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  • Lepidoptera  (61)
  • Springer  (61)
  • Elsevier
  • Wiley
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (61)
  • 1987  (61)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (61)
  • Elsevier
  • Wiley
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (61)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of innate feeding preferences by a polyphagous insect despite ingestion of applied deleterious chemicals (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedants ; aversion learning ; fall armyworm ; feeding behavior ; polyphagy ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné si l'introduction d'une substance chimique nocive dans la plante-hôte préférée pouvait modifier la hiérarchie des choix durant le reste de la vie d'un insecte phytophage. Le comportement de préférence de Spodoptera frugiperda pour le maïs (Zea mays) vis à vis des Phaseolus, a été quantifié dans un dispositif à choix binaire, ont suivi des expériences au cours desquelles les chenilles devaient s'alimenter, soit sur maïs sain, soit sur maïs traité. Chaque essai concernait un composé chimique (15 au total), 13 étant des substances allélochimiques naturelles, 2 des insecticides de synthèse. Aux concentrations étudiées, aucun des produits n'a eu d'effet dissuasif. Les effets nocifs pendant l'exposition sur les chenilles comprenaient une croissance et une taille réduites, une irritation et, dans quelques cas, la mort. Aucune des expériences de choix binaire, avec des chenilles ayant subi cette exposition, n'a modifié les préférences. Cependant les chenilles, qui avaient été exposées au gossypol ou à l'acide monocarboxylique éthyl ester de chrysanthemum, ont consommé moins pendant les stades ultérieurs que ce que l'on pouvait attendre en absence de choix. Le degré d'aversion acquis par chaque chenille dépendait de l'importance des maux qu'elle avait subis précédemment.
    Notes: Abstract The question of whether the appearance of a novel deleterious chemical in a preferred host plant could alter the relative degree of preference by a polyphagous insect during its lifetime was considered. The behavioral preference of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), for corn (Zea mays L.) over red kidney bean Phaseolus spp. was quantified in a two-way choice test, and followed by a no-choice test in which the same larvae were fed either treated or untreated corn. Each treatment consisted of one of 15 compounds, including 13 naturally occurring allelochemicals and two synthetic insecticides. None of the test chemicals had any inherently deterrent effect at the rates tested. Deleterious effects on the larvae during exposure included reduced growth, reduced size, irritancy, and in some cases death. After this exposure the two way choice test was repeated. All test compounds failed to elicit a change in relative preference during the final two-way choice test. However, larvae exposed to gossypol and chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid ester fed less than expected during the latter stages of no-choice conditions. The degree of aversion learning by each larva was related to the degree of prior sickness it had experienced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369182
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    The importance of the behaviour of young larvae in sorghum resistance to Chilo partellus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; resistance mechanism ; larval establishment ; egg infestation ; larval infestation ; bazooka applicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Institut International de Recherches sur les Cultures en Régions Semi-Arides (ICRISAT) étudie la protection contre C. partellus Swinhoe par l'utilisation de cultivars résistants. Différents cultivars présentent une résistance à différents stades de croissance de la plante, et à différents stades de l'insecte. La résistance du sorgho à C. partellus dépend de plusieurs mécanismes, l'un d'eux conditionnant l'installation des chenilles du premier stade dans le verticille de la plante. Cependant, la lenteur de l'installation d'est un facteur lié à la résistance que chez quelques cultivars. Plusiers facteurs physiques et chimiques sont associés à l'installation préférentielle des jeunes chenilles dans le verticille foliare. Parmi les caractères physiques, le port érigé des feuilles, la présence de poches à leur base et les cires superficielles sont impliqués dans l'installation des chenilles. Une analyse chimique détaillée d'extraits des structures superficielles a montré que la concentration d'une substance, le C32 “marqueur” de la lignée résistante IS 2205, était 2 fois plus faible que dans les lignées sensibles IS 1151 et CSH 1.
    Notes: Abstract Management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by the use of resistant cultivars is being developed at ICRISAT. Different cultivars show resistance based on several mechanisms, one of which affects the establishment of first instar larvae in the plant whorl. However, it has been found that low establishment is a factor associated with resistance only in some cultivars and not in others. A number of physical and chemical plant factors are associated with preferential establishment of the young larvae in the leaf whorl. Among the physical characteristics, erect leaves and curled leaf bases are involved in larval establishment. Detailed chemical analysis of surface extracts showed that the concentration of one compound in the wax is related to resistance at this stage and assessment of physical and chemical plant characters has been used to predict resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343624
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  • 3
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    The effect of age of current-year shoots of Picea glauca on survival, development time, and feeding efficiency of 6th-instar larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; white spruce ; Picea glauca ; food consumption ; survival ; development time ; artificial diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre lyophilysée de pousses de l'année de Picea glauca a été introduite dans le régime de chenilles du 6ème stade de Choristoneura fumiferana: 20% de poudre de pousses, 1.2% de gélifiant, 78.8% d'eau. Il est ainsi possible de déterminer à 2 mg près la quantité d'aliment consommée par chaque chenille, et, ainsi, de calculer, pour chacune, l'indice alimentaire, dont la prise de nourriture est l'une des variables. Avec de tels régimes préparés à partie de pousses recueillies au cours de 1983, on a constaté que la date de nymphose, la quantité consommée, et le poids ultérieur des papillons dépendaient du sexe de la chenille. En général, les chenilles femelles se nymphosent plus tard, consomment plus et donnent des papillons plus lourds (poids sec) que les chenilles mâles. L'efficacité de l'assimilation et celle de la transformation en biomasse de papillon ne différent pas suivant les sexes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont la même aptitude à digérer les pousses. Les taux de survie de chenille à nymphe et de nymphe à imago ne différent donc pas. Cependant, certains de ces paramètres et d'autres changent en fonction de l'âge des pousses annuelles. Quand elles ont été récoltées 7 jours après le débourrement (il a lieu le 20 mai), la survie jusqu'en nymphe est de 93% contre 74% de survie totale; avec des pousses récoltées 52 jours après le débourrement (11 juillet) les taux de survie sont respectivement 7% et 1.4%; avec des pousses récoltées 146 jours après le débourrement (13 octobre) les survies sont 71% et 50%. Des pousses récoltées 28 jours ou plus après le débourrement, retardent la date de nymphose de 25% par rapport à celles récoltées entre 7 et 14 après le débourrement; parallèlement, elles abaissent l'efficacité de l'assimilation de 39%, l'efficacité de conversion de la biomasse de 125%, et le poids des papillons de 54%. Ces changements sont liés à une diminution de la teneur en azote des pousses de 2.1% à environ 1% du poids sec. Cependant la corrélation entre la survie des chenilles et la teneur en azote n'est pas rigoureuse et un facteur encore inconnu est supposé responsable de l'augmentation de la mortalité quand les chenilles consomment (dans leur régime) des pousses récoltées début juillet, 52 jours après le débourrement. Les travaux destinés à identifier ce facteur inconnu sont en cours.
