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  • Articles  (229)
  • Genetics  (229)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1985-1989  (229)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1988  (136)
  • 1987  (93)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The locus ceruleus: a possible neural focus for genetic differences in emotionality (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; stress ; emotionality ; locus ceruleus ; Maudsley strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01958923
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and sequence of the mdh structural gene of Escherichia coli coding for malate dehydrogenase (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1987), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Catabolite repression ; Genetics ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Sequence ; CRP binding site ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The malate dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli, which is susceptible to catabolite and anaerobic repression, has been cloned using plasmic pLC32-38 of Clarke and Carbon (1976). The nucleotide sequence was determined of a 2.47 kbp fragment, containing the mdh structural gene. All information necessary for expression of the mdh structural gene was mapped within a 1.3 kbp SphI-BstEII fragment. Compared with the untransformed wild type, transformations with pUC19 vector, containing this fragment, gave up to 40-fold more malate dehydrogenase activity in both E. coli wild type and mdh mutant recipients. Catabolite repression was not affected in the transformants. A possible CRP binding site in the promotor region of the mdh gene provides evidence for a co-regulation with fumA gene, the structural gene of fumarase, which is also subject to catabolite repression. The structures for transcription initiation and termination were similar to those previously described for E. coli. Amino acid sequence homologies between pro- and eucaryotic malate dehydrogenases are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423133
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of α-amylases from rye endosperm (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 440-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale L. ; Genetics ; α-Amylase ; Isozymes ; Modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen inbred lines of rye, F1 and F2 progenies from crosses between lines were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conventional genetic analysis of α-amylase zymograms showed that the 19 bands detected in the endosperm of germinating caryopses were controlled by three linked structural loci and one independent modifying locus, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of isozymes. Two codominant alleles were found at the α-Amy1, α-Amy2 structural loci and the M-α-Amy modifying locus while the α-Amy3 locus had three alleles. Double-banded expression of the α-amylase alleles was probably due to the simultaneous presence of modified and unmodified forms of isozymes on the zymogram.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262513
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms as genetic markers in soybean, Glycine max (L.) merrill (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 889-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Genetics ; Allele ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) have been identified between widely distant cultivars (‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1 ’) of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Using as probes randomly chosen clones of DNA, one in five probes revealed a polymorphism. More than half of these polymorphisms appear to result from rearrangements of the genomic DNA. Twenty seven markers were analyzed for linkage in F2 plants. Eleven of these markers were contained in four linkage groups. Five cultivars were compared in a search for new alleles. When RFLP markers corresponding to low copy DNA were used to analyze three other cultivars — ‘Sooty’, ‘Forrest’ and ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’ — few new alleles were found. Using these probes, five different markers could be used to differentiate the five cultivars. Complex probes, which correspond to repeated DNA, revealed different polymorphisms in different cultivars and a single such probe could be used to distinguish the five cultivars from each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258050
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and ultrastructure of 11 barley shrunken endosperm mutants (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; Grain development ; Mutants ; Ultrastructure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eleven Na-azide induced barley shrunken endosperm mutants expressing xenia (sex) were characterized genetically and histologically. All mutants have reduced kernel size with kernel weights ranging from 11 to 57% of the wild type. With one exception, the mutant phenotypes are ascribable to single recessive mutant alleles, giving rise to a ratio of 3∶1 of normal and shrunken kernels on heterozygous plants. One mutant (B10), also monofactorially inherited, shows a gene dosage dependent pattern of expression in the endosperm. Among the 8 mutants tested for allelism, no allelic mutant genes were discovered. By means of translocation mapping, the mutant gene of B10 was localized to the short arm of chromosome 7, and that of B9 to the short arm of chromosome 1. Based on microscopy studies, the mutant kernel phenotypes fall into three classes, viz. mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a non-viable embryo, mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a viable embryo giving rise to plants with a clearly mutant phenotype, and finally mutants with only the endosperm affected and with a normal embryo giving rise to plants with normal phenotype. The mutant collection covers mutations in genes participating in all of the developmental phases of the endosperm, i.e. the passage from syncytial to the cellular endosperm, total lack of aleurone cell formation and disturbance in the pattern of aleurone cell formation. In the starchy endosperm, varying degrees of cell differentiation occur, ranging from slight deviations from wild type to complete loss of starchy endosperm traits. In the embryo, blocks in the major developmental phases are represented in the mutant collection, including arrest at the proembryo stage, continued cell divisions but no differentiation, and embryos deviating only slightly from the wild type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289966
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the 4B chromosomes of hexaploid wheat on the growth and regeneration of callus cultures (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Tissue culture ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of nine lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). These were the euploid lines Chinese Spring and Cappelle-Desprez, a line of Chinese Spring ditelocentric for the long arm of 4B, four substitution lines of Chinese Spring in which chromosome 4B has been replaced by its homologues from different wheat varieties and substituted into Chinese Spring and a substitution line of Besostaya I 4B into Cappelle-Desprez. The calli from these lines were found to differ in their growth rates and morphogenic and regenerative activities. The substitution of different 4B chromosomes into Chinese Spring significantly increased morphogenesis and shoot regeneration from callus. The potential for developing wheat lines with improved culture characteristics is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289818
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical correlates of selection for weight-for-age in chickens: twenty-fold higher muscle ornithine decarboxylase levels in modern broilers (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chicken ; Muscle ; Genetics ; Growth differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Little is known about the biochemical correlates of selection for growth in farm or laboratory animals, or the identity of the gene products affected or produced by ‘trait-genes’. Modern broiler chickens have about 8-fold greater breast muscle mass than layer chickens at 7 weeks of age and over 2-fold greater breast muscle mass than their 1972 counterparts. This increase in muscle mass is associated with over 20-fold higher levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in broiler chickens at 1 week of age as compared with layer strain chickens; there is a comparable increase in a relaxed-selection strain of broilers. The increase in ODC levels is larger than the differences in muscle or body weight between broilers and layers at 7 weeks of age, occurs at an age when there is no difference in weights between the strains and precedes the major growth spurt. Increases in ODC levels and hence polyamine synthesis have been associated with, and usually precede, rapid growth and cell proliferation in a wide range of cell types and organisms in response to many different stimuli. Therefore, the correlation of ODC levels with genetic differences in muscle growth make it worth investigating the control of ODC gene expression in these strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276746
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in kafirin and alcohol-soluble glutelin chromatograms of sorghum inbred lines revealed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Germplasm identification ; Varietal identity ; Environmental interaction ; Genetics ; Multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Separations of kafirin and alcohol soluble glutelin proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from 7 inbreds and one hybrid of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and one source of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.] were compared. Objectives were to assess the stability of protein profiles for seed sources produced at different locations and in different environments to examine the potential of RP-HPLC to provide genotypic profiles for sorghum. Analyses of variance data showed that levels of variation due to environments and locations were small; the majority of variation (93%) was among genotypes. Associations among inbreds revealed by multivariate and cluster analysis showed similarity with those that would be expected on the basis of pedigree. A chi-square analysis showed no deviation in the hybrid profile from the expected 2∶1 ratio of peaks from the female and male inbred parents, respectively. Improvements in the ability to correctly assign common peaks are necessary before associations among numerous sorghum genotypes can be reliably demonstrated by analysis of data from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288838
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of maternal haploidy in maize (Zea mays L.) and selection of haploid inducing lines (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Haploid induction ; Gynogenesis ; Genetics ; Inducer line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of genotype on maternal haploid plant production in maize was studied. The frequency of gynogenetic plants when “Stock 6” was used as pollinator varied according to the female parent genotype. No simple relation was observed between genotypic aptitudes for gynogenetic and androgenetic development, which occured after pollination of “W23” plant carrying the “indeterminate gametophyte” gene. Furthermore, the population NS, a favorably responsive genotype to anther culture, does not exhibit exceptional ability for in vivo gynogenesis. The effect of inbreeding and the influence of maternal haploid origin suggest that specific genes control maternal haploid initiation and development. However, gynogenetic development is not limited to a particular genotype. The frequency of maternal haploids may be increased by using specific pollen parents. Attempts were made to select for a high haploidyinducing trait and the present study reports the successful development of lines that can be utilized as pollen parents to induce haploids for experimental purposes and breeding programmes. When an inbred line “WS14”, derived from the cross W23 x Stock 6, was used as pollen parent, 2%–5% maternal haploids were obtained according to the female parent genotype. A high haploidy-inducing potential is a heritable trait and may be controlled by a limited number of genes. Genetic determination of the haploidy-inducing character was examined in relation to the efficiency of the selecting method and the mechanisms involved in the origin of maternal haploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265341
