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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (639)
  • Aircraft Propulsion and Power
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1985-1989  (713)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (713)
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  • 1985-1989  (713)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The interrelation between hypothetical neutrino magnetic dipole moments (MDMs) and primeval magnetic fields is discussed. The parameter range over which these possibilities are mutually exclusive is determined, taking into account for the first time neutrino refractive effects in the early universe. It is shown that an independent determination of either the neutrino MDMs or the primeval magnetic field strength would set powerful bounds on the other quantity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 60; 879-881
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Application of a time-energy correlation method to the Kamiokande II (KII) observations of neutrinos apparently emitted from supernova 1987A has yielded a neutrino rest mass of 3.6 eV. A Monte Carlo analysis shows a reconfirming probabilty distribution for the neutrino rest mass peaked at 2.8, and dropping to 50 percent of the peak at 1.4 and 4.8 eV. Although the KII data indicate a very short time scale of emission, over an extended period on the order of 10 sec, both data from the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven experiment and the KII data show a tendency for the more energetic neutrinos to be emitted earlier at the source, suggesting the possibility of cooling.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 329; 326-334
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The inferred average line flux at about 847 keV in the background-subtracted spectrum of SN1987A from August 1 to October 31, 1987 is about (1.0 + or - 0.25) x 10 to the -3rd photons/sq cm/s at an energy of 843 + or - 5 keV. This feature cannot be explained by any statistical or systematic fluctuations observed in the seven previous years of gamma-ray spectrometer data. There is also evidence for the 1238-keV line from Co-56 decay, with an average flux of about (6 + or - 2) x 10 to the -4th photons/sq cm/s. This observation confirms that Co-56 is present in the supernova ejecta and that nucleosynthesis occurred during the explosion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 331; 416-418
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Evidence and arguments concerning the origin and location of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) of March 5, 1979 are reviewed. This GRB has been positionally identified with the SNR 49 in the LMC. Such an association would fix the GRB's distance at 55 kpc, and the observed flux from the GRB would require prodigious energy and luminosity, casting doubt on the GRB's distance and its association with the LMC. Some Kosmos 856 observations which may provide more direct evidence on the energy released are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 331; 320
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A nontrivial analytic benchmark solution for galactic cosmic ray transport is presented for use in transport code validation. Computational accuracy for a previously-developed cosmic ray transport code is established to within one percent by comparison with this exact benchmark. Hence, solution accuracy for the transport problem is mainly limited by inaccuracies in the input spectra, input interaction databases, and the use of a straight ahead/velocity-conserving approximation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 114; 201-206
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The detection rates in cryogenic detectors of neutralinos, the most well motivated supersymmetric dark-matter candidate, are calculated. These rates can differ greatly from the special case of pure photinos and pure Higgsinos which are usually considered. In addition, a new term is found in the elastic-scattering cross section proportional to the Z-ino component which is 'spin independent', even for these Majorana particles. As a result, substantial detection rates exist for previously disfavored, mostly spinless materials such as germanium and mercury.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 61; 666-669
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: H, He, and O cosmic-ray energy spectra obtained in the outer heliosphere by the Voyager 2 and Pioneer 10 spacecraft during the most recent periods of declining solar activity are presented graphically and analyzed. The recovery of high-rigidity particles is shown to be significantly delayed relative to that of the low-rigidity particles. This finding and the demodulated source spectra are attributed to the presence of singly ionized anomalous He and O, as predicted by Fisk et al. (1974).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 333; L109-L11
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cross-correlation functions (CCFs) and cross spectra expected for quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) shot noise models are calculated under various assumptions, and the results are compared to observations. Effects due to possible coherence of the QPO oscillations are included. General formulas for the cross spectrum, the cross-phase spectrum, and the time-delay spectrum for QPO shot models are calculated and discussed. It is shown that the CCFs, cross spectra, and power spectra observed for Cyg X-e2 imply that the spectrum of the shots evolves with time, with important implications for the interpretation of these functions as well as of observed average energy spectra. The possible origins for the observed hard lags are discussed, and some physical difficulties for the Comptonization model are described. Classes of physical models for QPO sources are briefly addressed, and it is concluded that models involving shot formation at the surface of neutron stars are favored by observation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 331; 247-260
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to anticipate future space shielding requirements, NASA has initiated an effort to formulate computational methods to simulate radiation effects in space. As part of the program, numerical transport algorithms have been developed for the deterministic Boltzman equation describing galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interactions with matter. It thus becomes necessary to assess the accuracy of proposed deterministic algorithms. For this reason, analytical benchmark solutions to mathematically tractable galactic cosmic ray equations have recently been obtained. Even though these problems involve simplifying assumptions of the associated physics, they still contain the essential features of the basic transport processes. The solutions obtained are features of the basic transport processes. The solutions obtained are compared to results from numerical algorithms in order to ensure proper coding and to provide a measure of the accuracy of the numerical methods used in the algorithm. For the first time, mathematical methods have been applied to the galactic ion transport (GIT) equations in the straight ahead approximation with constant nuclear properties. The approach utilizes a Laplace transforms inversion yielding a closed form benchmark solution which is also computationally efficient.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Hampton Inst., NASA/American Society for Engineering Educ; Hampton Inst., NASA(
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The state of cosmic ray physics is reviewed. It is concluded that the nonexistent lunar magnetic field, the low lunar radiation background, and the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon provide an excellent environment for the study of high energy primary cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Future Astronomical Observatories on the Moon; p 55-62
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Measurements of radial and latitudinal gradients of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous components now cover radii from 0.3 to 40 AU from the sun and latitudes up to 30 deg above the ecliptic plane for particle energies from approx. 10 MeV/n up to relativistic energies. The most accurate measurements cover the period 1972 through 1987, which includes more than one full 11 year cycle of solar activity. Radial gradients for glactic cosmic rays of all energies and species are small (similar to less than 10 percent AU), and variable in time, reaching a minimum of near 0 percent AU out to 30 AU for some species at solar maximum. Gradients for anomalous components are larger, of order 15 percent AU, may show similar time variability, and are relatively independent of particle species and energy. For the period 1985 through 1986 the intensity decreased away from the ecliptic for all species and energies. For galactic cosmic rays, the measured gradients are approx. 0.5 percent/degree near 20 AU, while for anomalous components the gradients are larger, ranging from 3 to 6 percent/degree. Comparison with a similar measurement for anomalous helium in 1975 through 1976 suggests that the latitude gradients for anomalous components have changed sign between 1975 and 1985. For galactic cosmic rays, the available evidence suggests no change in sign of the latitudinal gradient for relativistic particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 135-148
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Cosmic Ray Effects on MicroElectronics (CREME) model that is currently in use to estimate single event effect rates in spacecraft is described. The CREME model provides a description of the radiation environment in interplanetary space near the orbit of the earth that contains no major deficiencies. The accuracy of the galactic cosmic ray model is limited by the uncertainties in solar modulation. The model for solar energetic particles could be improved by making use of all the data that has been collected on solar energetic particle events. There remain major uncertainties about the environment within the earth's magnetosphere, because of the uncertainties over the charge states of the heavy ions in the anomalous component and solar flares, and because of trapped heavy ions. The present CREME model is valid only at 1 AU, but it could be extended to other parts of the heliosphere. There is considerable data on the radiation environment from 0.2 to 35 AU in the ecliptic plane. This data could be used to extend the CREME model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 49-56
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Gamma Ray Observatory includes four experiments designed to observe the gamma-ray universe. Laboratory measurements to test the response the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) modules to gamma-ray sources that are non-axial were recently completed. The results of these observations are necessary for the correct interpretation of BATSE data obtained after it is put in Earth orbit. The launch is planned for March, 1900. Preliminary analyses of these test data show the presence of a radial dependence to the detector's light collection efficiency. It is proposed to evaluate the importance of this radial response, analyze future experimental data to derive the actual functional dependence on radius, and calculate the net effect on the output spectrum as a function of the angle of incidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Alabama Univ., Research Reports: 1988 NASA(ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; 34 p
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Researchers review the elements that enter into phenomenological models of the composition, energy spectra, and the spatial and temporal variations of galactic cosmic rays, including the so-called anomalous cosmic ray component. Starting from an existing model, designed to describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the near-Earth environment, researchers suggest possible updates and improvements to this model, and then propose a quantitative approach for extending such a model into other regions of the heliosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 14-32
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented from observations of SN 1987A made with a combined high energy gamma ray and hard X-ray payload carried on a balloon flight over Alice Springs, Australia on April 5, 1988. The payload instrumentation is described, emphasizing the characteristics of the gamma-ray detector. The gamma-ray emission profile is illustrated and the preliminary results of the observations are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of Australia, Proceedings (ISSN 0066-9997); 7; 4, 19; 486-489
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Monte Carlo simulations of the gamma-ray emission from hypothetical cosmic-ray sources are performed. Sources which might correspond to acceleration by supernova shocks in 'average' interstellar conditions and deep within giant molecular clouds are considered. The consequences of dropping the common assumption that the cosmic-ray spectrum at the sources is the same as that observed at earth are examined. Spectral effects which can be related to the depth of the material shroud and the population of accelerated particles are explored using these simulations and are described. The results are compared with the COS B catalog of gamma-ray sources, and the implications for the underlying particle populations and source mechanisms are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 334; 722-733