    Notes: Abstract Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year (1983) shoots of white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were offered to 6th-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). With increasing age of current-year shoots, time to pupation increased whereas survival, assimilation efficiency, efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass, and moth dry weight generally decreased. Sex of the larvae influenced amount ingested, time to pupation, and subsequent moth weight but not survival, assimilation efficiency, and efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343557
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  • 4
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    Pine monoterpenes stimulate oviposition in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulants ; Panolis flammea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343565
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  • 5
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    Field activity of sex pheromone components of Peribatodes rhomboidaria (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadien-3-one ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; Peribatodes rhomboidaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; field tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367630
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  • 6
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    Influence of host-plants on the wind dispersal and the survival of an Australian geometrid caterpillar (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; first instars ; wind dispersal ; survival ; host-plants ; host-selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles d'E. excursaria ne pondent pas là où les chenilles de premier stade s'alimentent. La dispersion par le vent, a été examinée comme l'un des éléments de la sélection de la plante-hôte par les chenilles du premier stade. Cette dispersion était influencée par la nature du végétal et par l'âge du feuillage. La dispersion à partir de 3 plantes de valeurs alimentaires différentes n'a pas été modifiée par le jeûne du premier stade. Le taux de survie, sur feuilles coupées et sur plantes en pot, a été aussi influencé par la nature du végétal. Il y a eu une corrélation positive significative entre le pourcentage de chenilles de premier stade restant sur le feuillage de l'hôte lors d'expériences de dispersion et le taux de survie sur ce feuillage. On peut suggérer que le comportement alimentaire polyphage des chenilles et la fécondité élevée des femelles peuvent avoir contribué à la stratégie de dispersion larvaire, comme processus de sélection larvaire, au détriment d'une sélection du lieu de ponte par les femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The wind dispersal and survival of the first instars of a native polyphagous geometrid, Ectropis excursaria (Guenée) on Citrus sinensis (L.), Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Medicago sativa (L.) and Pinus radiata D. Don., were studied. A positive correlation existed between the percentage of caterpillars remaining on the foliage in dispersal experiments and the percent survival of caterpillars on these host-plants. The results are discussed in relation to the host-selection strategy of the first instars and the advantages of dispersal are compared for adult females and young larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369191
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  • 7
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    Physiological interactions and development synchronisations between non-diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; development synchronisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations physiologiques entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement sans diapause. Le parasitoïde ralentit la prise de poids de l'hôte: le poids maximal des chenilles parasitées ne représente que 78% de celui des chenilles saines. Seule la durée du 5ème stade est significativement plus longue chez les chenilles parasitées que chez les saines (10,4 contre 8,0 jours). L'influence de l'hôte sur le développement du parasitoïde à été expérimentée en parasitant des stades 2 à 5 d'O. nubilalis. Lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 2, le développement larvaire complet du parasitoî de dure deux fois plus longtemps que lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 5. Le meilleur rendement en pupes (50%) est obtenu lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 3. Il a été montré qu'il existe une bonne synchronisation entre le développement de l'hôte et de son parasitoî de. Il y a 4 phases physiologiques du développement larvaire de P. nigrolineata qui semblent nécessiter un signal provenant de l'hôte pour être dépassées. Ainsi peuvent être mis en relation: — le début de la croissance de la larve néonate du parasitoî de et l'ecdysis 3/4 de l'hôte; — la première mue du parasitoïde et l'ecdysis 4/5 de l'hôte; — la reprise de la croissance du stade II du parasitoïde, vers un poids de 1 mg et la remontée des taux d'ecdystéroïdes au milieu du stade 5 de l'hôte. et probablement, — la seconde mue du parasitoïde et l'apolyse nymphale de l'hôte. Les expérimentations vont se poursuivre pour déterminer les facteurs en cause. Ces phénomènes de synchronisation seront aussi étudiés dans le cas de la diapause de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The physiological relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner and its tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host without diapause. The parasitoid lowers the larval growth of the host: the maximal weight attained by the parasitized larvae represented only 78% of that of healthy ones. The duration of the last larval host instar increased to 10.4 days in parasitized O. nubilalis compared to 8.0 days in unparasitized ones. The influence of the host on the parasitoid development was studied experimentally after parasitization of O. nubilalis larvae of instars 2 to 5. When the second larval instar of the host is parasitized, the overall duration of parasitoid larval development lasts twice as long as when the fifth instar is parasitized. The best yield of parasitoid pupariae (50%) is obtained when parasitization occurs in instar 3. We show that good synchronisation exists between the larval development of the host and its parasitoid. There are four phases of parasitoid development which would appear to require a ‘signal’ from the host: the start of the growth of newly hatched parasitoid larvae and the 3rd to 4th instar ecdysis of the host; the first moulting of the parasitoid and the 4th to 5th instar ecdysis of the host; the growth resumption of the parasitoid instar II (weight about 1 mg) and the small rise of the ecdysteroid level in the middle of host instar 5; and in all probability, the second parasitoid moulting and the larval-pupal apolysis of the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305642
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  • 8
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    Effectiveness and persistence of the oviposition deterring pheromone of Pieris brassicae in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; field experiments ; pre-oviposition behaviour ; dispersal ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de l'efficacité de la phéromone dissuasive de la ponte (ODP) de P. brassicae a été effectuée au cours de petites expériences dans la nature. Dans des cages contenant des choux traités à l'ODP et des choux témoins, des femelles isolées ont été lâchées et leur comportement a été suivi jusqu'à ce qu'elles aient choisi un lieu de ponte. Dans les expériences sans plantes traitées à l'ODP, la ponte avait lieu uniformément sur les plantes de la cage. En présence de la phéromone, la ponte était concentrée sur les plantes situées sur deux côtés de la cage. La distribution des tentatives de ponte sur plantes témoins et traitées dans les expériences avec phéromone ne différait cependant pas de la distribution observée dans les expériences témoins. Ceci montre que pour ces conditions expérimentales dans la nature, l'efficacité finale de la phéromone est nulle. Cependant, la durée du comportement de préponte et le nombre moyen d'atterrissages pendant la sélection du lieu de ponte par les pondeuses était tous les deux accrus significativement en présence de phéromone. L'ODP a modifié aussi le nombre d'atterrissages sur les plantes témoins qui étaient plus élevés dans les expériences avec phéromone que dans les expériences témoins. Sans phéromone, les femelles libérées au centre de la cage avaient tendance à voler vers les parois de la cage. La présence d'ODP a stimulé ce comportement et, de plus, a dissuadé le retour des femelles vers le centre de la cage, réduisant ainsi la ponte sur les plantes au centre du lot. Des expériences de laboratoire avec des feuilles de plantes traitées dans la nature ont montré la persistance de la phéromone pendant au moins 5 jours dans les conditions de la nature. Nous en avons conclu que, dans la nature, ODP agit en modifiant le comportement de pré-ponte des femelles et en stimulant l'activité de dispersion, plutôt qu'en fournissant une protection absolue contre la ponte de P. brassicae.
    Notes: Abstract In small-scale field experiments the potency of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of Pieris brassicae as a pest control agent has been studied. In a field cage containing control and ODP-treated cabbage plants, single females were released and their behaviour observed until they had selected an oviposition site. In experiments without ODP-treated plants, oviposition occurred evenly on plants throughout the cage. In the presence of the pheromone, oviposition was concentrated on plants along two sides of the cage. The distribution of oviposition attempts on control and treated plants in pheromone experiments, however, was not significantly different from that in the control experiments. This means that under these field conditions, i.e. within a cage, the ultimate effectiveness of the pheromone is nil. However, the duration of pre-oviposition behaviour and the mean number of landings during the site-selection process by ovipositing females were both found to be significantly increased in the presence of the pheromone. The ODP also affected the relative number of landings on control plants, which was higher in the pheromone runs than in the control runs. Without pheromone, females released from the center of the cage tended to fly to the sides of the cage. The presence of ODP stimulates this flight behaviour and, moreover, discourages females from returning to the center of the cage, thereby reducing oviposition on central plants in the field plot. Laboratory experiments with leaves from treated field plants indicated persistence of the pheromone under field conditions for at least 5 days. It is concluded that in the field the ODP acts as a modifier of female pre-oviposition behaviour and stimulates dispersal activity, rather than giving absolute protection against P. brassicae oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343583
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  • 9
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    Range of action of moth sex-attractant sources (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pheromone ; sex-attractant ; range ; attraction ; stimulation ; sampling ; Lepidoptera ; Cydia nigricana ; mark and recapture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations and experiments which indicate the range of attraction of a sex-attractant source are distinguished from those which show its range of stimulation or sampling range. Published evidence of these ranges for lepidopteran sex-attractant sources is reviewed. In particular, evidence for the values of these three parameters for traps containing 100 μg of synthetic sex-pheromone of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana (F.), is presented, including the results of a timed mark and recapture experiment. It is concluded that for C. nigricana the ranges of attraction, stimulation and the daily sampling range for such a source placed in a cereal crop are at least 200, 500 and 500 m respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361302
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  • 10
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    Hickory shuckworm Cydia caryana: electroantennogram and flight tunnel studies of potential sex pheromone components (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; Cydia caryana ; sex pheromone ; electroantennogram ; flight tunnel ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses olfactives antennaires de Cydia caryana, mesurées par électroantennogrammes (EAG), aux alcools et acétates à carbones monounsaturés en positions 12 et 14, ont montré que le système conjugué de double liaison, (E)-8-, (E)-10- du dodecadien-1-ol acétate constitue un composé chimique strutural critique de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana. De plus, les acétates: (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol, et le (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol, se sont révélés en AEG comme des composés secondaires de la phéromone. L'étude par AEG de la relation dose-réponse a conduit à l'hypothèse de deux catégories de populations de récepteurs de phéromones. L'analyse comportementale des résponses des papillons mâles dans le tunnel de vol aux composés qui ont provoqués les plus forts AEG, on fait estimer que les acétates (E,E)-8,10-dodécadien-1-ol et (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol ressemblent (ou sont) les constituants de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana; tandis que les (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol et (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol sont, soit des paraphéromones, soit des constituants mineurs de la phéromone. La signification biologique du (Z)-12-tétradécen-1-ol a été difficile à interprêter avec les expériences en tunnel de vol.
