure et al., Plant Mol Biol 12: 475–486, 1989). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the wheat protein has a molecular weight of 23 000 and is a basic, hydrophilic protein. Northern analysis with the cDNA clone shows that dehydration of wheat shoot tissue results in increased transcript levels that correlate with increases in endogenous ABA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016078
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    A novel proline-rich protein from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 663-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; proline-rich protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA (WPRP1) encoding a wheat proline-rich protein has been isolated and sequenced. The amino acid composition shows 45% proline, with high levels of methionine, lysine and glutamic acid. The derived 378 residue amino acid sequence has a highly repetitive structure which is unlike those of other proline-rich proteins. The WPRP1 cDNA clone was used to determine the copy number and chromosomal location of the WPRP1 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat inbred lines. Although WPRP1 is encoded by a single-copy gene it is also a representative of a larger family of related sequences. RNA gel blot analysis showed that expression of WPRP1 is highest in rapidly growing tissue which together with its amino acid composition suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023430
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    A wheat glutathione-S-transferase gene with transposon-like sequences in the promoter region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1089-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; glutathione-S-transferase ; transposon-like sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016083
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  • 20
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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  • 21
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    Structure and sequence of a wheat phosphoribulokinase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 167-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; monocot gene ; phosphoribulokinase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036823
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  • 22
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    Nucleotide sequence of a Triticum aestivum cDNA clone which is homologous to the 26 kDa chloroplast-localized heat shock protein gene of maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp26.6 ; chloroplast-localized HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039500
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  • 23
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    Analysis of nuclear proteins interacting with a wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gliadin storage proteins ; wheat ; transcriptional regulation ; nuclear proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoter region (−524 to −46) of the wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from developing wheat seeds. Six complexes were detected within the first 165 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. One of the proteins was a non-sequence specific AT-binding protein. The remaining five proteins bound in a sequence specific manner. One (CABP) mapped to a conserved CA-rich element at −134 to −112 while another (PalBP) mapped to an adjacent, palindromic sequence at −112 to −106. Three proteins (CTBPs 1–3) formed complexes at two, independent homologous sites. The activities of four of the binding proteins, CTBPs 1–3 and CABP, exhibited similar patterns of expression during seed development: they first appeared at early to mid stages, reached a maximum at mid stage and subsequently decreased, paralleling the pattern of gliadin mRNA accumulation. The non-specific AT-binding protein was detected at relatively high levels only at mid development. PalBP activity, on the other hand, first appeared at mid stage and was present at a constant level throughout later stages of development. The results suggest that the binding proteins may regulate gliadin expression in an antagonistic manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038993
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    A light- and developmentally-regulated DNA-binding interaction is common to the upstream sequences of the wheat Calvin cycle bisphosphatase genes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; DNA-binding proteins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterised a DNA-binding interaction common to the upstream sequences of the wheat fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) genes. The recognition site for this sequence-specific binding activity, designated wheat FBPase factor (WF-1), is located within 125 bp of the transcription start site of each gene. Within these regions there are no sequence motifs similar to those shown to be important for light-regulated expression in other species. The binding activity was not detected in wheat root nuclear extracts, or in pea leaf extracts. There was a higher level of binding activity in light-grown than in dark-grown wheat leaves. The level was also found to decline when light-grown plants were given an extended dark treatment, but could be reinduced by light. Utilising the gradient of developmental maturity which exists within the wheat leaf it was found that WF-1 activity increases during leaf development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015979
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  • 25
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    Role of bacterial cyanide production in differential reaction of plant cultivars to deleterious rhizosphere pseudomonads (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivars ; growth inhibition ; hydrogen cyanide ; lettuce ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; volatile metabolites ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lettuce and wheat cultivars, differing in reaction to root inoculation with plant growth-inhibitory bacteria, were tested for sensitivity to (i) gaseous metabolites produced by deleterious, cyanogenic isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and to (ii) pure cyanide. Reactions were read as shoot and/or root elongation after exposure of seedlings to the volatiles in vitro. Lettuce cultivar Salad Bowl was significantly less sensitive than cv. Montana, both to bacterial volatiles and to pure cyanide, and a similar difference between these cultivars was also obtained in greenhouse experiments where bacteria were inoculated directly on the roots. Cultivar differences were, however, not recorded, either in vitro or in the greenhouse, when the bacteria were grown on a medium which did not support cyanide production. In wheat, a difference in sensitivity to bacteria-produced volatiles was recorded between two cultivars (Drabant and Besso) differing in reaction to bacterial inoculation, but in contrast to lettuce cultivars, the wheat cultivars tested did not react differentially to pure cyanide. The results suggest that in lettuce differential sensitivity to cyanide is one factor behind cultivar differences in reaction to the bacteria tested, even though bacterial metabolites other than cyanide may contribute to the plant growth inhibition recorded. In wheat, however, differential cultivar responses to these bacteria could not be shown to be related to cyanide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011903
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    Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025090
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    What is the significance of herbicide-nutrient interactions on wheat? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 529-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorsulfuron ; mineral nutrition ; sulfonylurea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulfonylurea herbicides have been found to decrease the uptake and utilization of some nutrients by wheat. This paper reviews the effects of sulfonylureas on nutrient uptake, proposes physiological mechanisms which might explain the effects; and examines the agronomic implications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025100
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    Modelling nutrient responses in the field (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; wheat ; simulation ; yield-response curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers. Suggestions are made for future developments in crop-nutrient modelling including further comparisons of models, linkage of models with tissue tests, modelling co-limiting nutrients, deciding on the appropriate level of detail within a model and the need for methods for calibrating and testing models on attributes other than yield alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024984
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    Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant (Triticum aestivum L.) soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon partitioning ; CO2 enrichment ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrogen partitioning ; rhizosphere ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the response of wheat plants to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration on: (1) carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the plant; (2) carbon release by the roots; and (3) the subsequent N uptake by the plants. The experiment was performed in controlled laboratory conditions by exposing fast-growing spring wheat plants, during 28 days, to a 14CO2 concentration of 350 or 700 μL L−1 at two levels of soil nitrogen fertilization. Doubling CO2 availability increased total plant production by 34% for both N treatment. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in dry mass production of 41% in the shoots and 23% in the roots; without N fertilization this figure was 33% and 37%, respectively. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 increase enhanced the total N uptake by 14% and lowered the N concentration in the shoots by 23%. The N concentration in the roots was unchanged. In the N-fertilized soil, doubling CO2 availability increased N uptake by 32% but did not change the N concentrations, in either shoots or roots. The CO2 enrichment increased total root-derived carbon by 12% with N fertilization, and by 24% without N fertilization. Between 85 and 90% of the total root derived-14C came from respiration, leaving only 10 to 15% in the soil as organic 14C. However, when total root-derived 14C was expressed as a function of root dry weight, these differences were only slightly significant. Thus, it appears that the enhanced carbon release from the living roots in response to increased atmospheric CO2, is not due to a modification of the activity of the roots, but is a result of the increased size of the root system. The increase of root dry mass also resulted in a stimulation of the soil N mineralization related to the doubling atmospheric CO2 concentration. The discussion is focused on the interactions between the carbon and nitrogen allocation, especially to the root system, and the implications for the acquisition of nutrients by plants in response to CO2 increase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011050
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    Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}
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    Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025029
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    A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: De ; exchangeable K ; K diffusion ; K release ; K utilization ; model calculation ; non-exchangeable K ; root hairs ; sugar beet ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To predict the contribution of soil K fractions of different mobility to K supply of plants, the kinetics of K release from soil was related to the kinetics of K uptake of young sugar beet and wheat plants. For this purpose K release rates from soil were measured by continuously percolating samples of a luvisol with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and effective diffusion coefficients, De, were determined. Two soil K fractions of different mobility were obtained. De values of the more mobile ‘exchangeable K’ and the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ K fraction were found to be 58.9 × 10−9 and 8.2 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, respectively. In a pot experiment, sugar beet and wheat plants were grown, for 15 days and both root growth and K uptake were measured. K uptake kinetics of both crops was determined in a separate experiment using flowing solution culture. To integrate these data quantitatively, the simulation model of Claassen et al. (1986) was applied. Results show that calculated total K uptake agreed closely with real K uptake of the plants. On this basis, 64 and 79% of the K taken up by wheat and sugar beet plants was derived from the rapidly released ‘exchangeable’ and 21–36% from the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ soil K fraction.