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli: Definition of three functional regions for capsule production (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 242-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: E. coli ; Genetics ; Polysaccharide biosynthesis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transposon and deletion analysis of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli revealed that approximately 17 kb of DNA, split into three functional regions, is required for capsule production. One block (region 1) is required for translocation of polysaccharide to the cell surface and mutations in this region result in the intracellular appearance of polymer indistinguishable on immunoelectrophoresis to that found on the surface of K1 encapsulated bacteria. This material was released from the cell by osmotic shock indicating that the polysaccharide was probably present in the periplasmic space. Insertions in a second block (region 2) completely abolished polymer production and this second region is believed to encode the enzymes for the biosynthesis and polymerisation of the K1 antigen. Addition of exogenous N-acetylneuraminic acid to one insertion mutant in this region restored its ability to express surface polymer as judged by K1 phage sensitivity. This insertion probably defines genes involved in biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Insertions in a third block (region 3) result in the intracellular appearance of polysaccharide with a very low electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes on a multicopy plasmid in an E. coli K-12 strain did not increase the yields of capsular polysaccharide produced compared to the K1+ isolate from which the genes were cloned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330449
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of NAD metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium: Genetic analysis and cloning of the nadR repressor locus (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 208 (1987), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: NAD metabolism ; Regulation ; nadR ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nadR locus (99 min) controls the transcription of several genes involved with either the biosynthesis (nadAB) or recycling (pncB) of NAD in Salmonella typhimurium. Point mutations in this locus were found to cause defects either in the transport of nicotinamide mononucleotide (PnuA-), the regulation of nadAB (NadR-) or both transport and regulation (PnuA-NadR-). Deletions or insertions into nadR always resulted in the PnuA- NadR- phenotypes. Merodiploids constructed with various combiminations of PnuA-, NadR- or PnuA-NadR- strains indicate a single complementation group. The results suggest the NadR product is a bifunctional regulatory protein. Operon fusions to lacZ (nadR:: Mud1-8) were used to show that nadR is not autoregulated and is transcribed in a clockwise direction. The gene was also cloned and located within a 2 kb EcoR1-BglII fragment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330454
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of nitrate reductase deficient mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: Evidence for six complementation groups among 70 classified molybdenum cofactor deficient mutants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 206-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia ; Nitrate reductase ; Genetics ; Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A total of 70 cnx mutants have been characterized from a collection of 211 nitrate reductase deficient (NR-) mutants isolated from mutagenized Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplast cultures after chlorate selection and regeneration into plants. They are presumed to be affected in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor since they are also deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase activity but contain NR apoenzyme. The remaining clones were classified as nia mutants. Sexual crosses performed between cnx mutants allowed them to be classified into six independent complementation groups. Mutants representative of these complementation groups were used for somatic hybridization experiments with the already characterized N. plumbaginifolia mutants NX1, NX24, NX23 and CNX103 belonging to the complementation groups cnxA, B, C and D respectively. On the basis of genetic analysis and somatic hybridization experiments, two new complementation groups, cnxE and F, not previously described in higher plants, were characterized. Unphysiologically high levels of molybdate can restore the NR activity of cnxA mutant seedlings in vivo, but cannot restore NR activity to any mutant from the other cnx complementation groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339583
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Significance of the relationship between absolute total finger ridge count and its variability (1987)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 2 (1987), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Absolute finger ridge count ; Genetics ; Dermatoglyphics ; India ; Major gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to test the hypothesis of a major gene effect on absolute total finger ridge count (ATFRC), the nature of relationship between mean ATFRC and its variability was evaluated in a series of 47 population samples from India. Regression analysis showed that both the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are significantly related to mean ATFRC, and about 35% of the variation in ATFRC is explained by the dependent variable coefficent of variation. These results support the hypothesis of a major gene effect on the trait ATFRC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442360
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human-type ABO blood groups as genetic markers for the management of a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) breeding colony (1988)
    Springer
    Primates 29 (1988), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Saimiri ; Human-type ABO blood groups ; Genetics ; Colony management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human-type ABO blood groups were determined for 94 families of the squirrel monkey which included 151 animals. Four phenotypes of ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) were detected. Family analysis revealed that the human-type ABO blood groups in this species were governed by three alleles, codominantA andB and silentO. There were intraspecific differences in the distribution of phenotypes and gene frequency among three populations imported by different routes at different times. The usefulness of ABO blood groups for defining the genetic variability of a squirrel monkey breeding colony through successive generations is discussed on the basis of the difference in distribution of ABO blood groups between wild-originated parental and its first colony-born populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381130
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deviation from morphological intermediacy in interstrain hybrids of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 18 (1987), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; Genetics ; Inheritance ; Meristic ; Salmonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Deviations from morphological intermediacy in six first generation hybrids between three hatchery strains of rainbow trout, raised in a common environment, are reported. Hybrids have higher mean counts of four meristic characters than their maternal parental strain in a significantly greater number of cases (18 out of 24). Furthermore, eight of eleven hybrid indices are not intermediate. These results are discussed in reference to several mechanisms and models proposed to account for observed responses of meristic characters to environmental and genetic influences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004878
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of mouse trisomy 16 on expression of specific genes (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: development ; isozymes ; murine trisomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined developmental changes in the relative activities of three different isozyme systems: aldolase, enolase and phosphoglycerate mutase, in tissues of fetal mice with trisomy 16 and of fetal euploid littermates. We wanted to determine whether morphological abnormalities such as reduced weight and size, which are generally observed in murine trisomy, are reflected at the molecular level. Following electrophoretic separation and subsequent measurement of relative activities of enolase isozymes in brain and phospho-glycerate mutase isozymes in heart, we found no significant differences between trisomy 16 fetuses and their euploid littermates. Synthesis of liver-specific aldolase was, however, delayed in trisomy 16 fetuses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080106
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of gastrulation in the chick embryo (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: chick blastula ; hypoblast-epiblast interaction ; transcriptional control ; α-amanitin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Interaction between the epiblast and the primary hypoblast in chick blastula results in induction of the primitive streak (PS) in the epiblast. Alpha-amanitin, a specific inhibitor of poly A-containing RNA synthesis, inhibits formation of the definitive PS. This inhibition is associated with qualitative changes in the pattern of protein synthesis in the hypoblast but not in the epiblast. The protein pattern of the component areas of the epiblast shows increase in some polypeptides after treatment with α-amanitin. By contrast, α-amanitin resulted in a decrease in synthesis of several polypeptides, which are either undetectable or weakly present in the hypoblast. The α-amanitin-sensitive translational products of the embryonic genome that are observed in the hypoblast may have specific functions in the control of PS induction and stabilization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080204
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Plasmids: A practical approach. Edited by K.G. Hardy. Oxford-Washington, DC: IRL Press, 1987.180 pp. (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080207