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) measurement of male Cydia caryana moth antennal olfactory response to monounsaturated 12 and 14 carbon alcohols and acetates indicated that the (E)-8-, (E)-10- conjugated double bond system of a dodecadien-1-ol acetate is a critical chemical structural component of the C. caryana sex pheromone. Additionally, EAG measurements implicated (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol as potential minor pheromonal components. An EAG dosage-response study suggested that there were at least two heterologous populations of pheromone acceptors. Behavioral analysis of male moth response in a flight tunnel to compounds which evoked the stronger EAG responses suggested that (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate resemble or are C. caryana sex pheromonal components, while (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol acetate are either parapheromones or are minor pheromone components. Behavioral significance of (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol was difficult to interpret in the flight tunnel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361305
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  • 11
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    A pheromone mimic: disruption of mating communication in the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella, with Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; navel orangeworm ; Amyelois transitella ; pheromone mimic ; mating disruption ; Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene ; Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le Z-Z-1,12,14-heptacécatriène, qui mime l'aldéhyde Z-Z-11,13-hexadécadénial, principal composé de la phéromone de A. transitella Walker, a été essayé pour interrompre les accouplements dans la nature. Un conditionnement avec plastique stratifié a mieux dispersé le triène que la présentation en capsules de polyéthylène. Comme dans le cas des autres produits examinés précédemment, ce triène a interrompu l'attraction sexuelle (réduction du nombre de mâles capturés dans les pièges, réduction du nombre d'accouplements) de A. transitella dans les vergers d'amandiers, pendant moins longtemps que l'aldéhyde. Placé dans des pièges contenant des femelles vierges, il est efficace comme l'aldehyde pendant 5 semaines, pendant 3 semaines lorsqu'il est placé autour des pièges et pendant 13 jours quand il est utilisé dans des parcelles de 9 arbres. Des essais ultérieurs avec d'autres présentations et des quantités plus élevées de triène devraient montrer si ce produit peut être utilisé pour l'interruption des accouplements. Les analogues de phéromones ont généralement une plus grande stabilité et un coût de synthèse moins élevé que les aldéhydes.
    Notes: Abstract A novel olefinic analog, Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene, was synthesized from Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal, a major pheromone component of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and evaluated as a potential disruptant of mating communication in commercial almond orchards. The effectiveness of the triene as a disruptant was compared to that of the aldehyde by evaluating the reduction in captures of feral males in female-baited traps and the reduction in mating success for females. The triene was highly effective in bringing about reductions in male captures in traps in all tests relative to controls. This effectiveness lasted as long as 5 weeks in one test and was influenced by type of dispenser, release rate and proximity of dispensers to female-baited traps. In none of the tests did the triene outperform the aldehyde in reducing male captures. The results of mating success tests showed the triene to be ineffective relative to controls (26% reduction) while the aldehyde yielded 100% reductions in matings during a 6-day period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369186
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    Influence of fertilizer on southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, infestation and damage to field corn (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Southwestern corn borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Lepidoptera ; insects and fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié les corrélations entre l'utilisation d'engrais azotés et phosphatés d'une part, l'infestation et l'alimentation de D. grandiosella sur maïs en champs d'autre part. Les formules d'engrais comparées étaient: pas d'engrais, 90 et 179 kg N/ha sans P, 45 et 90 kg P/ha sans N, et les combinaisons de ces deux teneurs en N et P. La contamination était plus élevée dans les lots ayant reçu de l'azote que dans ceux traités sans N, mais la présence d'azote n'a pas réduit le décapage des tiges et la verse dus à l'alimentatin larvaire. A l'inverse, les lots n'ayant reçu que du phosphore avaient des pourcentages plus faibles de tiges contaminées par D. grandiosella et ainsi décapées et versées, que ceux qui n'avaient pas reçu P. Il n'a pas eu de différences significatives dans les contaminations ou les dégats entre les lots ayant reçu différentes combinaisons de N et P, et les effets de ces combinaisons sur l'insecte étaient intermédiaires à ceux de N et P seuls.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have differing effects on southwestern corn borer (SWCB). Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, densities and damage to field corn, Zea mays L. Nitrogen fertilization of corn is associated with an increase in number of stalks infested and girdled by corn borers, while addition of P has the opposite effect. When combinations of N and P were applied, there were no significant differences in SWCB infestation or damage from plots receiving no fertilizer. The effect of combinations of N and P on SWCB were intermediate to either element alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343560
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 943-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; macrocyclic diesters ; monoesters ; dihydropyrrolizines ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterflies ; overwintering ; asteraceae ; Boraginaceae ; ecological chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary North American populations of the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus, have been found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. Analytical methods (TLC, GC, and GC/MS) have been developed to isolate, quantitate, and structurally elucidate the alkaloids. Examples of at least two classes of pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been identified, the macrocyclic diesters, senecionine, integerrimine, and seneciphylline, and the monoesters, echinatine, intermedine, and lycopsamine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951680
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    Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Salicaceae ; Herbivory ; Resource allocation ; Chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cottonwood tree, Populus deltoides, continues to produce leaves late into the growing season, exposing midseason herbivores to leaves of a wide range of maturity. Gypsy moth larvae preferred and grew best on the oldest cottonwood leaves and suffered higher mortality and 85% less growth when fed young, expanding leaves. Concentration of phenolics in the youngest leaves was 3 times that in the oldest leaves and was negatively correlated with caterpillar growth rate. The active phenolics were not identified; tannin was present but its concentration changed more with season than leaf age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378978
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    Inhibition of feeding by a generalist insect due to increased volatile leaf terpenes under nitrate-limiting conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2059-2067 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; volatile terpenes ; nitrogen ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-limited plants ofHeterotheca subaxillaris accumulate greater quantities of leaf volatile terpenes than do nitrogen-rich plants. A series of feeding trials were performed to determine if such nitrate-limited plants are better defended against generalist-feeding insect herbivores. Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae were fed leaves fromH. subaxillaris rosettes grown under high and low nitrate supply regimes. Larval consumption, growth, and survival declined as the leaf volatile terpene content increased. Larval consumption and growth were enhanced by higher plant nitrate supply and with increasing leafage. The results suggest that the higher quantity of volatile terpenes in the leaves of nitrate-limited plants may better defend these leaves against generalist-feeding insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012871
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    Sex pheromone differences in populations of the brownheaded leafroller,Ctenopseustis obliquana (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 623-629 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Ctenopseustis obliquana ; brownheaded leafroller ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ctenopseustis obliquana females collected from Christchurch were found to produce a mixture of (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate in their sex pheromone gland, in contrast toC. obliquana from Auckland which produce an 80∶20 mixture of (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate. This identification has been made on the basis of instrumental and chemical analyses. Antennae of maleC. obliquana from Christchurch gave a maximal electroantennogram response to (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate. A field trapping program in Christchurch using combinations of synthetic (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate caughtCtenopseustis males equally well if the latter chemical was present or absent. No males were caught in traps baited with the Auckland-type pheromone. In Alexandra,Ctenopseustis males were caught in traps baited with Auckland-type pheromone and not in traps baited with Christchurch-type pheromone. This phenomenon is ascribed to the existence of sibling species within the describedC. obliquana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880104
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    Kairomone-mediated host finding by spruce budworm egg parasite,Trichogramma minutum (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 113-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; moth scale ; kairomone ; mass rearing ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The host-finding responses of the egg parasite,Trichogramma minutum Riley, reared from its natural host,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and a laboratory host,Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), to hexane extracts of scales of these hosts were compared in laboratory experiments. When presented withC. fumiferana eggs on filter papers treated with hexane and hexane extract of grain moth scales, egg finding byT. minutum was random. When presented with budworm eggs on filter papers treated with hexane and hexane extract of budworm scales,T. minutum found significantly more eggs on extract-treated filter papers, indicating the presence of kairomones on the scales of spruce budworms.T. minutum responded to kairomone-treated patches with a localized search behavior characterized by intense antennal tapping, decreased locomotion and increased turning within the patch, and repeated returns to the patch. In the absence of successful host finding, this response slowly waned. No significant difference in behavior ofT. minutum reared on eitherC. fumiferana orS. cerealella was observed.