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    Regulation of NH4 + uptake in wheat plants: Effect of root ammonium concentration and amino acids (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amides ; free ammonium ; MSX ; net ammonium uptake inhibition ; total free amino acids ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract When N deficient 10-day-old wheat plants were supplied with 1.5 mol m−3 NH4 +, net NH4 + uptake rapidly decreased during the first 6h, while root free-NH4 + and free amino acids concentration increased. However, after 24 h the NH4 + uptake rate increased again, as the internal NH4 + concentration decreased. When plants were pretreated during 40 h with different external NH4 + concentrations, net uptake measured on 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + decreased with the increasing ion concentration during the pretreatment. This decrement coincided with both root free-NH4 + and total free amino acids levels. When N-starved and NH4 + fed plants were treated during 0, 3 or 6 h with 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + in the presence of 1.0 mol m−3 MSX2, net uptake (measured without MSX) decreased with the length of the inhibitor treatment. In both groups, MSX significantly increased root free-NH4 + concentration, while the level of total free amino acids was only increased in N-starved plants. When N-starved plants were externally supplied with 1.0 mol m−3 of different amino acids or amides, net NH4 + uptake was only strongly inhibited in the presence of glutamine or asparagine. It is concluded that rapid changes in the concentration of certain amino acids during NH4 + nutrition might regulate the ion absorption, though at high endogenous levels of free NH4 + net uptake could be suppressed independently of the root concentration of free amino acids.
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    Interaction of salinity and enhanced ammonium and potassium nutrition in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nutrition ; potassium nutrition ; salinity ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown to maturity in a pot experiment in a calcareous silty sand soil. N was applied at two levels as granulated N-P fertilizers, amended or not with nitrification inhibitors (1% and 5% DCD, 1% N-serve). Potassium as KCl was given at three levels of application. P was applied at a uniform rate. Two levels of salinity were obtained by using the soil as such (EC= 0.3 mmho/cm) and by adding NaCl to the same soil (EC=2.4 mmho/cm). 1% DCD and 1% N-serve treatments gave significantly higher wheat grain yields and N-uptake than the other ones. Nitrate content of leachates indicated a prevalent nitrate nutrition in the treatment without nitrification inhibitors. The 5% DCD treatment showed a yield depression. In the lower N level treatments, a significant yield increase, generated by 1% DCD and N-serve was found in the salinized soil as compared to the non-saline soil. Soil salinity reduced N-uptake when nitrification inhibitors were not present. In treatments having the inhibitors, N-uptake was equal or greater in the salinized than in the non saline soil. An enhanced ammonium nutrition increased the P uptake.
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    Understanding zinc reactions in vertisols to predict zinc responses by wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: rate of Zn desorption ; Vertisols ; wheat ; Zn buffer power ; Zn desorption power ; Zn intensity ; Zn quantity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since Zn availability to plants growing in a soil is governed by quantity, intensity, buffer power, rate of Zn desorption and diffusion, an improved understanding of a number of these factors in Vertisols would facilitate a more reliable prediction of crop requirements for Zn. The DTPA-extractable Zn, a quantity factor, together with initial Zn desorption rate coefficients, accounted for 80% of the variation in relative dry matter yield of wheat grown to anthesis. In combination with these factors, desorption (buffer) power explained 92% of the variation in Zn concentration in the young mature leaf blade (YMB) of wheat. Thus, the combination of the quantity, rate of Zn desorption and buffer power better predict growth responses of wheat to applied Zn in Vertisols than the commonly-used single extraction with DTPA alone (quantity), which provides only a static measure of Zn availability.
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    The control of boron accumulation by two genotypes of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; uptake ; genotypic variation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of boron (B) uptake in wheat was studied using two genotypes with known differences in their ability to accumulate B. Influx and efflux of B was measured in the roots of intact 21 d old plants. Roots grown in 15 μM B, when transferred to solutions containing 1mM B showed a rapid increase in B content for up to 60 min, after which no further increase was evident up to 4 h. No genotypic difference in B influx was apparent over these time periods. Roots grown in 1mM B for 7 d and then rinsed in B-free solutions quickly lost most of B that they contained within 1 hour; little further efflux was observed over the following three hours. As with the influx, no genotypic difference in B flux was evident. It is suggested that the lack of genotypic difference in the short-term B fluxes could be due to a masking effect of extracellular B bound in the cell walls of the roots.
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    Distribution of potassium in the soil profile of a sandplain soil under pasture species (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 407-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: L. cosentinii ; nutrient recycling ; potassium ; subterranean clover ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of pasture species and pasture/crop rotations on the fate of K fertilizer in the soil profile of a sandplain soil was investigated. Results for Lupinus cosentinii, subterranean clover and a subterranean clover/wheat rotation are presented. Potassium was applied as KCl at six rates up to 150 kg K ha-1 for three years; bicarbonate-extractable K was measured at five depths in the profile (0–100 cm) for four years. The net change in available K in the top 100 cm of the profile (kg ha-1) was calculated. There was a gradual increase in K down the profile under all species with fertilizer application. The increase was largest for L. cosentinii, which also appeared to redistribute K from below 100 cm to the soil surface. The K residual value on this soil type was higher than expected with most of the fertilizer applied over three years being retained in the top 100 cm.
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    Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.
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    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules or p-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, more p-nodules were formed at these levels and p-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-induced p-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, the p-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, the p-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems. P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheat p-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
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    A comparison of minirhizotron techniques for estimating root length density in soils of different bulk densities (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; bulk density ; compaction ; minirhizotron ; root image analysis ; root quantification ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Flexible- and rigid-walled minirhizotron techniques were compared for estimating root length density of 14- to 28-day-old Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spring whet (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in soil boxes under controlled environment conditions at three soil bulk densities (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g cm−3). The flexible-tube system consisted of bicycle inner tubes inflated inside augered access holes and removed only when measurements were taken. Rigid tubes were constructed of extruded polybutyrate plastic. In both cases tubes were oriented horizontally. Despite similar root densities for wheat and beans based on measurements obtained from soil cores, root densities estimated from both types of minirhizotron were higher in bean than in wheat in uncompacted soil. Estimates of root density by the flexible tube minirhizotron were more closely correlated with soil core image analysis estimates than were those by the rigid minirhizotron system. At high soil bulk density, rigid tube measurements consistently overestimated actual rooting density of both wheat and bean. The relationship between estimated and actual rooting densities in the case of flexible tube measurements was not significantly influenced by soil bulk density. These findings were consistent with the theory that preferential root growth is induced by gaps at the soil-observation tube interface, inherent in the rigid tube technique, and was accentuated under conditions of high soil strength.