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Allelic variation at the frizzled locus of Drosophila (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 99-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; tissue polarity ; frizzled ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The epidermis of Drosophila has a tissue polarity that is manifested by a parallel array of polarized structures (primarily hairs and bristles). The production of normal tissue polarity requires the function of the frizzled (fz) locus. We have isolated a large number of alleles at this locus and have phenotypically characterized more than 25 of them. We have found extensive allelic variation that a previous study failed to detect. Most of the alleles fall into a hypomorphic to amorphic series. Two alleles, however, have unusual properties. These alleles, which in general are moderately strong alleles, fail to produce a rough eye phenotype that is characteristic of all the other moderate or strong fz alleles. Thus, these two alleles are tissue specific in effect. Furthermore, these two alleles also have a neomorphic or antimorphic effect on hair polarity in one region of the wing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080206
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Expression of the differentiation antigen F7D6 in tumorous tissues of Drosophila (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: embryonic antigen ; tumor mutants ; oncodevelopmental molecule ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 63-kDa antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody F7D6 is present in all Drosophila embryonic cells and disappears from most tissues as each one reaches its final, differentiated state. Larval tissues lose the antigen around the time of hatching, imaginal tissues lose it during metamorphosis, and germ cells lose it during gametogenesis (Bedian et al: Devel Biol 115:105-118, 1986). The nervous system and spontaneously contracting musculature of the gut and gonads are exceptions and remain antigen positive at all stages. The F7D6 antigen appears to be associated with dividing, undifferentiated cells and electrogenic cells. This prompted us to test tumors for antigen presence. We tested four different recessive mutants that give rise to four different types of tumorous transformation: the embryonic tumor Notch, several larval melanotic tumors, the imaginal disc tumor 1(2)gl, and three alleles of the ovarian tumor otu. In all cases, tumorous tissues in homozygotes contained the F7D6 antigen. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen appeared to be unaltered in tumorous tissues compared to normal cells, but the antigen is expressed at higher levels. The antigen is found on the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes and appears to be a marker of undifferentiated normal and tumorous cells. Similarities and differences between the F7D6 antigen and Drosophila c-src protein are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080305
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    Editorial (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080402
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    Tissue-specific and developmental expression of human transthyretin gene in transgenic mice (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: microinjection ; familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy ; fertilized egg ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To analyze the regulation of transthyretin gene expression we have produced transgenic mice by microinjecting cloned human transthyretin genes into fertilized eggs of C57BL/6 mice. The 7.6-kilobase (kb) human transthyretin gene containing about 500 base pairs (bp) in the upstream region was used for microinjection. Seven out of nine transgenic mice had detectable amounts of human transthyretin in serum when analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Transthyretin mRNA was detected in liver and yolk sac but not in other tissues including brain. The amount of mRNA was variable among transgenic mice and was about one-tenth of mouse endogenous transthyretin mRNA. Human and mouse transthyretin mRNAs were detected in liver of fetus and yolk sac at 13 days of gestation and unlike yolk sac the level of mRNA in liver increased gradually during development and reached the maximum at around 17 days of gestation. Human transthyretin was associated with mouse transthyretin to form tetramers as judged from the dilution curve of enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay and the spur formation in Ouchterlony assay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080404
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    Comparative gene mapping: A valuable new tool for mammalian developmental studies (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mouse ; human ; cow ; maps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Technological advances in the 1970s encouraged the mapping of homologous gene loci in different mammalian species, including mouse and man. One hundred eighty-five homologous loci have now been mapped in these two species. Conservation of linkage is sufficient to identify substantial segments of the two genomes that have been left intact since their divergence from a common ancestor. The recognition of these conserved segments allows experimental manipulation of mouse chromosomes or chromosomal regions to produce models of human chromosomal anomalies of medical importance.Comparative gene mapping has been extended beyond mouse and man and the genomes of some species, including domestic cattle, appear to be more highly conserved relative to humans than the mouse. Such species may be particularly useful in providing models of human chromosomal anomalies that cannot be duplicated in laboratory mice.
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    Drosophila genes encoding maternal-specific and maternal-differential RNAs (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: maternal-specific transcripts ; genomic clones ; developmental RNA expression ; in situ chromosomal localization ; embryogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The unique cellular and genetic events which occur during the first few hours of Drosophila embryogenesis suggest that there are genes whose function is entirely or largely limited to this stage; this is supported by both genetic and molecular evidence. To identify some of these genes and characterize the relative contribution of specifically maternal and specifically zygotic transcription to early embryogenesis, we used competition and differential screening of a Drosophila genomic DNA library to obtain blastoderm- and maternal-differential sequences [Roark et al.: Dev Biol 109:476-488, 1985]. We describe here the Eco RI restriction fragments, chromosomal location, and size and developmental pattern of expression of the RNAs transcribed from 19 maternal-differential sequences. Five sequences encode maternal-specific transcripts (50-150-fold more abundant in maternal RNA than at any other stage). The maternal-specific and maternal-differential sequences are located at single sites on all major chromosome arms. Comparison of these sites with the sites of presently mapped maternal-effect genes shows several possible correlations, including one region containing three maternal-effect lethal mutations and two maternalspecific sequences.
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    A genetic switch: Gene control and phage λ. Edited by Mark Ptashne. Cambridge, England: Cell Press; and Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Press, 1986, 128 pp (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090107
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    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090301
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    The cellular basis of wing size modification in Drosophila: The effects of the miniature gene, crowding, and temperature (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: wing size ; miniature ; cell size ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To elucidate the mechanisms whereby genes and environment influence wing size, we investigated the effects of various rearing temperatures and larval crowding conditions on the wings of the mutant miniature and wild-type fruit flies. In adults we monitored wing size, cell number, wing thickness, cell density; in larval imaginal discs we looked for cell death. Cell density was inversely proportional to wing size. Of particular interest was the finding that smaller wings tend to be thicker. Electron microscope studies showed that the miniature wing layers are grossly abnormal. We hypothesize that these abnormalities are due to abnormal cell flattening of the wing epithelial cells, and we conclude that gene and environmental effects on cell flattening may be an important component in determining cell density and hence organ size.
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    Announcement (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080208
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    Post-transcriptional regulation and DNA undermethylation of intracisternal A particle genes in embryonal carcinoma cell lines (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: retrovirus ; embryonal carcinoma ; embryonic gene ; DNA methylation ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Northern blot analysis and in vitro nuclear transcription assays were performed in order to clarify conflicting reports on the expression of intracisternal A particle (IAP) genes in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines. Results demonstrate that post-transcriptional mechanisms control the final steady-state levels of IAP RNA in EC cells. IAP genes were further found to be undermethylated in IAP-expressing EC cell lines.
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    In vitro fertilisation: Past, Present and Future. Edited by S. Fishel and E.M. Symmonds. Oxford: IRL Press Ltd., 1986.276 pp. (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 187-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080307
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    Influence of the major histocompatibility comp(MHC) on the response to and expression of H-Y in rats (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: H-Y antigen ; skin grafts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the survival of H-Y-incompatible skin grafts in rats has been determined by challenging normal and previously sensitized females of various isogenic and congenic strains with male trunk or ear skin isografts. The MHC's influence on the potency of H-Y has also been evaluated by determining the survival of male parental strain ear skin grafts on sensitized (with F1 hybrid male cells) F1 hybrid females of two different MHC congenic strains. The results indicate that, as in mice, the MHC has a dual affect on H-Y; it is involved in determining the ability of females to respond to the antigen as well as influencing its potency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080403
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    Restriction enzyme evidence for Alu sequence-mediated dispersion of microinjected genes in transgenic mice (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 233-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: DNA dispersion ; human β-globin ; reverse transcription ; evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A human bacteriophage clone containing adult β-globin genes with four Alu sequences was microinjected to produce transgenic mice. Southern blot analysis on the spleen of a transgenic mouse revealed an unusual hybridization pattern that suggested extensive dispersion of human DNA throughout the mouse genome. This pattern was reproducible using several restriction enzymes, including a noncutting enzyme. The hybridization pattern was not observed in other tissues, and sequences were not detected in progeny using the bacteriophage probe. However, hybridization of spleen DNA of offspring against a human Alu probe revealed genetic transmission of human Alu sequences. The results suggest dispersion of microinjected Alu sequences throughout the genome.
