ALBERT

Description: Vom Zwischenruf zum Kontrapunkt - vom kritischen Mahnen an eine vergessene Stimme zur unabhängigen Stimmführung in einem mehrstimmigen Stück. Der Frauenkongreß "Frauen Wissenschaft Natur" gab den Auftakt für die Stimmen von Frauen zu Naturverhältnissen und Geschlechterverhältnissen in verschiedenen Wissenschaften. Sie sprachen über die Produktionsbedingungen feministischer Wissenschaftlerinnen, über einige zentrale Begriffe wie "Rationalität", "Objektivität/Subjektivität" mitsamt ihrer geschlechtshierarchischen Verfaßtheit bis hin zur männlichen Utopie von der Ersetzbarkeit der Natur. Der Ausklang weist zugleich über dieses Buch hinaus auf die Notwendigkeit anderer Kompositionen in der Wissenschaft - von der Homophonie zur Polyphonie.

Description: Carcinization, or the process of becoming a crab, has been, and continues to be, a focal point of anomuran evolutionary hypotheses. Traditional examples of carcinization in the Anomura are most celebrated among hermit crabs but certainly are not limited to this group. Carcinization, if it has occurred, has done so independently in all major anomuran taxa. In this critique, the traditional examples of carcinization in the Anomura are reviewed and more modern variations on the theme assessed. Potential pathways of carcinization are examined from perspectives of adult morphology in the Paguroidea, Galatheoidea, Hippoidea and Lomoidea, with emphasis on the Paguroidea. Specific attention is given to the theoretical transformation of a hermit crab-like body form into a “king crab”- like lithodid crab. Resulting coercive evidence indicates: (1) that while the evolution of a crab-like body form certainly occurs, the traditional applications, based on inadequate and often inaccurate data, are flawed; and (2) that lithodid crabs did not arise from a hermit crab predecessor through the process of carcinization.

Description: A cladistic study was carried out on known species of the characteristically Antarctic genus Oswaldella, adopting as outgroups some other genera included in the family Kirchenpaueriidae. The analysis resulted in a cladogram with low CI in which no relationship between genera can be depicted. However, the hypothesis of monophyly of the genus Oswaldella is corroborated, being supported in our cladogram by five synapomorphies (although all are homoplastic with other taxa or reversed within the species of the genus). The basal relationships of the genus are uncertain, but three species groups are distinguishable within Oswaldella: 1) the O. incognita group, 2) the O. antarctica group, and 3) a clade formed by (O. garciacarrascosai, O. elongata ( O. blanconae (O. gracilis O. herwigi, Oswaldella sp. two)))).

Description: Within the newt genus Triturus, the large-bodied species in the T. cristatus (crested newt) superspecies show an unusual degree of variation in relative trunk length as a result of among-taxon variation in interlimb vertebral count. Here we examine the systematic value of this feature as assessed by both exterior measurement (Wolterstorff Index) and direct radiographic count of rib-bearing vertebrae, with particular reference to a number of confounding factors (sex differences, hybridisation, geographic variation, allometry, preservation effects). Using our mtDNA haplotype data, which are largely concordant with geographic distribution of species, we find that direct count of the rib-bearing vertebrae performs more reliably (14% misclassification) than external measurement (31% misclassification) as a species identifier. We therefore recommend this feature as a taxonomic tool, although (like external measurement) it breaks down near hybrid zones. To account for the observed biogeographical pattern and phenotype – genotype discrepancies, a scenario is presented that combines the movement of the contact zone between taxa with asymmetric hybridisation. This scenario applies to species interactions in eastern Yugoslavia and western France.

Description: Jan Stock was born in western Amsterdam 22 February 1931, the only child of Jan Hendrik Stock, a bank clerk, and Elisabeth Stock-Knevel. He exhibited an early interest as a child in living things, raising plants on a back balcony of his parents apartment and collecting animals during family excursions to the beaches at Zandvoort. However, it was in his early teens in the Hoogere Burgerschool that his interest in biology blossomed where he achieved perfect scores in natural history on his final examinations. He entered the University of Amsterdam in 1948 to pursue his studies of biology and worked under such figures as Profs. L.F. de Beaufort and H. Engel – his predecessors in the chair of Special Zoology – as well as Profs. J.E.W. Ihle and E.J. Slijper. It was Ihle in fact who first encouraged Stock to take up the study of pycnogonids, the sea spiders, a group in which he made some of his initial scientific contributions. His first scientific articles date from the student years and appeared in Het Zeepaard, the journal of the beach research groups of the Dutch Youth-Union for Nature Studies and the Dutch Natural History Society. These attracted him to the attention of De Beaufort who gave him a job as a curatorial assistant in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam in 1950 with duties in the then poorly organized collections of marine invertebrates. He set up a card catalogue of the collections, tracked loans of museum materials to other researchers, and identified specimens for members of the public. It was through this last activity, when he received from the National Fisheries Institute (then at Bergen-op-Zoom in the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant) some parasitic copepods afflicting mollusks, that Stock developed another of his research interests, the taxonomy of copepods. His first real scientific papers date from that year.