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    Hybridization barriers between wheat and rye: In vitro pollen assays and electrophoretic survey (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; hybridization ; pollen-tube-growth ; wide-crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five- to seven-day-old ovaries from Triticum aestivum vars Hope (non-crossable), Chinese Spring (CS, crossable) and the chromosomal substitution line Chinese Spring/Hope 5B (CS/H5B) were used to test the hypothesis that an ovarian substance inhibits rye (Secale cereale var Wrens) pollen tube growth. In vitro assays on a semi-solid medium demonstrated that a soluble, dialyzed lysate from Hope or CS/H5B ovaries inhibited rye pollen tube elongation significantly more than a similar lysate from CS ovaries (26%, 13% and 5% respectively compared to controls). When only the 20 longest tubes from each sample were included in the analysis the relationship was maintained (33%, 22% and 15% for Hope, CS/H5B and CS respectively). Heating the Hope lysate at 100° C for 10 min reduced the inhibition from 26% to 14% for all pollen tubes measured (n = 51 per sample) and from 33% to 20% when only the 20 longest pollen tubes per sample were analyzed. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) revealed several differences in the polypeptide profiles of soluble lysates from vars Hope, CS and CS/H5B. While two striking differences were observed, a 50 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide with an isoelectric point (pI) of approximately 8.5 and 100 kD polypeptide (pI∼4) from CS lysates which were considerably reduced in lysates of Hope and CS/H5B, none were obviously associated with the Hope 5B chromosome and therefore cross-incompatibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029390
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023794
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    Major gene control of tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high concentrations of soil boron (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; inheritance ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic control of tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of soil boron was studied for five genotypes. Each genotype represented one of five categories of response to high levels of boron, ranging from very sensitive to tolerant. Tolerance to boron was expressed as a partially dominant character, although the response of an F1 hybrid, relative to the parents, varied with the level of boron applied. The F1 hybrids responded similarly to the more tolerant parent at low B treatments and intermediate to the parents at higher treatments. Ratios consistent with monogenic segregation were observed for the F2 and F3 generations for the combinations (WI*MMC) × Kenya Farmer, Warigal × (WI*MMC) and Halberd × Warigal. The three genes, Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3, while transgressive segregation between two tolerant genotypes, G61450 and Halberd, suggested a fourth locus controlling tolerance to boron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021242
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    Pedigree analysis of the origin of manganese tolerance in Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Canada ; genotypic differences ; manganese toxicity ; manganese tolerance ; origin ; pedigree ; screening ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for tolerance to manganese (Mn) might be in some cases more feasible and economical than use of soil amendments. As part of research on the heritability of Mn tolerance, a study on the level of Mn tolerance in Canadian wheat cultivars and its probable origin was accomplished by analysis of cultivar pedigrees and drawing phylogenetic maps to discern filial relationships. Cultivar tolerance to Mn was determined by relative root weight (RRW) in solution culture in the presence of 500 μM Mn. A total of 91 cultivars were screened, 76 of which were Canadian. These data, together with data from another 28 cultivars reported in the literature, were used to draw two pedigree maps, a map for Canadian cultivars only, and a map for the Mn-tolerant Canadian cultivars Norquay and Laura. Results indicated a range of tolerance to Mn among Canadian cultivars. Manganese tolerance, found in either Canadian or foreign germplasm, and of either recent or older selection or origin, seems to have originated from land races from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Tolerance may have been introduced into Canadian germplasm directly by the use of Brazilian cultivars as parents, or indirectly by the introduction of Mexican germplasm with Brazilian parentages. This information will help the plant breeder to develop plant breeding systems, and may also help in the study of the mechanisms for Mn tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042053
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    Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (RWA) is responsible for significant economic damage to cereal crops in arid and semi-arid environments. In this research 20 red winter wheats originating from Iran were evaluated for resistance to RWA. Leaf rolling, leaf folding, and leaf chlorosis were measured using 0 to 3 scales. An overall mean damage score was calculated as the average of the three measured damage symptoms. Plants from seven central Asian accessions (PI222666, PI222668, PI225226, PI225267, PI225271, PI243630, and PI243642) had mean damage scores significantly lower (p 〈 0.001) than ‘Stephens’ wheat (RWA susceptible) and not significantly different from ‘Border’ oat (RWA resistant). These results are consistent with previous studies which found a high frequency of resistant wheats collected from the central Asian region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039668
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    Breeding for hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to conventional-till and no-till systems in northern latitudes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cold hardiness ; cultivar x tillage interaction ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conservation tillage in the Great Plains of North America has increased in recent years, in part, to control soil erosion, increase soil water storage and reduce production costs. No-till production is recommended for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern latitudes for the purpose of trapping snow and protecting the crop from freezing temperatures. A 5 year field study was conducted at four North Dakota locations from 1984–85 through 1988–89 to determine if significant cultivar x tillage interactions existed for grain yield of winter wheat. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted in both conventional-till and no-till systems. Significant cultivar x tillage interactions were obtained for grain yield from both a weighted analysis across all environments and from individual analyses of 12 of the 16 environments in which wheat survived under both tillage systems (P〈0.05). Regression of cultivar yield on mean environment yield produced b values that varied little between conventional till and no-till for 10 of the 14 cultivars. The top five yielding cultivars were the same for both tillage systems and had b values 〉 1.0. Although the cultivar x tillage interaction may be a result of differential winter survival rather than tillage per se, this study suggests that selection for winter wheats with superior yield performance can be conducted under either no-till or conventional-till systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035340
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    Genes for resistance to stripe rust in four spring wheat varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in origin and reaction in the seedling stage to pathotype CDL-6 (extant in California) were intercrossed and examined in greenhouse conditions in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Digenic and transgressive segregation was found in all crosses. The four varieties each had infection types (1 immune, 9 susceptible) and putative resistance genes as follows: ‘Anza’, IT 7, YrA; ‘Glennson 81’, IT 2, Yr9; ‘Yecora Rojo’, IT 6, YrC; and ‘Ollanta’, IT 4–6, YrL. ‘Anza’ was classified as susceptible, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Ollanta’ as intermediate in seedling resistance, and ‘Glennson 81’ as resistant in the seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022818
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    In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; day-length insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness ; tissue culture response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of genes affecting the ‘plant growth habit’ in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1〉Rht8〉rht8〉Ppd1. In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039663
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    Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops crassa ; hybrid wheat ; PCMS ; photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D2 type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of ‘Norin 26’ with a D2 type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (≥15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (≤14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called ‘photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility’ (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named ‘two-line system’. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022723
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    Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aphid infestation ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; insect resistance ; leaf pubescence ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety ‘GK Zombor’ had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one ‘GK Lili’ had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (‘GK Korány’, ‘Downy’, ‘Mv 4’, ‘Jubilejnaja 50’, ‘Mv 8’, ‘GK Kincsö’ and ‘GK Zombor’) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (‘GK Lili’, ‘GK Örzse’, ‘GK Koppány’ and ‘Mv 13’) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P〈0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P〈0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022724
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    Selection for biomass yield in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biomass ; heritability ; response to selection ; selection ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F3 lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F4 generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F3 for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F4 lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F4 generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F3 and F4 generations suggested that biomass yield in the F3 generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F4 generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029638
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    Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; genetics ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine Mexican spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm and the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Wheaton were susceptible to the Mexican Puccinia striiformis pathotype 14E14 in seedling growth stage, but displayed different levels of adult plant resistances to the same pathotype when tested in the field. One hundred and eighteen random F2 plant derived F3 and F5 lines from the crosses of these ten adult plant resistant wheats and susceptible cultivar Jupateco 73S were evaluated in the field. The moderate adult plant resistance of Penjamo 62, Lerma Rojo 64, Nacozari 76, Tesia 79, and Wheaton was under monogenic genetic control and was attributed to the adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr18. The moderate resistances of Cleopatra 74, Zaragoza 75, and Apache 81 were also monogenic, but gene Yr18 was absent. Pavon 76 carried two partially effective additive genes; and the adult plant resistance of Tonichi 81 was based on additive interaction involving Yr18 and two additional partially effective genes. Tonichi 81 does not carry any seedling resistance gene, however, the adult plant resistance is highly effective worldwide. This resistance, designated as the Yr18 complex, is of a durable nature. The partial adult plant resistance of Pavon 76 has also remained durable in Mexico and other countries where it is grown.
