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  • Lepidoptera  (154)
  • Springer  (154)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • Annual Reviews
  • Copernicus
  • Institute of Physics
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (154)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1991  (57)
  • 1990  (97)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (154)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pteridine compounds in adults of the pink-spotted bollowrm, Pectinophora scutigera (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age ; pteridine ; Pectinophora ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En chromatographie liqudde à haute performance (HPLC) à détection par fluorescence, 4 composés ptéridiniques: la xanthoptérine, l'isoxanthoptérine, la 6-bioptérine et la ptérine ont été décelés dans les têtes de P. scutigera Holdaway (Lep. Gelechiidae) adultes. Un autre composé, dénommé ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’, a été décelé aussi dans les têtes de papillons; de même l'isoxanthoptérine a été décelée dans les thorax et abdomens. Les concentrations de ces ptérines ont été dosées dans les têtes des papillons de 2 à 50 jours au laboratoire à 25°C. Les concentrations d'isoxatthoptérine ont été dosées dans les thorax et les abdomens de 2 à 40 jours. La xanthoptérine de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ diminuent nettement avec l'âge, tandis que la ptérine diminue plus lentement et que la 6-bioptérine se maintient pratiquement sans changements. L'isoxanthoptérine diminue dans les têtes de mâles de 38,3 ng/tête à 2 j à 22,7 ng/tête à 50 j, mais chez les femelles les concentrations augmentent nettement de 41,2 ng/tête à 2 j à 150,4 ng/tête à 50 j. Des modifications de même type ont été observées dans les thorax et les abdomens des mâles et des femelles. Les modifications de concentration de la ‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ des têtes de papillons peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'âge physiologique de mâles et des femelles de P. scutigera. La confiance dans ces estimations peut être améliorée en se référant aux concentrations d'isoxanthoptérine dans les thorax des mâles et au rapport isoxanthoptérine/‘xanthoptérine modifiée’ dans les têtes de femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of four pteridine compounds, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-biopterin and pterin and a further unidentified substance, termed ‘modified xanthopterin’, were determined in the heads of adult Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), aged between 2 and 50 days and reared in the laboratory at 25°C. The level of isoxanthopterin was also determined in the thoraces and abdomens of moths aged between 2 and 40 days. The levels of xanthopterin, and ‘modified xanthopterin’ decreased markedly in the heads of males and females with increasing moth age, while those of pterin decreased more slowly and 6-biopterin remained largely unchanged. Isoxanthopterin decreased in male heads from 38.3 ng/head at 2 days to 22.7 ng/head at 50 days, but in females levels increased from 41.2 ng/head at 2 days to 150.4 ng/head at 50 days. Similar changes in the amounts of isoxanthopterin with increasing moth age were observed in male and female thoraces and abdomens. The results are discussed in relation to using pteridine compounds for estimating the physiological age of P. scutigera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349597
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sex attractant for male Swammerdamia pyrella (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 95-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Swammerdamia pyrella ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex attractant ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367173
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination by Manduca sexta larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; chemosensory ablation ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; bilateral sensory input ; input redundancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination was examined using larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), in 2-choice preference tests. Larvae having three different complements of chemosensory organs remaining after microsurgery were tested: unoperated, unilaterally-ablated, and bilaterally-ablated. Discrimination between Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) and Pelargonium hortorum (Bailey) was reduced after unilateral removal of chemosensory organs. A similar effect was found in tests offering larvae a choice between one plant species or an ethanolic extract of S. pseudocapsicum and wetted filter paper, indicating an impaired food detection. These results demonstrate that both sets of chemosensory organs are required for normal feeding decisions about these plants. Six additional plant species were each tested against wetted filter paper. The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination varies with the plant species tested. Bilateral chemosensory input is required for discrimination of Vigna sinensis (Savi) and Raphanus sativus (L.), but not for that of Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.), Datura innoxia (L.), Brassica napus (L.), and Canna generalis (Bailey). Discrimination of V. sinensis, S. pseudocapsicum, and P. hortorum by unoperated larvae is twice as strong as that by unilaterally-ablated larvae, suggesting algebraic addition of unilateral sensory inputs. For R. sativus unilateral input does not mediate discrimination, but bilateral input does, indicating sensory processing which may be more than additive. These results show that information mediated by bilateral chemosensory organs of M. sexta is not redundant in mediating feeding decisions, but provide the necessary sensory input for normal discrimination. This suggests that, for some plant species, feeding decisions are based on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemosensory input. No difference in preferences between left-sided and right-sided operated larvae were observed which suggests functional duplication of each set of unilateral chemosensory organs. Possible neural mechanisms underlying feeding decisions mediated by bilateral versus unilateral chemosensory inputs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191746
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf shelter-building caterpillars harness forces generated by axial retraction of stretched and wetted silk (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: leaf shelter-building ; silk ; Lepidoptera ; caterpillar ; leaf-roller ; leaf-tier ; leaf-folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf shelter-building caterpillars generate most of the force required to pull leaf surfaces together by stretching silk strands while spinning. Axially retractive forces produced by columns of stretched strands enabled caterpillars in our study to generate forces as great as 0.3 Newtons (i.e., a 30-g force). We found that caterpillar silk also contracts instantly when wetted, producing an additional, though smaller, axially retractive force. Contraction ratios (final length/ original length) of the wetted silk of 19 species ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and were smallest among species that use their silk to make leaf shelters. Our study, the first to identify the specific sources of the energy harnessed by caterpillars to tie, roll, or fold leaves, indicates that silk properties and caterpillar behavior have coevolved to facilitate the leaf shelter-building process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092548
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049196
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana and Spilonota laricana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spilonota ocellana D. & S. ; Spilonota laricana Hein. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol ; sibling species ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana D. & S. and Spilonota laricana Hein. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were identified by chemical analysis and field trapping. Female moths of the two species produce (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol and dodecyl acetate in almost the same proportions (98:1:1 and 97:3:1). Males of both species were best attracted to a blend of 10:1 to 1:1 Z8-14Ac:Z8-14OH. This indicates that mating barriers other than sex pheromones exist between sympatric populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343526
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  • 8
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    Field tests of (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate: a sex attractant synergist for male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; Sesiidae ; Lepidoptera ; field trapping ; sex attractant ; geographical differences ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Denmark ; GDR ; Hungary ; Italy ; Lithuania ; Norway ; Soviet Union ; Switzerland ; United Kingdom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354221
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Behavioral changes and growth inhibition in last instar larvae of Heliothis zea induced by oral and topical application of precocene II (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect behavior ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; methylenedioxy-precocene ; toxicity ; growth inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In diet choice tests, newly-ecdysed fifth instar Heliothis zea larvae randomly chose diet containing 4 mM precocene II or diet without precocene II but initially preferred to feed on diet without precocene II. After two days, however, they were found more frequently on diet containing precocene II. Nevertheless, larval growth and development were inhibited when forced to eat diet containing precocene II. Removal of the maxillae, the site of the primary gustatory receptors, did not prevent the growth inhibition caused by larval consumption of diet with precocene II. Topical treatments with precocene II also caused larval growth inhibition, and daily treatments were more detrimental to the larvae than a large single dose. Addition of methylenedioxyprecocene (6,7-methylenedioxy-2,2-dimethylchromene) to the diet did not reverse the observed larval growth inhibition and this compound was itself significantly toxic. These results indicate that larval growth and development are disrupted after precocene II ingestion, but not because of preingestive discrimination by olfaction and gustation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calling behaviour ofMamestra brassicae: effect of age and photoperiod (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; sex pheromone ; calling behaviour ; calling posture ; diel periodicity of calling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La périodicité quotidienne de l'appel et les effets de l'âge et de la photopériode ont été examinés sur des femelles vierges deMamestra brassicae (Lépido., Noctuidae). Aucun appel n'a été observé pendant la première scotophase; la plupart des femelles appelaient pour la première fois pendant les 2e et 3e scotophases après l'émergence, quelle que fût la photopériode. Les papillons conservés à 16 J/8 N ont commencé à appeler beaucoup plus tard que ceux dont la photopériode était 18 J/6 N. En vieillissant, les papillons appelaient significativement de plus en plus tôt. Avec 16 J/8 N, la moyenne du moment du début de l'appel a diminué de la scotophase 2 à la scotophase 3, après laquelle il s'est stabilisé autour de 260 min après le début de la scotophase. Avec 18 J/6 N, le moment du début de l'appel a diminué jusqu'à la scotophase 4, et s'est stabilisé ensuite autour de 130 min après le début de l'obscurité.