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    T-DNA hormone biosynthetic genes: Phytohormones and gene expression in plants (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 321-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: T-DNA ; T-cyt gene ; plant promoter structure ; plant development ; plant gene regulation ; plant defense-related mRNAs ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080504
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    Developmental genetics of the soybean urease isozymes (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 375-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: urease ; isozymes ; clones ; null mutants ; soybean ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) contains two urease isozymes whose expression is regulated in a tissue-specific and temporal manner. The ubiquitous urease is expressed in all tissues examined (leaf, embryo, seed coat, cell culture); the embryo-specific urease is synthesized exclusively in the developing embryo. The embryo-specific urease accumulates during seed development while the ubiquitous urease is found in highest levels during early development of both leaves and seeds. We have isolated mutants which fall in three phenotypic classes lacking one or both urease isozyme activities. Genetic analysis has thus far identified three unlinked loci which control the expression of urease(s). Genomic and cDNA clones of urease structural genes have also been recovered and we are working to assign these to genetic loci by sequence and RFLP analyses. That the ubiquitous urease isozyme is expressed in cell culture makes it possible to include cell culture in physiological and developmental studies. Additionally, we have developed direct selections for urease-negative mutants, and their revertants, in cell culture. These selections will facilitate the study of the expression of cloned urease genes in genetically transformed tissue.
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    Plant tubulin genes: Structure and differential expression during development (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 435-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: tubulin genes ; microtubules ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Microtubules are important components of the cytoskeleton of plant cells and play key roles in plant growth and morphogenesis. Recent molecular studies have begun to elucidate the structure and expression of plant genes coding for the major components of microtubules, α- and β-tubulin. Tubulin amino acid sequences deduced from the DNA sequences of eight higher plant tubulin genes are 79-87% homologous with constitutively expressed mammalian tubulins. The genome of the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana contains four dispersed α-tubulin sequences and at least seven β-tubulin sequences, only two of which appear to be linked. Of the five A. thaliana genes whose expression has been analyzed, the transcripts of one α-tubulin and one β-tubulin gene are constitutively expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers. A second α-tubulin gene is expressed predominately in flowers; the transcripts of the second and third β-tubulin genes are found predominately in leaves or in roots, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Molecular genetics of self-incompatibility in flowering plants (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090102
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    Structural and biochemical studies on four sex-linked chorion mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: eggshell ; female sterile mutant ; endochorion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four female-sterile mutants, fs(l)K451, fs(1)K1214, fs(1)K575TS, and fs(1)384, were studied in terms of chorion structure and chorion protein composition. The first three of these mutants cause morphological defects, ie, substantial underproduction and disruption of the endochorion, correlated with underproduction of the six major chorion proteins, s15-s38; the phenotypes are consistent with the observation that these mutants interfere with amplification of the major chorion genes that encode the s15-s38 proteins [Orr et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3773-3777, 1984; Komitopoulou et al.: Dev Genet 7:75-80, 1986]. The fourth mutant, fs(1)384, and its alleles do not interfere with production of the major chorion proteins and the morphologically detectable bulk of the endochorion but lead to failure of endochorionic organization. Apparently this complementation group is responsible for a minor chorion product, which is evidently important morphogenetically and which is processed posttranslationally in a complex manner [Bauer and Waring: Dev Biol 121:349-358, 1987].
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    Multiplicity of functions for the otu gene products during Drosophila oogenesis (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 91-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: actin filament bundles ; ethyl methane sulfonate ; female sterile mutants ; in terallelic complementation ; oocyte determination ; ovarian tumor genes ; phenocritical thresholds ; polyfusomes ; polytene nurse cell chromosomes ; polytrophic meroistic ovaries ; pseudonurse cells ; Q-T-P-O values ; rhodaminyl phalloidin ; temperature-sensitive mutants ; transformed oocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ovarian tumor gene behaves as if it encodes a product (OGP), which is required durirng several early steps in the transformation of oogonia into functional oocytes. Seventeen ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutations have been studied, and their mutant phenotypes can be explained as graded responses by individual germ cells to different levels of OGP synthesized by the mutant germ cells themselves. The lowest and highest levels of OGP appear to be produced by otu10 and otu14, respectively. The 15 mutants with intermediate OGP levels are temperature sensitive; subnormal temperatures improve ovarian development, while above-normal temperatures suppress it. A subgroup ofthese mutants are unable to form a system of actin microfilament bundles in the cortical cytoplasm of their nurse cells during stage 10B, and these defective nurse cells are unable to transport their cytoplasm to the oocyte, as normally happens between stages 10B and 12. In addition to its role in the actin-mediated transport of nurse cell cytoplasm, OGP also appears to alter the morphology of giant polytene chromosomes, which form as the nurse cells undergo endocycles of DNA replication. Genetic evidence suggests that otu also encodes a second product (SP) that is utilized late in oogenesis. SP is required for the synthesis in the ooplasm of glycogen-rich, beta yolk spheres. Products of the otu gene also play a vital but unknown role in embryogenesis.
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    Anemia in a line of transgenic mice carrying a mutant dihydrofolate reductase gene (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cell interactions ; hematopoiesis ; mutagenesis ; SV40 ; fetal liver ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several lines of transgenic mice were produced by pronuclear injection of a full-length cDNA encoding a mutant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, E.C. 1.5.1.3). The mutation causes altered enzyme kinetics for folate reduction as well as low affinity for methotrexate (MTX). One line of mice carrying the plasmid displays a moderate-to-severe anemia that is evident in fetuses and newborn mice and that moderates with age. RNA studies revealed high levels of transcription of the mutant gene in the fetal and adult liver, and low or absent expression in adult bone marrow. Transcription of the mutant gene was not found in the fetal liver of other pedigrees examined. The data thus suggest that expression of this mutant gene in the main hematopoietic organ of the fetus adversely affects erythropoiesis by altering the cellular environment for erythroid differentiation, and that translocation of the site of hematopoiesis to bone marrow, where the foreign gene is not expressed, leads to normalization of red cell production.
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    Announcement (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 213-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090307
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    Euchromatic inversions causing mosaic gene expression in Drosophila hydei: A study of forked and Zebra (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 683-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: variegation ; bristles ; pigmentation ; patterns ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In D. hydei two new mutants, In(1)f3 and IN(5)Z, show obvious mosaic gene expression. Their phenotypic expression is susceptible to the breeding temperature and to the addition of a supernumerary Y chromosome to the chromosome set. In this respect the mutants resemble standard cases of position-effect variegation based on the action of heterochromatin. However, since neither centromeric nor sex chromosomal heterochromatin apparently are involved, the mutations point to a new type of variegation provoked by euchromatic sections. The mosaic patterns of these mutants, in particular those of In(1)f3, will be described.
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    Description of an embryonic lethal gene, l(5)-1, linked to Wsh (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: W locus ; mouse ; chromosome 5 lethal ; implantation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A recessive lethal mutant linked to Wsh causes the death of homozygous embryos between 4.5 and 5.5 days postcoitum (pc). Histological examination of implantation sites from intercross and backcross matings indicates that homozygotes are not all evident at 4.5 days pc, when embryos have begun to form trophectoderm giant cells and primitive endoderm, but are degenerating by 5.5 days pc, with only a few primary giant cells remaining after this time. The mutants thus form blastocysts that initiate the implantation process but the inner cell mass and polar trophectoderm fail to develop further. In vitro examination and culture of blastocysts indicated that the mutant homozygotes hatch from the zona pellucida and outgrow, although they do so somewhat more slowly than normal embryos. After 3 days of culture, the inner cell masses of mutant outgrowths may be smaller than normal. Since the gene has no known heterozygous effect and the primary gene function remains unknown, the mutant has been given the provisional symbol l(5)-1 for the first lethal on chromosome 5.