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    Sex pheromone blend discrimination by male moths fromE andZ strains of European corn borer (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-11-tet-radecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone behavioral responses were analyzed in a flight tunnel with European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), males from three distinct populations. Males from a bivoltine and a univoltine biotype using a 97.8∶2.2 blend (Z strains) of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were assayed with treatments containing 0, 0.5, 1, and 3% of theE isomer. Males from neither population oriented in the plume to the 100%Z treatment, but bivoltine males oriented and flew to the source to the other three treatments, whereas univoltine males oriented and flew to the source only to the 1 % and 3 %E treatments. Males from a bivoltine biotype using a 1∶99 blend ofZ/E isomers (E strain) were assayed with sources containing 0, 0.5, 1, and 3% of theZ isomer. Males did not orient to the 0%Z source, but oriented and flew to the source to the other three treatments. In addition to using opposite geometric isomers for the main pheromone component, the bivoltineE strain differed from the bivoltineZ strain by producing and responding better to 1 % of the minor component and by storing 3 times more pheromone in the female glands. Contrary to previous reports, the blend of two pheromone components is significantly better than the main component alone in eliciting oriented flight and close-range behavior with males from all three populations of European corn borer.
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    Coumarins inPrunus mahaleb and its herbivore, the small ermine mothYponomeuta mahalebellus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2041-2047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Prunus mahaleb ; Rosaceae ; Yponomeuta mahalebellus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutideae ; coumarin ; umbelliferone ; herniarin ; plant-insect interaction ; chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the small ermine mothYponomeuta mahalebellus were reared on foliage ofPrunus mahaleb, a plant known to contain coumarins. Thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography showed that coumarin, umbelliferone, and herniarin were present in leaves ofP. mahaleb and in pupae and adults ofY. mahalebellus. Overall concentrations of simple coumarins in the plant and insect were, respectively, 0.54% and 0.003–0.004% (dry weight). The possible role of coumarins in the chemical defense of both the plant and insect is discussed.
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    Identification of trail pheromone of larva of eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 397-402 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eastern tent caterpillar ; Malacosoma americanum ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; larva ; trail pheromone ; recruitment ; 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum F.) mark trails, leading from their tent to feeding sites on host trees, with a pheromone secreted from the posterior tip of the abdominal sternum. 5β-Cholestane-3,24-dione (1) has been identified as an active component of the trail. The larvae have a threshold sensitivity to the pheromone of 10−11 g/mm of trail. Several related compounds elicit the trail-following response. Two other species of tent caterpillars also responded positively to the pheromone in preliminary laboratory tests.
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    Effects of double-bond configuration on interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2023-2040 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity ; conformational energy ; molecular mechanics ; double-bond configuration ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the electrophysiological activity on the change of double-bond configuration of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, and a dienic analog, (E)-2,(Z)-5-decadienyl acetate, have been investigated by single-cell measurements and molecular mechanics calculations (MM2). A previously reported model for the interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor has been refined. This new model gives an essentially quantitative correlation between the measured activities and the calculated conformational energies for a biologically active conformation defined by the model. Previously obtained structure-activity results for chain-elongated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate are significantly improved by the refined model. The effect of a change of the double-bond configuration on the substrate-receptor interaction is not additive but depends on the conformational properties of the entire molecule.
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    Variation in relative quantities of airborne sex pheromone components from individual femaleEphestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 639-653 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Effluvium ; variation ; Ephestia cautella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; single insect ; pheromone composition ; behaviour ; GC-MS ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The airborne sex pheromone components (Z,E)-9,12-tetradeca-dien-1-yl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate from single calling females ofEphestia cautella (Walker) were trapped within glass capillary tubes and were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Broad and similar distributions of relative quantities were found for a laboratory strain and three Australian field strains, and means differed strongly from those reported previously for this species. The overall mean proportion of the two components found for Australian females was 88∶12. The composition in individuals ranged from 63∶27 to 97∶3. The proportions for individuals appeared to vary slightly in a random fashion from day to day, and proportions for first-generation progeny were influenced by the maternal blend.
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    Quantitative and qualitative variation in male pheromones ofPhragmatobia fuliginosa andPyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 807-822 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phragmatobia fuliginosa ; Pyrrharctia isabella ; male pheromones ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; hydroxydanaidal ; danaidal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dihydropyrrolizine pheromones, hydroxydanaidal and danaidal, were identified from the scent organs of malePhragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) andPyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith). Qualitative and quantitative GLC analyses were conducted on ca. 80 field-collected males of each species. The total pheromone titer was distributed bimodally in each species with most males having either a small amount (〈 10 ng) of pheromone or a large amount (1–10 μg inPyrrharctia and 0.3–3 μg inPhragmatobia).Pyrrharctia males in the 1- to 10-μg range had a predominance of hydroxydanaidal, with little if any danaidal. MostPhragmatobia males in the 0.3- to 3-μg range had danaidal with little if any hydroxydanaidal. These compounds elicited a courtship response in sexually receptive females of both species. A bioassay based on this response was used to measure the thresholds of female response to these compounds.Pyrrharctia females were more sensitive to (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal than to danaidal.Phragmatobia females were more sensitive to danaidal then to (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal.
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    Attraction of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to 10,12-hexadecadienyl aldehydes and acetates: Evidence of pheromone components (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 931-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; pheromone ; 10,12-hexadecadienal ; 10,12-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Smerinthus jamaicensis ; Smerinthus cerisyi ; Paonias exceactus ; Paonias myops ; Pachysphinx modesta ; Hemaris diffinis ; Proserpinus flavofasciata ; Hyles gallii ; Hyles euphorbiae ; Sphinx vashti ; Sphinx drupiferarum ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A field survey of 10,12-hexadecadienyl alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes showed attraction to a wide range of sphingid moths. Data are presented showing the attraction ofSmerinthus jamaicensis, Smerinthus cerisyi, Pachysphinx modesta, Hemaris diffinis, andProserpinus flavofasciata to these compounds. Mass spectral, EAG, and EAD data show evidence for the presence of these dienes in female extracts ofS. cerisyi, Hyles gallii, andSphinx drupiferarum.
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    Sex pheromone of oriental armywormMythimna separata Walker (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 977-981 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Mythimna separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 11-hexadecenal ; hexadecenal ; 11-hexadecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the mainland of China, the male Oriental armyworm was not attracted to the sex pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol identified by Takahashi et al. in 1979. By means of EAG, GC, and GC-MS techniques, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in female gland washings, and encouraging captures were obtained in preliminary field trapping.
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    Repeatability of pheromone emissions from individual female ermine mothsYponomeuta padellus andYponomeuta rorellus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1431-1441 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; ermine moth ; sex pheromone ; airborne volatiles ; repeatability ; reproductive isolation ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The repeatability of the composition of pheromone emitted by individual female moths (Yponomeuta) was determined by gas Chromatographic analysis. An improved technique for repeated collections of airborne volatiles from the same moth was developed. The procedure did not harm the females and allowed precise quantification of 0.05 ng of pheromone components in 30-min collections. Individual females ofY. padellus (N=10) andY. rorellus (N=5) were sampled six and eight days after emergence.Y. padellus released, on average, 4.8 ng/30 min of tetradecyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in the average ratio 445∶38∶100∶494∶35∶421. The amount of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate relative to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate was less variable [coefficient of variation (CV)=15%] than the relative amounts of the other components (CV=46–61%). The repeatability of the relative amounts of compounds released by individual females was high for all components (r=0.82-0.90). The average emission of tetradecyl acetate, tetradecanol, hexadecyl acetate, and hexadecanol byY. rorellus was 8.3 ng/30 min (ratio 100∶8∶10∶2). The repeatability was low for tetradecanol (r=0.51) but higher for hexadecyl acetate (r=0.87) and hexadecanol (r=0.89). The low interindividual variance for the (E)-11-/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratio inY. padellus might be due to its importance for reproductive isolation, i.e., it is under strong selection pressure.