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A balloon-borne experiment was carried out on April 19, 1987 from Alice Springs, Australia to detect high-energy gamma-rays and hard X-rays from the supernova SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. An optical spark chamber for measuring the high-energy gamma-rays and a multiwire proportional counter for measuring the hard X-rays shared a common balloon platform. No positive emission was observed by either detector. The gamma-ray upper limit obtained indicates that either the expanding supernova shell was opaque to gamma-rays at the time of the flight, or that the supernova cosmic ray luminosity was less than about 10 to the 40th erg/s. The X-ray upper limit obtained confirms the opacity of the shell to Comptonized hard X-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 234; 73P-77P
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: New observations by the gamma-ray burst detector on board the Ginga satellite, which has two well-calibrated detectors covering a wide energy range of 1.5 to 375 keV, are reported. The spectral features obtained are consistent with first and second cyclotron harmonics. This finding is taken as strong evidence for the magnetized neutron star model of gamma-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 335; 234
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  • 19
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: A general conclusion is that the cosmic rays increase with increasing distance from the Sun at approximately 2 percent a.u. There is a strong correlation of the cosmic ray intensity with distance with the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet. Moreover, researchers find that the variation of the cosmic rays with time changes in alternate sun spot cycles. Finally, it seems that during alternate sun spot minima (1965 and 1985) the cosmic rays access to the inner solar system was along the equatorial current sheet, wheras in 1975 the cosmic rays came in over the poles. The recently discovered anomalous component of cosmic rays is very much related to this whole problem, and probably corresponds to particles being accelerated at the termination of the solar wind at some 50 to 100 astonomical units from the sun. In summary, many predictions of the models remain controversial in detail. Nonetheless, it appears now that we can expect more cosmic rays over the poles in the next sunspot cycle, and the intensity will continue to increase with heliocentric radius out to the interstellar medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 162-163
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: We present measurements of the spallation cross sections of carbon, oxygen, and iron in helium and hydrogen, at beam energies from 540 to 1600 MeV/nucleon, performed by exposing liquid helium, CH2, and C targets. Charge changing cross sections are reported for fragments down to Ne for Fe + alpha and Fe + p reactions, and down to B for O + alpha, O + p, C + alpha, and C + p reactions. Alpha- to p-induced cross section ratios (sigma(sub alpha)/sigma(sub p)) are determined at the same energy per nucleon. From these measurements an empirical formula for the (sigma(sub alpha)/sigma(sub p)) ratios is derived and is found in good agreement with available isotopic cross sections data from radioactivity and radiochemical techniques. These results are applied to the propagation of heavy charged cosmic rays in an interstellar medium with a helium to hydrogen abundance ratio of 0.10. It is shown that the Sc-Mn/Fe ratio prediction is decreased relative to the B/C ratio when compared to propagation calculations in a pure hydrogen interstellar medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-190581 , NAS 1.26:190581
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A brief review is presented of the major features of the elemental composition and energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays. The requirements for phenomenological models of cosmic ray composition and energy spectra are discussed, and possible improvements to an existing model are suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 121-132
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Estimates of radiation risk to the blood forming organs from galactic cosmic rays are presented for manned interplanetary missions. The calculations use the Naval Research Laboratory cosmic ray spectrum model as input into the Langley Research Center galactic cosmic ray transport code. This transport code, which transports both heavy ions and nucleons, can be used with any number of layers of target material, consisting of up to five different constituents per layer. Calculated galactic cosmic ray doses and dose equivalents behind various thicknesses of aluminum and water shielding are presented for solar maximum and solar minimum periods. Estimates of risk to the blood forming organs are made using 5 cm depth dose/dose equivalent values for water. These results indicate that at least 5 g/sq cm (5 cm) of water of 6.5 g/sq cm (2.4 cm) of aluminum shield is required to reduce annual exposure below the current recommended limit of 50 rem. Because of the large uncertainties in fragmentation parameters, and the input cosmic ray spectrum, these exposure estimates may be uncertain by as much as 70 percent. Therefore, more detailed analyses with improved inputs could indicate the need for additional shielding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-101516 , NAS 1.15:101516
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Langley high energy nucleon transport computer code BRYNTRN is used to predict time-integrated radiation dose levels at the lunar surface due to high proton flux from solar flares. The study addresses the shielding requirements for candidate lunar habitat configurations necessary to protect crew members from these large and unpredictable radiation fluxes. Three solar proton events have been analyzed, and variations in radiation intensity in a shield medium due to the various primary particle energy distributions are predicted. Radiation dose predictions are made for various slab thicknesses of a lunar soil model. Results are also presented in the form of dose patterns within specific habitat configurations shielded with lunar material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TP-2869 , L-16488 , NAS 1.60:2869
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: If, in a neutron star magnetosphere, an electron is accelerated to an energy of 10 to the 11th or 12th power eV by an electric field parallel to the magnetic field, motion of the electron along the curved field line leads to a cascade of gamma rays and electron-positron pairs. This process is believed to occur in radio pulsars and gamma ray burst sources. Results are presented from numerical simulations of the radiation and photon annihilation pair production processes, using a computer code previously developed for the study of radio pulsars. A range of values of initial energy of a primary electron was considered along with initial injection position, and magnetic dipole moment of the neutron star. The resulting spectra was found to exhibit complex forms that are typically power law over a substantial range of photon energy, and typically include a dip in the spectrum near the electron gyro-frequency at the injection point. The results of a number of models are compared with data for the 5 Mar., 1979 gamma ray burst. A good fit was found to the gamma ray part of the spectrum, including the equivalent width of the annihilation line.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-101176 , NAS 1.15:101176 , CSSA-ASTRO-88-13
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This event listing is a comprehensive reference for the Hard X-ray bursts detected with the Hard X-ray Burst Spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission from the time of launch 14 February 1980 to December 1987. Over 8600 X-ray events were detected in the energy range from 30 to approx. 600 keV with the vast majority being solar flares. The listing includes the start time, peak time, duration and peak rate of each event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4036 , REPT-88B0124 , NAS 1.15:4036
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Preliminary estimates of radiation exposures for manned interplanetary missions resulting from anomalously large solar flare events are presented. The calculations use integral particle fluences for the February 1956, November 1960, and August 1972 events as inputs into the Langley Research Center nucleon transport code BRYNTRN. This deterministic code transports primary and secondary nucleons (protons and neutrons) through any number of layers of target material of arbitrary thickness and composition. Contributions from target nucleus fragmentation and recoil are also included. Estimates of 5 cm depth doses and dose equivalents in tissue are presented behind various thicknesses of aluminum, water, and composite aluminum/water shields for each of the three solar flare events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-100620 , NAS 1.15:100620
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Time variations in the flux of galactic cosmic rays are the result of changing conditions in the solar wind. Maximum cosmic ray fluxes, which occur when solar activity is at a minimum, are well defined. Reductions from this maximum level are typically systematic and predictable but on occasion are rapid and unexpected. Models relating the flux level at lower energy to that at neutron monitor energy are typically accurate to 20 percent of the total excursion at that energy. Other models, relating flux to observables such as sunspot number, flare frequency, and current sheet tilt are phenomenological but nevertheless can be quite accurate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 149-161
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Researchers describe a new engineering model for the fluence of protons with energies greater than 10 MeV. The data set used is a combination of observations made primarily from the Earth's surface between 1956 and 1963 and observations made from spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth between 1963 and 1985. With this data set we find that the distinction between ordinary proton events and anomalously large proton events made in earlier work disappears. The greater than 10 MeV fluences at 1 AU calculated with the new model are about twice those expected on the basis of models now in use. In contrast to earlier models, results do not depend critically on the fluence from any one event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 58-71
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This brief report is intended to update the anomalous component section of the summary report of the galactic cosmic-ray working group (Mewaldt et al., 1987), which was drafted at the March 1987 Workshop on the Interplanetary Charged Particle Environment at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The description of the spectrum of the anomalous cosmic-ray component is contained in section 3.3 of that report. That description is based on data analyzed through day 310 of 1986, and in it we proposed that the energy spectrum of the various species of the anomalous component could be derived by scaling from two generic spectra. Two generic spectra were required because the energy spectrum of the anomalous component changed shape near the time of the solar magnetic field reversal in 1980. These two generic spectra are shown in Figure 2 of the summary report.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Interplanetary Particle Environment. Proceedings of a Conference; p 133-134
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the HEAO 1 A-2 survey of fast X-ray transients, a search of 2 to 20 keV scanning data was made for brief increases in flux, greater than 4 millicrabs, on timescales approximately 1 to 10 to the 4th s above a 12-hour average. The search was divided into two regions, and all-sky survey of the Galaxy, and a survey of the Magellanic Clouds. In the latter, 37 events were found and identified with 4 of the 5 brighest sources in the LMC, plus 2 as flares from a foreground star. Np X-ray bursts, no gamma-ray bursts, and no events from the SMC were found. In the all-sky survey, after excluding well-known variable sources, out of the equivalent of approximately 104 days of data, 15 events were found which falling into 2 broad categories: flares from coronal sources, roughly isotropically distributed, with optically thin thermal spectra; and harder fast transients apparently distributed near the Galactic plane. The first were identified as flares from ubiquitous active cool dwarf stars. It was hypothesized that the second may have been from distant Be-neutron star binaries. However, at least two of the harder, more luminous events remained unidentified. Future research should examine the nature of these rare events, and how they may fit into a hierarchy of hard fast transients from gamma-ray bursts to outbursts from pulsar systems.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-89716 , REPT-88-014 , NAS 1.15:89716