    Notes: Abstract Die periodicity of calling and the effect of age and photoperiod on calling behaviour were studied in virgin females of the cabbage moth,mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). No calling activity was observed during the first scotophase. Most females called for the first time during the 2nd or 3rd scotophase after emergence, regardless of the photoperiod. Moths maintained under 16L: 8D started calling significantly later in the scotophase than those maintained under 18L: 6D. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier. Under the 16L: 8D photoregime, the mean onset calling time decreased from scotophases 2 to 3, after which it stabilized around ca. 260 min after the start of the scotophase. With 18L: 6D, the onset of calling decreased until scotophase 4, and subsequently stabilized around ca. 130 min after lights off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579612
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  • 11
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    Food acceptance by a monophagous and an oligophagous insect in relation to seasonal changes in host plant suitability (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Yponomeuta evonymellus ; Yponomeuta padellus ; Prunus padus ; Crataegus monogyna ; Lepidoptera ; monophagous ; oligophagous ; host-plants ; food-acceptance ; seasonal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food acceptance by larvae of two lepidopteran species feeding on Rosaceae, viz. Yponomeuta evonymellus (monophagous) and Y. padellus (oligophagous), was compared. The influence of seasonal changes in plants as food for both insects was examined, in particular, the effects of nitrogen and sorbitol in leaves. In the laboratory, Y. evonymellus accepts Crataegus monogyna, a host plant of Y. padellus, and Y. padellus accepts Prunus padus, the host plant of Y. evonymellus. P. padus is the most suitable food plant for Y. evonymellus. No difference in food-quality for Y. padellus was found between C. monogyna and P. padus. The performance of both species on P. padus is less influenced by seasonal changes than on Crataegus. The suitability of Crataegus decreases during the season. This is probably caused by the decrease of its nitrogen content, and not by the decrease of sorbitol in the plant. The monophagous, Y. evonymellus, is more sensitive to seasonal changes in its food when fed with a non host plant than the oligophagous Y. padellus. In oviposition experiments both species have a preference for their normal host-plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351956
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  • 12
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    Changes in calling behaviour and mating success in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), caused by relative humidity (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calling ; mating ; relative humidity ; age ; reproduction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le comportement d'appel des femelles vierges d'Ostrinia nubilalis maintenues sous trois conditions constantes d'humidité relative, depuis l'émergence jusqu'à la sixième nuit d'appel, ainsi que l'incidence d'accouplement d'individus placés en milieu sec ou humide pour diverses périodes de temps. Les conditions d'humidité n'ont pas significativement affecté l'âge moyen auquel les femelles ont commencé à appeler au cours de leur vie, bien qu'il ait été plus variable à 53% h.r. Les nuits subséquentes, le comportement d'appel des femelles maintenues à basse humidité a débuté plus tard dans la nuit, s'est exprimé pour une période de temps plus courte avec moins de séquences d'appel que celui de leurs congénères placés en milieu humide, et la proportion de femelles en appel a toujours été plus faible à 53% h.r. Ces changements du comportement préreproducteur des femelles se sont répercutés sur l'incidence d'accouplement qui, les deux premiers jours suivant lémergence, a été significativement plus faible à basse humidité qu'elle ne l'a été en milieu humide. Ces résultats seront discutés en relation avec l'écologie de O. nubilalis et associés à sa susceptibilité à la dessication.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the calling behaviour of O. nubilalis virgin females, held at three different constant conditions of relative humidity from the time of emergence through their sixth night of calling, as well as the incidence of mating over time at low or high relative humidity conditions. The mean age at which females initiated calling in their life was independent of relative humidity conditions, although more variable at low humidity. On successive nights of calling, fewer virgin European corn borer females called under low compared with high humidity conditions, and those that did began later in scotophase, had fewer calling bouts, and spent less time calling. These changes in the female prereproductive behaviour were reflected on the incidence of mating which, in the first two days following emergence, was significantly less at low than at high humidity conditions. The ecological significance of these results is discussed in relation with the susceptibility of O. nubilalis to desiccation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191743
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: Plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; comparative sequestration ; feeding guilds ; insect herbivory ; natural enemies ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus (L.) ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; Aphis nerii B. de F. ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias curassavica L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cardenolide sequestration by a hemimetabolous aphid and a holometabolous butterfly from the neotropical milkweed,Asclepias curassavica L., is compared. The oleander aphid,Aphis nerii B. de F., sequestered a similarly narrow range of cardenolide concentrations to the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), from the wide range of concentrations available in leaves of A.curassavica. However, A.nerii sequestered significantly less cardenolide (269 µg/0.1 g) thanD. plexippus (528 µg/0.1 g). The honeydew excreted by A.nerii was comprised of 46% cardenolide. The complete polarity range of 25 cardenolides detected by thin layer chromatography in A.curassavica was represented in the 17 whole aphid cardenolides and the 20 aphid honeydew cardenolides detected. D.plexippus sequestered a narrower polarity range of 11 cardenolides, having eliminated low polarity cardenolide genins and glycosides. It is suggested that these chemical differences may be related to interactions among the broad feeding tactics of sucking or chewing milkweed leaves, life history constraints of holometabolyversus hemimetaboly, the distribution of milkweed food resources in space and time, and the dynamics of natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240581
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  • 14
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    Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: variation of secondary substances ; pharmacophagy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Ithomiinae ; Aeria olena ; Tithorea harmonia ; Mechanitis polymnia ; Apocynaceae-Echitoideae ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240582
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    Evolutionary strategies of chemical defense in aposematic butterflies: Cyanogenesis in Asteraceae-feeding American Acraeinae (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; mimicry ; evolutionary strategies ; hostplants ; cyanogenesis ; linamarin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; Asteraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary American Acraeinae butterflies often ingest large amounts of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their Asteraceae hostplants in both larval and adult stages, but do not normally store these compounds for defence, instead biosynthesizing large amounts of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in all stages. This defence syndrome (rejection of plant toxins andde novo synthesis of protective chemicals) is considered to be the most evolved among aposematic (unpalatable mimicry-model) butterflies, as are the Acraeinae and Heliconiini which also synthesize cyanogens. Storage or minimal processing of larval hostplant-derived defensive chemicals is widespread and characterizes the most primitive model groups; an intermediate series (Danainae/Ithomiinae) also obtains the principal defensive chemicals (PAs) from plants, but mostly in the adult stage. These syndromes are discussed and contrasted with the pattern seen in Chrysomelidae beetles, wherede novo synthesis is widespread and considered primitive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325228
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    Toxicity of nonhost phototoxins to parsnip webworms(Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: phototoxicity ; harmane ; harmine ; harmalol ; alpha-terthienyl ; skimmianine ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds exclusively on apiaceous hostplants containing furanocoumarins, compounds capable of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independend photosensitization. Despite high titers of antioxidant enzymes relative to other herbivorous insects, webworms cannot tolerate nonhost photosensitizers such as alpha-terthienyl or beta-carboline alkaloids at dietary concentrations of 0.01% or less. Tolerance of skimmianine, a furano-quinoline alkaloid, may be due to its structural resemblance to furanocoumarins, which are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241647
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    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325231
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  • 18
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. I. Taste and toxicity tests using artificial diets laced with digitoxin or monocrotaline (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 114-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; toxicology ; chemical defense ; cardiac glycoside ; cardenolides ; digitoxin ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; monocrotaline ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Of three common mouse species at the Mexican overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, onlyPeromyscus melanotis eats monarchs. We hypothesized thatP. aztecus andReithrodontomys sumichrasti reject monarchs because they are more sensitive to the bitter taste and/or toxic effects of the cardiac glycosides (CGs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the butterflies. Two-choice preference tests revealed no difference in taste avoidance thresholds to free base and N-oxide forms of the PA, monocrotaline, but very different avoidance thresholds to the CG, digitoxin. Avoidance thresholds forR. sumichrasti andP. aztecus were, in respective order, 1020 and 34 times less than that forP. melanotis. We also tested the toxic sensitivity of juvenile mice by chronically feeding diets containing digitoxin or monocrotaline at concentrations similar to those used in the preference tests. No species developed CG toxicity, but bothP. melanotis andP. aztecus developed moderate PA toxicity (R. sumichrasti was not tested for PA toxicity).P. aztecus grew more slowly and manyP. melanotis had hepatic metabolic lesions. Thus, the three mouse species responded very differently to the taste and toxic properties of CGs and PAs at ecologically relevant concentrations: 1) CGs were taste rejected by all species exceptP. melanotis, while PAs were not; and 2) PAs were toxic, while CGs were not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241652
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    Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 124-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: taste aversion ; chemical defense ; predatory attack patterns ; insectivory ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Mammalia ; Muridae ; Peromyscus ; Reithrodontomys ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peromyscus melanotis is the only one of three mouse species that eats monarch butterflies at their overwintering sites in Mexico. I tested two hypotheses: 1)P. aztecus avoids monarchs because of a bitter taste aversion to cardiac glycosides (CGs) and an inability to reject CG-rich body parts; 2)Reithrodontomys sumichrasti avoids monarchs principally because of a bitter taste aversion to the CGs. None of the species are sensitive to the toxic effects of ingested CGs. Feeding responses of laboratory-reared mice of each species to monarchs with low, medium and high CG concentrations were compared. BothP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti ate significantly fewer of all three types of monarchs thanP. melanotis. ForP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti, the number of monarchs eaten decreased with increasing CG concentration, whereas forP. melanotis, the number remained constant.Peromyscus melanotis andR. sumichrasti developed a feeding technique for rejecting the CG-laden cuticular material, which reduced the bitterness of ingested monarch material. However,R. sumichrasti displayed the technique significantly less often thanP. melanotis; andP. aztecus never developed it. I conclude that high taste sensitivity to CGs and less versatile food handling preventP. aztecus andR. sumichrasti from overcoming the monarch's chemical defenses.
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  • 20
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    Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 20-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: speciation ; reinforcement ; character displacement ; biosynthesis ; phylogeny ; sex pheromones ; reproductive isolation (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Yponomeuta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively. Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240662
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    Biosynthesis of a monoene and a conjugated diene sex pheromone component of the lightbrown apple moth by Δ11 desaturation (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; Lepidoptera ; Epiphyas postvittana ; deuterium-labelling ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fatty acyl moieties present in the female sex pheromone gland of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana, include the analogues of the two sex pheromone components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate. Application of deuterium-labelled fatty acids followed by analysis by gas chromatographymass spectrometry showed that biosynthesis of the two pheromone components involved initial Δ11-desaturation of myristic and palmitic acids respectively.
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    Immunochemical similarities among the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding proteins of moths (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 945-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Juvenile hormone ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; immunotaxonomy ; monoclonal antibodies ; hemolymph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hemolymph from various species of moths was analyzed for cross-reactivity with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies made against the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein ofManduca sexta. With the exception of one antibody, the immunoreactivity was limited to the sphingid family. One monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with a number of lepidopteran species; however, families such as Noctuidae and Pyralidae, known to have high affinity, low molecular weight juvenile hormone binding proteins, did not cross-react. Immunological cross-reactivity withManduca sexta juvenile hormone binding protein in several primitive moth families supports the current model of phylogenetic relationships in the order Lepidoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01929888
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    Olfactory interneurons in the brain of the larval sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Chemosensory integration ; Olfaction ; Brain ; Larva ; Caterpillar ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The physiology and morphology of olfactory interneurons in the brain of larval Manduca sexta were studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Antennal olfactory receptors were stimulated with volatile substances from plants and with pure odorants. Neurons responding to the stimuli were investigated further to reveal their response specificities, dose-response characteristics, and morphology. 2. We found no evidence of specific ‘labeled-lines’ among the odor-responsive interneurons, as none responded exclusively to one plant odor or pure odorant; most olfactory interneurons were broadly tuned in their response spectra. This finding is consistent with an ‘across-fiber’ pattern of odor coding. 3. Mechanosensory and olfactory information are integrated at early stages of central processing, appearing in the responses of some local interneurons restricted to the primary olfactory nucleus in the brain, the larval antennal center (LAC). 4. The responses of LAC projection neurons and higher-order protocerebral interneurons to a given odor were more consistent than the responses of LAC local interneurons. 5. The LAC appears to be functionally subdivided, as both local and projection neurons had arborizations in specific parts of the LAC, but none had dendrites throughout the LAC. 6. The mushroom bodies and the lateral protocerebrum contain neurons that respond to olfactory stimulation.
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    The roles of central and peripheral eclosion hormone release in the control of ecdysis behavior in Manduca sexta (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 697-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Ecdysis ; Eclosion hormone ; Manduca sexta ; Neuropeptide ; Lepidoptera ; Pupal molt ; Verson's gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Ecdysis, a behavior by which insects shed the old cuticle at the culmination of each molt, is triggered by a unique peptide hormone, eclosion hormone (EH). In pupal Manduca sexta, EH is released into the hemolymph just prior to ecdysis, and circulating hormone is sufficient to elicit this behavior. 2. Removal of the proctodeal nerves in prepupal animals eliminated the appearance of blood-borne EH, but ecdysis behavior occurred on schedule. Therefore, circulating EH is not necessary for the triggering of ecdysis. 3. In contrast, a set of dermal glands failed to show their expected bout of secretion after proctodeal nerve removal. Injection of exogenous EH rescued this secretion. Thus, circulating EH appears necessary for action on peripheral but not central targets. 4. A major reduction in EH immunostaining is seen in the proctodeal nerves just preceding ecdysis; this coincides with a 〉90% reduction in extractable EH from this structure and the appearance of circulating EH. A similar, concomitant reduction was seen in central EH cell processes, suggesting release of peptide within the CNS. 5. Antidromic stimulation of the proctodeal nerve stumps following proctodeal nerve removal triggered precocious ecdysis. This result further supports the conclusion that centrally released EH is sufficient to trigger the motor program.
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    Sensitivity of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) pheromone receptor neurons: Relationships between neural thresholds and behavioral responses (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 739-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Threshold ; Olfaction ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of Trichoplusia ni HS(A) receptor neurons were measured to determine the minimum detectable concentration (absolute threshold) and the minimum detectable increment (difference threshold) for the major sex pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). The absolute threshold was 1000-fold below the ∼10-11 M level of Z7-12∶Ac at a calling female. The Weber fraction, i.e., the ratio of the difference threshold to the stimulus concentration, declined from ∼0.8 to ∼0.06 as the concentration rose from threshold to high intensities. Relatively smaller fluctuations were detected as the stimulus increased. 2. The HS(A) responses were interpreted in relation to behavior by considering an ideal observer as approximating the central nervous system (CNS). The ideal thresholds were 3–9-fold lower than the HS(A) thresholds. 3. The ideal absolute threshold of the T. ni CNS is comparable to observed behavioral thresholds for wingflutter and taking flight. However, only a low percentage response occurs at threshold. Most males take flight at higher concentrations. Also, the ideal Weber fraction is lower than in most flight-tunnel bioassays. Yet, males respond to small fluctuations in orienting to pheromone plumes. These differences between moths and ideal observers may reflect inhibition at points in the CNS that control the flow of olfactory input.