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    Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; recurrent selection ; resistance to scab ; gene pool ; Taigu male-sterile gene Ms2 ; breeding method ; Gibberella zeae ; Fusarium graminearum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023778
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    The influence of disease complexes involving Leptosphaeria (Septoria) nodorum on detection of resistance to three leaf spot diseases in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance selection ; disease complexes ; pathogen mixtures ; septoria nodorum blotch ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; septoria tritici blotch ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; yellow spot ; tan spot ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In controlled inoculation studies with Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, estimates of the relative proportion of each pathogen demonstrated differences in the responses of cultivars to pathogen mixtures that were not apparent from measurements of diseased leaf areas. Under field conditions estimates of the relative proportion of S. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici varied between field screening locations in Western Australian but also between lines within locations. Lines with known resistance to P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici, but susceptible to S. nodorum, could not be distinguished from susceptible lines on the basis of leaf area diseased or grain weight depression when S. nodorum was present in the disease complex. Such conditions, while suitable for the selection of combined resistance to these pathogens, were unsuitable for identifying resistance to individual pathogens. As symptoms were similar, the proportion of diseased leaf area sporulating with each pathogen provided a means of measuring the variation in disease development induced on lines varying in resistance. Knowledge of the components of disease and their relative importance were essential in understanding varietal response information under mixed infections of these leaf spot pathogens.
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    Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 199-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum spp. ; gene pool ; wide hybridization ; chromosome translocation ; alien gene transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The recent advances in alien gene transfer from distantly-related species into wheat are reviewed in the present paper. The main achievements during the last ten years include the great expansion of the range of wide hybridization and development of new techniques for production and characterization of wheat-alien chromosome translocations. Updated results of wide hybridization since 1983 and comprehensive characterization of wheat-alien translocation lines in our laboratory are compiled. The future outlook for alien gene transfer in wheat is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036700
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    Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in Triticum aestivum line PI137739 (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; monosomic analysis ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has become an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States. The aphid causes a phytotoxemic reaction in wheat evidenced by local and systemic chlorosis and rolling of infested leaves. Developing resistance in wheat cultivars to D. noxia is an essential factor in controlling the damage caused by this pest. Several sources of genetic resistance to D. noxia have been identified in wheat germplasm. Monosomic analysis of the monogenic resistant T. aestivum accession PI137739 has shown that the gene (Dn1) for resistance is carried on chromosome 7D. It appears that chromosome 7B may carry a second resistance gene for D. noxia that might be a source of minor or complementary gene action for resistance.
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    Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. of Nepalese origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azosprilla were collected in wheat fields from subtropical and temperate soils of central Nepal at various elevations. Different wheat cultivars responded positively and significantly in grain yield, grain N-yield, and total N-yield in plant shoots to the inoculation with Nepalese isolate Azospirillum 10SW. Nepalese wheat cv. Seto responded significantly better with Azospirillum 10SW than with the Brasilian isolate A. lipoferum Sp 108 st, a strain which was found highly efficient in earlier experiments with German wheat cultivars, especially cv. Turbo. Yield of Turbo was increased by inoculations of both Azospirillum strains too, but it showed no significant differences depending from the inoculum used. The higher efficacy of combining Azospirillum 10SW and Seto, both collected from the same locality, indicates the possibility of improved associations using traditional cultivars and local bacteria. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertilization (1993)
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    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 21-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: depth distribution ; irrigation ; nitrogen fertilization ; root biomass ; soil-coring ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root biomass, root nitrogen content, and root distribution down to 50 cm depth in winter wheat were determined by soil coring on five dates in four different treatments: control (C), drought (D), daily irrigation (I), and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). The first three treatments received the N fertilizer application as a single dose in spring, whereas in IF daily doses of N were supplied in the irrigation water using a drip-tube system, according to the estimated nutrient demand of the crop. All treatments received 20 g N m−2 year−1. The maximum root biomass (104 g m−2) was reached earliest in IF. On 6 June, root samples were taken down to a depth of 100 cm, and the proportion of deep roots (50–100 cm) was least in I, indicating that it had the shaklowest root system. The root biomass as a fraction of the total plant mass decreased during crop development in all treatments down to about 4% at harvest. The decrease was more rapid in I and C than in D and IF. The higher proportion of roots during spring in D and IF coincided with a low nitrogen concentration in the roots, which was attributed to the restricted water supply and to the relative shortage of nitrogen during early crop development in D and IF, respectively. The dynamics of mass and nitrogen in macroscopic organic debris in the soil suggested that root turnover rates were high. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010782
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    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
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    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An inverse correlation between plant Zn concentration and the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot, described in an earlier paper, was examined in two experiments in a growth chamber. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Songlen) was planted in a Zn deficient soil with and without added Zn, and combined factorially with different inoculum densities of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8. When Zn was added, the percentage of seminal roots infected with R. solani was significantly lower compared to the treatments without added Zn, showing that low Zn potentiated the disease. A subsequent factorial experiment of four inoculum densities and six Zn levels, (0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 6.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) was conducted to investigate the Zn effect in more detail. Disease severity was markedly decreased by the higher Zn applications; the disease score dropped sharply between treatments of Zn0.04 and Zn0.1, a difference which was reflected in the plant yield response to Zn. For both experiments the Zn concentrations in shoots were significantly different only among Zn treatments, not among the inoculum treatments. This indicated that inoculum density or disease severity did not reduce Zn concentration in the plant. Thus, disease did not exaggerate Zn deficiency, but rather, Zn sufficiency suppressed disease severity. A potentiating link between Zn nutrition and disease severity is thereby established, although this type of experiment did not indicate the mechanism of the Zn effect.