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The development is described of an interaction data base and a numerical solution to the transport of baryons through the arbitrary shield material based on a straight ahead approximation of the Boltzmann equation. The code is most accurate for continuous energy boundary values but gives reasonable results for discrete spectra at the boundary with even a relatively coarse energy grid (30 points) and large spatial increments (1 cm in H2O).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-4037 , L-16432 , NAS 1.15:4037
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A Nuclear Radiation Monitor incorporating a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector was flown as part of the verification flight instrumentation on the Spacelab 2 mission, July 29 to August 6, 1985. Gamma-ray spectra were measured with better than 20 s resolution throughout most of the mission in the energy range 0.1 to 30 MeV. Knowledge of the decay characteristics and the geomagnetic dependence of the counting rates enable measurement of the various components of the Spacelab gamma-ray background: prompt secondary radiation, Earth albedo, and delayed induced radioactivity. The status of the data analysis and present relevant examples of typical background behavior are covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-183782 , NAS 1.26:183782 , SSL-PREPRINT-88-136
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  • 33
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: An integrated control system for coaxial counterrotating aircraft propulsors driven by a common gas turbine engine. The system establishes an engine pressure ratio by control of fuel flow and uses the established pressure ratio to set propulsor speed. Propulsor speed is set by adjustment of blade pitch.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Observation of the interplanetary intensity of cosmic rays (Ep greater than 80 MeV) by Pioneers 10 and 11 now spans a 16-year time period 1972-1988 and heliocentric radial distances, out to 43.7 AU for Pioneer 10 and 25.8 AU for Pioneer 11. Solar modulation continues to be present at the current distances of both spacecraft. The radial gradient of intensity is measured continuously over the slowly varying, outward moving radial segment r10-r11. The 50-day mean values of the gradient G vary systematically and cyclically in phase with solar activity as measured by sunspot number, with a maximum value of about 2.1 percent/AU at sunspot maximum and a minimum value of about 1.2 percent/AU at sunspot minimum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A204377 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 1527-153
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Archival IUE data and monochromatic CCD images in the optical range are used to compare the spatial distribution of UV and optical emission in HH 1, HH 2, HH 24, HH 32, HH 43, and HH 47. For all six objects, the observed UV radiation is shown to originate in the objects themselves. The results indicate that the C IV and semiforbidden emission-line regions are small. Although the continuum in the IUE short-wavelength range displays a distribution that is broader than that of any measured line emission in the UV or optical range, the continuum distribution in the IUE long-wavelength range is quite narrow.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 96; 1690-170
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A propulsor blade for an aircraft engine includes an airfoil section formed in the shape of a scimitar. A metallic blade spar is interposed between opposed surfaces of the blade and is bonded to the surfaces to establish structural integrity of the blade. The metallic blade spar includes a root end allowing attachment of the blade to the engine.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An integrated control system for coaxial counterrotating aircraft propulsors driven by a common gas turbine engine. The system establishes an engine pressure ratio by control of fuel flow and uses the established pressure ratio to set propulsor speed. Propulsor speed is set by adjustment of blade pitch.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes the Scintillating Optical Fiber Isotope Experiment (SOFIE) which is being developed by Washington University and the University of New Hampshire to study the abundances of cosmic ray isotopes in the iron charge region. This detector system is a Cerenkov-Range-dE/dx experiment and utilizes range and trajectory detectors made of scintillating optical fibers, a fused silica Cerenkov counter, and plastic scintillator dE/dx counters to determine the charge and mass of cosmic ray nuclei. A brief description of the balloon flight instrument presently being developed will be given followed by initial results of an engineering model calibration at the LBL Bevalac heavy ion accelerator. In addition a brief discussion of the potential of scintillating fiber trajectory detectors for use in experiments requiring precise trajectory determination such as those being planned for the NASA Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility (Astromag) program is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: About half of the cosmic ray nuclei heavier than helium have suffered nuclear transformations while colliding with the interstellar gas. The semiempirical calculations developed for calculating the still unmeasured cross sections had errors of about 25-50 per cent, depending on the target mass interval. Recent precise measurements have permitted significant improvements in the calculation of cross sections. Several such improvements are discussed. A status report on work-in-progress is presented on a general modification of the spallation equation parameters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes the measurements of the ultraheavy cosmic ray abundances obtained by the Heavy Nuclei Experiment aboard the NASA High Energy Astronomy Observatory-3. It is found that the cosmic ray abundances are in broad agreement with solar system abundances with a step-FIP fractionation model applied although in detail there are some differences. In particular, Ge and Pb appear to be underabundant in the cosmic radiation. Although the platinum/lead ratio and the actinides are consistent with some r-process enhancement, the cosmic ray source is not dominated by the r-process up through the 50s as evidenced by the Sr/Rb ratio and by the abundance of Sn and Ba. The actinides are not greatly enhanced, ruling out freshly synthesized r-process production as the primary source of the heavy cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper provides a summary of the spectra and propagation of the quartet of isotopes of hydrogen and helium which occur in arriving cosmic radiation. The unraveling of modulation effects is addressed, and the calculation of the local interstellar spectrum from a model of interstellar propagation is discussed. Two models for propagation are considered, one having an energy-independent mean pathlength and the other having an energy-dependent one.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Cosmic Ray Nuclei Experiment flown on the Spacelab-II mission was designed to measure the elemental composition of individual cosmic ray nuclei (Li to Ni) from 40 Gev/amu to several TeV/amu. The detector utilizes plastic scintillation counters for charge measurement, and gas Cerenkov and transition radiation detectors for energy measurements. The data analysis is in progress and results on the energy spectra are expected in the near future.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes a numerical solution of the spherically-symmetric, time-dependent, cosmic-ray modulation equation, compares it to data taken near the ecliptic, and probes the physical mechanisms responsible for the solar-cycle variations in the cosmic-ray intensity. With a physically defensible diffusion coefficient and other reasonable parameters, the spectra of protons and electrons can be simulated simultaneously over the cycle, the radial intensity gradients for particles greater than about 100 MeV, the overall intensity variation during the cycle, and the time lag in the recovery of low-energy particles behind high-energy ones, known commonly as the 'hysteresis.' The results suggest that cosmic-ray variations near the ecliptic are dominated by turbulent scattering regions in the heliosphere, overwhelming any effects of gradient and curvature drifts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An overview of cosmic ray (CR) research and its relationship to other areas of high-energy astrophysics is presented. Research being conducted on the composition of cosmic rays (CRs) is examined, including the study of the solar system 'template' for CRs, CR abundances at earth, solar energetic particles, the CR elements beyond zinc, and the study of electrons, positrons, antinuclei, and of isotopic composition of CRs. Research on the CR energy spectrum and anisotropy is briefly reviewed. The study of acceleration processes, particle confinement, and propagation of CRs is addressed. Finally, the investigation of source abundances in CRs is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Genesis and propagation of cosmic rays; Jun 01, 1986 - Jun 09, 1986; Erice; Italy
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Having recognized at an early stage the critical importance of maintaining detector capabilities which utilize state of the art techniques, a joint program was formulated. This program has involved coordination of a broad range of efforts and activities including joint experiments, collaboration in theoretical studies, instrument design, calibrations, and data analysis. Summaries of the progress made to date are presented. A representative bibliography is also included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-182612 , NAS 1.26:182612
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Observations in the FUV and soft X-ray bands suggest that the ISM contains several components of high-temperature gas (100,000-1 million K). If large volumes of local interstellar space are filled with this hot plasma, emission lines will be produced in the EUV. Diffuse EUV radiation, however, has only been detected with photometric instruments; no spectral measurements exist below 520 A. A unique grazing-incidence spectrometer to study the diffuse emission between 80 and 650 A with resolution 10-30 A was successfully flown on a sounding rocket in April 1986, and a preliminary analysis reveals several features. In addition to the expected interplanetary He I 584 A emission and the geocoronal He II 304 A emission, other features appear which may orginate in the hot ionized interstellar gas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Supplement (ISSN 0449-1947); 49; C1-63 to
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The known biases affecting the KONUS gamma burst cumulative number distribution are discussed and categorized as intrinsic (unavoidable) and artificial (avoidable). Artificial biases are removed to obtain a revised, more faithful representation of the true KONUS log N-log Pc, where Pc is in counts (1/0.25 s). A low Pc turnover is still apparent in the revised log N-log Pc. Conflicting claims that the KONUS log N-log Pc is compatible with a nearby disk or an isotropic, homogeneous distribution are tested using the revised log N-log Pc and a rigorous treatment of the KONUS intrinsic gamma background bias. The claims are shown to be improbable. Other possibilities and problms concerning log N-log Pc are discussed, but the need for a complete explanation of the low Pc turnover remains.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 333; 700-718
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A time history and Fourier power spectrum are presented for the August 5, 1984 gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed with the SMM Hard X-ray Burst Spectrometer and the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft. A significant complex feature of the event is identifiable in both data sets: a gradual ripple with a well-defined 2.2-sec period lasting for seven cycles, with a series of narrow spikes, which appear always on the ascending phase of the sinusoidal ripple. This event is unusual in both its temporal and spectral attributes: it exhibits coexistence of periodic and nonperiodic features, and it was also reported as the most intense GRB event observed with the SMM Gamma-Ray Spectrometer, extending up to 100 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 330; L101-L10