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    Gut redox conditions in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3277-3290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interactions ; redox ; reduction potential ; digestion ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; Lymantria dispar ; Manduca sexta ; Papilio glaucus ; Polia latex ; Danaidae ; Lymantriidae ; Sphingidae ; Papilionidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Large interspecific differences in redox potential exist among herbivorous lepidopteran larvae. Reducing conditions occur in the midguts ofManduca sexta (Sphingidae) andPolia latex (Noctuidae), whereas oxidizing conditions prevail in the midguts ofLymantria dispar (Lymantriidae),Danaus plexippus (Danaidae), andPapilio glaucus (Papilionidae). The epithelium of the posterior midgut ofM. sexta fed a diet containing bismuth subnitrate accumulates bismuth sulfide, suggesting that sulfide might be one of the reducing agents responsible for the maintenance of reducing conditions in this species. We propose that the effects of plant allelochemicals in insect herbivores will be strongly affected by gut redox conditions and that the regulation of gut redox conditions is an important adaptation of insect herbivores to the chemical defenses of plants. The redox state of the gut is yet another insect trait that must be included in the analysis of plant-insect interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982098
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    Rapid, quantitative HPLC analysis ofAsclepias fruticosa L. andDanaus plexippus L. cardenolides (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3373-3382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias fruticosa ; milkweed ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; cardenolides ; HPLC ; gomphoside ; afroside ; digitoxin ; calactin ; calotropin ; cardenolide fingerprint ; cardiac glycosides ; internal standard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cardenolide extracts from latex and aerial parts ofAsclepias fruticosa and ofDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica were purified by adsorption chromatography on silica gel. HPLC analysis on a C18 reverse-phase column with an acetonitrile-water gradient as mobile phase, separated 28 compounds with a UV spectrum typical forcardenolides. Afroside and gomphoside (major components), as well as calotropagenin, calotoxin, calotropin, calactin, uscharidin, uscharin, and voruscharin, occurred as single peaks in the profiles of latex and aerial plant parts ofA. fruticosa. Calactin and calotropin were the major cardenolides inDanaus plexippus reared onA. fruticosa orA. curassavica. Quantitative data obtained with digitoxin as internal standard showed that 1.3–1.5% of the leaf cardenolides were sequestered byDanaus plexippus in which levels of 70–80μg cardenolide per butterfly were measured. The calotropin from the leaves was almost completely sequestered, and 10–13% of the calactin was stored by the butterfly, assuming that no conversion occurred in larval tissues.
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    Male pheromone of swift moth,Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3511-3521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hepialus ; Lepidoptera ; Hepialidae ; swift moth ; pheromone ; dihydropyrone ; 2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane ; behavior ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3. 1]non-7-ene, and (1R,3S,5R)-3-ethyl-1,8-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-en-6-one represent the main components in the male pheromone of the swift moth,Hepialus hecta. The amounts of the three components were 40, 5, and 5 μg per male, respectively. Structure elucidation of the compounds was based on spectroscopic data as compared to synthetic reference samples. The absolute configurations were determined by gas chromatography on chiral stationary phases; optically active samples served as reference compounds. Electrophysiological and behavioral experiments with natural material and synthetic samples clearly showed the three heterocyclic compounds to act as pheromones. (E, E)-α-Farnesene represents the main component of the scent secretion of maleHepialus humuli.
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    Apple ermine moth,Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller Two components of female sex pheromone gland highly effective in field trapping tests (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Yponomeuta malinellus ; sex pheromone ; apple ermine moth ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When electroantennographic responses of maleYponomeuta malinellus Zeller to model compounds were determined at dosages of 0.3–30 ng, the strongest responses were obtained from (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12∶Ac). Also, strong responses were obtained from (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11–14∶A1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Zl1–14∶OH). At a dosage of 0.3 ng,Z11–14∶A1 produced a stronger response thanZ11–14∶OH, while at a dosage of 30 ng,Z11–14∶OH andZ11–14∶A1 produced equal responses. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of extracts of female sex pheromone glands showed the presence ofZ9–12∶Ac, tetradecan-1-ol (14∶OH), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11–14∶OH),Z11–14∶OH, hexadecan-1-ol, and hexadecan-1-ol acetate in a ratio of 0.6∶200∶37∶100∶140∶35. In field tests,Z9–12∶Ac andZ11–14∶OH together were required for trap catch, and addition ofZ11–14∶A1,E11–14∶OH, 14∶OH, or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate did not increase catch. Ratios in rubber septa of 0.5∶99.5 to 1.5∶98.5 (Z9–12∶ Ac/Z11–14∶OH) captured the most males and captures were statistically equivalent for dosages of 10–1000 μg/rubber septum. Traps baited with the synthetic lure produced better catches than those baited with females.
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    Interpopulational variation in emitted pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from laboratory colonies initiated from three locations across the United States emitted similar quantities and blend ratios of the six known pheromone components. In contrast, females from a long-established laboratory colony emitted a greater proportion of four of the five minor components relative to the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; only the relative proportion of 11-dodecenyl acetate was similar in all of the populations sampled. Females from this population emitted (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at a rate similar to that from females from field-collected colonies. Within each population there were highly significant correlations among the quantities of pheromone components of similar molecular weights. Correlations between components of different molecular weights were not as great, but often were significant. Similarities of blend ratios among field populations may indicate that the chemical signal in this species is conservative. The difference of the blend ratios in our laboratory population from the other populations may indicate a decrease in the intensity of selection pressure that usually would maintain these values.
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    Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2203-2216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; caterpillars ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; trail following ; chemical marker ; trail pheromone ; stability ; pheromone secretory site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail following in lepidopterous larvae is often attributed to chemical markers, but only a few clear-cut examples are found in the literature. In this paper evidence is presented for a chemical basis of the trail following behaviour ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) The marker is shown to be very persistent under laboratory conditions and is water soluble. Several possible secretory sites were investigated, and it is concluded that the marker is probably secreted together with the silk from the labial gland. Problems associated with the demonstration of trail markers in caterpillars are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026931
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    Synthesis and field testing of enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes as sex attractants for geometrid moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2317-2339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; behavioral antagonist ; enantiomer ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z,6S,7R)-epoxyheptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z,3R,4S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stereoselective syntheses of chiral C17 to C21 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes were developed. Field tests of the enantiomerically enriched epoxides as components of synthetic sex attractant lures were carried out, and those with C17 and C19 chain lengths, particularly, were attractive to male moths of several species. Moths were usually specifically attracted by one of a pair of enantiomers, and the opposite enantiomer could actually be a behavioral antagonist. Males belonging to nine species of Geometridae were captured.Probole amicaria (Herrich-Schäffer) males were taken in traps baited with the mixture (6Z,9Z,3S,4R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H) + 3Z,9Z,6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H(9∶1∶8). Other species responding to the C19 compounds included (attractant components follow in parentheses);Sicya macularia (Harris) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H),Anavitrinella pampinaria (Guenée) (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,9Z,6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H), andLycia ursaria (Walker) (6Z,9Z-3S, 4R-epoxy-19∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). Males of the following species were captured byC 17 epoxides:Itame occiduaria (Packard) (6Z,9Z,3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H),Itame brunneata (Thunberg) (6Z,9Z,3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H),Epelis truncataria (Walker) (both enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H),Semiothisa ulsterata (Pearsall) (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-17∶H), andS. signaria dispuncta (Walker) (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-17∶H + 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H). The interactions among enantiomers and regioisomers are discussed as a mechanism by which cross attraction between sympatric species is limited.
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    Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids fromVitex fisherii (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2581-2588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vitex fisherii ; Verbenaceae ; phytoecdysteroid ; vitexirone ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; ajugasterone C ; turkesterone ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, has been isolated from a MeOH extract of the root bark of the East African medicinal plantVitex fisherii by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. In addition, three known phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, and turkesterone, also were isolated. The structure of vitexirone has been established spectroscopically. The position and stereochemistry of the 11-α-hydroxy group of ajugasterone C and vitexirone were confirmed by the1H-1H homonuclear COSY NMR data. These phytoecdysteroids disrupt the molting process of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017480
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    Biochemical activity of centipedegrass against fall armyworm larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2677-2690 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antibiosis ; bioactivity ; plant biochemicals ; chlorogenic acid ; maysin ; luteolin ; fall armyworm ; centipedegrass ; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Centipedegrass,Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, severely inhibits growth of the fall armyworm larva,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Fresh centipedegrass extracts and extract fractions were deposited on Celufil, incorporated into meridic-based diets and bioassayed against neonate larvae of the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The methanol extract (F1) caused the greatest reduction in larval weight. When F1, was partitioned between méthylene chloride and water, the activity was transferred to the water-soluble fraction (F5), which, when further fractionated using preparative C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, yielded active F7 and F8 fractions. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed F7 to be 95% caffeoylquinic acids with chlorogenic acid as the major constituent. HPLC analysis of F8 revealed maysin [2″-O- α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-Xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and other luteolin derivatives. Chlorogenic acid and other caffeoylquinic acids, maysin, and other luteolin derivatives are the major factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance of centipedegrass to larvae of the fall armyworm.
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    Developmental and environmental sources of pheromone variation inColias eurytheme butterflies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2771-2786 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colias ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; courtship pheromone ; pheromone variation ; pheromone production ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; n-heptacosane ; 13-methylheptacosane ; n-nonacosane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Body size, age, ambient temperature, wing wear, and flight activity were investigated as possible sources of variation in the quantities and relative proportions of the three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH), andn-nonacosane (C29)] of the male courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies. Size of the male has very little influence on the amount of any of the pheromone components present on the wings. Most of the deposition of all three components onto the surface of the hindwing occurs between 3 and 9 hr after emergence from the pupa. 13MH is deposited more rapidly than C27 and C29, and C27 more rapidly than C29. After the first 12 hr posteclosion, the pheromone phenotype of an individual male remains relatively constant through at least 96 hr of age. Experiments showed that none of the three chemicals volatilize to any appreciable extent at temperatures likely to be experienced in the field. The pheromones of actively searching and courting males did not differ from those of less-active feeding and resting males, suggesting that volatilization induced by flight activity is not an important source of pheromone variation. Loss of scales with age does seem to affect pheromone phenotype, but not in a readily interpretable way. Although the quantity of 13MH was lower in worn males than in fresh, C27 was higher.
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    Feeding responses ofChilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae to sorghum plant phenolics and their analogs (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 67-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chilo partellus ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sorghum ; feeding response ; phenolics ; phagostimulant ; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde ; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid ; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid ; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phagostimulatory responses of third-instar larvae ofChilo Partellus to phenolic components identified in an ethyl acetate extract of the leaf whorls of 3-week-old plants ofSorghum bicolor cultivar IS 18363 were studied in no-choice bioassays. The major components in the extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid present in minor amounts. All but 4-hydroxycinnamic acid were stimulatory at the doses tested. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was more stimulatory than other potential biogenetic analogs. Hydroxybenzoic acids generally elicited greater feeding response than cinnamic acids, and the pattern of oxygen substitution in the benzene ring was related to bioactivity.