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    The contribution of different regions of the seminal roots of wheat to uptake of nitrate from soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate uptake ; root activity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique was developed to determine the physiological activity of defined sections of seminal roots of wheat grown in sand. Wheat plants were grown for 2 weeks in narrow columns of N-deficient sand to which all other nutrients had been added. The columns were split longitudinally and 15N-labelled nitrate, in an agar medium, supplied to 2 cm sections of root. Shoots and roots were analysed after 24 h to determine the uptake of 15N. Three sections were examined on either the secondary or tertiary seminal root: 1 cm from the seed (basal segment), 35 cm from the seed (middle segment) and 4 cm from the root apex (apical segment). Total uptake was greatest from the basal and middle segments, declining by 50% from the apical segment. However, uptake per unit root length, including exposed sections of lateral roots, was not significantly different along the root.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025007
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    Nutrient storage pool concentrations in plants as diagnostic indicators of nutrient sufficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; nutrition ; plants ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Macronutrients accumulate as free ions in all plant organs when supplies are abundant but growth requirements are generally satisfied before high concentrations are attained. Low threshold concentrations are necessary to ensure maximum growth and in wheat leaves these are around 10 mM nitrate, 5 mM phosphate, 0.5 mM sulfate and 130 mM potassium. The measurement of inorganic ion concentrations in leaves has potential as a diagnostic toll and might enable soil nutrient supplies to be more accurately matched with crop needs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025012
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    Effects of boron on pollen viability in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anther ; boron deficiency ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; in vitro pollen germination ; pollen ; pollen tube ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain set failure in wheat, caused by boron (B) deficiency, is associated with poorly developed pollen and anthers. This paper presents results of a study of the effect of B on pollen viability when it was supplied "internally" through the roots and externally in an agar medium for in vitro germination. There was no major effect of B supply to wheat plants on the number of pollen anther-1 or the percentage of pollen with positive reaction to iodine. Pollen germination in the medium was, however, responsive to both internal and external B supply. When B was not added to the medium, germination was poor, regardless of the level of B supplied to the plant, in both a B deficiency sensitive (SW41) and a B deficiency tolerant (Sonora 64) genotypes. The percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube increased with increasing medium B. With 20–100 mg H3BO3 L-1 in the medium, the percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube responded positively to increasing B supply to the plant. No difference was found between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the effect of B on their pollen viability. On the other hand, without added B in the nutrient solution applied to the plant, grain set was depressed in the B deficiency sensitive SW41 and not in the B deficiency tolerant Sonora 64. A difference in B supply to the germinating pollen in the stigma and style is one possible explanation for this variation in the response to B among wheat genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025045
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    Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025040
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    Grain set failure in boron deficient wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anther ; boron deficiency ; female flower ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; warm areas wheat ; pollen ; pollen germination ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of boron (B) deficiency on reproductive development and grain set in wheat was studied in experiments in a sand culture in which grain set was increased by increasing B supply in the nutrient solution. Early vegetative response was also studied in a solution culture experiment with 5 μM B and without added B. Effects of B deficiency on the male and female part of the wheat flower were studied in a cross fertilization experiment involving B deficient and B sufficient wheat plants. An international trial (the Boron Probe Nursery) was conducted as a collaboration between Chiang Mai University, CIMMYT and National Agricultural Research Systems in various countries, to verify the B response in non-traditional, warm wheat-growing areas. There was a wide genotypic variation in reproductive responses to B among the eight wheat genotypes studied. In sand culture with low B (0.2 μM), grain set index ranged from 9.5% in SW41 to 94.5% in Fang 60; with high B (10 μM) it was ≥90% in all genotypes. Early vegetative response to B was measured in the length of the youngest emerged blade at 12 days after sowing. Without added B the length of the leaf blade relative to that with 5 μM B ranged from 0.82 to 0.92. This indicates some variation in vegetative response to B among the genotpes. However, there was no relationship between vegetative and reproductive responses to B of the wheat genotypes. Fertility of both the male and female part of the wheat flower appears to be affected by B deficiency. Ears from B deficient plants that were bagged to prevent cross fertilization set no grain. Cross pollination of B deficient female flowers with pollen from B sufficient plants resulted in only 28% grain set, compared with 94% percent from manual crossing of B sufficient pollen on B sufficient female. Reponses to B application of SW41 and other sensitive genotypes at field sites of the first international Boron Probe Nursery (1990/91) confirmed that B deficiency can be a major cause of grain set failure in wheat in warm areas.
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    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules orp-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated withRhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, morep-nodules were formed at these levels andp-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-inducedp-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, thep-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, thep-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems.P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheatp-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390234
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    Organic nitrogen content and nitrate and nitrite reductase activities in tritordeum and wheat grown under nitrate or ammonium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; organic nitrogen ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tritordeum is a fertile amphiploid derived from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum) × a wild barley (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz.). The organic nitrogen content of tritordeum grain (34 mg g-1 DW) was significantly higher than that of its wheat parent (25 mg g-1 DW). Leaf and root nitrogen content became higher in tritordeum than in wheat after four weeks of growth, independently of the nitrogen source (either NO3 - or NH4 +). Under NO3 - nutrition, tritordeum generally exhibited higher levels of nitrate reductase (NR) activity than wheat. Nitrite reductase (NiR) levels were however lower in tritordeum than in its wheat parent. In NH4 +-grown plants, both NR and NiR activities progressively decreased in the two species, becoming imperceptible after 3 to 5 weeks of growth. Results indicate that, in addition to a higher rate of NO3 - reduction, other physiological factors must be responsible for the greater accumulation of organic nitrogen in tritordeum grain.
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    Chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate in wheat seedlings as a measure of manganese tolerance (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; genotypic differences ; leaf elongation rate ; Mn toxicity ; Mn tolerance ; screening ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After aluminum toxicity, manganese (Mn) toxicity is probably the second most important growth limiting factor in acid soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate (LER) for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings as a rapid seedling based screening bioassay for Mn tolerance in segregating populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In one experiment, chlorophyll was determined for the cultivars Norquay (Mn-tolerant) and Columbus (Mn-sensitive) subjected to twelve Mn levels (2 to 2000 μM) in nutrient solutions. As Mn concentration increased, chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ contents of the Mn-tolerant cultivar decreased up to 9%, while in the Mn-sensitive cultivar it was reduced by as much as 43%. The chlorophyll ‘a/b’ ratio did not differ among Mn concentrations for either cultivar. In a second experiment, chlorophyll content and LER for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings (1000 μM) was determined for Columbus and Katepwa (Mn-sensitive), Oslo (Mn-intermediate), and Norquay and Laura (Mn-tolerant). Manganese tolerance as assayed by chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ and LER was significantly correlated with Mn tolerance as assayed by the relative root weight methodology (RRW). Thus, chlorophyll content of Mn-stressed seedlings and LER of seedling regrowth appear to be suitable techniques for screening unreplicated selections of segregating populations for tolerance to Mn.
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    Distribution of magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to supply (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; distribution ; magnesium deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of magnesium (Mg) and its retranslocation within wheat, in order to develop diagnostic procedures for Mg deficiency. Plants were grown in solution culture with both constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μMMg) and discontinued supply (40 μM and 160 μM decreased to nil). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was halted. However, initial deficiency symptoms occurred on young leaves under constant but inadequate supply, contrasting with previous reports. Magnesium concentrations were also lower in young leaves compared to old leaves. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis occurred if the leaf tissue contained 〈1194 μgg−1, irrespective of leaf age. The minimum Mg concentration in whole shoots associated with maximum shoot weight was 932 μgg−1; for the youngest emerged blade (YEB) it was 861 μgg−1. Symptoms were apparent on the young leaf before a reduction in shoot weight was measurable. The concentration of Mg in the YEB and whole shoot were better related to solution Mg concentration than was the Mg concentration in the old leaf.