Description: A Bird’s Head (= Vogelkop = Kepala Burung) database is under construction in L, in cooperation with K. It is part of a flora project in the NE Bird’s Head, a joint project of BO, K, MAN, and was established by Dr. R.E. Johns and his colleagues (K). Information stored in the database includes collector(s), collection number, identification, locality, and altitude (for part of the collections). The data were brought together in two checklists (Coode et al., 1997; Johns et al., 1997), which were distributed to the relevant herbaria.

Description: BALGOOY, M.M.J. VAN. 1997. Malesian Seed Plants. Volume 1. Spot-characters. An aid for identification of families and genera. 154 pp., numerous text figures. Published by Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden. ISBN 90-71236-31-5. Paperback. Price: NLG 50. ‘Malesian Seed Plants, Volume 1, Spot-characters’ is the first of three planned volumes. Volume 2 ‘Portraits of tree families’ and Volume 3 ‘Portraits of non-tree families’ that will contain brief characterizations of families, will be published separately in the near future.

Description: As could be expected errors and omissions occurred in the previous compilations which are corrected here.

Description: Sarawak — The Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC) Ordinance, 1997 and the Sarawak Biodiversity (Access, Collection and Research) Regulations, 1998, are two laws that have been enacted by the State to achieve the twin aims of protecting Sarawak’s biodiversity and recognising its importance. Under the Regulations, anyone who wants to access, collect, do research on or use the biological resources of the State is required to apply to the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Council for a permit. Penalties for accessing, collecting, or doing research on the biological resources of the State without a permit are a fine of up to RM 20,000 and/or a jail sentence of up to three years. The Permit system is to ensure the proper regulation of access to and utilisation of the State’s biodiversity. Furthermore, it will ensure that research on and utilisation of Sarawak’s rich biodiversity will be conducted with mutual benefits to all concerned parties.

Description: University herbaria type specimen collection databases are available on the World-Wide Web at: http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu Leiden on the World-Wide Web — To show that we are with the time, the Bulletin has set a first step on the WWW. Dr. P.H. Hovenkamp (L) gradually is putting the bibliographies of the last issues (and this one, too) on the web so that you can more easily consult and browse. We can be found on: http://rulrhb.leidenuniv.nl/www/pubs/fmbull/biblio.html

Description: The Task Force ‘PROSEA beyond 2000’ [members: Dr. A.R.M. Ali (FRIM), Dr. B.P. del Rosario (PCARRD), Dr. J. Kartasubrata (PROSEA-BO) and Dr. J.S. Siemonsma (PROSEA-WAG)], met several times and prepared a report with items for discussion at the Third International PROSEA Workshop on 15-17 November 1999 in Bogor. Some proposed major discussion items are: – Should PROSEA continue as a foundation? As an autonomous ASEAN centre? Integrate with or link to other centres? – Is a second edition of the handbook necessary in the next decade? – If no second edition of the handbook is foreseen in the next decade, updating of the databank will be necessary and possibilities of the Internet should be exploited in full. – Should each country office try to cover half of the annual budget with the contribution of the host institute to decrease dependence on external funding? – Should PROSEA concentrate on client-oriented information services in the next decade? The 10th PROSEA Country Officers’ Meeting was held on 7-10 September 1998 in Wageningen. Special attention was asked for quality control of record abstracts in the databank and for careful proof-reading of handbook derived materials before publication.

Description: Mr. N. GAPAS (PNH) has made a survey of the phytoplankton of Aklan Bay, the Philippines. Dr. R.J. KING with Mr. C.F. PUTTOCK (Univ. NSW) has finished a complete revision of the Bostrychioideae (Rhodomelaceae) on a worldwide basis which has been accepted for publication in the Austr. Syst. Bot.

Description: Evolution is a complex process and the species produced by evolutionary processes are therefore of necessity not always clear-cut. Problems associated with definition of species boundaries have always plagued taxonomists and, no doubt, always will. However, I would maintain that in most situations there really is a ‘best’ solution to what kind of taxonomic recognition to accord a specific evolutionary pattern. The optimum solution to these kinds of problems depends in part on taxonomic philosophy. Are species real objective evolutionary entities? (Our job being to find out what they are.) Or are they essentially artificial constructs whose delimitation more or less depends on taxonomic convenience and preference? In the latter case, there is no ‘solution’ to the taxonomists’ dilemma. Certainly, many people working in the temperate zone, where rampant autogamy means that every clone of Taraxacum is essentially a different microspecies, tend to feel that this is the case. However, many of us working in the Neotropics feel that species are mostly far better defined and are, for the most part, quite objective entities. Indeed, as I see it, if species are not in some sense real units whose nature and limits we are trying to discover via scientific thought processes, taxonomy would hardly be worth doing, and we should turn our efforts to some other field of endeavor, say, population genetics, where the scientific method does provide insight into the real world.

Description: The Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) has started a project on the conservation of fruit trees. Collecting expeditions have been made in 1988 to the Kraun Game Reserve (c. 102° 30’ E, 3° 40’ N), Maxwell’s Hill, Endau-Rompin. Collections were not only made of fruit trees, but also of any other flowering or fruiting tree. On 16 January, 1988, Mr. A.Z. IBRAHIM and Dr. A.M. LATIFF (UKMB) collected c. 15 numbers on Gunung Pulai, Johor.