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This paper uses annual mean counting rate data from detectors on two long-lived spacecraft, Pioneer 11 and IMP 8, to study the temporal and heliocentric radial distance variations of the intensity of interplanetary protons (Ep of about 1 MeV) over solar activity cycle 21. The Pioneer 11 data cover the time period April 1973 through 1986 and the heliocentric radial distance range r of between 1.0 and 2.4 AU. IMP 8, in an approximately circular geocentric orbit of semimajor axis 35 earth radii, provides comparable data at 1 AU over the time period 1974-1986. The combination of the two bodies of data shows that the annual mean intensity of such protons varies as the inverse square of the distance from the sun, irrespective of solar activity as measured by the annual mean sunspot number S. Also it is found that the annual intensity at 1 AU is approximately proportional to S, except for anomalously low values in 1979 and 1980, and that the product of the annual mean intensity at Pioneer 11 by r-squared is also approximately proportional to S, except for anomalously low values in 1979, 1980 (in particular), and 1981. The common 1980 'anomaly' is attributed to gross changes in interplanetary conditions associated with the reversal of the polarity of the sun's polar magnetic field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A194328 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 237-240
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A direct measurement of the elemental composition of cosmic rays up to energies of several TeV/amu was performed during the Spacelab 2 flight of the Space Shuttle. Results on the spectral shape for the elements C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe, obtained from this experiment, are presented. It was found that the C and O energy spectra retain a power-law spectrum in energy with an exponent Gamma of about 2.65. The Fe spectrum is flatter (Gamma of about 2.55) up to a particle energy of about 10 to the 14th eV, indicating a steady increase in the relative abundance of iron in cosmic rays up to this energy. The energy spectra of Ne, Mg, and Si are steeper than anticipated. This behavior is unexpected within current models of cosmic-ray acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 327; L31-L34
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The subject of cosmic ray antiproton production is reexamined by considering other choices for the nature of the Majorana fermion chi other than the photino considered in a previous article. The calculations are extended to include cosmic-ray positrons and cosmic gamma rays as annihilation products. Taking chi to be a generic higgsino or simply a heavy Majorana neutrino with standard couplings to the Z-zero boson allows the previous interpretation of the cosmic antiproton data to be maintained. In this case also, the annihilation cross section can be calculated independently of unknown particle physics parameters. Whereas the relic density of photinos with the choice of parameters in the previous paper turned out to be only a few percent of the closure density, the corresponding value for Omega in the generic higgsino or Majorana case is about 0.2, in excellent agreement with the value associated with galaxies and one which is sufficient to give the halo mass.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 325; 16-25
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results from the Heavy Nuclei experiment on HEAO 3 are used to determine the primary abundances of Ni and Fe. Ni and Fe are found to have nearly constant relative abundances over the interval of 10 to about 500 GeV per amu. Individual secondary elements derived principally from interactions of primary Fe nuclei are shown to display a power-law decrease in relative abundance up to about 150 GeV per amu. Ar/Fe and Ca/Fe ratios of 2.6 + or - 0.7 percent and 8.8 + or - 0.7 percent, respectively, are found, confirming a fractionation of source abundances in which elements with high values of the first ionization potential are depleted relative to those with low first ionization potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 324; 1106-111
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A guide is presented to the UV spectrum of M-type giants and supergiants whose outer atmospheres contain warm chromospheres but not coronae. The M3 giant Gamma Crucis is taken as the archetype of the cooler, oxygen-rich, noncoronal stars. Line identifications and integrated line flux measurements of the chromospheric emission features seen in the 1200-3200 A range of IUE high-resolution spectra are presented. The major fluorescence processes operating in the outer atmosphere of Gamma Crucis, including eight previously unknown pumping processes and 21 new fluorescent line products, are summarized, and the enhancements of selected line strengths by 'line leakage' is discussed. A set of absorption features toward the longer wavelength end of this range is identified which can be used to characterize the radial velocity of the stellar photospheres. The applicability of the results to the spectra of noncoronal stars with different effective temperatures and gravities is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 68; 345-369
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A spatial distribution of gamma-ray bursts which is based on a log N - log n(max) relation, where N is the number of bursts which have a maximum photon count rate in excess of n(max), is proposed. A relation of N of about n(max) exp -1.5 is predicted for the case of sources uniformly distributed in infinite, flat space. It is noted that the apparently isotropic distribution of about 100 bursts over the sky combined with the N of about n(max) exp -1.5 distribution does not permit a purely observational distance estimate for the sources. It is predicted that the data from the GRANAT and GRO missions will help distinguish between a Galactic and an extragalactic origin of the bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 333; 694-699
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Results are presented from a balloon-borne apparatus searching for low-energy antiprotons in the Galactic cosmic rays. For energies less than 640 MeV at the top of the atmosphere, no cosmic-ray antiprotons were observed. This yields an upper limit to the antiproton/proton ratio of 0.000046 at the 85-percent confidence level.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 61; 145-148
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Spectroscopic measurements of the diffuse cosmic UV background in the 1700-2850-A range are presented. In agreement with previous results, the data have resulted in the detection at high Galactic latitude of an intensity of 300 + or - 100 photons/sq cm s sr A at 1800 A without correction for starlight or airglow, a similar intensity over the 1900-2500-A range after correction for measured airglow, and a similar intensity over the 2500-2800-A range after correction for zodiacal light. It is suggested that this radiation may originate partly in line radiation from a Galactic halo and partly from extragalactic sources, perhaps the integrated light of distant galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 330; 435-444
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The diffuse brightness of the sky has been measured in six submillimeter passbands, using a rocket-borne, liquid helium-cooled, absolute radiometer. The flux measured at 1160 microns is in good agreement with the average of longer wavelength measurements of the temperature of the cosmic background radiation. The fluxes measured at 709 microns and 481 microns show a rapid decrease toward shorter wavelength, but correspond to significantly higher temperatures. No local source of this excess flux has been identified. The spectrum of the excess significantly constrains cosmological models. Data at 262, 137, and 102 microns are consistent with emission from interstellar dust.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 329; 567-571
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The condition for magnetospheric wave growth in the presence of anisotropic charged particle distributions is used to extend the Kennel-Petschek theory that traditionally imposes an upper bound on the integral flux of charged particles at energies above a certain threshold to provide a limit on the differential flux at any energy above this threshold. A closed-form expression is derived for the limiting energy spectrum consistent with marginal occurrence of a magnetospheric maser at all wave frequencies below a certain fraction of the electron or proton gyrofrequency. The bounded integral can be recast in such a way that repeated differentiations with respect to v(parallel) actually generate a closed expression for the limiting form of the velocity space distribution, and thus for the limiting energy spectrum of the corresponding particles, whenever the anisotropy parameter is an integer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 59-76
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of data collected by the worldwide network of neutron monitors and from IMP-8 cosmic-ray telescopes, as well as by particle detectors on the GOES 5 and 6 and ICE satellites, on the solar cosmic ray event that took place on February 16, 1984. Using these data, the intensity-time (IT) profiles, the anisotropy-time profiles, the energy spectra, and the pitch angle distributions of the solar protons near earth were deduced. It was found that the solar protons propagated essentially scatter-free from the sun to the earth. The solar protons had easy access to the IMF lines to earth; the time from the onset to maximum intensity and the shape of the IT profiles at earth as a function of energy could be explained by the diffusion of the flare protons near the acceleration region. The energy spectrum of the solar flare protons injected into the undisturbed IMF at the sun was changing with time in both amplitude and shape. The observations suggest a shock acceleration process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 7206-721
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The spectrum of photons produced by an unstable particle which decayed while the universe was young is calculated. This spectrum is compared to that of the 1-10 MeV shoulder, a feature of the high-energy, extragalactic gamma-ray background, whose origin has not yet been determined. The calculated spectrum contains two parameters which are adjusted to obtain a maximal fit to the observed spectrum; the fit thus obtained is accurate to the 99 percent confidence level. The implications for the mass, lifetime, initial abundance, and branching ratio of the unstable particle are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 324; L47-L50
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The concept of flux limiting in the outer radiation belt proposed by Kennel and Petschek (1966) has been tested in a dynamic situation by using data acquired with instruments aboard the SCATHA satellite. A case-by-case analysis of 12 events for evidence of flux limiting under various magnetospheric conditions is made. The reuslts indicate qualitative agreement with the flux limiting theory for all the events studied. Even the quiescent events and hard-spectrum events are consistent with flux limiting. The limiting flux level at any instant appears to depend strongly on the recent history of the trapped electrons and plasma in the outer magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 77-95
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The results of a balloon-borne observing program to measure the large angular scale brightness distribution of the 2.7 K cosmic background radiation (CBR) at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths are reported. A new determination of the dipole anisotropy of the CBR is found with 3.40 + or - 0.42 mK toward alpha = 12.1 + or - 0.24 hr, delta = - 23 + or - 5 deg in a 1.2 to 8/cm band and 4.7 + or - 1.4 mK toward alpha = 9.9 + 1.7 or - 1.1 hr, delta = - 38 + or - 21 deg between 5 and 18/cm, where the amplitudes are listed as thermodynamic temperatures. New estimates of the absolute temperature in these two bands of 2.86 + or - 0.26 K and 3.01 + or - 0.31 are obtained under the assumption that the CBR has a Planck spectrum. The diffuse Galactic emission is fitted by a secant distribution in Galactic latitude, and the resulting Galactic pole antenna temperatures are given. Maps of sky brightness, measurements of zodiacal emission, and measurements of fluctuations of the atmospheric emission which dominates the noise budget are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 332; 596-614
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The transport equation for cosmic rays scattered by magnetic field irregularities carried in a rarefied conducting fluid has been reexamined. To lowest order in the ratio, U/w, of flow speed to random particle speed, the analysis gives the standard equation first derived by Parker (1965), but additional terms are found in the next order of this ratio. One new term, which reflects viscous damping of fluid motions by the energetic-particle gas, describes both a change in the mean particle momentum and a spreading around the mean. Other new terms, which derive from accelerations of the fluid, describe inertial drift and energy changes. Although these effects are small, they are potentially important at shocks, because they are proportional to the square of velocity derivatives. In addition, they can be significant for the case of pure velocity shear, in which the adiabatic energy change is zero.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 331; L91-L94