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    Differential riboflavin deposition in white and variegated white mutants of Drosophila hydei (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: white-mottled ; Malpighian tubules ; gene action ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Riboflavin deposition in organs of Drosophila hydei was studied by means of a growth test using a riboflavin-deficient strain of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In wild-type animals, riboflavin is deposited in Malpighian tubules (MT) and testes but not in adult eyes. Certain white (w) mutants do not contain riboflavin, whereas intermediately colored w mutants contain minor amounts of the substance. Riboflavin-containing MT cells contain special globules that can be fixed and stained with the redox dye phenazine-methosulphate. The number and size of these granules is related to growth effect and point to a role of the w locus in the intracellular deposition of riboflavin in special organs. In white-mottled (wm) position-effect variegation mutants, a significant correlation was found between the extent of variegation (percentage of yellow cells) and riboflavin content (growth effect) of the MT. However, the individual variation of cell phenotype was extremely large and exaggerated types were observed indicating “overdominance” of the rearranged w+ gene. This contradicts an unsubstantiated dogma of position-effect variegation that assumes that the affected gene simply switches between the on and off state, as is discussed.
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    Evidence of a gene-dosage effect for the glucocorticoid receptor in trisomy 18 mice (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: isoelectric focusing ; corticosterone ; gene assignment ; alanine transferase ; tyrosine aminotransferase ; liver cytosol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The amount of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor in liver of Ts18, Tsl6, and Tsl9 vs euploid mouse fetuses was studied after incubation of [3H]dexamethasone with cytosol followed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. In addition, corticosterone concentrations and enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase were measured in the cytosol of the livers. The amount of glucocorticoid receptor in the cytosol fractions of the livers was always higher in the Tsl8 than in the euploid fetuses of the same litter. It was also significantly (P 〈 0.0005) higher if pooled data from different litters were analyzed. The ratio of the glucocorticoid receptor in Ts l8 vs euploid mice varied between 1.3 and 4.7, with a mean of 2.1. In contrast, the glucocorticoid receptor levels in Tsl6 and Tsl9 fetuses were not different from the corresponding euploid controls. Comparing the corticosterone levels of the three trisomies tested with the corresponding euploid fetuses, no significant differences were found, indicating that the markedly elevated cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in Tsl8 were not due to different corticosterone levels. This finding is consistent with the assignment of the glucocorticoid receptor gene to chromosome 18 in the mouse. There was no correlation betwen glucocorticoid receptor levels and the activity of the two glucocorticoid inducible enzymes tested in the liver of mouse fetuses.
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    Masthead (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080301
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    Murine “housekeeping” enzyme (genetic locus:Idh-1) is regulated in an allele-specific manner (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 135-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mouse ; NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; gene regulation ; allele-specific expression ; heart ; kidney ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The murine “housekeeping” enzyme, cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.42) (genetic locus:Idh-1), exhibited a complex pattern of allele-specific expression. Protein electrophoresis on cellulose-acetate gels and determination of relative enzymatic activity by means of densitometry revealed that in heart tissue (but not liver tissue) of certain hybrid crosses the AA-homodimer was underrepresented relative to total enzymatic activity, and the degree of underrepresentation changed during development. In mixtures of homozygous tissue extracts of heart tissue (but not liver tissue) the AA-homodimer was underrepresented relative to the BB-homodimer. Relative activity of allelic isozymes varied as a function of tissue (heart versus liver), age, and the parental source of the Idh-1a allele, but did not vary as a function of sex.Allele-specific expression was also exhibited in kidney tissue of the same animals. In adult male kidney tissue extracts from heterozygotes, the AA-hornodimer was underrepresented relative to total enzymatic activity; in adult female kidney tissue extracts from heterozygotes, a more codominant phenotype was observed. Tissue extracts from immature hybrid animals exhibited a phenotype midway between the adult male and adult female phenotypes. Tissue extracts from castrated males exhibited a phenotype equivalent to that seen in females. Relative activity of allelic isozymes in kidney varied as a function of age and sex, but did not vary as a function of the parental source of the Idh-1a allele.While cytosolic NADP-IDH is a “housekeeping” enzyme, expressed in multiple tissues of the mouse, differences in the relative intensities of allelic isozyme bands provide evidence for tissue- and stage-specific regulatory variation.
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    Gene controlling a differentiation step in the quail melanocyte (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: differentiation ; melanogenesis ; tyrosinase ; albino ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Albino mutation in animals blocks pigmentation owing to a deficiency in tyrosinase, although it does not affect the differentiation of colorless melanocytes from the neural crest. In the albino Japanese quail (al, sex-linked), it was demonstrated that morphologically normal melanocytes differentiated from neural crest cells in culture and that these cells contained unmelanized melanosomes as expected for the mutant cells. The mutant melanocytes, however, were shown to exhibit tyrosinase activity in the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosome region and in the Golgi vesicles. Our results seem to indicate that the mutation at the al locus affects the transport of tyrosinase from the Golgi area to melanosomes.
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    Locus determining the human sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase, LDHC, is syntenic with LDHC (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: lactate dehydrogenase ; spermatogenesis ; multigene enzyme family ; somatic cell hybrids ; gene mapping ; evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: From the data presented in this report, the human LDHC gene locus is assigned to chromosome 11. Three genes determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in man. LDHA and LDHB are expressed in most somatic tissues, while expression of LDHC is confined to the germinal epithelium of the testes. A human LDHC cDNA clone was used as a probe to analyze genomic DNA from rodent/human somatic cell hybrids. The pattern of bands with LDHC hybridization is easily distinguished from the pattern detected by LDHA hybridization, and the LDHC probe is specific for testis mRNA.The structural gene LDHA has been previously assigned to human chromosome 11, while LDHB maps to chromosome 12. Studies of pigeon LDH have shown tight linkage between LDHB and LDHC leading to the expectation that these genes would be syntenic in man. However, the data presented in this paper show conclusively that LDHC is syntenic with LDHA on human chromosome 11.The terminology for LDH genes LDHA, LDHB, and LDHC is equivalent to Ldhl, Ldh2, and Ldh3, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080406
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    Cloning and developmental regulation of α1 acid glycoprotein in swine (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: sequence ; cDNA ; fetal pig ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cDNA clone of porcine alpha1 acid glycoprotein (α1AGP) has been isolated and sequenced. Sequence homologies between porcine, human, and rat indicate that porcine α1AGP is similar in structure to the rat and human proteins. RNA blots from days 40, 60, 80, and 110 fetal, newborn, and adult livers showed that α1AGP mRNA is relatively abundant throughout fetal development, particularly at the later stages and in the newborn; there is a rapid decline in abundance following birth. From birth to 3 days of age, there is a three- to four-fold decline in abundance, and α1AGP mRNA is approximately 100 times less abundant in the adult liver than in that of perinatal pigs. Southern blots showed that α1AGP is probably a single-copy gene. The isolation of a cloned cDNA for porcine α1AGP provides a tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the developmental regulation of the gene and to correlate changes in gene expression during development with fetal growth and well being.