Description: Dr. T. Carrick Chambers (NSW) has finished a treatment of Blechnum. Dr. P.H. Hovenkamp (L) has started revising Nephrolepis, a genus of widespread occurrence in Malesia, frequently found on roadsides, forest clearings, earth banks etc. Many of these occurrences may actually be garden escapes, and any help in obtaining live specimens from obviously (or probably) native occurrences is greatly appreciated. They will be cultivated in the Leiden Botanical Garden, and contributions will, of course, be duly acknowledged. Contact P. Hovenkamp (hovenkamp@rhbcml.leidenuniv.nl) for more information.

Description: This issue is a special number, not because it is the latest of the Bulletin – for we try to make every issue a special one – but in June it was 50 years ago that the first one appeared. This, called ‘Bulletin Flora Malesiana’, was distributed with 150 copies only, of which 112 were sent to cooperating institutes, libraries, botanists, and interested persons. We now (1997) have an impression of 650, a stock which occasionally was very soon depleted. Until 1974 the Flora Malesiana Bulletin was under the editorship of the inexhaustible Professor Van Steenis, for a brief period assisted by Dr. H.C.D. de Wit (1950-1951). Then Dr. M. Jacobs took over, and he put a very special imprint on the Bulletin because of his great biographic and nature conservation interests. After his sudden death (1982), Dr. C. Kalkman for one year added the editorship to his burdens, and in 1984 passed the flag on to me. In 1992 it was decided to make the editorship more international and Dr. Mien Rifai of Bogor became co-editor.

Description: A survey of the flora and vegetation of Coron Island, Palawan is in the process of being written up at PNH. A Dictionary of Philippine Plant names is under the final touches at PNH. It will be printed at the University of Hawaii.

Description: As could be expected errors and omissions occurred in the previous compilations; they are corrected here.

Description: It was decided that starting from volume 13 the subdivision of volumes into parts will be abandoned. It has appeared that almost nowhere, not even in public libraries, the parts were bound together into the thick volumes, so there is no reason at all to maintain the subdivision. We will also take the opportunity to modernize and embellish the cover. Volume 13 is expected to be available in September 1997. It will be quite a thick issue of 452 pages and it will contain treatments of seven families, three of which are (hemi-) parasitic. Contents will be: Rafflesiaceae (W. Meijer, KY), Boraginaceae (incl. Pteleocarpa, of uncertain position; H. Riedl, W), Daphniphyllaceae (T.-C. Huang, TAI), Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae (R.M.K. Saunders, University of Hong Kong), Loranthaceae and Viscaceae (B.A. Barlow, CANB).

Description: Backer’s “Verklarend woordenboek” — The publishing company Contact, Amsterdam, is planning to publish a facsimile edition of this work long out of print and only with great difficulty found in antiquarian’s shops. With its wealth of data, bio- and bibliographical notes, and occasional wry humour it is a goldmine of information. With c. 22,500 lemmas there is no other work comparable in size and quality. Because most entrees deal with names of plants found in the Netherlands and former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) it is in Dutch, and because of the date of publication in an old spelling. The late Dr. H.C.D. de Wit (WAG) intended to produce an emended, English version, for which Backer’s files are now in WAG. Note the web address to access the geological reconstruction series of SE Asia (for the past 50 My). It is downloadable as a powerpoint file, from: http://glsun2.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk/seasia/html/plate_tect.htm

Description: Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 and Botany Department, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A.

Description: The symbol of the Flora Malesiana is the Rafflesia, a picture of which adorns the front cover of this Bulletin. It is therefore with mixed feelings that we have heard the news that a new species was discovered in Sabah, but its type locality was nearly immediately destroyed by logging activities (Salleh & Latiff, 1989, and Chapter IX). Fortunately another one seems to have been discovered. This is but one example of many of the irreplaceable losses Nature suffers through the thoughtless activities of Man. The instigators of this instance are known, but will remain free to continue to make a buck. It is a strange world where fines are meted out to smugglers of protected species. One of these defended himself by saying that he had played such a positive role in nature conservation. Of course the judge disagreed, but considering the on-going loss of natural habitats by exploitation and pollution, the defendant did make a point to ponder. What is better: a species irrevocably gone, or one in a zoo or a botanical garden? In the history of the earth a score of periods of extinctions have taken place, the cause of which is a matter of speculation: comet impacts, the passing through galactic dust clouds, a mysterious sister-star, extensive ice ages that drained the seas? Most spectacular were the ones of the middle Perm (c. 250 My) and on the Cretaceous-Tertiary border (c. 65 My), where 90% and 75% of all species respectively disappeared.

Description: The Malayan Nature Society (MNS), a non-governmental organisation with about 3,000 members, has since its formation in 1940 always had a strong emphasis on conservation. The Society’s objective in mounting this expedition, a mammoth undertaking for any Society as it included raising funds to a tune of almost M $ 400,000 (about £ 80, 000), were several: 1. To gain permanent legal protection for the only area in Malaysia where there still is a viable population (estimated at between 20 and 25 animals) of the rare Sumatran rhinoceros. 2. To gain legal protection for one of the few remaining extensive areas of lowland forest left in the Southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. 3. To explore the area and to document the flora and fauna of this Southern forest type, which until then was relatively poorly known scientifically. 4. To increase the awareness among school children and the general public of the beauty and value of Malaysia’s natural heritage.