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    Inactivation of baculovirus by quinones formed in insect-damaged plant tissues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1221-1236 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; plant phenolics ; polyphenol oxidase ; tritrophic interactions ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host plant resistance ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, HzSNPV toHeliothis zea was significantly reduced when viral occlusion bodies were exposed to the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid in the presence of polyphenol oxidase. Chlorogenic acid is rapidly oxidized to the ortho-quinone, chlorogenoquinone, by foliar polyphenol oxidases of the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum, when foliage is damaged during feeding by larvalH. zea. Our results indicate that chlorogenoquinone, a powerful oxidizing agent, covalently binds to the occlusion bodies of HzSNPV and significantly reduces their digestibility and solubility under alkaline conditions. This binding is proposed to interfere with the infection process by impairing the release of infective virions in the midgut.
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    Electrophysiological and chemical analysis of sex pheromone communication system of the mottled umber,Erannis defoliaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1887-1897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Erannis defoliaria (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; sex pheromone ; identification ; electroantennogram ; single sensillum ; peripheral inhibitor ; Agriopis marginaria ; Colotois pennaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9–19Hy) and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene (Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy) were identified in pheromone gland extracts from femaleErannis defoliaria. The two components were found in a 1∶3 ratio, with the main component,Z3,Z9-cis-6,7-epo-19Hy present at an amount of about 1.5 ng per female. The components were identified by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-electroantennography and gas chromatography-single sensillum recordings. Single sensillum measurements on the male antenna showed two physiological types of sensilla. One type was characterized by a large spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z9-cis-6,7-epoxy-19Hy and a small spike amplitude cell responding toZ3,Z6,Z9–19Hy. A second type responded only with a large spike amplitude cell to the epoxide, and this cell was inhibited by the triene. Of the two pheromone components, the epoxide gave the higher response in the EAG tests. Preliminary field tests support the identification of the pheromone components. The epoxide was also found to be present in the extract of the pheromone gland ofColotois pennaria, and males ofC. pennaria andAgriopis marginaria were trapped by the mixture of the identified compounds.
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    Asarones fromAcorus calamus L. Oil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1911-1920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peridroma saucia ; variegated cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; growth inhibitors ; conversion efficiency ; asarones ; Acorus calamus ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asarones (2, 4, 5-trimethoxypropenylbenzenes) isolated from the essential oil ofAcorus calamus L. rhizomes, are potent growth inhibitors and antifeedants to the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hubner.cis-Asarone added to artificial diet significantly inhibited growth and feeding by first-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae, whereas thetrans isomer produced an antifeedant effect alone. Gross dietary utilization (efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) was decreased when the diet was supplemented withcis-asarone or when this compound was topically applied to fourth-instar larvae. Inhibition of growth occurred even at a moderate topical dose (5 μg/larva) primarily as a result of decreased efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), even though the approximate digestibility (AD) of the food was unchanged. Oral or topical treatment withtrans-asarone also significantly inhibited larval growth, but in this case the effect can be strictly attributed to decreased consumption, as dietary utilization (ECI) was not affected. Both isomers displayed a direct antifeedant effect based on leaf disk choice tests. Thecis isomer was 7.0 and 5.5 times more potent thant thetrans isomer against fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, respectively. Our data suggest that the two asarone isomers have different modes of action.cis-Asarone is toxic in addition to having strong antifeedant activity, whereas thetrans isomer acts only as an antifeedant with no appreciable toxicity.
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    Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1977-1995 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; corn ; Zea mays ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first-instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, there were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V8–V10 growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    Heliothis virescens: Response characteristics of receptor neurons in Sensilla Trichodea type 1 and type 2 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 953-972 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; single-cell recordings ; olfactory receptor cells ; cobalt tracing ; sex pheromones ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; host odors ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partial electroantennograms (EAGs) and single cell recordings fromHeliothis virescens males have demonstrated the presence of pheromones receptor neurons in sensilla trichodea type 2 as well as in type 1. This is supported by cobalt tracing experiments, showing that primary axons from the distal flagellum, containing only s. trichodea type 2, project into the macrogiomerulus complex in the male antennal lobes. Four types of finely tuned pheromone receptor neurons were found in males, whereas in females the corresponding neurons responded mainly to host odors. In males the majority (75 and 18%, respectively) were tuned to the majorHeliothis virescens pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16∶A1) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14∶A1). The others (5 and 2%, respectively) responded specifically to (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol (Z1 1-16∶OH) and (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z1 1-16∶Ac). No neurons responding selectively to the minor pheromone components were found. The Z11-16∶A1 neurons of both sensilla types possessed similar specificity. However, the sensitivity decreased toward the medial and distal part of the flagellum, where s. trichodea type 2 are located. This suggests that the pheromone concentrations can be detected peripherally by a spatial as well as a temporal mechanism. Differences in temporal response patterns (pronounced phasic vs. tonic component) were found within the same type of neurons, suggesting different ability to encode intermittency of the pheromone plume as well as to mediate maintenance of flight.
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    Impact of UV radiation on activity of linear furanocoumarins andBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki againstSpodoptera exigua: Implications for tritrophic interactions (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 973-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Linear furanocoumarins ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; UV light ; tritrophic interactions ; Bacillus thuringiensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acidic fogs with a pH of 2.0 and duration of 2 hr did not reduce the efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki (Berliner). Therefore, the impact of UV radiation was investigated on the interactions between (1) levels of the antibacterial linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin inApium graveolens (L.) occurring following a 2.0 pH acidic fog episode, (2) the noctuidSpodoptera exigua (Hübner), and (3) a sublethal dosage of the microbial pathogenB. thuringiensis var.Kurstaki. Mean time to pupation in the absence of UV radiation (survival was too low to conduct this analysis for insects exposed to UV) was significantly extended by the addition of either psoralens orB. thuringiensis. Larvae developing on diets containingB. thuringiensis plus psoralens required nearly 40% longer to pupate than controls, but their effects were additive as the interaction was not significant. Although the mean times to adult emergence were significantly different, time spent in the pupal stage did not vary significantly between treatments, indicating that increases in larval developmental time were responsible for the observed decrease in developmental rate. Mean time to mortality, a weighted average time of death, was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis, all main effects (linear furanocoumarins.B. thuringiensis, UV radiation) reduced survival significantly, as did the three-way interaction. Thus, antagonistic interactions with psoralens that would reduce the effectiveness ofB. thuringiensis in the field were not observed. When pairs of main effects were nested within the two levels (presence and absence) of the third factor, several two-way interactions were found. Interestingly, the activity ofB. thuringiensis and the psoralens, individually or in combination, was enhanced by exposure to UV radiation. Implications of this research are discussed for both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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    (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2153-2166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Eufidonia convergaria ; Caripeta angustiorata ; Rivula propinqualis ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17–22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
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    Effect of steam distillate extracts of selected resistant cultivated and wild rices on behavior of leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2291-2296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Oryza officinalis ; Oryza punctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice plant volatiles ; egg hatchability ; egg laying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Leaffolder moths laid significantly fewer eggs on TN1 rice plants treated with extracts of resistant wild species of rice,Oryza officinalis andOryza punctata, than on TN1 plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rices. Extracts ofO. officinalis andO. punctata adversely affected egg hatchability.O. officinalis andO. punctata extracts were more toxic to first-instar larvae than extracts of other resistant varieties. Leaf area consumed by the larvae was reduced on TN1 plants treated withO. officinalis andO. punctata extracts compared with that on plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rice varieties.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979613
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    Sex pheromone of the european sunflower moth,Homoeosoma nebulellum (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1399-1414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Homoeosoma nebulellum ; European sunflower moth ; sex pheromone ; identification ; multicomponent blend ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four components, (Z)-9-tetradecenal (8.6%), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (4.8%), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (49.5%), and (Z)-13-octadecenal (37.1%), were identified in extracts of female pheromone glands of the European sunflower moth,Homoeosoma nebulellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using GC and GC-MS analyses. EAG and single-cell recordings of male antennal receptors gave strong evidence for (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal as the antennal key compound of sex pheromone detection in this species. This result was confirmed by field trapping; removal of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal from quaternary blends completely suppressed the male catches. The synthetic blends with this compound as a major component caught five times less males than the blends reproducing the ratio found in the female extracts [5% of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal only]. The occurrence of a minor component perceived as the most biologically relevant compound is discussed.
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    Identification and field testing of female-produced sex pheromone components of the spring cankerworm,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3393-3409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attractant ; 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene ; 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene ; 6(Z),9(Z)-cis-3 ; 4-epoxynonadecadiene ; Paleacrita vernata ; spring cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; trap height ; behavioral antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two sex pheromone components, 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H), and 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶ H), have been positively identified, and a third component, 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene (6(Z),9(Z)-19 ∶ H) has been tentatively identified from abdominal tip extracts of female spring cankerworm moths,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera∶ Geometridae). The pheromone components were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, electroantennography, mass spectrometry, chemical tests, comparison with standards, and field testing. Only 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H exhibited significant attractant activity when tested alone, and it was potentiated by the other two components. The attractive blend was an 8∶2∶1 ratio of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H/3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H/6Z,9Z-19∶H. However, the two-component blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H and 6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H (8∶1 ratio) was as attractive as the three-component blend in further field tests. A series of related compounds, the diene monoepoxides available from epoxidation of C19 and C20 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, some of which have been found in the pheromone blends of other moth species, were tested as behavioral antagonists. The attraction of male moths to synthetic lures was suppressed by the addition of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene to the lures. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of lure dosage, trap height, and trap design on the numbers of male moths captured.
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    Courtship pheromone production and body size as correlates of larval diet in males of the arctiid moth,Utetheisa ornatrix (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Courtship pheromone ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; sexual selection ; hydroxydanaidal ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; Crotalaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxydanaidal, the corematal courtship pheromone of maleUtetheisa ornatrix, shows pronounced quantitative variation in natural populations of the moth. Males that, as larvae, fed on seed-bearing rather than immature food plants (Crotalaria spectabilis orC. mucronata) produce higher levels of hydroxydanaidal. Such males also have higher systemic loads of pyrrolizidine alkaloid, the known metabolic precursor of hydroxydanaidal, whichUtetheisa sequester from their larval diet and which is concentrated in the seeds ofCrotalaria. Males raised on seed-bearing plants also achieve higher adult weight. In the context of sexual selection, therefore, femaleUtetheisa could, through assessment of male hydroxydanaidal levels, gauge both the alkaloid content and body weight of their suitors.
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    Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; individual variation ; pheromone titer ; periodicity ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratios and quantities of the pheromone components, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate (diene) and (E,Z,Z)-4,7.10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate (triene), in the glands of individual female potato tuberworm moths (Phthorimaea operculella) originating from the United States (California) and Japan (Nagoya) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Quantities of glandextracted pheromone components of Nagoya females fluctuated in a periodic fashion during the photoperiod. Maximal titers coincided with the onset of scotophase (and calling), then gradually declined to minimal levels soon after lights-on. The average daily pheromone quantities decreased significantly as females aged. Both populations exhibited considerable variation in the ratio of the two components. The proportions of triene in the blend ranged from 27% to 88% (triene −X = 56 ± 13% SD; CV = 23%) for California females and from 16% to 71% (42 ± 13%; CV = 31%) for Nagoya females. Nagoya females also stored significantly higher amounts of pheromone in their glands (8.6 ± 3.9 ng) than did California females (2.7 ± 1.4). The differences between the populations, while substantial, would probably not be sufficient to impart a barrier to panmixis, given the wide range of component ratios favored by the males.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of bristly cutworm,Lacinipolia renigera (Stephens) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2615-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lacinipolia renigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bristly cutworm ; insect pheromones ; (itZ)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z, E)-9 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; bolas spider ; Mastophora hutchinsoni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the bristly cutworm moth,Lacinipolia renigera was identified as a blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (itZ9–14): Ac and (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14: Ac). Extracts of female glands were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography on three columns of different polarities. In each analysis, peaks with retention times identical to Z9–14:Ac andZE–9, 12–14: Ac were observed. GC-MS analysis of gland extracts supported the identification of these two compounds. Volatiles emitted from female sex pheromone glands during 10-min collection periods contained 7.8 ±2.01 ng ofZ9- 14: Ac. On average the blend contained 3.8 ± 1.43%ZE-9,12–14: Ac. Blends ranging from 1% to 10%ZE- 9,12–14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac (1 mg) were effective in capturing males in the field. The number of males captured in traps baited with a 3 % blend ofZE- 9,12-14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac was not significantly different than the number caught in traps containing two virgin females.