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    Neurochemical characterization of embryonic brain development in trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice: Implications of selective deficits observed for abnormal neural development in aneuploidy (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mental retardation ; Down syndrome ; cholinergic neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we examined the neurochemical profiles of selected brain regions (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon/brainstem) in fetal (day 14 to 18 gestation) trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice. The neurochemical characteristics we observed in Ts19 mice were quite different from those we observed previously in Ts16 mice. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was reduced significantly in the cerebral hemispheres, but not in the brainstem/diencephalon, of the fetal Ts19 mouse brain, suggesting a selective vulnerability of telencephalic cholinergic neurons. Additionally, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was reduced significantly in both hemispheres and diencephalon/brainstem of late gestation Ts19 fetuses, suggesting a selective vulnerability of GABAergic neurons as well. While the levels of catecholaminergic and dopaminergic markers were reduced significantly at late gestational ages, the relative rate of turnover of dopamine (DA), measured by the ratio of DOPAC/DA, was elevated significantly in Ts19 mice. Neither reduction in the thickness of various cellular zones of the cerebral cortex nor reduced cell density of the cerebral cortex accounts for the alterations in neurochemical parameters observed in Ts19 mice. These results suggest that the effects of the triplication of specific genes on the respective chromosomes, rather than a generalized disruption of developmental homeostasis resulting from extra chromosomal material, may produce selective alterations in neurochemical and neuroanatomical markers observed in these two mouse trisomies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080409
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    Use of nuclear mutants in the analysis of chloroplast development (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 305-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: maize ; chlorophyll-deficient mutants ; high-chlorophyll-fluorescent mutants ; albino mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although a wide range of mutations in the nuclear genome also affect chloroplast biogenesis, their pleiotropic nature often limits their use in studying nuclear genes that regulate or facilitate chloroplast development. However, many mutations that cause a high-chlorophyll-fluorescent (hcf) phenotype exhibit limited pleiotrophy, causing the loss of functionally related sets of chloroplast polypeptides. Several hcf mutations are described that result in the loss of one specific protein complex from the thylakoid membrane. Chlorplast and cytosolic mRNAs coding for component polypeptides of the missing complex are unaffected in the mutants, suggesting that each mutation disrupts some process in the synthesis and assembly of the missing complex. Another hcf mutation causes both the loss of three protein complexes and grossly abnormal thylakoid membrane structures. The primary effect of this mutation might be in the assembly of thylakoid membranes or in the stable accumulation of the three protein complexes. Two other hcf mutations are more pleiotropic. Hcf*-38 causes a quantitative reduction of many chloroplast proteins and a reduction of some chloroplast RNAs, including several splicing intermediates. Hcf*-7 causes a major reduction of all chloroplast-encoded proteins examined. The range of pleiotropic effects of hcf mutations indicates that the mutations identify nuclear genes whose products are involved in a number of different steps in chloroplast devclopment. Because some of the mutations described have been generated by transposon insertions, they can be cloned using the transposon to identify the mutant allele.
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    Nuclear genes that alter assembly of the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex in Zea mays (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: nuclear mutations ; chloroplast assembly ; maize ; light ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The major chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex (LHCII) of mesophyll chloroplasts is normally assembled late during chloroplast morphogenesis. LHCII occurs at greatly reduced levels in bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize. In order to understand the normal regulatory mechanisms we are examining nuclear maize mutants that alter either (1) the assembly timing or (2) the steady state level of LHCII in mature mesophyll thylakoids. We have found a delayed greening mutant, v24 (on chromosome arm 2L), that unmasks a second unlinked locus, Mof*, that can mediate LHCII assembly timing. The polypeptides of LHCII are encoded by the nuclear multigene cab family. We find that two alleles at Mof* regulate the steady state level of cab mRNA in parallel to their effect on LHCII assembly timing: The genotype Mof*-1 Mof*-1 v24 v24 corresponds to reduced cab mRNA and late LHCII assembly timing, while Mof*-2 Mof*-2 v24 v24 corresponds to reduced cab mRNA and late LHCII assembly timing. A second group of mutations (Oy-700, pg11 and pg12 reduces LHCII levels in mesophyll thylakoids. This is the first report that pg11 and pg12) reduce the LHCII of mesophyll thylakoids. The basis of pg11 and pg12 is unknown. Mutations at the Oy locus block the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme, protopor-phyrin IX Mg-chelatase. Heterozygotes of the codominant mutation Oy-700 with the normal allele (Oy) have reduced LHCII. We have defined genetic backgrounds that suppress and those that do not suppress the Oy-700 Oy phenotype under certain conditions: (1) reduced light intensities (200 μE cm-2 sec-1) and/or (2) plant maturity.
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    DNA methylation in plants (1987)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 475-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: methylation ; Adh1 ; Zea ; Arabidopsis ; transformed DNA ; CpG-rich islands ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Higher plant DNA is extensively methylated, but the two methylated sequences (CpG and CpNpG) show different characteristics. Using sequence analysis techniques, we demonstrate that while CpG methylation follows the existing models for cytosine methylation in animals, CpNpG methylation does not. Although there is evidence to support the suggestion that the low CpG frequency has arisen from deaminational conversion of 5-methylcytosine to thymidine, there appears to be no comparable conversion of 5-methylcytosine in the CpNpG configuration. It therefore appears that between the evolution of CpG and CpNpG cytosine methylation systems, a mechanism evolved for the correction of C→T conversion, probably using the methylated strand to direct the repair in the correct direction.
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    Age-dependent variation for inducibility of metallothionein genes in mouse liver by cadmium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: ontogeny ; lethality ; gene expression ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cadmium is a toxic metal that induces the expression of metallothionein genes in many tissues and that binds avidly to metallothionein, a soluble transition metal binding protein. The present study examined the temporal pattern and magnitude of accumulation of metallothionein mRNA in liver of C57BL/6J mice of various ages treated with cadmium. In adult female mice, accumulation was dependent on the dosage level of cadmium and related to the concentration of this metal in liver. The accumulation of metallothionein mRNA in liver depended on age at exposure to cadmium. Intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg of cadmium per kg provoked small increases (two- to threefold) in levels of metallothionein mRNA in livers of 7- and 14-day-old mice. In contrast, cadmium treatment of 28- and 56-day-old mice resulted in 12- to 19-fold increases in levels of metallothionein mRNA in liver with maximum increases occurring 3 to 4 hr after treatment. Because similar patterns for the accumulation of cadmium of liver were found in 7-, 28-, and 56-day-old mice, observed age-dependent differences in induction of metallothionein mRNA in liver were probably not due to differences in the accumulation of cadmium in this organ. Taken together, these data suggest that tissue-specific factors controlling the expression of metallothionein genes may account for developmental variation in the inducibility of these genes by cadmium. Ontogenic variation in accumulation of metallothionein mRNA after cadmium treatment may be a factor in developmental variation in the acute lethality of cadmium in C57BL/6J mice.