Description: This widespread family of over 2,000 species has only 77 species in Malesia of which 64 are indigenous, the remainder having been introduced for economical or ornamental use or as weeds. In Malesia 12 genera are represented, as follows: Borago (1 sp., cult.), Bothriospermum (1, intr.), Carmona (1, also cult.), Coldenia (1), Cordia (6 indig., 3 intr.), Cynoglossum (12 indig., 1 cult.), Ehretia (12), Heliotropium (6 indig., 5 intr.), Myosotis (1 indig., 1 intr.), Omphalodes (1, intr.), Rotula (1), Tournefortia (7), Trichodesma (2), Trigonotis (15). One dubious genus (Crucicaryum) is mentioned and one genus of uncertain affinities (Pteleocarpa) is treated fully. The general part of the treatment covers 19 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas, on palynology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham, and on phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy by R. Hegnauer. The family, genera, and Malesian species are described and annotated. There are keys to the genera and species. Illustration is by 14 line drawings, some of them full-page, and 4 photographs.

Description: This family, nowadays usually separated from the Loranthaceae, has far fewer species in Malesia, viz. 26, divided over 4 genera: Ginalloa (6 species), Korthalsella (5), Notothixos (6), and Viscum (9). The general part of the treatment covers 9 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas and L. van den Oever, and on pollen morphology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham. For phytochemistry the reader is referred to the pertinent paragraph under Loranthaceae, where both families are considered. The family, the genera and the Malesian species are described and annotated. There are keys to the genera and to the species. A key to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, covering all Malesian taxa, is also included. Illustration is by six line drawings, mostly smaller than full-page, and by 7 photographs. The drawings are mostly redrawn from earlier publications.

Description: The Orchidaceae outnumber by far any other plant family in Malesia. At present, however, an accurate estimate of the number of Malesian orchid species is difficult to make. Subtracting the number of established synonyms from the number of names attributed to Malesian orchid species results in the staggering figure of 6414 species, with a retention ratio (ratio of ‘accepted’ species to heterotypic names) of 0.74. This is undoubtedly a gross overestimate, as most of the 209 Malesian orchid genera have never been revised over their entire range. Extrapolating from available revisions to estimate a more realistic retention ratio is problematic due to the small number of modern revisions and the different nature of the groups treated. If we look for comparison at Malesian species of some recently revised groups, we encounter a wide range of retention ratios: Bulbophylluw sect. Uncifera (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.24 Dendrobium sect. Oxyglossum (Reeve & Woods, 1989): 0.24 Mediocalcar (Schuiteman, 1997): 0.29 Pholidota (De Vogel, 1988): 0.29 Bulbophyllum sect. Pelma (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.50 Paphiopedilum (Cribb, 1987, modified): 0.57 Dendrobium sect. Spatulata (Cribb, 1986, modified): 0.60. Correspondingly, we find a wide range of estimates for the ‘real’ number of known Malesian orchid species: from 2050 to 5125.

Description: Of this predominantly tropical family 23 genera and nearly 200 species occur in the Malesian region, as follows: Amyema (59 species), Amylotheca (3), Barathranthus (2), Cecarria (1), Cyne (6), Dactyliophora (2), Decaisnina (21), Dendrophthoe (21), Distrianthes (1), Elytranthe (2), Helixanthera (11), Lampas (1), Lepeostegeres (9), Lepidaria (8), Loranthus (1), Macrosolen (24), Papuanthes (1), Scurrula (8), Sogerianthe (4), Taxillus (1), Thaumasianthes (1), and Trithecanthera (5). The general part of the treatment consists of 20 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas and L. van den Oever, and on pollen morphology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham. Phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy is treated for this family and Viscaceae together, see also next entry. The family, the genera, and the Malesian species are described and annotated; for complete synonymy the reader is often referred to earlier publications by Danser or Barlow. There are keys to the genera and to the species; in the largest genus Amyema there are also some regional keys to the species. A key to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, covering all Malesian taxa, is also included. Illustration is by 32 line drawings, several full-page but often smaller, and by 15 photographs. The drawings are mostly redrawn from earlier publications.

Description: Mycena agrestis is a new species of section Fuliginellae. It is compared with the section’s type species, M. vulgaris, and shown to differ from the other members known from North America. Thus far, section Fuliginellae has not been recorded with certainty from the Southern Hemisphere.

Description: An illustrated revision of the 65 species of the genus Neonauclea (Rubiaceae-Naucleeae) with a key to all species. The 61 Malesian species are treated in full, 28 new species are described and 5 new combinations are made.