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    The fate of carbon in pulse-labelled crops of barley and wheat (1991)
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    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; carbon ; 14C ; exudates ; partitioning ; respiration ; rhizodeposition ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv. Gutha) and barley (cv. O'Connor) were grown as field crops on a shallow duplex soil (sand over clay) in Western Australia with their root systems contained within pvc columns. At four stages during growth, the shoots were pulse-labelled for 1.5h with14CO2; immediately prior to labelling, the soil was isolated from the shoot atmosphere by pvc sheets. After labelling, the soil atmosphere was pumped through NaOH to trap respired CO2 and after 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 24 h from the start of labelling, columns were destructively sampled to recover14C from the roots, soil and shoot. Both species showed similar patterns of14C distribution and changes in distribution through the growing season. During early tillering, 15–25% of the14C recovered after 24 h had been respired by the roots and rhizosphere, 17–27% was retained in the roots, 0.4–1.8% was recovered as water-soluble14C in the soil and the remainder (45–67%) was present in the shoot. These percentages changed during growth so that during grain filling only 2–3% of the14C recovered after 24 h was as respired CO2, 2–6% was in the roots, 0.2% was in the soil and over 90% was in the shoot. The distribution of14C in components of the soil-plant system changed during the 24 h after labelling with the most rapid changes occurring generally during the first 7.5 h after labelling. Using growth measurements from adjacent plots, the amounts of C added to the soil were estimated for the whole season. Carbon input to the soil was about 48 gC m−2 for wheat and 58 gC m−2 for barley; the crops produced total shoot dry matter of 494 (wheat) and 735 g m−2 (barley). Of the C input to the soil, 27.8% (wheat) and 40.3% (barley) was as respired C and only 3.3 (wheat) and 4.1% (barley) was collected as exudate (water-soluble material).
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    Further evidence that zinc is required throughout the root zone for optimal plant growth and development (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; efficiency ; genotypic variation ; sub-soil ; water use ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of variable Zn supply with depth in a soil profile was examined in two wheat genotypes differing in their Zn efficiency. ‘Gatcher’ (Zn-inefficient) and ‘Excalibur’ (Zn-efficient) were grown in a low Zn soil in pots with two treatment zones. The upper zone (10 cm) was supplied with Zn while Zn was either supplied or withheld from the lower zone (25 cm). In both genotypes, withholding Zn from the lower zone had no effect on root growth in either the upper or lower zones; neither did it affect plant appearance prior to booting. However, withholding Zn from the lower zone delayed head emergence in Gatcher by some 10 d and depressed grain yield by 20%. In Excalibur, Zn treatment had no effect on head emergence or grain yield. In Gatcher, withholding Zn from the lower zone depressed water usage by 12% during a 60 d period preceding maturity. No effect of Zn treatment on water usage was seen in Excalibur. Tissue Zn concentrations closely reflected the lower zone Zn treatments in both genotypes. Irrespective of the Zn treatment, Excalibur had higher Zn concentrations in flag leaves but lower concentrations in grain than Gatcher. In whole shoots, genotypic differences in Zn concentration only occurred when Zn was added to the lower zone; Excalibur having almost twice that of Gatcher. Clearly, if Zn is not supplied to the entire root system there is the potential for impaired root function and plant development, and for reduced grain yield. Approaches to managing this problem are discussed.
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    Grain protein and grain yield of tritordeum in comparison to wheat and triticale (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; grain yield ; nitrogen ; tritordeum ; triticale ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The new species of cereal × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Shultz × Triticum ssp.) has a grain protein concentration (GPC) of up to 25%. The relationship between GPC and yield, and the factors responsible for the high GPC of tritordeum were examined and compared in field experiments. Three experimental tritordeum lines, two early and a later released (recombined and secondary tritordeums) were compared to wheat (cv. Cajeme) and triticale cultivars (cv. Trujillo). GPC's were 19%–22% for recombined tritordeums, 16% for the secondary tritordeum, 12–15% for wheats and 11% for triticale. Grain yields of the recombined and secondary tridordeum were 17–33% and 45–57% that of the wheats and triticale, respectively. Reducing grain sink size by spikelet removal resulted in an increased GPC of remaining grains. Considering all species together there were a strong inverse relationship between GPC and grain yield (GY) per main ear (GPC=26−4.76 ln GY; r2=0.82). In another experiment, frost damage to an early sown treatment of wheat reduced sink size. Harvest index (HI) of early sown wheat was reduced from 0.45 to 0.19, values comparable to that of tritordeum. Having similar HI, the GPC of the early sown wheat was the same as an early sown tritordeum (around 18%). Data for total N uptake and the N concentration of plant tissue during the growing season indicated that enhanced N uptake and remobilisation were not responsible for tritordeum's high GPC. These results suggest that the high GPC of the early lines of tritordeum is a consequence of the small grain yield concentrating the grain protein.
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    Components of variation, heritabilities and correlations for indices of sprouting tolerance and seed dormancy in Triticum spp. (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; sprouting tolerance ; dormancy ; variation ; heritability ; correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Germination of wheat (Triticum spp) kernels prior to harvest reduces the economic value of grain. Losses attributable to pre-harvest sprouting could be reduced by developing sprouting tolerant (ST) cultivars if heritable variation exists for this trait. Objectives of this study were to compare various assays that measure ST, seed dormancy (SD), and alpha-amylase activity, and to divide the total variation for these traits into parts relating to genetic differences, genotype-year interaction, and residual variation. Twenty-six hexaploid wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) (eight red-kernelled and eighteen white-kernelled), and three white-kernelled tetraploid wheat genotypes (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were subjected to various assays that measure ST, SD, and alpha-amylase production using artificial wetting treatments. Genotype effects accounted for 44% to 90% of the phenotypic variation. The genetic component of variation, when expressed as a proportion of the total variation, was 2 to 6 times greater than the proportion attributable to error. Heritability expressed on a genotype mean basis was highly significant for all variables and ranged from 0.59 to 0.93. The phenotypic correlation for any ST or SD trait or alpha-amylase activity measured on samples collected at two dates (T1 and T2 = T1+14 days) was highly significant and positive. The phenotypic correlation matrix among assays performed on the unthreshed spikes, germination tests and alpha-amylase activity at both T1 and T2 were positive and highly significant. Increased ST is an attainable objective, and direct selection for ST using an artificial wetting treatment is an appropriate breeding strategy.
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    A comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of 1BL.1RS translocations in bread wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triucum aestivum ; wheat ; storage protein ; bread-making quality ; N-banding PA ; subtilisin inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four methods for detecting 1BL. 1RS translocations in bread wheat have been compared winter wheat cultivars: N-banding of mitotic metaphase chromosomes, sodium lactate electrophoresis at pH 3.1, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorests under conditions, and a recently characterised protein, subtilisin inhibitor, separated by isoelectric N-banding was much the most labour intensive method, and, of the three electrophoretic recommend the use of subtilisin inhibitor, which is at least as easy to interpret as the other is often faster for screening purposes. The sources of the 1BL. 1RS translocation in this matenal Avrora. Kavkaz and Skorospelka 35, which have been extensively used as parents in breeding programmes. Out of 59 cultivars that include a line carrying the 1BL. 1RS pedigree. 23 of them did not carry the translocation; thus the effect on plant phenotype of insufficient to guarantee its selection during breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145630
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    Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; yield ; selection ; grain filling ; kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis. Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation. Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145637
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    Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; APAGE ; multiple allelism ; variation ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023005
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    Comparison of resistance of triticale, wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance ; seedling resistance ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. spelta ; spelt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones. In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022558
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    Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; harvest index ; diallel analysis ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; assimilate partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F1's, their F2 progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021243
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    Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variation at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci in determining the bread-making quality of breeding lines of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 277-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunits ; bread-making quality ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation has been studied between the high molecular weight glutenin (HMWg) subunit alleles and the bread-making quality of 226 lines of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), grown in The Netherlands. The lines represented a wide range of genetic backgrounds, and had not been selected for quality, in contrast to the established varieties used by other authors. The variation in HMWg subunit genotypes accounted for about 20% of the total variation in loaf volume among the lines. Most important was the allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus. The Glu-D1 allele encoding the subunits 5+10 was superior to its allelic counterpart, encoding 2+12. The difference in average of loaf volume between groups of lines containing 5+10 or 2+12 was negatively related with protein content of the flours. When protein content was below 9.2%, no effect of allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus was present. Epistatic effects between the Glu-I loci also contributed to the variation in loaf volume of the lines: i.e. the effect of allelic variation at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 depended on the allele present at the Glu-D1. The contribution of the epistatic effects was about half the contribution of the additive effects, and should therefore be included in predictive models for bread-making quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021248
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    Wheats with purple and blue grains: a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum species ; wheat ; grain colour ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In addition to white and red grains, wheats with purple and blue grains may occur. Purple grain colour is caused by anthocyanins in the pericarp whereas blue colour is caused by anthocyanins in the aleurone layer. Purple grains occur in tetraploid wheats from Ethiopia, and in one bread wheat accession apparently native to China. Although the use of the purple and blue grain characters as markers has been suggested, their expression is often erratic, especially when heterozygous. No hexaploid wheat with blue grains was described prior to the artificial introgression of genes from diploid wheat and Agropyron species. The number of different sources of blue aleurone gene(s) from Agropyron elongatum is unknown. It is possible that with exchange between researchers the same or related accessions have been used at several research stations. Accessions of diploid wheats are known to possess blue aleurone. The breeding history of a number of purple and blue grained accessions is described. Research should indicate the source species of the gene for blue aleurone of the blue-grained Barevna.