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The separation of the cosmic-ray Be isotopes achieved by two satellite experiments is discussed. From the measured isotopic ratio between the radioactive Be-10 (half-life = 1,500,000 years) and the stable Be-9, it is deduced that the cosmic rays propagate through matter with an average density of 0.24 = or - 0.07 atoms/ cu cm. The implications of this result for the cosmic-ray age is reviewed in the context of two models of confinement and propagation: the homogeneous model, normally identified with confinement ot the galactic gaseous disk, and a diffusion model in which the cosmic rays extend into a galactic halo. A newly deduced cosmic-ray pathlength distribution, a self-consistent model of solar modulation, and a set of fragmentation cross sections are calculated. It is concluded that in a homogeneous model, the cosmic-ray age is 15 (+7, -4) million years, about a factor longer than early estimates based on the abundances of the light nuclei Li, Be, and B and a nominal interstellar density of 1 atom/ cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 46; 3-4; 205-224
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A test particle description of first-order Fermi acceleration of cosmic rays at plane-parallel relativistic shocks is presented in which the pitch angle distribution is obtained explicitly and used to determine the pressure anisotropy or variable Eddington factor as a function of position. The Eddington factor is in turn used to find the hydrodynamical cosmic-ray sound speed, taking the anisotropy into account. For upstream flows speeds above c/sq rt 3, it is shown that the cosmic-ray sound speed exceeds the shock speed in a region just upstream of the shock and decreases montonically with distance further upstream, reaching the value c/sq rt 3 far from the shock. Thus, the shock succeeds in maintaining an anisotropy in the cosmic-ray distribution which is sufficient to keep the flow subsonic with respect to the cosmic-ray sound speed both downstream and in a finite region upstream. The astrophysical implications of these findings are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 331; 336-342
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: New measurements of the cosmic-ray boron and nitrogen isotopes at earth and of the elemental abundances of boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are presented. A region of mutually allowed values for the cosmic-ray nitrogen source ratios is determined, and the cosmic-ray escape mean free path is determined as a function of energy using a leaky box model for cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy. Relative to O-16, a N-15 source abundance consistent with solar system composition and a N-14 source abundance which is a factor of about three underabundant relative to the solar value are found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 328; 940-953
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Observations of the 511 keV annihilation line from the vicinity of the Galactic center from October to February for 1980/1981, 1981/1982, 1982/1983, 1984/1985, and 1985/1986 are presented. The measurements were made with the gamma-ray spectrometer on the SMM. The design of the instrument and some of its properties used in the analysis are described, and the methods used for accumulating, fitting, and analyzing the data are outlined. It is shown how the Galactic 511 keV line was separated from the intense and variable background observed in orbit. The SMM observations are compared with previous measurements of annihilation radiation from the Galactic center region, and the astrophysical implications are discussed. It is argued that most of the measurements made to date suggest the presence of an extended Galactic source of annihilation radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 326; 717-732
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A reductive perturbation scheme is used to derive a generalized non-linear Burgers' equation, which includes the effects of dispersion, in the long wavelength regime for the two-fluid hydrodynamical model used to describe cosmic ray acceleration by the first-order Fermi process in astrophysical shocks. The generalized Burger's equation is derived for both relativistic and non-relativistic cosmic ray shocks, and describes the time evolution of weak shocks in the theory of diffusive shock acceleration. The inclusion of dispersive effects modifies the phase velocity of the shock obtained from the lower order non-linear Burger's equation through the introduction of higher order terms from the long wavelength dispersion equation. The travelling wave solution of the generalized Burgers' equation for a single shock shows that larger cosmic ray pressures result in broader shock transitions. The results for relativistic shocks show a steepening of the shock as the shock speed approaches the relativistic cosmic ray sound speed. The dependence of the shock speed on the cosmic ray pressure is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 189; 1-2; 338-348
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This research program is directed toward the investigation of the astrophysical aspects of cosmic rays and gamma rays and of the radiation and electromagnetic field environment of the Earth and other planets. The emphasis was on precice measurements with high resolution in charge, mass and energy. These investigations were carried out by means of energetic particle and photon detector systems flown on spacecraft and balloons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-183111 , NAS 1.26:183111
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Attempts to arrive at a unified scenario for the optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray emission of SN 1987A are discussed. Theoretical spectra are in reasonable agreement with recent observations of hard X-rays by the Ginga and Mir satellites, but the early turn-on of X-rays suggests that the mantle and envelope may be 'leaky', perhaps as a result of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities and clumping. The soft X-ray spectrum should be dominated by a 6.4 keV Fe K-alpha fluorescence line. The reported Ginga detection of 4-10 keV X-ray emission is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geroge Mason Astrophysics Workshop; Oct 12, 1987 - Oct 14, 1987; Fairfax, VA; United States
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A balloonborne gamma-ray spectrometer comprising an array of high-purity n-type germanium (HPGe) detectors surrounded by an active NaI(T1) collimator and Compton suppressing anticoincidence shield was flown on May 29-30, 1987. The average column depth of residual atmosphere in the direction of SN 1987A at float altitude was 6.3 g/sq cm during the observation. The 3-sigma upper limit obtained for the 1238-keV line from Co-56 is 0.0013 photons/sq cm s. The corresponding limit for the 847-keV line is 0.0017 photons/sq cm s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geroge Mason Astrophysics Workshop; Oct 12, 1987 - Oct 14, 1987; Fairfax, VA; United States
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some cosmological implications of the recently discovered submillimeter background (SMB) are discussed. Opacity and isotropy arguments show that if the background is due to dust emission it must originate at a high redshift z greater than about 10. Isotropy measurements are used to constrain the amplitude of dust optical-depth fluctuations and hence the scale of dust inhomogeneity. The observed flux, the inferred high z and high opacity imply that on small scales the mock gravitational instability driven by radiation pressure may have dominated gravitational effects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Post-Recombination Universe; Jul 27, 1987 - Aug 07, 1987; Cambridge
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The models proposed to explain the observed spectrum of cosmic ray antiprotons are reexamined in light of recent results from balloon-borne experiments. It is found that the prediction of modified closed galaxy model fits the observed data very well. Models in which secondary antiprotons are produced in the sources, could be made consistent with the data provided the secondary particles do not suffer considerable adiabatic deceleration. It has been shown that there cannot be any significant contribution to the observed antiprotons, from the evaporation of mini black holes or from the annihilation of dark matter like photinos. The role of extragalactic cosmic rays has been examined critically in the context of the recent data, and they are not the source of cosmic ray antiprotons. However, determination of the energy spectrum of antiprotons at least up to a few tens of GeV would be valuable to provide information on the possible existence of supersymmetric particles and on the modulation of extragalactic cosmic rays while entering the Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 202; 1-2
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Data obtained with the Deep River neutron monitor and the underground vertical muon telescope at Embudo for the period 1965-1979 are analyzed. The data show that for 1957-1970 the diurnal anisotropy is unidirectional. During 1971-1979, the diurnal anisotropy consists of two components. One is in the east-west direction and the other is the radial component, with direction along 12:00 LT. The latter attains a maximum amplitude in 1976. No evidence is found for the existence of the twenty year wave in the diurnal anisotropy of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 287-290
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation fo Diastereomeric Zireconiooxycarbene Complexes by Treating of Bis (tert-butyl-Cp)2Zr(butadiene) with hexacarbonyltungstenReaction of (η4-butadiene)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (95:5 s-cis-/s-trans-5 equilibrium mixture) with hexacarbonyltungsten yields the zirconiooxycarbene complex (6), that crystallizes in space group P1 (X-ray analysis). The chiral central metallacyclic ring system and the chiral preferred conformation of the Cp-substituted bent metallocene unit leads to the formation of diastereomeric zirconiooxycarbene complexes 6 and 6′. X-ray structural analysis as well as the 13C CP/MAS spectrum indicate the presence of an 80:20 mixture of the two diastereomeric carbene complexes in the solid state. The existence of equilibrating diastereomers in solution was derived from the temperature dependent NMR spectra of the dissolved carbene complex.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von (η4-Butadien)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium (95:5-s-cis-/s-trans-5-Gleichgewichtsgemisch) mit Hexacarbonylwolfram liefert den Zirconiooxycarbencomplex (6), der in der Raumgruppe P1 kristallisiert (Röntgenstrukturanalyse). Aufgrund des chiralen zentralen metallacyclischen Ringsystems und der chiralen Vorzugskonformation des Cp-substituierten gewinkelten Metallocensystems werden diastereoisomere Zirconiooxycarbenkomplexen 6 und 6′ gebildet. Röntgenstrukturanalyse und 13C-CP/MAS-Spektrum deuten auf das Vorliegen eines 80:20-Gemisches dieser diastereomeren Carbenkomplexe im Festkörper hin. Die temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren des Carbenkomplexes in Lösung werden mit einem Gleichgewicht der Diastereomeren interpretiert.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aminoiminoboranes as Synthons for the Preparation of Three- and Four-membered Rings with the Ring-Atom Sequence BNE, BNBE, BNSiE, and NBNE (E = P, Partly also B, Si, Ge, As)Dihalides AHal2 add to the iminoborane iPr2NBNtBu (1a) to give diaminoboranes iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)-AHal (2j); by the substitution of Hal by NiPr2 or Me in 2e, f, j the derivatives 2k-m are formed. With the aid of alkali metal, the diaminoboranes 2a, c, d, m are dehalogenated to the three-membered ring compounds [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—] with A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr)2 (5), whereas the dechlorination of 2a, c with Li2EPh (E = P, As) yields the four-membered ring products [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] with A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9). Dichlorides ACl2 are added to the iminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b) to give either the diaminoboranes Me3Si(tBu)NB(Cl)N(tBu)— ACl (2n-w) or the four-membered rings [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] with A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a), Me3SiCl being a second product. The same type of ring compound with A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) is formed from 2n-s during the elimination of Me3SiCl by the action of the solvent chloroform at room temperature. The Cl atom in these ring compounds can be substituted by alkyl, amino, or alkoxy groups to give 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. The configuration and conformation of the products in solution and the structure of 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in the solid state are discussed on the basis of NMR and X-ray data, respectively.