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    Olfactory sensitivity of two sympatric species of rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to plant volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2647-2666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; electroantennogram ; green leaf volatiles ; host-plant resistance ; Lepidoptera ; Marasmia patnalis ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; Pyralidae ; rice leaf folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from male and female moths of two sympatric leaf folder species,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gue-née) andMarasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to 91 volatile chemicals of plant origin. Responses of both leaf folder species were similar to all compounds except to three monoterpenes-β-myrcene, menthone, and isomenthone- and two sesquiterpenes-cis-nerolidol and isophytol. Response ofM. patnalis, an oligophagous leaf folder, to these compounds was higher compared with that of polyphagousC. medinalis. EAG responses of males to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were significantly higher than those of conspecific females in both species. A higher response ofC. medinalis males also was observed for 1-nonanol, 3-nonen-2-one, andtrans, trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. In contrast, females of both species responded more to monoterpenes, borneol, isoborneol, and fenchyl alchohol. Response ofC. medinalis female was higher for terpinen-4-ol, carveol, dihydrocarveol, (−)-myrtenal, and perillaldehyde. In both species and sexes, high EAG responses were recorded for compounds of the green leaf odor complex. EAG responses to nonanal and hexanal were maximum among the aliphatic aldehydes while 1-hexanol elicited the highest response among the alcohols tested. EAG responses to terpene compounds-citronellal,α-terpineol, and (−)-myrtenal-were equal to the response to 1-hexanol. While all compounds tested elicited a negative potential, thymol and carvacrol elicited a positive EAG potential. The EAG data are discussed with regard
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    Adaptive significance of furanocoumarin diversity inPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; corn earworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip ; Apiaceae ; furanocoumarins ; defense ; xanthotoxin ; photoactivation ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae), the edible parsnip, contain six different furanocoumarins that are differentially capable of ultraviolet-mediated cross-linkage of DNA and inhibition of DNA transcription. Individually, none of the other furanocoumarins present in parsnip seeds is as toxic as the photosensitizer xanthotoxin. Nevertheless, the natural mixture of compounds is toxicologically more effective againstHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both in the presence and absence of UV light, than is an equimolar amount of xanthotoxin. The difference in toxicity diminishes with increasing light levels. Thus, a series of structurally related natural products can display toxicity lacking in individual compounds and may represent an adaptive compromise to varying environmental conditions.
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    Dual role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in nectar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; pollination ; nectar constituents ; Ithomiinae ; Danainae ; Heliconiinae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; agraulis vanillae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloids occur in several plant families, attracting ithomiine and danaine butterflies that specialize on the flowers. I show that pyrrolizidine alkaloids in artificial nectar also inhibit at least one butterfly,Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), a more general forager. Inhibition was demonstrated in two ways: quantity of nectar consumed and number of artificial flowers visited. The amount of sucrose solution consumed by individual butterflies was measured using a microcapillary tube. Number of flower visits was determined using an array of artificial orange and yellow flowers.A. vanillae drank less sucrose solution with monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, than without. When monocrotaline was placed into yellow flowers,A. vanillae learned to visit predominantly orange flowers. Evolutionarily, pyrrolizidine alkaloids in nectar may represent an adaptation to exclude butterflies. Ithomiines and danaines, seeking these compounds in larval food plants, were not excluded. Alternatively, ithomiines and danaines overcame the nectar defense. In either case, the plant effectively increased floral constancy by inhibiting generalist butterflies and attracting specialists.
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    Identification of hairpencil secretion from maleMamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and electroantennogram studies (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencils ; male-produced compounds ; identification ; benzaldehyde ; 2-methylpropanoic acid ; 2-methylbutanoic acid ; benzyl alcohol ; 2-phenylethanol ; phenol ; electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of maleMamestra brassicae (L.) hairpencils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were found to consist of six components. Benzaldehyde, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and phenol were present in the extracts as well as the previously identified benzyl alcohol and phenyl ethanol. The two major components were 2-phenylethanol and 2-methylbutanoic acid. They represented, respectively, 74% and 12.5% of the total blend in 3-day-old male extracts. Electroantennograms were recorded on male and female antennae in response to stimulation by hairpencil compounds. Male and female antennae responded to each chemical but the female responses were significantly higher than those of the males.
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    α-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1941-1951 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Tocopherol ; elicitor ; alterable resistance ; soybean ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antiherbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant vitamin E, α-tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of α-tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites.
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    Evidence for presence and nature of female sex pheromone ofBrithys crini fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2035-2042 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; Brithys crini ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The existence of a female sex pheromone of the noctuid mothBrithys crini Fabricius was confirmed in both laboratory bioassay and field tests. Crude extracts and airborne volatiles from females were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and the data compared with authentic compounds. The primary sex pheromonal compound was Z11-16: Ald. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the external surface of the sex pheromone gland was covered with folds that might increase the sex pheromone evaporation area.
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    Mint root borer,Fumibotys fumalis (Guenee): Identification and field tests of female sex pheromone gland components (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 249-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Pyraustinae ; Pyraustini ; Fumibotys fumalis ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-10 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Compounds identified in sex pheromone gland extracts of femaleFumibotys fumalis (Guenee) consisted of (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of 100:18: 8:4, respectively. The compounds were identified by electroantennographic, gas Chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and chemical derivatization procedures. In mint fields synthetic components in gray elastomeric septa at ratios found in the sex pheromone gland and at doses of 3 or 10 mg of the diene produced trap catch comparable to traps baited with three females.
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    European corn borer: Pheromonal catabolism and behavioral response to sex pheromone (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 317-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antennal catabolism ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; pheromone analogs ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When physiologically excessive amounts of the female sex pheromone of the European corn borer (ECB) or esters analogous to the pheromone were applied to the antennae of males, their behavioral responsiveness to pheromone in a flight tunnel was significantly impaired for 2 hr. Concurrent quantitative analyses of heptane extracts of the male antennae by gasliquid chromatography showed that the compounds applied to antennae were hydrolyzed and, at 2 and 4 hr posttreatment, little or none of the compound applied or hydrolysis product was detectable in the antennal extracts. After 4 hr of in vivo incubation, male responsiveness to pheromone was restored among moths treated with the analogs but not among moths treated with pheromone. Esterase activity on the antennae was moderately inhibited in vivo by a pheromone analog that is a so-called transition-state esterase inhibitor, 1,1, 1-trifluoro-14-heptadecen-2-one. However, the analog did not inhibit male behavior when it was coevaporated with pheromone in a flight-tunnel assay. Therefore, in the presence of pheromone, the analog did not compete well for esterase or the pheromone receptor. Treating the antennae of intact males with tetrahydrofuran obliterated sex pheromone response capability in males, but the treatment did not significantly attenuate esterase and other catabolic activity of the antennae. Indications are that degradation of esters on the ECB antennae involves substrate-nonspecific esterase activity and other metabolic processes that in turn remove hydrolysis products from the antennae. Maintenance of a male's ability to respond to pheromone is linked to these processes.
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    Selection of pheromone trap and attractant dispenser load to monitor black army cutworm,Actebia fennica (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Actebia fennica ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cutworm ; pheromone traps ; pheromone ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catch rates of black army cutworm moths,Actebia fennica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were determined for different types of traps and different dispenser loads of sex attractant. Of the five traps tested, highest catch (35 males/per night) was obtained with Uni-Traps, whereas Pherocon 1CP, Delta and Hara traps rapidly became saturated at 9, 6, and 11 males/per night, respectively. Multi-Pher traps, like the Uni-Traps, have a covered vertical cone with a large collecting bucket but only catch about 1/3 of the number of moths (9 males/per night) as the Uni-Traps, thus reducing potential saturation. Red rubber septa loaded with 500 μg of attractant blend gave a consistent catch for at least 60 days; 1000 and 2000 μg loadings lasted for a minimum of 90 days. Polyvinylchloride and red rubber septa dispensers containing 100 μg of attractant had similar catch rates, which decreased rapidly with age. Based on these trap and lure-loading experiments, Multi-Pher traps baited with 1000 μg of attractant in a red rubber septum were selected for future calibration studies between catch density and population fluctuations on susceptible sites. Two years of monitoring results also are reported.
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    Intraspecific variation and interspecific differences in sex pheromones of sibling species inCtenopseustis obliquana complex (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 413-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ctenopseustis obliquana ; Tortricinae ; Lepidoptera ; pheromones ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; sibling species ; blend preferences ; electrophysiology ; intraspecific variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specific status ofCtenopseustis obliquana pheromone-types I, II, and III has been more fully examined. Females of types I and III produce a mixture of (Z)-8- and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetates (Z8-14:Ac, Z5-14: Ac). The previously reported different ratios of these two components in females of the two types (type I=80∶20, III=90∶10) have been reinvestigated. The median ratios of each type differed significantly, although there was some overlap in the ranges of these ratios. A field cage trial showed that males of type III are attracted to females of type I, so the observed differences may be ascribed to intraspecific variation. In contrast to females of types I or III, females of type II produce Z5-14∶Ac but no Z8-14∶Ac. The electroantennogram (EAG) profile of antennae of type II males shows a maximum response to Z5-14∶Ac, while the EAG profiles of types I and III show a strong response to Z8-14∶Ac. In wind tunnel tests using mixtures of these two compounds, type II males prefer blends consisting of all or mostly Z5-14: Ac, while type I males showed a preference to a mix of 70% Z8-14∶Ac plus 30% Z5-14∶Ac. We found that type I males are attracted to type I females when offered a choice between type I and type II females in a field cage test and that type II males similarly prefer type II females. Males of types I and II have specialist cells for Z8-14∶Ac and Z5-14∶Ac but differ with respect to relative densities of these cells and to further cell types responsive to other alkenyl acetates. Type IIC. obliquana is considered therefore a sibling species of types I and III. In addition, the amount of Z5-14∶Ac produced by type II females varied geographically. Females from the North Island produced significantly less (median=1.2 ng) Z5-14∶Ac than females from the South Island (median=2.2 ng). Type II populations in the North Island morphologically resembled sympatric type I, rather than type II from the South Island and are designated as type II (North Island). Type II (North Island) populations have so far been found only at Rukuhia (near Hamilton) and from Kerikeri. In contrast, type II populations are sympatric with type III populations over much of the South Island. In a field cage trial, males of types II and II (North Island) were attracted to females of both II and II (North Island). We tentatively ascribe the differences between type II and type II (North Island) to intraspecific variation.