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    Orientation behavior and effect of experience and laboratory rearing on responses ofCotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to gypsy moth silk kairomone (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1493-1502 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia melanoscela ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; orientation behavior ; silk kairomone ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cotesia melanoscela responds the same way to the silk of its host, gypsy moth larvae,Lymantria dispar L., whether or not it has previously been exposed to hosts. Parasites maintained in the laboratory for six or 25 generations also responded similarly, suggesting that orientation behavior is not modified by laboratory rearing. Details of silk-related orientation behavior were analyzed by tracing paths of female parasites when on or off silk-covered substrates. Females made 31 ° average turns every 0.5 cm whether or not they were examining silk. They tended to turn back onto a silked area when encountering a border, and their speed of movement when not examining silk was about three times higher than when examining silk.
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    Sex pheromone of blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of cranberry (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1163-1170 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Blackheaded fireworm ; Rhopobota naevana (Hubner) ; Rhopobota unipunctana (Haw.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Splitless capillary gas chromatography indicated the presence of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol in the washes of female abdominal tips of the blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Hubner). Gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tetradecenyl acetate in extracts of female tips. The low levels observed in these extracts (〈 1 ng/female equivalent), prevented further chemical and spectroscopic identification. These materials were found to be stimulatory at low levels in electroantennogram studies. A combination of 9 μg of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 3 μg of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol on rubber septa in wing traps provided an effective attractant. (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, a previously reported attractant, did not significantly increase field trapping catches when added to the binary mixture, but was found to enhance trap catches when added to each of the primary components.
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    Use of a sex attractant and an inhibitor for monitoring winter moth and bruce spanworm populations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1319-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Operophtera bruceata (Hulst) ; Bruce spanworm ; Operophetra brumata L. ; winter moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene ; inhibitor ; (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A single sex pherormone component was isolated from abdominal tip extracts of female Bruce spanworm.Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). This was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene by capillary gas chromatography (GC), electroantennography, and mass spectrometry. In addition, hexane extracts of female abdominal tips from Bruce spanworm and the winter moth.O. brumata L., were analyzed by GC coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). The extracts ofO. bruceata andO. brumata females elicited only a single response, at the same retention time, from antennae of their conspecific and reciprocal males. In field tests conducted in Saskatchewan, traps baited with the synthetic tetraene captured Bruce spanworm males. In tests carried out on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where the two species coexist, both Bruce spanworm and winter moth males were captured. The attractancy of lures containing the synthetic pheromone alone and in combination with several structurally related analogs was field tested at both locations. One of these, an isomer of the natural pheromone, (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene, inhibited the capture of Bruce spanworm males but had no effect upon the number of winter moth males which were taken. Thus, populations of these two very similar species can be distinguished by employing traps baited with pheromone ± the inhibitor. Coneorifice Hara traps were found useful for field trapping males of both species.
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    Sex pheromone components of three species ofSemiothisa (Geometridae), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and two monoepoxydiene analogs (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1371-1383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Semiothisa signaria dispuncta ; Semiothisa bicolorata ; Semiothisa ulsterata ; Semiothisa delectata ; Semiothisa neptaria ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; sex attractant ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult males ofSemiothisa signaria dispuncta (Walker) were attracted to field traps baited with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-octadecadiene. However, analyses of sex pheromone gland extracts of females of this species by GC-MS and by GC in combination with an electroantennograph detector (GC-EAD) showed the pheromone to be comprised of a mixture of the next lower homologs: (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene. Blends of these two C17 compounds were subsequently found to be more attractive to males in the field than the corresponding C18 mixtures. Sex pheromones of two otherSemiothisa species were also found to contain C17 components. (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene, detected by GC-EAD analysis of a female abdominal tip extract ofS. bicolorata (Fabricius), attracted conspecific males, and this attraction was significantly reduced by additions of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene, the major pheromone component ofS. signaria dispuncta, to the lure. (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxy-heptadecadiene was detected by GC-EAD analysis as the primary male antennal stimulatory component present in abdominal tip extracts ofS. ulsterata (Pearsall), and males of this species were attracted to traps baited with this epoxide. Each of these three C17 compounds constitute previously unknown lepidopteran sex pheromone components. Blends of (Z,Z, Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxyheptadecadiene attracted males of a fourth species,S. delectata Hulst, but no females of this species were obtained to permit analysis of its sex pheromone. The occurrence of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene inS. neptaria (Guenee) females was indicated by GC-MS analysis of an abdominal tip extract; however, no males were attracted to any of the fielded mixtures containing this hydrocarbon.
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    Comparison of electroantennograms from female and male cabbage looper moths (Trichoplusia ni) of different ages and for various pheromone concentrations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1443-1453 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; pheromone ; electroantennogram ; age ; maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both male and femaleTrichoplusia ni to two components of the female-released sex pheromone were determined over a range of concentrations of chemical and age of insect. The EAG was at a peak at a dose of 100 μg for both dodecyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12∶OAc) for both sexes. The EAG responses varied with age of the insect. Responsiveness to both components was at a maximum at three days postemergence for males followed by a fairly rapid senescence, and for females it peaked at three days followed by a rapid senescence forZ7–12∶OAc but not for dodcecyl acetate.
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    Presence of pterin pigments in wings of libytheidae butterflies (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1843-1847 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pterin pigments ; Libythea ; Libytheana ; Libytheidae ; Lepidoptera ; thin-layer chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A few pterin pigments were discovered in the wings of six of eight libytheid species tested, using thin-layer chromatography with 1 % HC1 in butanol as a solvent. A 10X sample ofLibytheana bachmanii larvata (Strecker) produced xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, erythropterin, and leucopterin. Leucopterin was absent in the other libytheids tested. Morphology and pterin pigment data from wings suggest a Pieridae ancestry for the Libytheidae from the region of the northern Neotropical realm (including the Greater Antilles).
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    Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1115-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone release rates ; pheromone titer ; airborne pheromone collection ; Homomelius lamae ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; 2-methylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six hydrocarbon components (2-methylhexadecane,n-heptadecane, 2-methylheptadecane, 2-methyloctadecane,n-nonadecane, and 2-methylnonadecane) were identified in sex-pheromone gland extracts and in airborne collections ofHolomelina lamae. Low variability in the ratio of components among individuals indicates tight regulation of blend composition. Minor changes were evident in the quantity and ratio of the blend as a function of time of day. Based on gland extracts, the total quantity of the six components increased from day 1 (X = 6299 ng) to day 4 (X = 7498 ng) and subsequently decreased. No significant correlations were found between total gland contents and wet or dry weights of moths. Emission rates ofH. lamae females were determined from pheromone adsorbed onto Porapak Q. Quantities released peaked shortly after the onset of calling and decreased rapidly as calling continued. Peak release rates ranged from 13 to 350 ng/10 min, and from 37 to 835 ng/60 min. Noncalling females did not emit detectable quantities of pheromone. Based on release rates and the rate of pulsation of the abdominal tip, the average amount released per pulse is not constant. The mean ratio of components released (0.78∶7.45∶ 84.80∶2.84∶2.59∶1.53) was not very different from the ratio of components in gland extracts of 2-day-old females (0.70∶4.19∶90.12∶ 1.65∶1.91∶1.42). We propose that the blend is atomized rather than volatilized from the gland, thus retaining nearly the same ratios in the female's effluvium as in her gland.
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    Flight and copulation of female spruce budworm in pheromone-permeated air (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1749-1758 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; female response ; flight ; copulation ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High concentrations of synthetic sex pheromone caused increased flight activity among mated female spruce budworm of all ages, a fact that may indicate an increase in dispersal. Flight activity also increased among older virgin females, but not among females one day old, the age at which they usually mate. Receptivity of young virgin females to courting males was not affected by pheromone-permeated air. Synthetic sex pheromone is therefore not likely to influence mating frequency through its effects on female activity.