Description: This sixth supplement to the original and invaluable Index Filicum continues the tradition of cross-referencing all basionyms to their new names. It covers the period from 1976 to 1990, a mere 15 years in the nearly 250 years that separate us from Linnaeus. Yet it contains 344 pages full of new species and new combinations (statistics on the numbers of each category are not provided). The dates for this volume are not very strict: important publications before 1976 that were not fully indexed in the previous volume have been incorporated in the main body, not in the Addenda, Corrigenda et Emendanda (ACE). Compare, for instance, the mere 16 new combinations in Sphaeropteris made by R.M. Tryon in 1970 listed in the previous Supplement with the nearly 100 listed here! For the first time in pteridological history, pteridologists now also have access to infraspecific names, and have less excuse to ignore some of them quietly. Whether this is an advantage remains to be seen. Records only go back to 1976 (although some older infraspecific names are listed in the ACE), which means that lots and lots of older names (and all their corresponding autonyms) are still waiting to take up their proper place in the priority. With nomenclatural rules on infraspecific names as intricate as they are now, and without the excuse of ignorance, it is very temping to move away from the use of infraspecific categories altogether.

Description: A pollen morphological survey of the genus Guioa is presented. Based on a study of the harmomegathy in relation to morphological series, evolutionary trends are postulated: 1. wide ectoapertures → narrow ectoapertures 2. grain parasyncolporate → grain colporate 3. grain parasyncolporate → grain syncolporate 4. ornamentation rugulate → ornamentation psilate-imperforate. It is suggested that the most ‘primitive’ species of Guioa occur in the southeastern part of the distribution area of the genus. Guioa can be subdivided into four poorly delimited pollen morphological groups. Its affinities to other genera in the Cupanieae are briefly discussed. Pollen of the most ‘primitive’ group is similar to that of several ‘primitive’ genera (e.g. Arytera, Matayba, Molinaea, and Tina) in the tribe.

Description: Panicum smithii is newly described from North Vietnam; P. amoenum Balansa is lectotypified.

Description: One new orchid, Trias bonaccordensis Sathish, is described from the Bonaccord forests of Trivandrum, Kerala State, India. Affinities with the related T. stocksii Benth. ex Hook, f., T. disciflora (Rolfe) Rolfe and T. nasuta (Reichb. f.) Stapf are discussed. One new combination, viz. T. crassifolia (Thw. ex Trimen) Sathish, is proposed for the Sri Lankan Bulbophyllum crassifolium. Operculum features of the genus are illustrated and a distribution map is supplied.

Description: The genus Canavalia (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) is briefly introduced. Comments on several species are given. A key to the Malesian species is presented.

Description: Section Speciosae Pfitzer & Kraenzl. of the genus Coelogyne Lindl. is revised. Sixteen species are recognized, including one new ( C. tommii) and one dubious species ( (C. dichroantha). Three former varieties are raised to subspecies level ( C. speciosa subsp. speciosa, subsp. incarnata and subsp. fimbriata). Two species formerly included in sect. Speciosae by several authors are excluded (C. eberhardtii and C. lawrenceana).

Description: The genus Carruthersia is revised. Three species are recognised. The species are described and a key is presented.

Description: A brief summary of the present taxonomic position in Agalmyla Blume (Gesneriaceae) is given. Six new species are described, A. bicolor, A. exannulata and A. remotidentata from Sulawesi, A. macrocalyx from Borneo (Sarawak), A. samarica from the Philippines (Samar) and A. manuselae from the Moluccas (Seram). The plant long known as Dichrotrichum ternateum de Vriese is transferred to Agalmyla, under its oldest epithet, as A. elongata (Blume) B.L. Burtt, and two other early names of species from New Guinea are also transferred as A. chalmersii (F. Muell.) B.L. Burtt and A. triflora (Valeton) B.L. Burtt.

Description: The book begins (Part 1) with a short account of the life of Richard Eric Holttum by W.T. Stearn, followed by a chapter by M.G. Price “Holttum and ferns”. Part 2, “Floras, Biodiversity and Conservation”, with 22 contributions, deals with subjects as diverse as “Mapping the world’s Pteridophyte biodiversity” to “Diversity; status and ecology of pteridophytes in Mindanao, Philippines”, “Distribution of pteridophyte diversity and endemism in Peru”, and “Collecting live ferns for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ferns of all continents and many countries are treated here.

Description: A joint project of the National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, and the Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, the Ethiopian Flora Project that was launched in 1980, continues to produce results since the first volume (in fact Vol. 3) was published. Many efforts have gone into fund raising, and SIDA, the Swedish International Development Cooperation (earlier SAREC), and the Ethiopian Government have contributed considerable sums of money to achieve the publication of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The editorial team in Uppsala, Addis Ababa and Eritrea has to be congratulated that within two years after the appearance of both volumes of 1995 another issue has left the press. In this extremely rich flora region, with altitudes ranging from below sea level to 4413 m above with a multitude of climatological areas and niches a complete Flora that works has been sorely missed. Endemism is considerable. After a rather slow start, not in the last place caused by political and financial reasons, the authors have apparently contributed their shares at a much more rapid pace. The history of the organization of the writing of the Flora of Ethiopia has been elaborated in the first volume which appeared, no. 3 (Flora of Ethiopia), and the other volumes (Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea) report on the progress made. In the title the independence of Eritrea since 1993 is reflected. Taxon 41 (1992) 403 provided scant information for Vol. 3.