    Notes: Die Addition von AHal2 an das Iminoboran iPr2NBNtBu (1a) ergibt die Diaminoborane iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)—AHal (2a-i) und das Triaminoboran (iPr2N)2BN(tBu)—AsBr2 (2j); der Austausch von Hal in 2e, f, j gegen NiPr2 bzw. Me führt zu den Produkten 2k-m. Durch Enthalogenierung von 2a, c, d, m mit Alkalimetall gelangt man zu den Dreiringverbindungen [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)-;A-] mit A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr2) (5), während sich mit Li2EPh (E = P, As) aus 2a,c Vierringverbindungen des Typs [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] mit A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9) bilden. Addiert man ACl2 an das Iminoboran Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b), so entstehen entweder die Diaminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBN(tBu)—ACl (2n-w) oder unter Abspaltung von Me3SiCl die Vierring verbindungen [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] mit A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a). Denselben Typ von Vierringverbindungen mit A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) erhält man neben Me3SiCl bei der Einwirkung von Chloroform auf 2n-s. Durch Austausch des an das B-, P- oder As-Atom in jenen Vierringen gebundenen Cl-Rests gegen Alkyl-, Amino- und Alkoxygruppen kommt man zu den Derivaten 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. Die Konfiguration aller Produkte in Lösung wird anhand der NMR-Spektren und die Struktur von 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in festem Zustand anhand röntgenographischer Untersuchungen diskutiert.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of, and Reactions with, Metal-Containing heterocycles, LIX.  -  Synthesis and Properties of ηn2-Thiophosphinito complexes of CobaltThe η2-thiophosphinito complexes (OC)2(R2R12P)Co(η2-PR32S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n) are obtained by reaction of ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] with the secondary phosphane sulfides R32HP=S in the presence of Et(iPr)2N. The Me2PS und Et2PS compounds 3a,b,d oligomerize easily to form [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Upon exchange of PR12R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m by PPh2Me, PPhMe2, and PMe3 in addition to the η2-thiophosphinito complexes 3f,g,l the dimeric species [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o) are formed. The dimerization tendency depends on the steric demand of the substituents R1, R2, and R3. The substituents R1 and R2 in 5f,g are responsible for energetically preferred preferred rotamers, which are indicated in the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra. The barrier of rotation is calculated to give ΔG≠ = 42 kJ/mol. According to X-ray structural analysis (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co-(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c), and [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) crystallize in the space group P21/c, P1 and P21/c with Z = 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] mit den sekundären Phosphansulfiden R23HP = S erhält man in Gegenwart von Et(iPr)2N die η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexe (OC)2(R2R21P)Co(η2-PR23S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n). Die Me2PS und Et2PS-Verbindungen 3a,b,d oligomerisieren leicht unter Bildung von [(OC)2(R2R21P)Co(μ-PR23S]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Beim Austausch von PR21R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m durch PPh2-Me, PPhMe2 und PMe3 entstehen neben den η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexen 3f,g,l die dimeren Spezies [(OC)2(R21P) Co(μ-PR23S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o). Die Dimerisierungstendenz hängt von dem sterischen Anspruch der Substituenten R1, R2 und R3 ab. Die Substituenten R1 und R2 in 5f,g sind für energetisch bevorzugte Rotamere verantwortlich, die sich in den 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektren zu erkennen geben. Die Rotationsbarriere berechnet sich zu ΔG≠ = 42 kj/mol. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalysen kristallisieren (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c) und [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) in der Raumgruppe P21/c, P1 bzw. P21/c mit Z = 4, 2 bzw. 2.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1085-1091 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Syntheses via transition Metal Complexes, 28.  -  3- and 4-Imino-2-azetidinones from Isocyanides and Manganese Carbene Complex(CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reacts stepwise with two equivalents of isocyanides R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In the first step ketenimine complexes 3 are obtained. These have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. 3 reacts with 2. An addition of bulky 2a to 3a leads to the disengagement of N-cyclohexyl ketenimine 7. In contrast, 2b,c on reaction with 3b,c form isomeric 4- and 3-imino-2-azetidinylidene complexes 4 and 5, resp. By a consecutive incorporation of two different isocyanides it could be demonstrated that products 4 are obtained by a [3 + 1] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the side opposite to the metal) but 5 is formed by a [2 + 2] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the metal side) in a competition process. The formation of 5 is favoured on higher reaction temperatures. 4 and 5 on decomposition with KMnO4 in a two-phase system ether/water give good yields of 4-imino- 9 and 3-imino-2-azetidinones 10, resp.
    Notes: (CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reagiert stufenweise mit zwei äquivalenten Isocyanid R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In der ersten Stufe entstehen Keteniminkomplexe 3, die isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Sie bilden mit Isocyaniden  -  abhängig von deren Raumbedarf  -  unterschiedliche Produkte. 3a addiert sperriges 2a am Metall unter Verdrängung von N-Cyclohexylketenimin 7. 3b,c hingegen addieren 2b,c am Keteniminliganden zu isomeren 4- und 3-Imino-2-azetidinyliden-Komplexen 4 bzw. 5. Markierungsexperimente durch stufenweisen Einbau zweier unterschiedlicher Isocyanide ergaben, daß 4 durch [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition von 2 and 3 auf der vom Metall abgewandten Seite, 5 durch [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition auf der Metallseite entsteht. Mit steigender Reaktionstemperatur verschiebt sich das Konkurrenzverhältnis 4:5 zugunsten von 5. 4 und 5 lassen sich mit KMnO4 im Zweiphasensystem Ether/Wasser glatt in 4-Imino- 9 bzw. 3-Imino-2-azetidinone 10 umwandeln.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkali Triazaphosphininolates  -  synthesis and ReactionsThe alkali triazaphosphininolates 2, 3, 4, and 6 are obtained by the reaction of 2,2-difluoro- or 2,2-dichloro-4,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinine (1 and 5) with NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2, or KOCMe3 and LiOSiMe3. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reacts with 1 in a molar ratio 1:1 or 2:1 to give the siloxy-substituted compounds 8 and 92). The 2-fluoro-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 72) is formed in the reaction of 4 with HF. 7 reacts with KOH to yield 2. The reaction of the sodium triazaphosphininolate 3 with ClSiMe3 leads to the formation of the siloxytriazaphosphinine 10. The N-lithiotriazaphosphinine-2-amines 13 and 14 are obtained from the aminofunctional compounds 11 and 12 and LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reacts with ClSiMe3 to give LiCl and 15.
    Notes: Die Alkali-triazaphosphininolate 2, 3, 4 und 6 werden durch Reaktion von 2,2-Difluor- bzw. 2,2-Dichlor-4,6-bis(trifluormethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinin (1 bzw. 5) mit NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2 oder KOCMe3 sowie mit LiOSiMe3 erhalten. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reagiert mit 1 im molaren Verhältnis 1:1 bzw. 2:1 zu den Siloxyverbindungen 8 und 9. Das 2-Fluor-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 7 entsteht aus 4 und HF. 7 kann mit KOH in 2 übergeführt werden. Natrium-triazaphosphininolat 3 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zum Siloxy-triazaphospininolat 10. Die N-Lithio-triazaphosphinin-2-amine 13 und 14 entstehen aus den aminofunktionellen Verbindungen 11 und 12 mit LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zu LiCl und 15.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1115-1118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Insertion of Alkynes into Organonickel Functions as a Synthesis of Vinylnickel CompoundsThe diamagnetic vinylnickel compounds trans-Ni(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) are formed by insertion of diphenyl-ethyne and 1-phenylpropyne into methyl- or phenylnickel moieties as Z isomers, that are thermally equilibrated with their E isomers. 1-Phenylethyne and 1-phenylpropyne selectively produce (1-phenylvinyl)nickel compounds. Exchange of halide gives bromides 1b, 2b, 4b and iodides 1c, 2c, 4c, and a cyanide 1d. Action of LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) on 1a followed by reductive elimination yields olefins RR1C=CR2R3 while mineral acids or iodine cleave the Ni—C bonds of 1a to give the corresponding olefins (R = H, I). A high-yield synthesis of chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphane)nickel is also described.
    Notes: Die diamagnetischen Vinylnickel-Verbindungen trans-Ni-(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) bilden sich durch Einschiebung von Diphenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin in Methyl- oder Phenyl-nickel-Einheiten als Z-Isomere, die thermisch mit ihren E-Isomeren ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden. 1-Phenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin ergeben selektiv (1-Phenylvinyl)nickel-Verbindungen. Austausch von Halogen liefert die Bromide 1b, 2b, 4b, die Iodide 1c, 2c, 4c und ein Cyanid 1d. Einwirken von LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) auf 1a mit anschließender reduktiver Eliminierung ergibt Olefin RR1C=CR2R3, während Mineralsäuren oder Iod die Ni—C-Bindungen von 1a spalten und die entsprechenden Olefine (R = H, I) erzeugen. Eine ergiebige Synthese von Chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphan)nickel wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen transfer Reactions, 111).  -  The Disproportionation of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene by Colloidal NickelThe disproportionation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene catalysed by colloidal nickel is a multistep reaction. The dehydrogenation occurs strictly cis selectively. Before the hydrogenation step, the hydrogen loses its molecular identity. Thus the direct H-transfer between two molecules of 1,4-cyclohexadiene2) is excluded.
    Notes: Die Disproportionierung von 1,4-Cyclohexadien an kolloidalem Nickel läuft als mehrstufige Reaktion ab, bei der die Dehydrierung cis-selektiv erfolgt. Der Wasserstoff verliert vor der Addition seine molekulare Identität, so daß eine direkte H-Übertragung zwischen den Molekülen2) ausgeschlossen ist.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enatioselective catalysis, 5.  -  New Ligands with four Stereogenic Centers. Synthesis and Separation of the Separation of the three Diastereomeric [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′(R,S]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)-pyrrolidinesFrom (3R,4R)-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidine (1a) or the N-benzyl derivative 1b [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) resp. its N-benzyl derivative 2b-* were prepared as diastereomeric mixture. From 2a-* isomerically pure (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) was prepared. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*), obtained from 2a-*, was a mixture of the three possible diastereomers. This mixture could be separated through the palladium complexes of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives 8c-*. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) and for comparison [(3R,4R)-1-benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) pyrrolidine-P,P′](1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (11) were characterised by X-ray crystallography.
    Notes: Ausgehend von (3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (1a), bzw. dem N-Benzyl-Derivat 1b wurden [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) und dessen N-Benzyl-Derivat 2b-* als Diastereomerengemische hergestellt. Aus 2a-* wurde isomerenreines (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-Bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) dargestellt. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*) wurde aus 2a-* als Diastereomerengemisch erhalten, dessen Auftrennung über die Palladiumkomplexe der N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Derivate 8c-* gelang. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) und zum Vergleich [(3R,4R)-1-Benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin-P,P′] (1,5-cyclooctadien)rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborat (11) wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1143-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: heterotricycles via,/Intramolecular 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkenyl-Substituted 3,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-pyrimidinium-4-olatesThe synthesis of the title compounds of type 5 and 10 as well as their intramolecular cycloaddition reactions which form the products 4 or 12, respectively, are described.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5 und 10 sowie ihre intramolekularen Cycloadditionen zu den Produkten 4 bzw. 12 werden beschrieben.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatic Liquid Crystals, 8.  -  Bi-and Tercyclohexyl Derivatives by Claisen RearrangementClaisen rearrangement of the acrylic esters 7 and 21 transfers the configuration of the cyclohexenols trans-2 and trans-17 to the aldehydes 11 and 23. Robinson annelation converts the latter to the title compounds 15a and 27a. The synthetic sequence is designed to be iterative via 14a, b. Two esters of the all-trans-tercyclohexyl alcohol 27a with broad smectic phase ranges are described.
    Notes: Durch Claisen-Umlagerung der Acrylsäureester 7 und 21 wird die Konfiguration der Cyclohexenole trans-2 und trans-17 auf die Aldehyde 11 und 23 übertragen. Robinson-Anellierung führt von dort zu den Titelverbindungen 15a und 27a. Die Aufbaufolge ist über 14a, b iterativ angelegt. Zwei Ester des all-trans-Tercyclohexylalkohols 27a mit breiten smektischen Phasenbereichen werden beschrieben.