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    Cyanogenesis—a general phenomenon in the lepidoptera? (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1789-1809 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; chemical defense ; cyanogenesis ; cyanoglucosides ; β-cyano-l-alanine ; rhodanese ; phytophagous insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract There are two different pathways known to be used for the detoxification of hydrocyanic acid in insects, viz., rhodanese and β-cyano-l-ala-nine synthase. We consider the latter to be indicative for cyanogenesis, while rhodanese might, in general, play a more important role in sulfur transfer for protein synthesis. This paper reports on the distribution of β-cyano-l-alanine (BCA) in the Lepidoptera. First reports of cyanogenesis are presented for the following families: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Lymantriidae, Arctiidae, Notodontidae, Megalopygidae, Limacodidae, Cymatophoridae, Noctuidae, Geometridae, and Yponomeutidae. New and old records for three other families, the Nymphalidae, Zygaenidae, and Heterogynidae, are included to complete the present state of knowledge. Special emphasis has been laid on the Nymphalidae, where BCA has been detected in eight subfamilies. Taxonomic, geographic, and seasonal variation has been found in a number of cases. In all cases observed so far, the source of cyanogenesis in the Lepidoptera is most probably the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, although cyanogenesis based on mustard oil glucosides and cyclopentenoid glucosides might occur as well. BCA has been found in both cryptic and aposematic species, including taxa such as the Pieridae, Danainae, Ithomiinae, and Arctiidae, where the defensive biology is believed to be linked with other compounds, like mustard oil glucosides, cardenolides, or pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The ecological interaction and significance of such secondary compounds is not yet understood.
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria, and modification of sex attractant blend for adult males (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1187-1199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Darksided cutworm ; Euxoa messoria ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven “pheromone-like” compounds were identified in excised abdomen tip extracts of calling adult females of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria (Harris). The essential pheromone components were (Z)-7- and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetates in a ratio of 1∶40, which agreed with an attractant blend developed empirically by field testing the attractancies of synthetic blends. The pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, improved the attraction of darksided cutworm males whereas the components (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate inhibited their attraction. The other “pheromone-like” compounds identified in the female extracts had no obvious effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm males. Three compounds that functioned as parapheromones when substituted for (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate in the two-component blend were (Z)-7-pentadecenyl, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl, and (Z)-7-tridecenyl acetates. (Z)-11-hexadecenal was not detected in the female extracts, but it had a synergistic effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm moths and inhibited the attraction of male moths of a nontarget species,Helotropha reniformis (Grote). As a trap bait for monitoring purposes, we recommend a four-component blend of (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal at 12.5, 500, 1, and 10 μg/red rubber septum dispenser containing 5 μg of antioxidant 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol. This blend is effective under field conditions for at least six weeks.
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    Technique for injecting intact glands for analysis of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by capillary gas chromatography (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1299-1311 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solid-sample injection ; sex pheromone analysis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Bombyx mori ; Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Bombycidae ; Noctuidae ; site of pheromone release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure elucidation of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by a solid-sample injection technique in conjunction with capillary gas chromatography is described. The applicability of this method in GC and GC-MS modes was demonstrated by reanalyzing the sex attractants of females ofOstrinia nubilalis andBombyx mori. The pheromone complex ofMamestra brassicae was reinvestigated and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in addition to already known pheromone components of this species. By using the solid-sample injection, the exact site of pheromone release could be determined inM. brassicae.
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    Behavioral and physiological responses of cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), to steam distillates from resistant versus susceptible soybean plants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1903-1915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; cabbage looper ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; plant resistance ; plant volatiles ; soybeans ; steam distillates ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean plant volatiles, extracted as steam distillates, significantly affected the behavior and biology of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Distillates from the susceptible Davis variety attractedT. ni larvae and female adults, whereas those from resistant PI 227687 plants repelled them. When mixed in an artificial diet, steam distillates from PI 227687 plants caused mortality of first-instar larvae. Adults emerging from pupae topically treated with 5 μg of such PI 227687 extractable showed developmental abnormalities. Larval feeding was significantly less on Davis leaves treated with PI 227687 volatiles as compared to solvent (acetone) or such Davis extractables. However, Davis volatiles on PI 227687 leaves did not increase larval feeding. HPLC analyses of steam distillates from susceptible Davis versus resistant PI 227687 indicated differences.
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    Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivores (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 605-621 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tannins ; digestibility-reducing substances ; surfactants ; detergency ; herbivory ; chemical defense ; allelochemics ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Schistocerca gregaria ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of the abundant foliar protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC), in enzymatically active gut fluid ofManduca sexta larvae is very rapid and is unaffected by the presence of tannic acid, even when tannic acid is present in the incubation mixture in amounts in excess of the amount of RuBPC. When this protein is dissolved in the denatured gut fluids ofM. sexta larvae orSchistocerca gregaria nymphs, large amounts of tannic acid must be added to bring about the precipitation of significant quantities of protein. The ability of insect gut fluid to prevent the formation of insoluble tannin-protein complexes is due to the presence of surfactants. On the basis of our results and a review of the findings of other investigators, we argue that there is no evidence that tannins reduce the nutritional value of an insect's food by inhibiting digestive enzymes or by reducing the digestibility of ingested proteins and, further, that the failure of tannins to interfere with digestion is readily explained on the basis of well-documented characteristics of the digestive systems of herbivorous insects. In challenging the currently popular notion that tannins are digestibility-reducing substances, we do not challenge the general utility of either the apparency theory or resource availability theory of plant defense. In debating the merits of these two analyses of plant-herbivore interactions, however, the demise of tannins as all-purpose, dose-dependent, digestibility-reducing defensive substances must be taken into account.
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    Extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: Effects onSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith),Acalymma vittatum (F.), andArtemia salina Leach (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 99-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Acalymma vittatum ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; brine shrimp ; Artemia salina ; insecticides ; antifeedants ; Meliaceae ; neem ; limonoids ; azadiractin ; seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family Meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. The extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults. Toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,Anemia salina Leach. Feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some of these extracts were comparable to and, in certain cases, slightly greater than the effects produced by comparable neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) seed preparations. Brine shrimp toxicity data do not extrapolate to insect activity, and vice versa.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of calendula plume mothPlatyptilia williamsii (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 907-916 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Platyptilia williamsii ; Lepidoptera ; Pterophoridae ; calendula plume moth ; insect pheromones ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; reproductive isolation ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the calendula plume moth,Platyptilia williamsii was identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16∶Aid). Extracts of female sex pheromone glands contained several compounds when analyzed by capillary and packed-column GLC. However, airborne collections of volatiles from glands contained only one of these compounds, having the same retention time asZ11–16∶Ald. GC-MS and microozonolysis analyses of the natural product were consistent with those of syntheticZ11–16∶Ald. In a flight tunnel, males oriented upwind and touched sources ofZ11–16∶Ald and gland extract with equal frequency. Field tests of syntheticZ11–16∶Ald already have shown it to be a potent sex attractant for males of this species. This study further supports the hypothesis thatP. williamsii and a sympatric species,Platyptilia carduidactyla, are not reproductively isolated by chemical differences in the composition of the sex pheromone, but rather by temporal differences in sexual activities.
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    Identification of sex pheromone components from pheromone gland volatiles of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (Esp.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 991-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; identification ; flight-tunnel bioassay ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone glands ofPlusia chalcites release, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. A combination of capillary GC, GC-MS, and dimethyl disulfide derivatization enabled a rigorous identification of all these compounds, some of which were previously found in gland extracts. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a ternary blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate elicited directed flights from 85 to 100% of the males tested and elicited copulation attempts, at the end of the flights, from 44 to 74% of the males tested. This blend was equal in activity to the natural gland extract. Addition of the other acetates had only a slight influence on the activity of this mixture. Substitution of either (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in this blend by 11-dodecenyl acetate gave two ternary mixtures which also elicited high levels of courtship activity, almost as high as that of the original blend. Addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol inhibited almost totally the flight activity of males.
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    Plant secondary compounds as oviposition deterrents for cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition deterrence ; oviposition behavior ; Pieris rapae ; cabbage butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; coumarin ; rutin ; plant secondary compounds ; insect-plant interactions ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition byPieris rapae butterflies was deterred by spraying the plant secondary compounds coumarin and rutin on cabbage plants in greenhouse choice tests. In no-choice tests ranging from 5 min to 24 hr, acceptance of rutin-treated plants for oviposition increased with trial duration. Both coumarin and rutin deterred oviposition primarily by affecting prealighting rather than postalighting behavior, indicating that deterrence was mediated by noncontact cues.