Description: The genera Cynanchum and Vincetoxicum are revised for the Flora Malesiana area. For Cynanchum, nine species are recognized and one new subspecies is described. For Vincetoxicum, only one species, the widespread V. carnosum, occurs in the area. Five published species of Cynanchum have to remain obscure, because the types most likely got destroyed in Berlin.

Description: A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are described as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species are given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.

Description: As compared with the treatment in the Flora of Java (Backer in Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1963) with 8 species, a recent review of the genus Trichosanthes in Java resulted in the acceptance of 10 species for this island. Important changes are: the name T. trifolia has to be replaced by a later species name, T. wawrae Cogn.; T. anguina is a variety of T. cucumerina [T. cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines]; the name T. bracteata as used in the Flora of Java appeared to represent three other different species: T. tricuspidata Lour., T. quinquangulata A. Gray, and T. pubera Blume; and T. sumatrana Cogn., never recorded before, appeared to occur in Java.

Description: This paper is a taxonomic revision of the genus Bromheadia. In Bromheadia sect. Bromheadia seven species and two varieties are recognized. One species, B. pendek, and one variety, B. borneensis var. longiflora, are described as new. Bromheadia philippinensis Ames & Quisumb. is here reduced to synonymy. Bromheadia sect. Aporodes has 19 species; 12 species (B. cecieliae, B. coomansii, B. devogelii, B. gracilis, B. graminea, B. grandiflora, B. humilis, B. latifolia, B. lohaniensis, B. longifolia, B. robusta, and B. srilankensis) are here newly described. Keys to the species are provided, together with a description of each species. Information on colours, distribution, habitat and ecology, general notes, and illustrations are given for each species where available.

Description: Section Appendiculopsis of the orchid genus Agrostophyllum is revised. Six taxa are recognized: Agrostophyllum elongatum, A. laterale, A. stipulatum subsp. stipulation and subsp. bicuspidatum, A. sumatranum and 1 A. trifidum. The status of a seventh taxon, A. ley tense, is uncertain. No new species are described here. Agrostophyllum celebicum Schltr. is reduced to A. stipulatum subsp. stipulatum, Poaephyllum hansenii J.J. Wood is reduced to A. laterale. The latter appears to be a strict rheophyte. All species are described and illustrated, and their phylogeny and ecology are discussed. The infrageneric classification and the systematic position of Agrostophyllum are reviewed.

Description: Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (12°12’N, 68°77’W) is an island in the Caribbean sea, situated about 50 km east of Curacao and 80 km north of the South American continent (Venezuela). Its 288 2 km of land hold about 14,000 inhabitants. Bonaire has a strongly growing population, which is mostly due to immigrants settling on the island. The surrounding waters hold much tropical sea life, which attracks a lot of dive tourism. The present reefs and sea grass beds provide a suitable habitat for juvenile green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles. Seasonal nesting on Bonaire’s beaches is accounted for mostly by the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and the hawksbill turtle. Leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) are only rarely encountered. The Sea Turtle Club Bonaire (STCB) is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation, it’s main goal being the conservation of sea turtles around the island of Bonaire. The strong decline in the presence of sea turtles the past few decades is a result of the developing tourist industry, leading to a loss of potential nesting grounds. On the other hand the illegal capture and poaching of nests. Since the amendment of the Marine Environment Ordinance (A.B. 1984, no. 21) in 1991, which prohibits any handling or possession of turtles or turtle products, turtle fishing has dropped, but still continues on a small scale. As in 1995, in 1996 the STCB appointed two graduate biology students as project assistants for The Sea Turtle Club 1996 Project. Research took place from June to December in cooperation with the University of Amsterdam. Housing and research facilities were all arranged by the STCB with the help of many sponsoring organisations. During the first month the project assistants were introduced to the Bonairian community by the former year’s project assistant. During the first two months a dramatic increase in the amount of crawls was obvious. Over the nesting season, the number of crawls found (116) almost tripled compared to the number found in former years (40 in ’93 and 44 in ’95). Much time was spent on the tracking and identifying of individual nesting turtles, in order to confirm the hypothesis about a returning nesting population (cohorts) on Bonaire. Six different nesting turtles were photoidentified in the course of the project. A new nesting ground was discovered on a hotel property beach (Harbour Village Resort), which was surprising, because of its artificial character and high human impact. The cycle of a nest being made and it’s subsequent hatching was filmed on location (probably for the first time on Bonaire). The most important nesting ground remains Klein Bonaire, especially for the hawksbill turtle. A total of 16 nests were excavated and determined for their hatching success. The STCB 1996 Project had a number of objectives concerning the public awareness of sea turtles in specific and nature conservation in general. The campaign was targeting both the local and the tourist community. Various folders were distributed, posters were sold, information about sea turtle conservation was placed in the museum of the national park, and weekly slide shows were given. Also, regular press updates, radio and television interviews were published. More generally associated activities were the participation in the organisation of a “World Cleanup Day” and the coaching of “Turtuganan di Bonairu”, an educational snorkel program for local children. On the initiative of the Foundation for the Preservation of Klein Bonaire, a promotional video on the different aspects that make this uninhabited islet so special has been produced. A separate part about the sea turtles was included, in which the disastrous consequences of the possible future developments are evaluated. The video will be broadcasted in various countries For both research and conservation reasons, the diving community was confronted again with the sighting network which worked extremely well. A total of 889 turtle sightings were reported in 1996. Furthermore, the project assistants engaged in a lot of side-activities such as dealing with stranded turtles, gathering information on illegal fishing and meetings with other NGO’s. In October, a three day long international platform meeting on conservation areas was organised on Bonaire. The STCB was presented its recent sea turtle nesting figures, and the importance of Klein Bonaire as main nesting ground was emphasized. The many attending parties (Dutch and Antillian government representatives, WWF and other NGO’s, researchers and land owners) came some steps closer in the safeguarding of important nature areas on the Dutch Antilles and Aruba. In November, representatives of different NGO’s, including the STCB were able to discuss some recent problems with a delegation of chairmen of the main parties of the Dutch parliament. On this occasion, the threats that face the Lay Bay area were brought under the attention by the STCB. It is believed and hoped for that action on both the Klein Bonaire and Lac Bay issues will be undertaken.