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    Genetic analysis of somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell culture: Initial characterization of six classes of temperature-sensitive variants (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 49-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; auxin ; gene expression ; mutant ; filtration-enrichment procedure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cell cultures of the carrot Daucus carota are a useful experimental system for studying the genetic regulation of plant embryogenesis. A modified filtration-enrichment procedure was used to isolate 21 temperature-sensitive variants in somatic embryogenesis; the variants display normal embryo development at the permissive temperature (24°C) and altered development at the restrictive temperature (33°C). Temperature-shift experiments were performed on these variants to determine the timing of gene action for the putative temperature-sensitive alleles. According to their phenotypes at the restrictive temperature, these variants can be divided into six classes: No Growth, Callus Proliferation, Globularstage Block, Oblong-stage Block, Lateral Growth, and Root Formation. Although many variants exhibit lengthy temperature-sensitive periods, the temperature sensitivity of some variants is restricted to one or two embryonic stages. These results plus those in the literature are incorporated into a preliminary model concerning the genetic regulation of carrot embryogenesis.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090201
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    Investigation of the tissue specificity of the lethal yellow (Ay) gene in mouse embryos (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: embryonic lethal ; agouti locus ; trophectoderm ; inner cell mass ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The tissue specificity of the lethal yellow mutant was investigated by separation of blastocyst tissues. Embryos from experimental (Ay/ae × Ay/ae) and control (ae/ae × Ay/ae) crosses of the AG/CamPa inbred strain were recovered at 3.5 days post coitum, cultured for 24 hours, and then mechanically dissected into the component tissues of the blastocyst, the inner cell mass (ICM), and trophectoderm. These fragments were then cultured separately, with or without a feeder layer of inactivated fibroblasts, for an additional 3-5 days. Comparisons between experimental and control crosses indicated that the lethal Ay/Ay embryos were among the blastocysts successfully dissected but that both the ICM and trophectoderm from lethal embryos failed to develop further in vitro, eithal with or without feeders.With retrospective identification of the lethal embryos, it was found that at 4.5 days, after 1 day of culture, they had formed morphologically normal blastocysts but were frequently more fragile upon dissection and had smaller ICMs. Although none had hatched from the zona pellucida, some had ruptured it and were halfway out. With culture, lethal ICMs showed no development, and lethal trophectoderm usually attached but showed very limited outgrowth. Thus, no rescue of lethal tissue was shown with dissection and in vitro culture, and results are consistent with the gene affecting both tissues of the late blastocyst.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090601
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    Identification and expression of the gap segmentation gene hunchback in drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 715-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Regulator of postbithorax ; homeosis ; pattern formation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genetic analysis has shown that the gap segmentation gene hunchback (hb) is a member of the genetic hierarchy involved in pattern formation in Drosophila. To identify the hb gene, we have mapped the position of hb mutant breakpoints within a chromosomal walk of the 85A region by genomic Southern blots and determined the transcription pattern of DNA from the walk. We detect a single gene within the domain defined by breakpoint mapping. We conclude that we have identified the hunchback gene because three mutations that inactivate hb physically interrupt or delete this gene. Northern analysis shows that the hb gene gives rise to at least five overlapping transcripts ranging in length from 2.6 to 3.5 kilobases. S1 nuclease and primer extension experiments demonstrate that the gene employs two promoters and three polyadenylation sites. The two hb promoters have different temporal specificities. Transcripts arising from the upstream promoter are detected from 0-12 hours of embryogenesis as well as in adult female and male RNA preparations. Transcripts arising from the downstream promoter accumulate only from 0-6 hours of embryogenesis. During the syncytial blastoderm stage, transcripts from the hb gene accumulate over a broad anterior and a narrow posterior domain. This pattern sharpens during the late blastoderm/early gastrula stage to produce an embryo with two stripes of hybridization anterior and one stripe posterior. Later, hb transcripts are detected within the ventral hypoderm in extended germ band stage embryos.
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    Genetic determination of sporangiophore development in Phycomyces (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 733-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Phycomyces blakesleeanus ; developmental mutants ; phorogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; light ; carotene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mycelium of the fungus Phycomyces. essentially a giant multinucleate cell, produces two kinds of asexual reproductive structures, called macrophores and microphores, and a succession of structures for sexual reproduction. Following the treatment of spores with N-methyl-N′ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, conditional imb mutants have been isolated that form no macrophores at 26°C, but do at 14°C. At the restrictive temperature, few imb mutants (2 of 13) develop microphores, and none is able to complete the sexual cycle. This suggests that genes responsible for macrophorogenesis are involved in microphorogenesis and in sexual development as well. Light reduces macrophorogenesis and totally abolishes microphorogenesis in the wild type under the conditions of our experiments. These photomorphogenetic effects require the normal function of genes madA and madB, which are responsible for phototropism. Light inhibits microphorogenesis in the two imb mutants that form microphores at the restrictive temperature. Genetic alterations of carotenogenesis lead to an excess of microphores and a scarcity of macrophores in the dark, but they have little influence on vegetative reproduction in the light.
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    G-proteins in the signal-transduction pathways of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 215-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; cGMP ; chemotaxis ; mutant ; desensitization ; receptor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The functional interaction of surface cAMP receptors with effector enzymes via G-proteins was investigated in Dictyostelium discoideum. Several experimental conditions were used to investigate signal transduction, such as reduced temperatures, use of down-regulated cells and of mutants. The results are presented as a model describing the complex interaction between multiple forms of the surface cAMP receptor and different G-proteins that are responsible for the generation of the second messengers, cAMP, cGMP, InsP3 and Ca2+.
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    Structure and expression of the cAMP cell-surface receptor (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: receptors ; transmembrane signalling ; Dictyostelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using antibodies specific for the 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP) cell surface receptor of Dictyostelium discoideum, we have screened γgtll expression libraries and isolated a series of cDNAs derived from cAMP receptor mRNA during early development. The identity of the cDNA clones was verified by multiple criteria: (1) β-galactosidase fusion proteins synthesized by isolated cDNA clones stain intensely with cAMP receptor directed antiserum, (2) these fusion proteins affinity purify antibodies specific for the cAMP receptor, (3) the cDNA probes hybridize to a 2 kb mRNA whose change in relative level of abundance during development parallels that of receptor mRNA as assayed by in vitro translation, (4) the 2 kb mRNA size equals that of receptor mRNA as determined by in vitro translation of size fractionated poly (A)+ RNA, and (5) RNA transcribed in vitro from cDNAs containing the entire protein-coding region produces a polypeptide by in vitro translation with an apparent molecular weight in close agreement with that of nascent cAMP receptor protein produced by in vitro translation of cellular RNA.The DNA sequence predicts an open reading frame of 392 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains seven domains enriched in hydrophobic residues. A model is proposed in which the cAMP cell-surface receptor traverses the lipid bilayer seven times in a pattern similar to that of other receptors, such as rhodopsin, which interact with G-proteins. The structural similarities suggest a gene family of related surface receptors from such evolutionarily diverse species as Dictyostelium, yeast, and mammals.
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    cAMP-dependent protein kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: protein evolution ; lower eukaryote ; differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) from Dictyostelium discoideum is an enzyme composed of one catalytic and one regulatory subunit. Upon binding of cAMP, the holoenzyme dissociates to liberate free active catalytic subunits. The cAK is developmentally regulated, ranging from very little activity in vegetative cells to maximal expression in postaggregative cells. Although there is no immunological cross-reaction between the subunits of cAKs from Dictyostelium and from other organisms, they share several biochemical properties. A complete cDNA for the regulatory subunit has been cloned and sequenced. Only one copy of the gene for the regulatory subunit is present per haploid genome. On the basis of the comparison of the structure of the cAK from Dictyostelium with its counterparts in yeast and higher eukaryotes, we propose a model for the evolution of cyclic-nucleotide-binding proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090407
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    Characterization of an unusual cAMP receptor and its related polypeptides in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene regulation ; immunoblotting ; rapid-developing variants ; molecular cloning ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several lines of evidence indicate that cAMP modulates developmental gene activity via cell-surface receptors. We describe here a novel cAMP receptor, CABP1, whose properties are consistent with the idea that this protein is involved in gene regulation. Firstly, immunological techniques using anti-CABP1 antibodies as probes showed that this cAMP receptor can be detected on the surface of developing cells. Secondly, there is a steady migration of CABP1 to the nucleus during development. Thirdly, some genetic variants exhibiting an altered pattern of development are found to possess modified CABP1. We also showed that CABP1 co-purifies with at least seven other polypeptides which share common epitopes with CABP1. Interestingly, four of the CABP1-related polypeptides can be detected on the cell surface as well as in the nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090406