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    Role of female-produced sex pheromone in behavioral reproductive isolation betweenTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) andPseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, plusiinae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1005-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; pheromone blends ; cross-attraction ; inhibition ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory flight tunnel bioassays, response rates of male cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), to female soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were similar to response rates of maleT. ni to conspecific females for plume tracking and source contact. Male soybean loopers, however, exhibited a greatly reduced response to female cabbage loopers compared to conspecific females. Similar differences were observed in male responses to extracts of female abdominal tips. Studies of flight tunnel responses of male soybean loopers to the different chemicals known to be components of the female cabbage looper sex pheromone indicated that the reduction in response was due to inhibitory effects of (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, when added singly to (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (major component of both species) at release rates and at ratios close to those observed in female cabbage loopers.
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    Quantitative comparison of behavioral and neurophysiological responses of insects to odorants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 509-531 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; neurophysiology ; Trichoplusia ni ; Heliothis zea ; Plodia interpunctella ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A consistent pattern of relationships emerges from comparisons of insect electroantennograms, peripheral olfactory receptor neuron responses, and behavioral responses to quantified concentrations of odorants. One consistency is that all of the different response measurements can be described by stimulus-response curves of the same form. Another is that the responses have characteristic groupings when they are plotted against odorant concentration. The pattern of relationships is exemplified in the responses ofTrichoplusia ni (Hübner),Heliothis zea (Boddie), andPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) to several pheromone components and analogs. To quantify the relevant stimulus parameters for the response comparisons, the emission rates of the stimulus delivery system were calibrated for several 12 to 17-carbon pheromone components. The stimulus-response relationships determined forT. ni, H. zea, andP. interpunctella are combined with relationships reported for other insects in the literature, and applications are discussed for the interpretation of pheromone trapping and laboratory bioassays.
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    Sex pheromones of rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1561-1573 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male pheromone ; olfactometer ; identification ; synthesis ; farnesal ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Galleriinae ; Corcyra cephalonica ; rice moth ; 3,7,1 1-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral observations of the rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica, Pyralidae, Galleriinae) in the laboratory have shown that a male wing-gland pheromone induces attraction of female moths. This pheromone was identified as a blend of (E,E) and (Z,E)-farnesal. Wing-gland extracts or synthetic compounds were shown to be attractive to females by inducing walking.
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    Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed,asclepias viridis walt., in northwestern louisiana (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 47-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias viridis ; milkweed ; Asclepiadaceae ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterfly ; cardenolide ; cardiac glyco-side ; gitoxin ; emical ecology ; emical defense ; in-layer chromatog-raphy ; ant-insect interactions ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series on cardenolide fingerprinting of monarch butterflies and their host-plant milkweeds in the eastern United States. Spectrophotometric determinations of the gross cardenolide content of 60Asclepias viridis plants in northwestern Louisiana indicate a positively skewed variation ranging from 95 to 432 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 245 υg/0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants contained a normal cardenolide distribution ranging from 73 to 591 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 337 υg/0.1 g. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies best fit a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. Female monarchs (385 υg/0.l g) contained significantly greater mean cardenolide concentrations than did males (287 υg/0.1 g). No indications of a metabolic cost for either cardenolide ingestion or storage were adduced from size or dry weight data. Thin-layer chromatograms of 24 individual plant-butterfly pairs developed in two solvent systems resolved 21 individual spots in the plants and 15 in the butterflies.A. viridis plants appear to contain several relatively nonpolar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to the more polar 3'-hydroxy derivatives calactin and calotropin as well as to calotropagenin in the butterflies. The epoxy cardenolides labriformin and labriformidin were absent, although desglucosyrioside (a 3'-hydroxy derivative) appeared present in both plants and butterflies. Quantitative evaluation of theR f values, spot intensities, and probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol—formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species, supporting the use of fingerprints to make ecological predictions concerning larval host-plant utilization.A. viridis is the predominant early spring milkweed throughout most of the south central United States and may be important in providing chemical protection to spring and early summer generation monarchs in the eastern United States.
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    Microsomal oxidation of allelochemicals in generalist (Spodoptera frugiperda) and semispecialist (Anticarsia gemmatalis) insect (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 423-436 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemical metabolism ; microsomal oxidation ; fall armyworm ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; enzyme induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Midgut microsomes prepared from larvae of the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith)], a generalist insect, and the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner), a semispecialist, were used to study their oxidative activity toward a variety of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, indoles, glucosinolates, flavonoids, coumarins, cardenolides, phenylpropenes, and a ketohydrocarbon were all metabolized by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in both species. Fall armyworm microsomes oxidized monoterpenes more favorably than other types of terpenes, indicating a preference for these compounds. In all instances, the oxidative metabolism of these allelochemicals can be induced by dietary allelochemicals such as indole 3-carbinol, indole 3-acetonitrile, menthol, flavone, or peppermint oil ranging from 1.3- to 9.5-fold. In the case of certain triterpenes, tetraterpene, alkaloid, coumarin, and cardenolides, metabolic activity can only be observed after induction. The monooxygenase activities toward these allelochemicals were generally higher in the generalist than in the semispecialist. These findings provide strong evidence that microsomal monooxygenases play an important role in the detoxification of plant toxins and hence host-plant selections in herbivorous insects.
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    Activity of volatile compounds in glandular trichomes ofLycopersicon species against two insect herbivores (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 837-850 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Keiferia lycopersicella ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Noctuidae ; leaf trichomes ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; terpenoids ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several major chemicals in the glandular heads of type VI trichomes ofLycopersicon species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two normal odd-chained ketones, 2-undecanone (47 ng) and 2-tridecanone (146 ng), and one unknown sesquiterpene (5 ng), comprised approximately 95% of the contents of a gland ofL.hirsutum f.glabratum Mull. In a closely related plant,L.hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. (LA 361), two unknown insecticidal sesquiterpenes accounted for 6% of the gland contents. Additionally, small amounts of one unknown monoterpene and another unknown sesquiterpene were found in type VI glands of a commercial tomato variety,L.esculentum Mill. Bioassays comparing the gland exudate (by direct contact) and isooctane extracts of glands to neonate larvae ofKeiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) andSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) indicated that: (1) 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone were the major insecticidal compounds inL.hirsutum f.glabratum, (2) the two unknown sesquiterpenes inL.hirsutum were acutely toxic to both species, and (3) gland contents in the commercial tomato variety provided only a physical barrier toK.lycopersicella, and were not detrimental toS.exigua. In topical bioassay trials, synthetic mixtures of 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone (3 ∶1) demonstrated potentiation. Concentrations of these chemicals decreased as trichomes aged. Quantities of insecticidal chemicals and density of type VI trichomes varied with plant age and location within plants.
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    Linamarin and histamine in the defense of adultZygaena filipendulae (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 133-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Zygaena filipendulae ; Lepidoptera ; Zygaenidae ; allomone ; histamine ; linamarin ; cyanoglycosides ; defense ; synergism ; avian insectivory ; aposematic coloration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We determined the protective values of histamine and linamarin to an aposematic moth,Zygaena filipendulae. Using ion-exchange resin techniques, we found that the mean histamine concentrations in the wings were 0.061 ± 0.047 μg/mg and 0.013 ± 0.0051 in the moths' bodies (totals: 0.586 μg and 2.921 μg, respectively, all wet weights). Average HCN evolution (mainly from the bitter cyanogen linamarin) from the wings was 0.049 ± 0.41 μg/mg (0.426 μg/ml of linamarin could produce this amount of HCN) and 0.029 ± 0.0026 μg/mg HCN (0.281 μg/mg linamarin) evolved from the bodies (total linamarin 4.09 μg and 61.258 μg, respectively, all wet weights). Therefore, higher concentrations of toxicants were found in the part of the body most liable to initial attack. We found, in offering various toxic solutions to 10 common quails, that 0.1% linamarin (mean linamarin consumed equal to about 70% of the average total wing content) but 1.0% histamine (mean histamine consumed equal to that found in about 8.9 average wing sets) solutions significantly lowered drinking rates. However, combination solutions were still effectively aversive at 0.001% histamine plus 0.028% linamarin. This synergism would allow a moth under local abiotic or dietary stress to elaborate substantially less of one or both compounds than that normally synthesized. The implications to kin selection are discussed.