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  • 85
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Very Soluble and Photostable Perylene Fluorescent DyesThe synthesis of perylene dyes 2 with two terminal alkyl groups is described. Long-chain alkyl groups do not increase, but diminish solubility. Cycloalkyl substituents give a minimum of solubility with medium sized rings and a maximum with the cyclotetradecyl derivative (2p). Very high solubility in organic solvents is attained by substitution with secondary alkyl residues having two long chains. One of them, the dye with the 1-hexylheptyl substituent (2v), exhibits a solubility of more than 100 g/l in most solvents, a fluorescent quantum yield of about 100%, and a very high photostability, thus making it suitable for special applications.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Perylenfarbstoffen 2 mit terminalen Alkylgruppen wird beschrieben. Langkettige n-Alkylgruppen führen nicht zu einer Erhöhung der Löslichkeit, sondern zu einer Erniedrigung. Cycloalkyl-Reste bewirken ein Minimum an Löslichkeit im Bereich der mittleren Ringe und ein Maximum beim Cyclotetradecyl-Rest (2p). Starke Löslichkeitserhöhungen bewirken sekundäre Alkylreste mit zwei langen Ketten. Von diesen ist der Farbstoff 2v mit zwei 1-Hexylheptyl-Resten mit einer Löslichkeit von über 100 g/l in den meisten Lösungsmitteln, einer Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute von ca. 100% und einer ausgesprochen hohen Lichtechtheit auch für Spezialanwendungen geeignet.
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  • 86
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (Phthalocyaninato)cobalt(III) Adducts with Nitrogen Bases(Phthalocyaninato)cobalt dichloride, PcCoCl2, does not react with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), pyrazine (pyz), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) to form phthalocyaninato complexes [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) containing Co3+ as the central metal atom. Instead the mixed complexes PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl) are obtained exclusively, which are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: (Phthalocyaninato)cobaltdichlorid, PcCoCl2, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L = Pyridin (py), Pyrazin (pyz), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy) nicht zu Phthalocyaninato-Komplexen [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) mit Co3+ als Zentralatom. Es entstehen ausschließlich die gemischten Komplexe PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl), die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of (Phthalocyaninato)rhodium(III) ComplexesChloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reacts with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) as well as with cyclohexyl isocyanide (c-hxNC) to form the mixed complexes PcRh(L)Cl. These are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notes: Chloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L [L = Pyridin (py), 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (dabco)] sowie mit L = Cyclohexylisocyanid (c-hxNC) zu den gemischten Komplexen PcRh(L)Cl, die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 253-269 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektron-Transfer-Photochemie von Benzocyclobutenen. - Stereospezifische elektrocyclische Reaktionen ihrer Kation-RadikaleDie leichte Aktivierung von cis- und trans-1,2-Diphenylbenzocyclobuten (DBC) entweder durch Bestrahlung der Charge-transfer-Verbindung mit Tetracyanethylen oder durch Photosensibilisierung mit Chloranil führt zu einer Serie schneller [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Die Rolle des Kationradikals DBC+. als reaktives Zwischenprodukt, das eine stereospezifische conrotatorische Cycloreversion eingeht, wird vorwiegend über „Kontakt“- oder „Lösungsmittel-getrennte“ Ionen-Paare erklärt. Solche Cycloadditionen, die durch einen Elektronentransfer eingeleitet werden, werden im Zusammenhang mit einer thermischen Valenztautomerie von DBC diskutiert, wie sie früher von Huisgen, Quinkert und Mitarbeitern begründet wurden.
    Notes: The facile activation of cis- and trans-1,2-diphenylbenzocyclobutene (DBC) either by charge-transfer irradiation of the electron donor-acceptor complex with tetracyanoethylene or by chloranil photosensitization leads to a series of rapid [4 + 2] cycloadditions. The role of the cation radical DBC+. as the reactive intermediate which undergoes a stereospecific, conrotatory cycloreversion is delineated, especially with regard to “contact” and “solvent-separated” ion pairs. Such cycloadditions induced by electron transfer are discussed in the context of the thermal valence tautomerization of DBC previously established by Huisgen, Quinkert, and co-workers.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Complexes with Biologically Important Ligands, XLIV. - Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) as Amino Protecting Groups. Metal Complexes with Silyl Esters and Acid Chlorides as Ligands and Peptide Synthesis at the ComplexThe cleavage of the chelate ring of platinum(II) and palladium(II) glycinate, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), by trialkylchlorosilanes results in the formation of the complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1). Treatment of 1 or of cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2, respectively, with oxalyl chloride and DMF gives the α-amino acid chloride complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) from which - using N-(trimethylsilyl)-α-amino acid esters - a series of dipeptide complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(dipeptideOR)2 (R = H, alkyl, SiMe3) (3) has been obtained. trans-Palladium complexes of type 3 and of type cis-Pd-Cl2(HisNHCHRCO2Et) (4) are also formed form the corresponding α-amino acid complexes and α-amino acid ester with a watersoluble carbodiimide.
    Notes: Der Chelatring von Platin(II)- und Palladium(II)-glycinat, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), läßt sich mit Trialkylchlorsilanen unter Bildung der Dichlorobis(glycin-silylester)-Komplexe, cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1), öffnen. Aus 1 oder den Komplexen MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2 werden mit Oxalylchlorid und DMF die α-Aminosäurechlorid-Verbindungen cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) erhalten, welche mit N-(Trimethylsilyl)-α-aminosäureestern die Dipeptid-Komplexe cis-, trans-MCl2(DipeptidOR)2 (R = H, Alkyl, SiMe2) (3) liefern. trans-Palladium-Komplexe vom Typ 3 und vom Typ cis-PdCl2(His-NHCHRCO2Et) (4) entstehen auch aus den entsprechenden α-Aminosäure-Komplexen und dem α-Aminosäureester mit einem wasserlöslichen Carbodiimid.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Properties of Tellurium-Tellurium Bonds, VI.  -  Structure and Barrier of Interconversion of Enantiomeric Conformations of Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellaneOxidation of lithium (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)telluride provides red and strong refractive needles of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-ditellane (1) which crystallize monoclinically in the space group C2/c. The bond distance d(Te-Te), the bond angle at the Te atoms, and the torsion angle at the Te-Te bond were found to be 271.3 pm, 100.6°, and 92.1°, respectively. The C2 symmetry of the molecule gives rise to different chemical surroundings for both tert-butyl groups in ortho position belonging to the aryl groups. This effect can also be observed in solution at low temperatures. For the first time, dynamic NMR spectroscopy succeeded in determination of the barrier of rotation about a Te-Te bond. This barrier was found to be 40.9 kJ · mol-1 and is 20% less than that in the corresponding diselane.
    Notes: Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellan (1) wird durch Oxidation von Lithium-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)tellurid in Form roter, stark lichtbrechender Kristalle erhalten. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c. Der Bindungsabstand d(Te-Te) beträgt 271.3 pm, der Bindungswinkel an den Te-Atomen 100.6° und der Torsionswinkel an der Te-Te-Bindung 92.1°. Durch die C2-Symmetrie besitzen die beiden ortho-ständigen tert-Butylgruppen der Substituenten unterschiedliche chemische Umgebung, die auch in Lösung bei tiefen Temperaturen erkennbar wird. Aus NMR-spektroskopischen Daten gelang erstmals die Bestimmung der Rotationsbarriere um eine Te-Te-Bindung; sie beträgt 40.9 kJ · mol-1. Dieser Wert ist um 20% kleiner als für das entsprechende Diselan.
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  • 91
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Chinolepoxide des p-Kresols und Östrons mittels Photooxygenierung und Titan(IV)- oder Vanadium(V)-katalysiertem SauerstofftransferWenn 4-Hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-on (1) und 10β-Hydroperoxy-1,4-östradien-3,17-dion (3), die durch Photooxygenierung von p-Kresol bzw. Östron leicht zugänglich sind, mit Ti(OiPr)4 behandelt werden, entstehen die Chinolepoxide 5 bzw. 6a, b. Es werden dabei auch signifikante Mengen der Chinole 2 bzw. 4 gebildet, welche durch Sharpless-Oxidation mit tert-Butylhydroperoxid und Ti(OiPr)4 oder VO(acac)2 als Katalysatoren in hohen Ausbeuten in 5 bzw. 6a, b übergeführt werden konnten. Epoxidierung des Chinols 4 mit m-CPBA ergab durch Bayer-Villiger-Umlagerung bevorzugt das Lacton 7, was den Vorzug der jetzigen synthetischen Methode unterstreicht.
    Notes: On treatment with Ti(OiPr)4, 4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (1) and 10β-hydroperoxy-1,4-estradiene-3,17-dione (3), readily available by photooxygenation of p-cresol and estrone, respectively, were converted to the corresponding epoxy quinols 5 and 6a, b. Also significant amounts of the respective quinols 2 and 4 were obtained, which could be transformed in high yields into 5 and 6a, b by Sharpless oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide using Ti(OiPr)4 or VO(acac)2 as catalysts. Epoxidation of the quinol 4 with m-CPBA led preferentially to the lactone 7 by Bayer-Villiger rearrangement, showing the advantage of the present synthetic method.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dehalogenation of Geminal Dihalocyclopropanes, α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones, and Haloketones by Means of Magnesium Anthracene·3THF1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane (1a), 7,7-dichloro-, and 7,7-dibromonorcarane (1b) react with magnesium anthracene·3THF (2) under stepwise radical reduction to give 9a, b, 11a, b and 10, carbene products 6a, a′, b and 7a, b, and the alkylation products 4a, b and 5a, b, respectively. The distribution of the reaction products is strongly dependent upon the substrate and upon the reaction conditions: for instance, 1a in toluene undergoes a highly selective reduction to yield 9a, whereas in THF at low temperature 4a and 5a predominate. The reaction course proposed for the reaction of 1a with 2 is supported by deuteration experiments. α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones 12a-e can be reduced with 2 to give α-chlorocyclobutanones 13a-e in moderate to good yields; 12d is thereby converted in high purity into endo-13d. The reduction of 2-haloketones 15a-f with 2 in THF to the ketones 16a-f is possible only in low or moderate yields.