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    Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 71 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars from India and Pakistan were postulated. In total, 9 known and one unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combination: Lr1 (in 20 cultivars), Lr3 (5), Lr10 (21), Lr11 (1), Lr13 (43), Lr17 (5), Lr23 (14), Lr26 (2), Lr27 + Lr31 (2), and the unknown gene in 2 cultivars. Additional temperature-sensitive seedling resistance appeared to occur in 27 cultivars. This resistance in at least 15 cultivars appeared to be due to Lr34. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for these 27 cultivars indicated variable levels of adult plant resistance. Several other cultivars with high seedling infection types to one or more of the predominant field pathotypes were also partially resistant in the field. High levels of adult plant resistance occurred in some cultivars even in the absence of known seedling resistance genes with major effects.
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    Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Adult plant resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; partial resistance ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; race-specificity ; temperature sensitivity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (‘Felix 3B’, ‘Clement B’ and ‘Betuwe 85C’) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.
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    An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; choice of parents ; distance analysis ; standardized potence ; character selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022817
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    Inhibition of tillering in cereals by substituted 2-phenoxypropionic acids (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: tillering ; wheat ; barley ; rice ; 2-phenoxypropionic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The properties of various mono- and di-substituted analogues of 2-phenoxypropionic acid as inhibitors of tillering were investigated on wheat, barley and rice. Highest levels of activity were shown by (R)2-Cl,5-Cl, (R)2-Cl,5-F, and (R)2-Cl,5-methyl analogues. Few or no signs of phytotoxic effects (leaf chlorosis or necrosis) were evident on wheat or barley following spray application of these compounds. Rice was both more susceptible to inhibition of tillering and phytotoxic effects. However, almost complete inhibition of tillering was achieved by application of some compounds to rice with little or no phytotoxicity. Comparisons were made between the properties of these compounds and commercially used phenoxyacetic and phenoxypropionic herbicides and plant growth regulators. Dichlorprop inhibited tillering in rice, fenoprop in wheat and rice, and fluroxypyr in wheat, all without phytotoxic effects.
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    Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; cultivars ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    Soil transformation of wheat and corn metabolites mboa and DIM2BOA into aminophenoxazinones (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2453-2461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: DIMBOA ; MBOA ; DIM2BOA ; M2BOA ; 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; corn ; wheat ; soil microbial transformation ; phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive cyclic hydroxamates 7-methoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and 7,8-dimethoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIM2BOA) of wheat and corn are transformed in nonsterile soil, via 6-methoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (MBOA) and 6,7-dimethoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (M2BOA) respectively, into 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one and 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The soil transformation is similar of that undergone by the rye metabolite 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The transformations to phenoxazinones are not observed in sterile soil. The 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one inhibits barnyard grass radicle elongation, but the methoxylated aminophenoxazinones are not significantly inhibitory.
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    Phosphate sorption approach for determining phosphorus requirements of wheat in calcareous soils (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphate adsorption ; external P requirement ; wheat ; fertilizer requirements ; calcareous soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five field experiments involving P application rates from 0 to 66 kg P ha−1 were conducted on irrigated wheat at Tandojam, Pakistan. The soils belonged to two great soil groups, Torrifluvent and Camborthid. All soils were calcareous. Olsen-P contents ranged from 3.5 to 6.3 mg P kg−1. Phosphate sorption curves were developed for soils from control (no P) plots at each site. Concentrations of P in solution established by fertilization in the field as estimated from the sorption curves ranged from 0.008 to 0.16mg P L−1. Actual grain yields were converted to relative grain yields and plotted against corresponding concentrations of P in solution. Yield response to P application was obtained in each experiment. Control plot yields ranged from 57 to 89% of maximum yield of respective experiments. Phosphorus requirements of wheat were 0.032 mg L−1 for 95% yield as determined from a composite yield response curve. Predicted quantities of P required to attain 0.032 mg P L−1 ranged from 18 to 29 kg P ha−1. The results of the study suggest that the P sorption approach can be used as a rational basis for making P fertilizer recommendations for various soil-crop combinations.
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    Selenium content of wheat as affected by selenate and selenite contained in a Cl- or SO4-based NPK fertilizer (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; pH ; residual effect ; sandy soil ; selenate ; selenite ; sulphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas where soils supply inadequate Se to crops to meet animal nutritional needs, it may be necessary to supplement Se in some fashion. This greenhouse experiment was designed to study the effect of selenate and selenite, incorporated with a Cl- or a SO4-based NPK (16-5-12) fertilizer added to a low-Se soil, on the Se concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The sandy soil was limed to pH 5.5 and 6.5 prior to receiving 0, 0.03, or 0.06 mg Se kg−1 of soil with each NPK source each year for two years. The SO4-based NPK fertilizer treatment was used only at the 0.06 mg Se kg−1 rate. In the third year, the residual effect of the Se applied in the first 2 years was studied. The grain yield among treatments differed significantly but the effects of the rate or source were not consistent in all the years. However, significantly higher yields were obtained at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5. Selenium concentration and uptake in wheat grain increased in proportion to the applied selenate but not selenite. However, selenite increased the Se concentration and uptake over the control. The concentration and uptake of Se were higher from selenate than from selenite. The effect of the Cl- and SO4-based NPK fertilizers was different on selenate and selenite. Selenium accumulation in wheat grain was greater from the Cl-based NPK fertilizer when selenate was used but it was greater from the SO4-based NPK fertilizer when selenite was used. The Se concentration in wheat, especially from selenate, was generally higher at the higher pH level except in the first year where it was higher at the lower pH level. The uptake of Se from the Se-enriched NPK fertilizers was generally as high as from the Se applied separately. The residual effect of both sources of Se applied in the first 2 years was very poor in the third year. The results suggest that the Se concentration in wheat grain can be increased by incorporating the Se salts in the NPK fertilizers but more selenate is recovered than selenite. Selenate should, however, be incorporated in a Cl-based NPK fertilizer to avoid the ionic competition from SO4 ions in the SO4-based NPK fertilizer. The uptake of Se is generally higher at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5.