Description: In 1987 a major biospeleogical expedition, ‘Speleo Nederland’, was carried out along the coastal Taurus mountains in southwest Anatolia (Turkey). ‘Speleo Nederland’ was focused on collecting the fauna of caves, wells, subterranean waterflows, and the interstices of marine gravel beaches. The special yield of stygobiont crustaceans, predominantly amphipods of the genus Bogidiella, promised to serve as an interesting case study to the colonization of inland groundwater by marine organisms. Now, in July 1996, a second sampling program occurred along the southern Turkish coast between Antalya and Alanya.

Description: Ascension Island (08° S 14°25’ W) occupies a very peculiar place in our current research project on the biological properties of ground waters of the the Mid-Atlantic islands: -- The island lies closer to the equator than any of the other Mid-Atlantic islands. -- The island lies almost on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and far remote from any other insular or continental region. -- The island’s subaerial part consists of very young volcanic outcrops (dated radiometrically at 1-2 My). Through these properties, the comparison of Ascension with the intensively studied Canary Islands (see the series of publications of our team under the collective title “Stygofauna of the Canary Islands”, parts 1 to 19) is of great importance for a better understanding of dispersal and/or vicariant processes in the evolution of insular groundwater organisms (or stygobionts as these are called scientifically).

Description: This article contains a taxonomic revision of four orchid genera of the subtribe Collabiinae: Chrysoglossum (4 species), Collabium (11 species), Diglyphosa (2 species), and Pilophyllum (1 species). Three species are described as new: Chrysoglossum ensigerum, Collabium acuticalcar and Collabium carinatum. Chrysoglossum halbergii, Ch. maculatum, Ch. gibbsiae, and Ch. cyrtopetalum are reduced to Chrysoglossum ornatum. Diglyphosa macrophyllum, D. celebica and D. elmeri are reduced to Diglyphosa latifolia. Keys to the genera and species are given. Synonymy, descriptions, colour notes, distribution, habitat notes, and detailed illustrations are given for the genera and species.

Description: A monograph of the genus Guioa Cav. (Sapindaceae) is presented. 64 species are recognized; one species, Guioa subfalcata, is regarded as a dubious species. A general key and several regional keys provide access to the species. One species, Guioa glauca, is subdivided into two varieties. The infrageneric classification contains three levels: subgenera, sections, and subsections. The classification is based on a phylogenetic analysis of the genus. The leaf anatomy was studied besides the macromorphology. This resulted in 67 characters for a cladistic analysis. The outcome of the initial analysis was rejected for several reasons (chapter 11.6). An alteration of the method resulted in an acceptable cladogram: the genus was subdivided, based on several characters, into 5 groups, 4 of which were subordinate to each other. Each subgroup was analysed separately and contained a representative species for a higher group and an outgroup which was obtained from a lower group. The cladograms of the 5 subgroups were pieced together to form the accepted cladogram. The computer programs HENNIG86 and PAUP provided the best method for a cladistic analysis (Wagner algorithm combined with some kind of ‘branch and bound’-option). A historical biogeographic analysis was performed with two aims: a) to find the historical relationships between the different distribution areas and b) to test the generic cladogram by comparing it with cladograms of independent groups of plants and animals. Like with the genus, the areas were subdivided into several groups, which were analysed separately under assumption 0 via a parsimony method instead of a consensus method. The complete generalized areagram was later on pieced together. The partial generalized areagrams did not falsify the accepted cladogram of Guioa. In two areas, the Pacific and West Malesia, Guioa mainly showed a pattern of dispersal and not of vicariance. The computer program CAFCA (group- and component-compatibility) presented the best method for a historical biogeograpic analysis. A comparison between the presumed results of the classical, evolutionary school and the phylogenetic school showed that the results of the phylogenetic school had a higher information content in the sense of natural relations and that only they could be used for a historical biogeographic analysis. The ecological part contains data on the habitat of some Guioa species, a compilation of mainly literature data on floral biology of Sapindaceae in general and on fruit biology, data on seed germination and seedling morphology. In order to unravel the species complex ( Guioa rigidiuscula group) on New Guinea only an artificial technique could be used to separate the 14 species. These appear to be natural due to correlating characters and coherent, non-disjunct distributions. It is discussed that species complexes are mainly found in especially geologically dynamic areas and that the mode of speciation is then best explained by the model of punctuated equilibria.

