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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 262 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 375 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 5 (1968), S. 507-530 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of interplanetary relativistic electrons from several solar-flare events monitored through 1964 to mid-1967 are presented. These are the first direct spectral measurements and time histories, made outside the magnetosphere, of solar-flare electrons having relativistic velocities. The 3- to 12-MeV electrons detected have kinetic energies about two orders of magnitude higher than those solar electrons previously studied in space, and measurements of both the time histories and energy spectra for a number of events in the present solar cycle were carried out. These measurements of interplanetary electrons are also directly compared with solar X-ray data and with measurements of related interplanetary solar protons. The time histories of at least four electron events show fits to the typical diffusion picture. A demonstrated similarity between the electron and the medium-energy proton fits for the event of 7 July, in particular, indicates that at these electron energies, but over several orders of magnitude of rigidity, whatever diffusion does take place is very nearly on a velocity, rather than a rigidity or an energy, basis. Diffusion-fit time histories varied as a function of T 0 also indicate that the electrons in certain flare events originate at times near the X-ray and microwave burst, establishing their likely identity as the same electrons which cause the impulsive radiations. Also, the energy spectra and total numbers of the interplanetary electrons, compared with those of the flare-site electrons calculated from X-ray and microwave measurements, indicate that probably a small fraction of flare electrons escape into interplanetary space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 308 (1984), S. 434-435 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ISEE-3 burst spectrometer7,8 trigger criterion differs from previous techniques in that the time for detecting a preset number of photons is accumulated ('time to spill'), rather than accumulating counts over a preset time interval. The photon counter setting and timing precision (clock ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 287 (1980), S. 122-124 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In addition to its identification, the 5 March transient has several unique characteristics that set it apart3'6 from the general class of ?-ray bursts: the peak flux of 103 erg cm2 s"1 in the impulsive phase of the event is an order of magnitude greater than that of any other y-ray burst. At the ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 749-750 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Carter et al.1 derived an upper limit to the (balloon) intensity of small y-ray bursts at = 100 below the extrapolated known size spectrum, and concluded that y-ray bursts are of galactic origin. But we claim, for the following reasons, that their results are entirely consistent with the - 1.5 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 694-696 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This experiment was designed to investigate the possibility that cosmic y-ray bursts could be detected in the size region of 10-7 to several times 10-6 erg cm-2, below the apparent bend in the size spectrum of Vela events as described by Strong and Klebesadel2. It has generally been assumed that ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 1186-1188 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN this article, we shall direct attention to the fact that recent observations from satellites indicate a similarity between the low-energy, relativistic cosmic-ray electron and proton differential velocity spectra. We feel that experimental evidence for spectral neutrality of cosmic radiation and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 75 (1981), S. 181-191 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on results from the Goddard germanium Gamma-Ray Burst Spectrometer flown on the ISEE-3 spacecraft. Spectral and temporal studies of two events on 4 and 19 November, 1978 are presented. The power law spectral indices were found to be respectively −1.82 and −1.31, the latter being the hardest event thus far detected. Evidence for two lines in the 4 November event is presented — a broad feature at ∼420 keV and a narrower one at 740 keV. These are consistent with a common redshift if the parent lines are assumed to be the positron annihilation line (511 keV) and the first excited state of iron (847 keV). If this interpretation is correct, it is shown that additional lines from higher levels of iron and possibly other nuclei are expected and that they may represent a significant contribution to the total spectrum above 1 MeV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 42 (1976), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Work at Goddard is preséntly being carried out in three major areas of gamma-ray burst research: (1) A pair of simultaneously operating 0.8-m2 burst detectors were successfully balloon-borne at locations 800 miles apart on 9 May, 1975, each to atmospheric depths of 3 to 4 g cm−2, for a 20-h period of coincident data coverage. This experiment investigates the size spectrum of bursts in the 10−7 to 10−6 erg cm−2 size region where dozens of events per day are expected on a −1.5 index integral power-law extrapolation. Considerable separation in latitude was used to avoid possible atmospheric and auroral secondary effects. Its results are not yet available. This experiment is the sequel to a single balloon flight in May 1974, in which candidate events were found to fit the −1.5 spectral extrapolation, indicating the need for positive event identification. (2) A deep-space burst detector, the first spacecraft instrument built specifically for gamma-ray burst studies, was recently successfully integrated into the Helios-B space probe. Its use at distances of up to 2 AU will make possible the first high-resolution directional study of gamma-ray burst source locations. Similar modifications to several other space vehicles are also being prepared. (3) Our gamma-ray instrument on the IMP-7 satellite is presently the most sensitive burst detector still operating in orbit. Its results have shown that all measured event-average energy spectra are consistent with being alike. Using this characteristic spectrum to select IMP-7 candidate events of smaller size than those detected using other spacecraft in coincidence, a size spectrum is constructed which fits the −1.5 index power law down to 2.5×10−5 erg cm−2 per event, at an occurrence rate of about once per month.
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