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    A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium toxins in wheat grown ina southwestern area of Germany (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium toxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for feed use (84 samples) was collected after harvest from 79 farms in a southwestern part of Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg). The 1987 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was primarily fusaria, and storage fungi were rarely present. TheFusarium toxins, zearalenone (ZON), α- and β-zearalenol (α,β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (detection limit: 1–3 µg/kg). Each of the samples contained at least one of theFusarium toxins examined except DAS. DON, ZON, 3-AcDON, NIV, T-2, HT-2 and α-ZOL were detected in 96%, 80%, 59%, 26%, 26%, 7% and 5% of samples, with an average of 1632, 178, 7, 9, 82, 10 and 23 µg/kg, and a maximum of 20538, 8036, 18, 32, 249, 20 and 71 µg/kg, respectively. β-ZOL (12 µg/kg) was found in one sample with α-ZOL (71 µg/kg). One, two, three, four, five and sixFusarium toxins were detected in 6%, 27%, 37%, 23%, 4%, and 4% of total samples, respectively. The most frequent combination was that of ZON with DON and 3-AcDON, followed by the combinations ZON/DON and ZON/DON/3-AcDON/NIV in 22, 20, and 11% of total samples, respectively.
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a long chain aliphatic alcohol mixture on growth and solute accumulation in water stressed wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: moisture stress ; polyethylene glycol ; long-chain aliphatic alcohols ; seedling growth, solute accumulation ; hydrolases ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress adversely affected the germination and seedling growth of Sonalika and WL2265 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Application of a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols having the composition C-24 Tetracosanol (10%), C-26 Hexacosanol (16%), C-28 Octacosanol (15%), C-30 Tricontanol (30%), C-32 Dotriacontanol (15%) and C-34 Tetratriacontanol (14%), partially ameliorated these effects and promoted both percent germination and seedling growth. Application also stimulated the activities of the hydrolases α- and β-amylase and acid invertase, so increasing free sugar accumulation. A role for long chain aliphatic alcohols in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is suggested. The alleviation of moisture stress by application of this mixture suggest that long chain aliphatic alcohols may be most effective at low water potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024413
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Introgression ; leaf rust ; Puccinia spp. ; rust resistance ; species-specific probes ; stem rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Originally developed for resistance to greenbug derived from Insave rye, Amigo wheat carries two genes for resistance to stem rust. One of these genes is associated with a rye chromosome 1RS segment carrying the Sec-1 protein marker and presumably greenbug resistance. The second gene which is genetically linked to leaf rust resistance is associated with an Agropyron-derived segment. Rust tests in Canada confirmed that these genes were Sr24 and Lr24. In contrast to Agent and certain 3D/Ag derivatives from Dr. E.R. Sears, the Amigo source of Sr24/Lr24 freely recombined with white seed colour during backcrossing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025256
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  • 95
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    Associations and genetics of three components of slow rusting in leaf rust of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; slow rusting resistance ; leaf rust ; brown rust ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forty F6 lines, the two parental lines, and a susceptible check cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were inoculated in the young flag leaf stage with leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and evaluated for latent period, receptivity, and uredinium size in a greenhouse experiment. Genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations between latent period and uredinium size were −0.81 and −0.62, respectively. A negative correlation (rg=−0.50, rp=−0.41) was found between latent period and receptivity and a positive correlation (rg=0.28, rp=0.26) between uredinium size and receptivity was found. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final rust severity (FRS) obtained from a subsequent field study with common entries were negatively correlated with latent period and positively correlated with uredinium size. Correlations of receptivity with both AUDPC and FRS were not significant. The distributions of F6 family mean uredinia size and latent period were continuous between slow rusting and fast rusting parents: however, the distribution for receptivity was discrete. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 63%, 57%, and 47% for uredinium size, latent period, and receptivity, respectively. Estimates of the minimum number of effective factors were three for latent period and three or four for the uredinium size and receptivity. The components are controlled by closely linked genes or due to pleotropic effects of the same gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024159
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 19-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; grain yield ; plot size ; variety trials ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance. In conclusion, grain yield based on whole plot (8 rows, 6–10 m2) appears to provide a good estimate of ‘true yield’, providing that it is based on the actual area of the plot, including the uncropped strip between adjacent plots. By contrast, the reduction of plot size to 1–3 rows is not feasible without introducing considerable bias into the estimation of the yield potential of the varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021722
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Allelic variation at Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; glutenins ; alleles ; sedimentation value ; wheat ; quality score ; high molecular weight glutenins ; Triticum aestivum ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin extracted from flour of 36 Yogoslav wheat cultivars were separated by SDS-PAGE to identify their alleles, and the frequency of each allele was calculated. Eleven alleles from the three Glu-loci were recognized, three at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and two at the Glu-D1 locus. The most frequent allele was “a” (55.5%) from Glu-D1, which controls synthesis of subunits 2+12. The Glu-1 quality score varied from 4 (KG-III/27, KG-75, Morava and KG-101/7) to 10 (Lepenica). The mean Glu-1 quality score of cultivars and lines from Kragujevac was 6.8, for cultivars from Zagreb 7.2, and for cultivars from Novi Sad was 7.9. Most of the genotypes with a quality score of 8 or above, had high sedimentation values (Zeleny test). There were no significant differences in allelic composition at the Glu-1 loci among wheat genotypes from Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Zagreb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021730
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of triticale, wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Fusarium spp ; pathogenicity ; head blight ; seedling resistance ; adult plant resistance ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat. Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately. There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023757
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of stripe rust (yellow rust) resistance in the wheat cultivar Carstens V (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 71 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Puccinia striiformis ; resistance genes ; stripe rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Carstens V, one of the wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis (stripe rust or yellow rust) in Europe, was crossed with stripe rust susceptible cultivars and cultivars with genes for resistance to the disease to determine the genetic basis of its stripe rust resistance. Seedlings of the parents and F1, F2, and F3 progeny were evaluated for resistance to North American races of P. striiformis. Based on those evaluations, Carstens V has three genes for resistance to North American race CDL-21, two genes for resistance to races CDL-17, CDL-20, and CDL-29, and one gene for resistance to race CDL-27. The genes that confer resistance to race CDL-17 also confer resistance to race CDL-21. The three genes were either dominant or recessive depending upon the race used in the test and the cultivar used in the cross. None of the genes in Carstens V are the same as the genes for resistance in Cappelle Desprez, Chinese 166, Clement, Compair, Heines Peko, Hybrid 46, Minister, Nord Desprez, Triticum spelta album, and Vilmorin 23.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023473
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term association of locations for testing spring bread wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: pattern analysis ; genotype x environment interaction ; grain yield ; mega-environments ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN) has been distributed annually since 1964 and the results provide a base for investigating relationships among locations. Ordination and clustering of locations was conducted using 26 years of grain yield data. Ordination and clusters based on the discrimination of germplasm were compared with ‘mega-environments’, which are groupings of locations defined by CIMMYT on the basis of climatic factors and perceptions of major biotic and abiotic stresses. Discrepancies among mega-environmental groupings, clusters and ordinations may identify locations for which major stresses affecting wheat yield are yet unidentified. Major environmental discriminators were latitude and the presence or absence of stress, although there was little association of locations due to limited moisture availability. We identified two major spring wheat environments, typified as Asian and European, and suggest the mega-environmental classification does not explain all significant associations among locations. Location groupings based on discrimination of germplasm should be considered in parallel to mega-environments on a regular basis and we propose breeding for a base of broadly adapted germplasm to which specific stress tolerances are incorporated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023777
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