Description: The present study deals with the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Lamium (Lamiaceae). The taxonomic revision is mainly based on the study of herbarium collections, and to a smaller degree on field observations and abstracts from literature. The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, while many other Herbaria were shortly visited. As the genus Lamium was never before monographed, a short survey is given of the taxonomic history of Lamium, which goes back as far as Linnaeus (1753). In this short survey of the taxonomic history of the genus Lamium the general history of taxonomy and its changing emphasis on different geographical regions can be recognized. It is difficult to give a definition of Lamium in which it stands out from related genera by means of one or preferably two characters. As with so many genera, Lamium can only be defined polythetically: no single character suffices. An important character is the chromosome number: the base number x = 9 is rather uncommon in other genera of the Stachyioideae to which Lamium belongs. As morphological outline of the genus Lamium can be given: annual or perennial herbs, usually not higher than about ½ m, with cordate or reniform, shallow incised leaves; flowers in verticillasters in the axils of the uppermost (= floral) leaves; calyx campanulate with an oblique mouth and with subequal teeth; corolla 2-lipped, the tube straight or sigmoid, the lower lip usually with two rounded lateral lobes, each with one or two teeth; nutlets obovoid with a truncate apex and in cross-section trigonous with one convex and two flat sides. The genus is divided into 3 subgenera; one subgenus ( Lamium) 3 sections, of which one section (Amplexicaule) is divided into is new. A number of 162 names of Lamium species and a more or less equal number of names of infraspecific taxa were known. In this revision 16 Lamium species, 11 subspecies, and 13 varieties are accepted, and also one hybrid. 9 New combinations are made. Type specimens are recorded for all taxa and an identification key to all taxa is given. In all c. 10,000 collections were examined. The most important quantitative characters were measured in 2700 collections, representing specimens from the entire distribution area of individual taxa. To show the variability of these quantitative characters diagrams are added, as diagrams give more information than minimum, average and maximum values. The percentage of ripe fruits appears to vary strongly in herbarium specimens of Lamium: all species with a percentage of ripe fruits higher than 55% are annuals, and all species with a percentage of ripe fruits lower than 20% are perennials. Random studies in other genera led to the same result: the ripening of fruits of annual species takes place in a shorter period than the ripening of fruits of perennial species. Distribution maps of all Lamium taxa are given. The distribution of the genus Lamium may be characterized as temperate Eurasiatic (holarctic), but the centre of diversity is obviously found in the Irano-Turanian and the Mediterranean regions. The habitats of the taxa of the genus Lamium roughly can be listed under two categories: forests on the one hand and rocky mountain slopes/cultivated fields on the other. The differences in habitats and also in distribution areas were the starting point for an intuitive phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Lamium, in which Lamium galeobdolon is included, in spite of a number of deviating morphological and chemical characters.

Description: Marosichthys huismani (de Beaufort, 1926), a fish from the Miocene of the Celebes, was described in the tripod fish family Triacanthidae, Tetraodontiformes. It is shown here to be a valid genus of the surgeon fish family Acanthuridae, Perciformes, and closely related to the Recent genus Naso. Marosichthys is unique among all acanthurids in having the ventral shafts of the first two basal pterygiophores of the spiny dorsal fin in the preneural space (versus only one in front of the first neural spine) and no vacant interneural spaces (versus the third space vacant).

Description: Menippus philippinensis Jacoby, 1894, is reported from Java, and Issikia clarki (Jacoby, 1884) comb. nov., from Sumatra.

Description: A new species of Lobophytum from Indonesia is described and depicted: Lobophytum jasparsi.

Description: Eoferreola rhombica, a pompilid new to the Dutch fauna, and its remarkable host, Eresus sandaliatus (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae; Araneae: Eresidae) In 1998 a female specimen of Eoferreola rhombica (Christ, 1791) was collected in a road-verge on the Veluwe. The nearest populations of this species are found in northern France and eastern Germany. It is possible that this insect was transported by traffic from one of these populations. However at the collection site a large population of the rare host spider Eresus sandaliatus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) is known to be present for many years. Therefore the presence of a population of E. rhombica cannot be excluded. Future observations have to reveal the status of this spider wasp in the Netherlands.

Description: New and old records of the robberfly Machimus cowini in the Netherlands (Diptera: Asilidae) Until recently, Machimus cowini (Hobby, 1943) was known from just one record in the Netherlands. An examination of Dutch specimens of the similar M. cingulatus revealed specimens of M. cowini from five new localities. The records are concentrated on the island Ameland and along the rivers Waal and Maas. On Ameland, M. cowini probably occurs in coastal dunes. Near Nijmegen the species was found in grassy vegetation on floodplains and on riverdunes near the river.

Description: Faunistic review of the Dutch woodlouse-flies (Diptera: Rhinophoridae) The faunistics of the seven Dutch species of Rhinophoridae are discussed. Of each species a short diagnosis , its distribution in the Netherlands, habitat and phenology are given. The larvae of all Rhinophoridae are endoparasites on woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscidae). In a separate paper information on associations with hosts and other ecological information will be discussed.