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    Pollination of New CaledonianWinteraceae: Opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Zygogynum ; Lepidoptera ; Micropterigidae ; Sabatinca ; Coleoptera ; Pollination biology ; coevolution ; floral volatiles ; parallel radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flower visitors on 12 species of New CaledonianWinteraceae were studied. The visitors were two species of ancestral moths (Sabatinca; Micropterigidae), three species of weevils (Palontus; Curculionidae), and a species of thrips. Behavior observations and pollen records suggest that the beetles and occasionally the moths serve as pollinators ofZygogynum and Exospermum, andBelliolum is pollinated primarily by thrips. The floral volatiles are simple in composition, usually dominated by short esters. Preliminary experiments showed that ethyl acetate elicited alighting, and a distinctive huddling behavior was elicited by artificially mixed fragrance. The host associations of otherSabatinca andPalontus spp. do not support the hypothesis that theWinteraceae have radiated in association with their pollinators. The available evidence supports the notion of opportunistic isolated host colonizations at some point in the radiation of the pollinator groups.
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    Genetic aspects of interpopulational differences in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
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    Identification of sex pheromones of two sibling species in dingy cutworm complex,Feltia jaculifera (GN.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2981-2992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feltia jaculifera ; Feltia ducens ; dingy cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pheromone polymorphism ; pheromonal phenotypes ; sibling species ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of the two sibling species of the dingy cutworm that occur on the prairies of western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. Three monounsaturated acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, are common to both species in ratios of 100∶13∶3 for species A and 0.3∶0.5∶100 for species B. The most effective synthetic blends for the attraction of male moths in the field consisted of these three components in ratios of 10∶1∶0 at 8.8Μg/lure for species A and 1∶1∶2000 at 500Μg/lure for species B. The addition of Z5-12∶Ac to either blend reduced the catches and the addition of Z7-12∶OH orZ11-16∶OH to the three-component blend reduced the catches of species B males. The species are morphologically indistinguishable, but the identity of the males attracted to the synthetic blends could be confirmed by their antennal responses to a test blend of the three components using a GC-EAD system. Both synthetic attractant blends are competitive with females and will be useful for studying the distribution, biology, and relative abundances of the two species.
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    A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; hydrocarbons ; kairomone ; kinesis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Trichogramma nubilale ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
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    Host-marking pheromones in lepidoptera, with special reference to twoPieris spp (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3043-3052 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: oviposition-deterring pheromone ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris rapae ; oviposition ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; dispersal behavior ; pheromone perception ; oviposition-deterring pheromone receptors ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult females of several lepidopteran species avoid oviposition near conspecific eggs. Laboratory and field studies indicate that visual factors as well as chemical host markers may be involved in egg avoidance behavior. The oviposition-deterring pheromones (ODP) of two pierids,P. brassicae andP. rapae have been studied in considerable detail. The ODPs are probably produced in the female accessory glands and contain volatile and nonvolatile components. They are perceived by nonspecialized antennal or tarsal receptors, respectively. The ODP ofP. brassicae affects oviposition ofP. rapae females and vice versa. ODPs show promise for insect control programs, but more information on oviposition behavior in the presence of ODP under field conditions is required.
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    Response of parasitoidEucelatoria bryani to selected plant material in an olfactometer (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 499-508 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; biological control ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; parasitoid ; habitat selection ; semiochemical ; Heliothis spp ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky to fresh plant material and several plant extracts was examined in an olfactometer. The plants tested can serve as a food source for hosts (Heliothis spp.) of the parasitoid. Females responded positively to 13 of the 19 fresh plant tissues tested, and all of the extracts tested. Males responded to only two of the fresh plant tissues and to none of the extracts. The significance of plant variety, morphology, and phenology on the host habitat-selection behavior of this parasitoid is discussed.
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    Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 667-684 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; chain-shortened analogs ; volatility ; vapor pressure ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, have been studied by electrophysiological single-sensillum technique and interpreted in terms of a previously reported receptor-interaction model. The results indicate that the terminal methyl group, as well as the acetate group, interacts with highly complementary receptor sites. The terminal alkyl chain is suggested to interact with a hydrophobic “pocket” extending over the two methylene groups closest to the terminal methyl group. The amounts of stimulus actually released from the odor source have been studied. The results demonstrate the necessity to take differences of volatility into account in comparisons of electrophysiological data for compounds of different chain lengths. It is shown that relative vapor pressures may to a good approximation be employed to estimate correction factors.
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    A new sarpedobilin-containing butterflyPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani and its bioecological situation within the species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 743-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sarpedobilin ; bile pigment ; butterfly ; Papilio graphium stresemani stresemani ; P. sarpedon ; P. weiskei ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; bioecological relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The doubly cyclized bile pigment sarpedobilin (3) represents a unique case in nature. In spite of being present in trace amounts in many butterfly and moth species containing pterobilin (1) or phorcabilin (2) as the main bilin, this substance occurs as the main pigment in a restricted number of species geographically limited to Southeast Asia. We have isolated and identified sarpedobilin3 (as the dimethyl ester) as the main bile pigment fromPapilio graphium stresemani stresemani (from Ceram island, Indonesia) in the amount of ca. 0.1 mg per individual, double that found inPapilio sar-pedon orP. weiskei. We conclude thatP. sarpedon (and subspecies)P. weis-kei, andP. stresemani represent, in terms of evolution (see article), a group of closely related species. By comparison of colored wing patterns and resistance of the chromoproteins to hydrolysis by MeOH-H2SO4,P. stresemani is nearP. weiskei. The bioecological relationships of the three sarpedobilin-containing species is discussed.
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    Compound interactions effects of plant antioxidants in combination with carbaryl on performance ofTrichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 887-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antioxidant ; insecticide ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antagonist ; Synergist ; chemical heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant chemicals naturally exist in complex mixtures, which can interact either additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. We investigated the potential interactions of three naturally occurring antioxidants— nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), safrole, and α-tocopherol—with the general insecticide carbarayl to affect the performance of cabbage looper larvae (Trichoplusia ni). The cabbage looper is known to produce a mixed-function oxidase enzyme system in response to the presence of carbaryl. We proposed that plant antioxidants would interfere with enzymatic oxidation, enhancing the susceptibility of this insect to carbaryl. Insects were fed artificial diets containing each antioxidant alone or in pairwise combinations with the insecticide carbaryl to test for their effects on the insect's nutritional measurement indices. The three antioxidants tested were not equally effective individually against insect survivorship and interacted differentially in combination with the insecticide. The nutritional indices were measured on insects fed diets containing the chemicals at nonlethal doses. Insects fed 0.001 % wet wt NDGA diets grew 1.62 times less, and had gross and net conversion efficiencies reduced 3.20 and 3.63 times, respectively, compared to the control larvae. Carbaryl (0.002% wet wt) in combination with NDGA acts as an antagonist to the effects mentioned above, while safrole (1 × 10−4 wet wt) had an additive effect when combined with the insecticide, reducing 1.76 times larval relative growth rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested food in respect to the control. The larvae fed significantly more (1.2 times) on both insecticide and safrole diets than on the controls or their combined diets. Larvae fed α-tocopherol alone or in combination with carbaryl had similar growth and conversion efficiencies as controls. We conclude that the effects of different combinations of compounds cannot be predicted a priori and must be determined experimentally.
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    Plant defenses: Chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase enhance toxicity ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki toHeliothis zea (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 217-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki ; chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-plant resistance ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; polyphenol oxidase ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemicals implicated in resistance of the tomato plant, chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase, are known to form orthoquinones in damaged plant tissue. Orthoquinones have been reported to alkylate −NH2 and −SH groups of proteins and amino acids, altering solubility, digestibility, and, for some pathogenic viruses, infectivity. Here we explore effects of quinone alkylation on toxicity of an important microbial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (BTk), to larvalHeliothis zea. BTk incubated with these phytochemicals and fed to larvae was more toxic than untreated BTk. Similar but less dramatic results arose when BTk was incubated with polyphenol oxidase alone. Digestibility experiments suggest that alkylation enhanced the solubilization and/or proteolysis of crystal protein in vivo. Implications of our results for compatibility of BTk with host-plant resistance and biological control are discussed.
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    Identification of a minor component of the sex pheromone ofLeucoptera malifoliella (Lepidoptera, lyonetiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1471-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Leucoptera malifoliella ; identification ; minor component ; synergism ; Lepidoptera ; Lyonetiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new minor component in the female volatile extract ofLeucoptera malifoliella (Costa) (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) has been identified as 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (2). The amount detected of the minor compound2 ranged from 4 to 8% in comparison with the major component 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (1). Neither compound has been found in the male volatile extract. The identification has been based on its spectroscopic properties and Chromatographic behavior in comparison with an authentic synthetic sample. The synthesis has been carried out through a short route from 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone (3). In field tests, compound2 appears to act as a Synergist of the major component1 when mixed with the latter in a 100∶0.1– 5 ratio.
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in an overwintering population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in California (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1459-1470 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; sarracine ; 7-angelylplatynecine ; retronecine ; Senecio mikanioides ; overwintering ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract California overwintering monarch butterflies contain both pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and theirN-oxides. Analysis of 76 individual monarchs by TLC, HPLC, GLC, and GC-MS has shown the presence of three types of PAs, the saturated diester sarracine, the saturated monoester 7-angelylplatynecine, and the unsaturated dialcohol retronecine. Monarchs arriving at the overwintering site in Santa Cruz, California, showed a wide variation in both the type and amount of PA present. Those sampled after a PA-containing plant (Senecio mikanioides) had bloomed at the site showed an altered PA profile. While the plant was found to contain sarracine and 7-angelylplatynecine, which are nontoxic to mammals, the monarchs showed an increase in retronecine levels, a toxic PA, after the plant bloom. Apparently monarchs utilize PA-containing plants both en route to their overwintering site and at the site, and potentially alter those PAs to forms toxic to mammals.
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    Differences in oxidase and esterase activities involved in pheromone biosynthesis in two species ofChoristoneura (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1485-1493 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acetate ester ; acetate esterase ; alcohol ; oxidase ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Choristoneura orae ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone ; spruce budworm ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The released pheromone and the glandular lipids, labeled with [14C]acetate, were analyzed fromChoristoneura orae andChoristoneura fumiferana budworm moths by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. Radiolabeled lipids in the gland appeared to be identical in the two moths with both insects containing high amounts of 11-tetradecenyl acetates. In contrast, theC. orae moths released primarily labeled acetate ester and alcohol, and the spruce budworm moths (C. fumiferana) labeled aldehyde consistent with the known composition of their respective pheromones. The levels of the enzymes responsible for converting the acetate ester into aldehyde were found to be significantly lower in gland extracts fromC. orae moths than fromC. fumiferana moths. These results implicate an acetate esterase and an alcohol oxidase in controlling the composition of the pheromone blend released from closely related budworm species.
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    Iridoid glycoside metabolism and sequestration byPoladryas minuta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onPenstemon virgatus (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1495-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Poladryas minuta ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; checkerspot ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon secundiflorus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; sequestration ; metabolism ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A bivoltine checkerspot butterfly,Poladryas minuta, is aPenstemon specialist, not known to utilize any other plant genus for oviposition and larval feeding. At several intermontane plains sites of central Colorado, the butterfly utilizesPenstemon virgatus as its sole host plant. Analysis of the host plant showed it to contain three cinnamyl-type catalpol esters (scutellarioside-II, globularin, globularicisin) and catalpol. The host plant contained an average of 10% dry weight iridoids, but some variation among individual plants and leaves within plants was noted. Field-collected butterflies contained 2.1–8.7% dry weight catalpol, but no other iridoids. Adults from larvae fedP. virgatus in the lab contained 4.2–9.0% dry weight catalpol and excreted large amounts of catalpol in the meconium. No catalpol was found in the larval frass. Larvae did not consume three alternate iridoid-containing host-plant species, and most eventually died rather than feed on the alternate plants. Larvae did consume small amounts of artificial diets containing the alternate species andP. virgatus, but most went into diapause and some died. Survival was good on artificial diet containing 10% dry weight of the iridoid esters fromP. virgatus. Only catalpol was found in pupae and adults, but it was absent from the larval frass. The cinnamic-type acids expected from larval hydrolysis of the esters were not found in larval frass, pupae, or adults. These results are contrasted with those found for another checkerspot,Euphydryas anicia, which consumes a different host-plant species but was present at one of the same sites withPoladryas minuta.