    Notes: 1,1-Dichlor-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropan (1a), 7,7-Dichlor- und 7,7-Dibromnorcaran (1b) reagieren mit Magnesiumanthracen·3THF (2) unter stufenweiser radikalischer Reduktion zu 9a, b bzw. 11a, b und 10, zu Carbenprodukten 6a, a′, b und 7a, b sowie zu Alkylierungsprodukten 4a, b und 5a, b. Die Verteilung der Reaktionsprodukte ist in starkem Maße vom Substrat und von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängig: 1a wird beispielsweise in Toluol mit hoher Selektivität zu 9a reduziert, während in THF bei tiefer Temperatur 4a und 5a Überwiegen. Der für die Reaktion von 1a mit 2 vorgeschlagene Reaktionsablauf wird durch Deuterierungsversuche unterstützt. α,α-Dichlorcyclobutanone 12a-e lassen sich mit 2 in THF in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu α-Chlorcyclobutanonen 13a-e reduzieren, 12d liefert dabei in hoher Reinheit das endo-13d. Die Reduktion von 2-Halogenketonen 15a-f mit 2 in THF zu den Ketonen 16a-f ist nur in geringen bis mäßigen Ausbeuten möglich.
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  • 94
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Addition of Lithium Alkanides to IminoboranesIn the presence of tmeda, lithium methanide, LiMe, can be added to the iminoboranes XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) in a molar ratio of 2:1; the products are the cyclobutene-type azaboraazoniaborata ring compounds 3a-c. In solutions of 3a-c, the Li(tmeda) group undergoes a fluctuation from one N-atom to the other. The X-ray analysis shows that the Li(tmeda) group in crystalline 3a is bonded to one distinct N-atom; the 4 BN bond lengths in the nonplanar ring structure of 3a are found in a range between 142.5 and 163.3 pm; the structure is illustrated by the determination of the X-X-deformation electron density. The more stable iminoboranes 1d, e [X = tBu, N(tBu)-SiMe3], partly 1c, too, are alkylolithiated by LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) in a regio- and stereospecific way to give the crystalline aminoboranes R-(X)B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda); a facile exchange of the Li(tmeda) group by electrophiles is observed. tBu2B=N-(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a relatively short BN double bond of 138.3 pm.
    Notes: Die Iminoborane XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) addieren in Gegenwart von tmeda Lithiummethanid LiMe im Verhältnis 2:1 unter Ausbildung der Cyclobuten-homologen Azaboraazoniaborata-Ringverbindungen 3a-c. In Lösungen von 3a-c fluktuiert die Li(tmeda)-Gruppe zwischen den Ring-N-Atomen. Die röntgenographische Bestimmung der Struktur von 3a ergibt eine an ein Ring-N-Atom fixierte Li(tmeda)-Gruppe und einen nicht planaren Vierring mit 4 ungleichen BN-Abständen zwischen 142.5 und 163.3 pm; die Beschreibung der Struktur wird durch die Bestimmung von Deformationselektronendichten ergänzt. Die stabileren Imonoborane 1d, e [X = tBu) N(tBu)-SiMe3], z. T. auch 1c, addieren die Lithiumalkanide LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) regio- und stereospezifisch zu den kristallinen Aminoboranen R-(X)-B=N(tBu) -Li(tmeda) mit einer elektrophil leicht austauschbaren Li(tmeda)-Gruppe. Die Verbindung tBu2B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) kristallisiert monoklin mit einem für eine relativ kurze BN-Doppelbindung typischen Abstand von 138.3 pm.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 5-Oxazolone, II. - 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone: Synthese und säurekatalysierte Umwandlung in 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 2 wurden durch Arylierung der entsprechenden 5(4H)-oxazolone 1 mit 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzol-Derivaten unter Phasentransfer-Bedingungen dargestellt. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 5 wurden ähnlich aus den entsprechenden Derivaten 1 und 2-Chlor-3,5-dinitropyridin erhalten. Durch Reaktion mit Methanol und p-Toluolsulfonsäure lagerten die Oxazolone 2 in die entsprechenden 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate 8 um. Unter denselben Bedingungen lieferten die Oxazolone 5 eine Mischung der entsprechend substituierten 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine 7 und der substituierten Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine 12. In allen Fällen trat als Konkurrenzreaktion Solvolyse zu substituierten Glycinestern 9 und 11 auf. Reaktionswege werden diskutiert.
    Notes: 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 were prepared by arylation of the corresponding 5(4H)-oxazolones 1 under phase-transfer conditions with the corresponding 1-halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 5 were obtained similarly from the corresponding 1 and 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine. On reaction with methanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, oxazolones 2 rearranged to the corresponding 1-hydroxy-1H-indazole derivatives 8. Under the same conditions oxazolones 5 afforded a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridines 7 and substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines 12. In all cases the solvolysis reaction, yielding substituted glycine esters 9 and 11, was competitive with the rearrangement. Reaction paths are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Radical Type Cyclisation of Dienes, II. - The Regio-and Stereoselectivity of Radical Cyclopentane Synthesis from Dienes via Alkenylmercury SaltsWhen ethyl 8-methoxy-2,7-octadienoate (1) is treated with mercury(II) acetate in the presence of calcium oxide and methanol followed by reduction with NaBH4 a mixture of ethyl cis- and trans-[2-(dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]acetate (cis-2 and trans-2) is obtained regioselectively in 90% yield. Under analogous conditions ethyl (1′S,2′S3′R,4′R)-[3-(dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetate (4a) is obtained exclusively in a regio- and stereoselective manner from ethyl (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propenoate (3) in 70% yield. This proves radical type cyclisations of optically active derivatives of 1 to proceed not only regioselectively but also with high stereoselectivity.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von 8-Methoxy-2,7-octadiensäure-ethylester (1) mit Quecksilber(II)-acetat in Gegenwart von Calciumoxid und Methanol und anschließender NaBH4-Reduktion wird regioselektiv in 90proz. Ausbeute ein Gemisch von cis- und trans-[2-(Dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]essigsäure-ethylester (cis-2a und trans-2a) erhalten. Unter analogen Reaktionsbedingungen entsteht aus (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-Methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propensäure-ethylester (3) regio- und stereoselektiv in 70 proz. Ausbeute nur (1′S,2′S,3′R,4′R)-[3-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]essigsäure-ethylester (4a). Damit ist sichergestellt, daß die radikalische Cyclisierung von optisch aktiven Derivaten von 1 unter den angegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht nur regioselektiv, sondern auch mit hoher Stereoselektivität verläuft.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Thermolyseverhalten von C5H8-Kohlenwasserstoffen.  -  Gasphasen-Thermolyse von Cuncan, ein neues Beispiel für die Freisetzung hoher SpannungsenergieDie Kinetik der Gasphasenthermolyse von Cunean2) (1) wurde im Temperaturbereich von 180-220°C untersucht. Es handelt sich um eine Reaktion erster Ordnung, die zu zwei C8H8-Isomeren führt, zu Semibullvalen (2) und Cyclooctatetraen (3). Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist abhängig von der Temperatur entsprechend der Arrhenius-Gleichung log(k/s-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. Die Arrheniusparameter stimmen mit einem biradikalischen Mechanismus überein, der zur Bildung von Semibullvalen (2) führt. Die Produktverteilung ist druckabhängig. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß das zuerst gebildete Semibullvalen (2) hoch schwingungsangeregt (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) ist und zu Cyclooctatetraen (3) weiterreagiert.
    Notes: The kinetics of thermal decomposition of cuneane2) (1) in the gas phase have been investigated in the temperature range 180-220°C. The reaction is a clean first-order homogeneous process leading to the formation of two C8H8 isomers, viz., semibullvalene3) (2) and cyclooctatetraene (3). The rate constant varies with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation log(k/S-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. The Arrhenius parameters are consistent with a biradical mechanism leading to the formation of semibullvalene (2). The product proportions are pressure-dependent which strongly suggests that semibullvalene (2) is initially formed with high vibrational energy content (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) and can react further to give cyclooctatetraene (3).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trapping Reactions for Unstable [1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl] Dialkyl PhosphitesThe reaction of ClP(OR)2 1a-d (R = Me, Et; R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) with hexafluoroacetone yields the thermally unstable phosphites ClC(CF3)2OP(OR)2 4a-d besides other products. Trimethyl phosphite converts 4a-d into the phosphates (MeO)2P(O)OC(CF3)2P(OR)2 (R = Me, Et) 5a and b and the phosphonates (MeO)2P(O)C(CF3)2OP(OR)2 (R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) 5c and d, Compounds formed in an Arbuzov reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for the Formation of P—P Bonds  -  Synthesis of Cyclic Diphosphane MonosulfidesAttempts to synthesize the silyl ester of dimethylthiophosphorous acid Me2P—S—SiMe3 by treating diemthylphosphane sulfide Me2P(S)H with Me2N—SiMe3 almost quantitatively lead to the diphosphane monosulfide Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) besides (Me3Si)2S. If disecondary phosphane sulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)MeH are employed instead of Me2P(S)H the monosulfides of the 1,2-diphospholanes or 1,2-diphosphinanes 7a and 7b, respectively, are obtained. Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone to 7a or 7b affords oxyphosphoranes with λ4P—λ5P bonds.
    Notes: Beim Versuch, Dimethylphosphansulfid Me2P(S)H durch Umsetzung mit Me2N—SiMe3 in den Silylester der Dimethylthiophosphorigen Säure Me2P—S—SiMe3 zu überführen, wurde neben (Me3Si)2S ausschließlich das Diphosphanmonosulfid Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) erhalten. Die Übertragung dieses Reaktionsprinzips auf die disekundären Phosphansulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)-MeH (n = 3,4; 6a, b) macht die Monosulfide der 1,2-Diphospholane bzw. 1,2-Diphosphinane 7a bzw. 7b zugänglich. Oxidative Addition von Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon an 7a bzw. 7b liefert Oxyphosphorane mit λ4P—λ5P-Strukturelementen.
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