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    Analysis of peach bark volatiles and their electroantennogram activity with lesser peachtree borer,Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2103-2114 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synanthedon pictipes ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; host volatiles ; electroantennogram ; olfaction ; oviposition ; benzaldehyde ; methyl benzoate ; guaiacol ; phenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bark volatiles from two peach cultivars (Bisco and Redskin) were obtained by vacuum steam distillation and fractionated by preparative gas chromatography. The fractions were then assayed with the electroantenno- gram (EAG) method on antennae of female lesser peachtree borer [Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson)]. With both cultivars, two fractions elicited the largest responses. Analysis of this material by GC-MS revealed a complex mixture made up of aromatic alcohols, esters, ketones, and acids, as well as phenols, aliphatic aldehydes, and aliphatic acids. EAG responses to pure samples of all identified components were recorded, and many of these compounds were found to be quite active. Among the most stimulatory were guaiacol, methyl benzoate, and l-phenyl-1,2-propanedione. Also tested were six-carbon aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols which are components of the foliar tissue of most plants. Of these, 1-hexanol showed moderate activity, while the aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols were only weakly active.
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    Blackheaded fireworm: Laboratory and field studies of its sex pheromone (1987)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1235-1242 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) ; Rhopobota unipunctana Haworth ; Rhopobota naevana naevana (Hübner) ; blackheaded fireworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of maleRhopobota naevana (Hübner), the blackheaded fireworm, to all of the monoene straightchain 12- and 14-carbon alcohols and acetates implicated (Z)-11-tetradecenl-1-ol (Z11–14∶OH) and its acetate (Z11–14∶Ac) as sex pheromone components.Z11–14∶Ac produced the strongest EAG response of all compounds tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of extract of female sex pheromone glands (SPG) confirmed the presence ofZ11–14∶OH (125 pg/female) andZ11–14∶Ac (600 pg/female) (all other monoenes had different retention times). In field tests, traps baited withZ11–14∶OH alone captured males, but traps baited withZ11–14∶Ac alone did not. Traps baited with a combination ofZ11–14∶OH andZ11–14∶Ac in various ratios did not produce better trap catches thanZ11–14∶OH alone. (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12∶Ac), reported by others to be a field attractant, did not produce trap catch in our tests, but in combination withZ11–14∶ OH (98∶2 in septa corresponding to 95:5 in vapor,Z11–14∶OH toZ9–12∶AC) produced a sevenfold increase in catch overZ11–14∶OH alone. IfZ9–12∶AC had been present in extract of SPG at 2–5% ofZ11–14∶OH, it would not have been detected in our GC-MS experiment.
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    Identification of unique pheromone components for soybean looper mothPseudoplusia includens (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1351-1360 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; sustained-flight tunnel ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl butanoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of sex pheromone glands from individual female soybean looper moths showed that in addition to the previously identified main component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the compounds dodecyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl butanoate were also produced. Two of the components, 12∶OAc and 11–12∶OAc, were not detected in a single analysis of female effluvium. Flight-tunnel tests showed that the five-component and three-component blends were equal to each other and to a female extract (〉 80% source contacts) and that the mixtures were superior toZ7–12∶OAc alone. Field tests indicated that the five-component blend was significantly more attractive thanZ7–12∶OAc alone at a dosage of 1 mg, but that the blend was only slightly better at 3 mg.
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    Sex pheromone ofPlanotortrix species found on mangrove (1987)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 631-637 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Planotortrix ; mangrove ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components of an unnamedPlanotortrix leafroller moth species found onAvicennia resinifera (mangrove). An equal mixture of the two compounds used as bait gave field trap catches at least as good as those baited with caged virgin females. Traps baited with the two chemicals caught malePlanotortrix moths in a mangrove swamp not previously found to host the unnamedPlanotortrix species. Adults of the unnamedPlanotortrix species and of the greenheaded leafroller,Planotortrix excessana are morphologically indistinguishable. The sex pheromone ofP. excessana has been found previously to be a mixture of (Z)-S-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, and this means that the two species may now be distinguished by sex pheromone differences.
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    Sex pheromone components of purple stem borerSesamia inferens (Walker) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 983-989 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sesamia inferens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; purple stem borer ; sex pheromone ; Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; Z-11-hexadecenol ; Z-11-hexadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pheromone of the female purple stem borer,Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate, identified by Nesbitt, was not active in field trapping in China. From EAG, TLC, GC, and GC-MS tests, we found thatZ-11-hexadecenyl acetate,Z-11-hexadecenol, andZ-11-hexadecenal were the pheromone components, and the preferred blend ratio in field tests was 4∶1∶0.1. The number of captures of the later generations was substantially lower than that of the overwintered generation.
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    Reinvestigation confirms action of Δ11-desaturases in spruce budworm moth sex pheromone biosynthesis (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1019-1027 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Δ11-desaturase ; Trichoplusia ni ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Noctuidae ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthesis of a large number of sex pheromone components of various moth species has been shown to start with common fatty acids and involve chain shortening by two carbons and introduction of a double bond at the 11–12 position. A recent report indicates that one of these common components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, is present in the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneurafumiferana, but is not made by this pathway. Reinvestigation of this insect using in vivo and in vitro techniques indicates that the acetate indeed is made by a sequence of reactions similar to that used in other leafroller moths. In fact, evidence was found for the presence of several Δ11-desaturase systems in spruce budworm. One produced a large quantity of (Z)-11-hexadecanoic acid, and another produced (E)-11-tetradecanoic acid. It is not known if the small amount of (Z)-11-tetradecanoic acid is produced by either of those two systems or by a third system. A comparison with other species showed that cabbage looper moths have only the first system, redbanded leafroller moths use the last two systems, and European corn borer moths have all three.
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    Sex pheromones of rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (1987)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1575-1589 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rice moth ; Corcyra cephalonica ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Galleriinae ; female pheromone ; courtship pheromone ; olfactometer ; electroantenogram ; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory investigations of mating behavior in the rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; Galleriinae) showed that male moths are attracted at short range to live, virgin female moths and to female abdominal-tip extract. Volatiles collected from virgin female moths contained one component eliciting an electroantennographic (EAG) response from the male moth, and the chemical, spectroscopic, and Chromatographic data on this component were consistent with that of synthetic 6,10,14-tri-methyl-2-pentadecanol. This compound caused an EAG response from the male moth and attracted male moths in the bioassay. The pheromone is thought to play a role in courtship, and the synthetic material was shown to cause the male moths to search for a mate and attempt copulation.
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    Differential inhibition by castanospermine of various insect disaccharidases (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
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    Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1771-1776 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage butterfly ; Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; stimulants ; deterrents ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; Capsella bursapastoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract GravidPieris rapae butterflies oviposit on many, but not all, crucifers. Rejection ofErysimum cheiranthoides andCapsella bursa-pastoris was initially explained by the presence of chemical deterrents in the plants. Analyses and bioassays of plant extracts indicated the absence of oviposition stimulants inC. bursa-pastoris, but similar chemical separation ofE. cheiranthoides extracts revealed the presence of stimulants as well as deterrents. Choice tests illustrate how acceptance or rejection of a plant by an insect may depend on the balance of positive and negative chemical stimuli within the plant.
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    Evidence of pheromonal constancy among sexual and asexual females in a population of fall cankerworm,Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1823-1831 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Alsophila pometaria ; fall cankerworm ; sex pheromones ; genetic variation ; pseudogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The compounds (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (I), (Z,Z,Z,E)-(II), and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene (III) have been implicated as components of the female sex pheromone of the fall cankerworm. Chromatographie determination of the proportions of these compounds in individual females of sympatric asexual and sexual reproductive forms of the species, with concurrent analysis of the electrophoretic profiles of the same females, showed that the I: II: III proportion of compounds was constant across electrophoretically differing asexual genotypes and between these and the sexual form. Life-history characters, in contrast, typically show great variation among these genetic groups. The results indicate that pheromonal constancy is maintained in a reproductive system that is theoretically vulnerable to selective pressures that would lead to heterogeneity in the species' pheromonal communication channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013231
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Demonstration of oviposition stimulant from groundcherry using novel bioassay (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1849-1858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Groundcherry ; Physalis angulata, Heliothis subflexa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methanol extracts of homogenized groundcherry,Physalis angulata, leaves increased egg deposition byHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) (HS) on treated tobacco plants (a nonhost) 8.5-fold over untreated controls. In doseresponse tests using whole-leaf washes of groundcherry leaves, the threshold of positive response vs. no response to the chemical stimulant was within one log dose unit when compared to the controls. This response was consistent whether the chemical was evaluated on plants in greenhouse-cage tests or in an olfactometer using pieces of broadcloth as the oviposition substrate. The olfactometer used allows year-round study of the behavioral effects of plant allelochemics on insect oviposition behavior in a controlled environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013234
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