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    Roles of minor components in pheromone-mediated behavior of western spruce budworm male moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1517-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromones ; behavior ; flight tunnel ; minor components ; electroantennograms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of male western spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was observed in a flight tunnel in response to virgin females and synthetic sex pheromone components, alone and in blends. Pheromone blends were also compared in the field using sticky trap bioassays. Pheromones were incorporated into small rods of polyvinyl chloride. The blend of 92∶8 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal-89∶11 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate-85∶15 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenol (Ald∶Ac∶OH) that approximated that released from a virgin female moth elicited levels of response similar to those elicited by the female. This blend induced a significantly greater percentage of moths to fly upwind and land at the lure than did the Ald lure. In contrast to the flight-tunnel bioassays, the numbers of moths caught in Ald-baited sticky traps in the field were not significantly increased by the addition of Ac and OH lures. The net upwind groundspeed of flight in response to the 0.05% Ald lure was lower than that in response to the virgin females and was significantly increased by the addition of Ac + OH lures in two of three bioassays. The flight-tunnel bioassays support the hypothesis that the natural blend of major (Ald) and minor (Ac + OH) components stimulates the precopulatory behavior of western spruce budworm male moths at long range (〉 1 m downwind) as well as at close range.
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    Effect of sex-pheromone concentration on behavior of three strains of western spruce budworm male moths (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1531-1546 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone concentration ; behavior ; flight tunnel ; population differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of male western spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, to a range of concentrations of the major sex pheromone, 92∶8 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal (Ald), in polyvinyl chloride lures, were observed using the electroantennogram technique, a flight tunnel, and field-trapping bioassays. The responses to virgin female moths were also observed in the flight tunnel and field bioassays. The moths were from three strains: a nondiapausing laboratory colony; field-collected wild budworm; and laboratory-wild crosses. The mean peak amplitude of antennal response and the time required for the electroantennogram signal to return to the baseline after stimulation (lag) increased with Ald concentration in both laboratory and wild moths. However, at Ald concentrations of 0.005% and greater, the lag period of the wild male's antennae was significantly shorter than that of the laboratory male's. The mean number of moths caught in the field in delta sticky traps increased with Ald concentration, but the number of moths caught per trap was not significantly different between concentrations of 0.005 % and 0.5 %. The threshold concentration required to elicit upwind flight in the flight tunnel was between 0.0005 and 0.005% Ald; peak response occurred to 0.05 % Ald but was not significantly different from that to 0.005 % or 0.5% Ald. Moths from all three populations significantly reduced their net upwind groundspeed as they approached the pheromone lure. When pheromone concentration was increased, the net upwind groundspeed of laboratory and lab-wild moths, but not wild moths, was significantly reduced between 2 m and 1 m downwind from the pheromone lure. The three populations of moths differed significantly in the percentage of wing-fanning and copulatory attempts, and in the net upwind groundspeed of flight from 2 m to 1 m downwind from the lure.
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    Relation ofSpodoptera eridania choice to tannins and protein oflotus corniculatus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1557-1564 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Condensed tannins ; protein ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lotus corniculatus ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant secondary compounds such as tannins may influence herbivore choice. To determine if herbivory was influenced by tannin concentration,Spodoptera eridania larvae were given a choice ofLotus corniculatus plants whose chemical profiles were altered by fertilization. Herbivores chose plants that had been grown with symbiotic nitrogen fixation as their only nitrogen source more often than fertilized plants. Choice was related to protein concentration, but not to tannin concentration.
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    European corn borer sex pheromone (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1591-1604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn borer ; (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone analogs ; insect behavior ; sex pheromone ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The male sexual behavior-stimulating and inhibiting properties of a series of analogs of the European corn borer sex pheromone were determined in a flight tunnel. The structural requirements for inhibition of pheromonal response were far less restrictive than those for elicitation of that response. Analogs that by themselves elicited upwind flight response from males at a low dose were generally less inhibitory to male response than many of the analogs that had no pheromonal activity. These findings suggest that many pheromone analogs bind to pheromone receptors without provoking behavioral response and possibly undergo slower degradation on the antenna than pheromonally active compounds. The disparity of response to analogs by two pheromonal types of the European corn borer indicates that the pheromone receptor and pheromone catabolic systems are biochemically very different in the two types.
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    Trichothecene mycotoxins produced byFusarium sporotrichioides daom 197255 and their effects on spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1605-1609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichothecenes ; sesquiterpines ; Fusarium sporotrichioides ; fungal toxins ; insecticidal activity ; fungal pathogen ; Paecilomyces farinosus ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichothecene mycotoxins were produced byFusarium sporotrichioides DAOM 197255 isolated from a spruce budworm cadaver. An extract from the culture filtrate containing these metabolites was toxic to budworm when ingested at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in diet, and survivors were predisposed to infection with a fungal entomopathogen. The possible role of these metabolites in the balsam fir-spruce budworm habitat is discussed.
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    Pheromone variation among eastern European and a western Asian population of the turnip mothAgrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1611-1622 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; population variation ; olfactory receptors ; single sensillum response ; gas chromatography ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone composition and the male electro-physiological response with respect to the three main sex pheromone components, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, were investigated in populations ofAgrotis segetum from Armenia and Bulgaria. The percentage composition of the female-produced pheromone was 1∶52∶47 and 1∶42∶57 for the respective populations. Corresponding male receptor frequencies were 9∶90∶1 and 6∶92∶2. EAG response profiles of the male antennae were similar for the two populations. The populations from Armenia and Bulgaria differed from the earlier investigated French and Swedish populations, which have larger amounts of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in gland extracts and have a majority of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate-sensitive receptors. Investigation of receptor frequencies on antennae of male Hungarian moths showed that individuals could be classified as either Swedish or Armenian/Bulgarian type. Males of the Swedish type were preferentially attracted to the three-component pheromone blend, whereas blends of (Z)-7-dodecenyl and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenol [pure or in mixture with (Z)-5-decenol] attracted the Armenian/Bulgarian type. The nature of pheromone variation among European and Asian populations of the turnip moth and possible mechanisms maintaining the variation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014094
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    Does the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapae, use an oviposition deterring pheromone? (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1649-1655 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; imported cabbageworm ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; egg dispersion ; chemoreception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs ofPieris rapae (L.) contain a water- and methanol-soluble oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) that is avoided by ovipositing females offered treated and untreated cabbage leaves in a choice situation. Water extracts of female accessory glands also deter oviposition. Egg washes and gland extracts stimulate a contact chemoreceptor in sensilla on the fore tarsi. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings show that antennal receptors respond to volatiles from conspecific eggs, but not to volatiles from eggs ofMamestra brassicae. No differences were detected between North American and European insects with regard to production and perception of ODP. These results differ from conclusions in the literature based upon field observations. It is concluded that this discrepancy in due to methodological differences.
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    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1731-1738 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ilex opaca ; Aquifoliaceae ; Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; saponins ; siaresinolic acid ; qualitative plant defenses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter association, however, is not statistically significant. Species in the genusIlex have been reported to contain both alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids and saponins inI. opaca and their changes in concentration over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated, and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May and lowest in early June leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014104
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    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1719-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; Acer rubrum ; Cornus florida ; gypsy moth ; alkaloids ; N-methyl-crotsparine ; 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy)propane ; bisphenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of three tree species,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,Acer rubrum L., andCornus florida L., was examined to confirm the presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites. The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar derivative, liriodendritol, were components ofL. tulipifera leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (−)-N-methylcrotsparine content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves ofA. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramme, but none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected inCornus florida.
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    Origin of kairomones in the leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella, Lep.) frass (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1743-1750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; leek ; frass ; methyl disulfide ; propyl disulfide ; kairomones ; host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding leek moths on an artificial diet has shown that dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and methyl-propyl disulfide found in frass arise from sulfur compounds specific toAllium. The addition of either propyl or methyl disulfide or their precursors to the diet leads to appearance of the three disulfides in the frass. This implies the transformation of theS-propyl moiety toS-methyl and vice versa by an as yet unknown mechanism.
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    Susceptibility ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae toNomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1751-1759 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Nomuraea rileyi ; Deuteromycotina ; fungi ; α-tomatine ; allelochemical ; third trophic level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the impact of α-tomatine at the third trophic level, the following model was developed:Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, the secondary consumer, acting onHeliothis zea (Boddie), the primary consumer, fed an artificial diet modified with α-tomatine. In vitro, the allelochemical inhibited colony formation and growth of the fungus. The in vivo test revealed that larval growth and developmental time were affected by α-tomatine andN. rileyi. Detrimental effects on pupal development were observed in larvae fed diet containing α-tomatine and also treated withN. rileyi (LC90). The fungus was detected in the hemolymph and tissue of larvae treated with two lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) ofN. rileyi, including those fed α-tomatine. At the LC50, α-tomatine protected larvae againstN. rileyi and increased survivorship; at the LC90, it inhibited the development ofN. rileyi, thereby reducing production of conidia. Thus, the allelochemical α-tomatine retains its antifungal qualities beyond the second trophic level, inhibiting the development ofN. rileyi inH. zea.
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    Ovipositional response of threeHeliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1817-1827 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; groundcherry ; tobacco ; Gossypium ; Desmodium ; Physalis ; plant-insect interaction ; host-plant resistance ; Heliothis spp. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant ; oviposition deterrent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior ofHeliothis virescens (F.),H. subflexa (Guenee), andH. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a “choice” bioassay system. Fresh young leaves of tobacco,Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle, groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each of the extracts—including groundcherry, a nonhost—stimulated oviposition byH. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts stimulated oviposition byH. zea, although all except groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the bioassay was confirmed by givingH. virescens andH. subflexa an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the highest level of stimulant activity forH. virescens; groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation forH. subflexa.
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    Importance of quinolizidine alkaloids in the relationship between larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and a host plant,Genista monspessulana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1853-1865 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Uresiphita reversalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Genista ; French broom ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; sequestration ; aposematism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis feed almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Genisteae, which characteristically contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The larvae are aposematic, and onGenista monspessulana, a major host in California, they feed on the youngest leaves, at the periphery of the plant. These leaves, which were preferred over older foliage in choice tests, contained four to five times the level of alkaloid found in older leaves. The major alkaloids detected in these plants were dehydroaphylline andN-methylcytisine, together accounting for 74% of the total. Preliminary analyses showed the alkaloid profile of exuviae from larvae feeding on these plants was very similar to that of the plants. Two alkaloids, sparteine and cytisine, which are known components of some hosts ofU. reversalis, were phagostimulants for fifth-instar larvae when added to sucrose-impregnated glass-fiber disks. In addition, when sparteine was added to foliage ofG. monspessulana, effectively doubling the percent dry weight of alkaloid, the growth rate of late-instar larvae was positively affected. Cytisine added to plants had no discernible effect on growth of larvae. Alkaloid levels in larvae and in their frass were proportional to levels in the plants on which they fed. Although the majority of alkaloid was excreted, that which was sequestered by the insect was found entirely in the integument, possibly confering some protection from predators.
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    Identification of floral compounds fromAbelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 637-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; floral attractants ; anemotaxis ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four major volatile components emitted from flowers ofAbelia grandiflora were identified based on retention time using two capillary columns of different polarities and electron impact mass spectrometry. These are phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol. A blend of these compounds was as effective as a cluster of flowers in stimulating upwind flight by maleTrichoplusia ni to the source in a wind-tunnel test. Phenylacetaldehyde or 2-phenylethanol were each as effective as the complete blend in stimulating source location by male moths. Attraction to a source of the synthetic blend was demonstrated in virgin males and females and mated males and females, but virgin moths of both sexes were more likely than mated moths to complete the sequence of behavioral responses necessary to locate the odor source.
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    Sex pheromone of female african white rice stem borer,Maliarpha separatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Sierra Leone: Identification and field testing (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1205-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maliarpha separatella ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings of femaleMaliarpha separatella from Sierra Leone by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennograph (EAG) indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically active compounds. The GC retention times of these compounds were consistent with those of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol. Analysis by El and CI mass spectrometry of ovipositor washings confirmed these identifications and also indicated the presence of the saturated analog, tetradecan-1-ol. There was no evidence, from these analyses, of the corresponding aldehydes or acetates. The EAG-active compounds were present in the ovipositor washings in a ratio of approximately 2∶3.5∶1, with the major component constituting approximately 0.4 ng per ovipositor. GC-MS analysis of entrained female effluvia confirmed that the EAG-active compounds were released by virgin females. Field testing of the EAG-active compounds indicated that (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol and (E,E)10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol were attractive to male moths in ratios of between 9:1 and 39:1, while (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol was found to reduce trap catch when added to blends of the other two compounds.
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    Wind-tunnel study on attraction inhibitor in maleColeophora laricella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1355-1362 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; (Z)-5-decen-1-ol ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; orientation behavior ; wind tunnel ; Coleophora laricella ; Coleophoridae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Modifying effects of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, an attraction-inhibitor of maleC. laricella, were studied at different levels of the pheromonal behavioral sequence. When blended with the attractant alcohol (Z)-5-decen-1-ol, 0.001% acetate significantly reduced and 1% almost abolished orientation flights followed by landing at the source. By contrast, 1000% of the acetate placed 5 cm apart did not suppress orientation flights to the alcohol source. Differential modifying effects of the acetate in blends vs. separate sources also occurred with respect to orientation flight duration, landing position, close-range behavior at the source, and the rate of unsuccessful orientation attempts. Our findings support the view that, inC. laricella, pheromonal inhibition results from simultaneous (as opposed to intermittent) perception of attractant and inhibitor. The various effects of the inhibitory acetate observed in the wind tunnel compare to results of earlier field observations.
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    Replacement of the terminal methyl group in a moth sex pheromone component by a halogen atom: Hydrophobicity and size effects on electrophysiological single-cell activities (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1381-1397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogue ; halides ; structure-activity ; single-sensillum ; recordings ; receptor-interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, with a chloro, bromo, or iodo substituent in place of the terminal methyl group have been synthesized and tested by electrophysiological single-sensillum recordings. The electrophysiological results have been interpreted in terms of substituent size and hydrophobicity. Interaction energies based on receptor interaction models have been calculated using the molecular mechanics [MM2(85)] method. The results support our previously suggested receptor interaction model in which the terminal alkyl chain interact with a complementary hydrophobic receptor “pocket” with very limited flexibility.
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    Behavioral responses of male epiphyasPostvittana (walker) to sex pheromone-baited delta trap in a wind tunnel (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1449-1468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; traps ; wind tunnel ; behavior ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Planotortrix octo ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of parameters associated with a Delta sticky trap on the sex pheromone-mediated responses of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) were tested in a wind tunnel. Males flying to a pheromone source landed closer to the source when other males were stuck on the base, suggesting the importance of visual cues in the landing behavior of males of this species. With an increase in time (numerical order of the male in the experiment), males became stuck on the base farther from the source whether or not other males were stuck on the base. The alignment of the trap to the wind or the location of the pheromone source within the trap did not significantly affect the percentages of males that entered the trap, but both significantly affected the position at which males entered the trap. When these data were corrected for the probability of catching males, a treatment with the source to the side of the trap was predicted to catch more moths than the other treatments tested, although this difference was not significant. However, in a field-trapping experiment the treatment with the source to the side caught significantly more moths than treatments with the source either in the middle or near the top of the trap. This latter result is probably due to the greater efficiency of the trap when the source is in this position, as indicated in the wind-tunnel experiment, rather than an increase in the numberof males entering the trap. Finally, the pheromone-mediated responses of malePlanotortrix octo were tested to the various trap alignments. As the angle of the trap to the wind increased, significantly fewerP. octo males entered the trap, due principally to both fewer males orienting to the source and proceeding to enter the trap after having landed on it. This difference between the responses ofP. octo andE. postvittana males is, we believe, due to the breakdown in plume structure from the source as the trap angle to the wind increases and to a greater sensitivity ofP. octo males to a more structured pheromone plume. This accounts, at least to some extent, for the consistently greater field catches ofE. postvittana overP. octo (and possibly other New Zealand leafroller moths) in many locations throughout New Zealand.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. IX. Differential response ofTrichogramma pretiosum, an egg parasitoid ofHeliothis zea, to various olfactory cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3531-3544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982116
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  • 95
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    Sex pheromone of hickory shuckwormCydia caryana Development of an effective field Lure (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; Cydia caryana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecanol acetate ; (E, E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E, Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of the sex pheromone glands of femaleCydia caryana were evaluated by electroantennography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These studies suggested the following compounds were potential sex pheromone components: (Z)-8- and/or (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (50 pg/female), dodecyl acetate (40 pg/female), and (E, E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (25 pg/female). In field tests only the diene produced trap catch, and when the other components were added to the diene, trap catch was not increased. When the diene was formulated in red natural rubber septa, only transient and low catches were obtained, but when gray halobutyl isoprene elastomeric septa were used, high and consistent catches were obtained for eight weeks. Catches depended on the ratio of (E, E)-8,10 to (E, Z)-8,10 isomers. High catches were obtained for anEE toEZ ratio of 100 ∶ 0.6, and insignificant catches were obtained when the ratio was 100 ∶ 3. Equivalent catches were obtained for dosages of 50, 100, and 200 μg/septum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021767
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  • 96
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    Effects of protein and juglone on gypsy moths: Growth performance and detoxification enzyme activity (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2533-2547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Detoxification enzymes ; glutathione transferase ; gypsy moth ; Juglandaceae ; juglone ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; nutritional ecology ; protein ; quinone ; quinone reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The individual and interactive effects of dietary protein and juglone on larval performance and midgut detoxification enxymes were investigated for the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial, with two levels of protein and three levels of juglone. We monitored survival/development rates from egg hatch to pupation and conducted fourth-instar feeding trials for determination of nutritional indices. Enzyme solutions were prepared from midguts of fifth instars and assayed for polysubstrate monooxygenase, esterase, quinone reductase, and glutathione transferase activities. Results showed that low protein levels prolonged development times, increased consumption rates, and reduced pupal weights. Juglone markedly reduced survival, growth, and consumption rates, increased development times, and reduced pupal weights. The interaction between protein and juglone influenced larval digestion efficiencies and female pupal weights. Polysubstrate monooxygenase activities were unaffected by diet, whereas esterase activities increased in response to both low dietary protein and presence of juglone. Low protein levels increased soluble quinone reductase activities but decreased glutathione transferase activities. Glutathione transferase activities were lowest in larvae fed low-protein, high-juglone diets and may have contributed to the especially poor performance of larvae on those diets. Quinone reductase and glutathione transferase are the systems of importance in detoxification of juglone, and moderate to low activities of these enzymes may explain why gypsy moths perform poorly on members of the Juglandaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017476
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  • 97
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    Genetic sources of pheromone variation inColias eurytheme butterflies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2755-2770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colias ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; courtship pheromone ; pheromone variation ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; n-heptacosane ; 13-methylheptacosane ; n-nonacosane ; heritability ; genetic correlation ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship pheromone ofColias eurytheme butterflies varies greatly among males in both the quantities and relative proportions of its three chemical components [n-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13MH),n-nonacosane (C29)]. Narrow-sense heritabilities were high for the blend of 13MH and C27 and for the component quantities in one population (Kansas) but were low for the other population tested (Arizona). Genetic correlations between the three components were high in both populations, indicating a substantial degree of additive genetic influence on the component blends. High variability among populations in phenotypic correlations suggests that much of the male-to-male variation in the courtship pheromone may be attributable to environmental or developmental sources. Pheromone phenotypes do not seem to be associated with alba genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988084
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  • 98
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    Sex pheromone of lucerne leafroller,Merophyas divulsana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Evidence for two distinct populations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1883-1895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromones ; pheromone blends ; moth populations ; lucerne ; pest ; Merophyas divulsana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When specimens of the lucerne leafroller,Merophyas divulsana, were sampled from an area with a history of crop damage, they were found to have (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, and tetradecyl acetate as principal components of the pheromone gland. A synthetic mixture of these compounds proved to be a successful lure in delta traps. On the other hand, apparently identical moths collected in areas with no history of crop damage were found to have (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as the major component of the sex pheromone gland. The distribution of the two moths provides the basis for a plausible explanation of the regional pest activity reported forM. divulsana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993735
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  • 99
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    Chemical basis of egg cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2063-2075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; egg cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulant ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the mothUtetheisa ornatrix are shown to cannibalize eggs in the laboratory. They proved most cannibalistic if they were systemically deficient in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), the defensive agent that protectsUtetheisa at all stages of development against predation, and whichUtetheisa acquire as larvae from their food plant. In exercising cannibalistic choice,Utetheisa larvae feed preferentially on eggs that are PA-Iaden rather than PA-free. Egg cannibalism can therefore provideUtetheisa with a supplemental means of PA procurement. Moreover, presence of PA in the egg, while providing the egg with defense against predation, can increase its vulnerability to cannibalism. Although evidence is presented thatUtetheisa larvae cannibalize eggs in nature, it is argued that such feeding may occur only opportunistically in the wild, rather than as a matter of course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987992
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  • 100
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    Sex pheromone evidence for two distinct taxa withinGraphania mutans (Walker) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2077-2093 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Graphania mutans ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromones ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; sibling species ; identification ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones of two populations ofGraphania mutans (Walker) were analyzed. Females from an Auckland population produced (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14∶OH), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14∶OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenol (Z7-14∶OH) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶OAc), while females from a Lincoln population produced these four compounds and a large amount of (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14∶Ald). Significant differences, paralleling the difference between females, were observed when the responses of males of both populations to the above and other related compounds were tested by electroantennogram, field-trapping, and wind-tunnel bioassays. The most distinct difference was observed in the wind tunnel. Males from both taxa flew upwind and touched pheromone sources containing sex pheromone extract of females of their own taxon, but either did not initiate upwind flight or arrested upwind flight shortly after taking flight in response to extract from females of the other taxon. The difference between the pheromone systems of the two populations is probably due to the presence and importance of Z9-14∶Ald in the pheromone blend of the Lincoln population. Thus the addition of a relatively large amount of Z9-14∶Aid to a four-component pheromone blend (i.e., Z9-14∶OH, Z9-14∶OAc, Z7-14∶OH, andZ7-14∶OAc) attractive to Auckland males completely suppressed trap catches of male G.Mutans in Auckland but large numbers of males were caught at both Lincoln and Nelson in traps baited with this five-component blend. In wind-tunnel studies, the addition of even small (1% of amount of Z9-14∶OH) amounts ofZ9-14∶Ald to the four-component blend resulted in a significantly greater proportion of Auckland males arresting upwind flight than to the four-com ponent blend. It is suggested that these two populations of G. nations represent distinct sibling species within the described concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987993
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