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    The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum: The structure of the gene and its regulation and role in development (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: transformation ; gene structure ; cAMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) of Dictyostelium discoideum plays an essential role in development by hydrolyzing the cAMP used as a chemoattractant by aggregating cells. We have studied the biochemistry of the phosphodiesterase and a functionally related protein, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor protein, and have cloned the cognate genes. A 1.8-kb and a 2.2-kb mRNA are transcribed from the singlephosphodiesterase gene. The 2.2-kb mRNA comprises the majority of the phosphodiesterase mRNA found in differentiating cells and is transcribed only during development from a promoter at least 2.5 kb upstream of the translational start site. The 1.8-kb phosphodiesterase mRNA is detected at all stages of growth and development, is present at lower levels than the developmentally induced mRNA, and is transcribed from a site proximal to the protein-coding region. The phosphodiesterase gene contains a minimum of three exons, and a 2.3-kb intron, the longest yet reported for this organism. We have shown that the pds A. gene and fourfgd genes affect, the accumulation of the phosphodiesterase mRNAs, and we believe that these loci represent a significant portion of the genes regulating expression of the phosphodiesterase. The phosphodiesterase gene was introduced into cells by transformation and used as a tool to explore the effects of cAMP on the terminal stages of development. In cells expressing high levels of phosphodiesterase activity, final morphogenesis cannot be completed, and differentiated spore and stalk cells do not form. We interpret these results to support the hypothesis that cAMP plays an essential role in organizing cell movements in late development as well as in controlling the aggregation of cells in the initial phase of the developmental program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090409
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    Genes encoding novel GTP-binding proteins in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: G-proteins ; gene expression ; developmental regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have identified a two-member gene family in the Dictyostelium genome and have isolated corresponding cDNA or genomic DNA recombinant clones. Analyses of these DNA sequences predicted encoded proteins of ∼200 amino acids with ∼90% sequence identity to each other. These Dictyostelium proteins also share amino acids identity within the GTP-binding domains in the family of G-regulatory proteins involved in cellular regulation and transmembrane signalling. Additional structural similarities are seen with members of the ras supergene family, such as ras, ral, and rho. They are similar in size (usually ∼200 amino acids), possess four conserved domains involved in GTP interaction and are believed to be anchored in the membrane by fatty acid modification of a cysteine residue near the carboxy terminus. More extensive identity is observed with YPT1 and SEC4, two other members of this family of genes that are essential in yeast. The amino-terminal half of both Dictyostelium proteins is 70% identical in amino acid sequence to the YPT1 and SEC4 yeast proteins with less identity continuing through the remainder of the proteins. In addition these proteins terminate in two cysteine residues that are thought to be required for membrane anchorage.The two genes within this Dictyostelium family are organized differently in the genome and are differentially regulated during development. One gene is colinear in sequence with its mRNA in the protein coding region, whereas the other gene encodes a spliced mRNA. The intron-containing gene is associated with a developmentally regulated (AAC)-repeat sequence. Finally, we have shown that the expression of one of the genes is induced during development with kinetics similar to that of other (AAC)n-associated genes; conversely, the expression of the second gene is repressed at a similar developmental stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090408
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    Characterization of genes that are developmentally regulated during Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: developmentally regulated cDNAs ; Dictyostelium discoideum gene sequences ; developmentally regulated proteins ; Dictyostelium spore proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Similar to other stages in Dictyostelium development, spore germination is a particularly suitable model for studying the regulation of gene expression, because developmentally regulated changes in both protein and mRNA synthesis occur during the transition from dormant spore to amoeba. Spores are constitutively dormant and must be activated to germinate. Under the proper environmental conditions, spores germinate in a highly synchronous manner to give rise to individual amoebae that can then enter the vegetative growth phase. Protein synthesis is developmentally regulated during this process. Because protein synthesis is transcriptionally controlled during spore germination, the respective genes must be developmentally transcribed, and these can be isolated and analyzed. Three cDNA clones specific for mRNA developmentally regulated during spore germination have been characterized and used as probes to study mRNA accumulation and decay during spore germination. Because we are interested in defining the sequences of developmentally regulated genes that may relate to their regulation of transcription, we have sequenced the cDNAs and have isolated and sequenced their respective genomic clones. The sequences of the three gene families, their genomic organization, and their special structural features are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090412
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    The effect of caffeine, adenosine, and buffer ionic composition on the induction of cell-surface cAMP binding during starvation of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: ions ; developmental regulation ; receptor regulation ; developmental signals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have analyzed the effects of the cAMP relay inhibitor, caffeine, and the receptor antagonist, adenosine, on the regulation of the cell-surface cAMP receptor in suspensionstarved Dictyostelium discoideum cells by measuring ammonium sulfate-stabilized binding of [3-H]cAMP to intact cells. When cells were starved in fast (230 r.p.m.) shaken suspension in 10 mM Na+/5 mM K+ phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, plus 1 mM CaCl2 and 2.5 mM MgCl2, and assayed for specific cAMP binding, receptor accumulation peaked at approximately 6 hours, reaching a maximum of 1.5 pmol cAMP bound/107 cells (saturation binding). Neither caffeine nor adenosine inhibited the accumulation of cAMP receptors. Similar results were obtained in caffeine-treated, slow shaken (90 r.p.m.) suspension cultures. These results suggest that starvation alone is sufficient stimulus to induce the cAMP receptor. We have also tested the effects of different buffer ionic compositions on the accumulation of cAMP receptors. Elevation of the monovalent ion concentration to 30-40 mM was found to significantly inhibit the induction of cAMP receptors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090411
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    Contact alters cAMP metabolism in aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; development ; cAMP ; cell-cell contact ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: cAMP and cell-cell contact are involved in the coordination of differentiation and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. The experiments described in this paper establish a relationship between cAMP and cell-cell contact. Contact between Enterobacter aerogenes and aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae and contact between Dictyostelium amoebae themselves results in the transient secretion of cAMP and an alteration in the amount of cAMP secreted in response to subsequent stimulation by cAMP, i.e., an alteration in magnitude of a cAMP relay response. The subsequent cAMP relay response can be enhanced or diminished depending upon the number of contacts formed and the concentration of cAMP present at the time of contact. Latex beads are capable of evoking cAMP secretion. However, the bead/amoebal contact is unable to alter the magnitude of a subsequent response to cAMP. This suggests that a nonspecific interaction via cell-cell contactelicits transient cAMP secretion in aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae.The two responses to cell-cell contact are distinct from each other and distinct from the cAMP relay response. (1) The dose-response curves for the responses to Enterobacter contact are clearly different. (2) Contact with latex beads can elicit cAMP secretion but not alter the magnitude of a subsequent cAMP relay response. (3) The temperature dependences of the contact-induced responses and the cAMP relay response show that only the contact-induced cAMP secretion is inhibited at 12 and 15°C, while only the cAMP relay response is inhibited at 28°C.A 4-second application of cAMP at the time that contact is initiated enhances both contact-induced responses. Whether the relationship between these two developmental regulators is important for the regulation of Dictyostelium development has yet to be established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090410
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    Deactivation of gene expression upon the onset of development in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene regulation ; initiation of development ; slime mold ; transcription ; cycloheximide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several genes that are deactivated upon the initiation of development of Dictyostelium discoideum have been identified by differential screening of various cDNA libraries. These genes have in common a decrease in the steady-state levels of their corresponding mRNAs as development proceeds. When development was carried out in the absence of protein synthesis by inhibition with cycloheximide, the decrease in mRNA levels for most genes (V genes) was normal or slightly accelerated. However, for about 5% of the genes (H genes), cycloheximide caused an apparent induction of expression, as revealed by a slight or dramatic increase in mRNA levels instead of the normal decrease. This effect was due to inhibition of protein synthesis and not to cycloheximide per se. The induction was found to be due to an enhancement of the trascription rate; normal rates of transcription for the H genes were dependent upon continued protein synthesis during vegetative growth and during development. Thus, two general regulatory classes exist for deactivation of gene expression upon initiation of development, one dependent and one independent of protein synthesis. Models concerning the control of expression of these two classes of genes are discussed here. Analysis of expression of these genes in mutant strains that are aggregation-deficient has also been performed, and the results lead to subdivisions of the classes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090414
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    Analysis of the prestarvation response in growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; growth ; development ; regulation ; discoidin I ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously shown that growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum (strains NC4 and AX3) produce a soluble substance that accumulates in the medium in proportion to cell density; this substance regulates the production of certain proteins previously thought to be induced by starvation [Clarke et al., 1987]. We suggest the name PSF (prestarvation factor) for this substance. During growth, Dictyostelium cells monitor the relative concentrations of PSF and food bacteria. When PSF reaches a sufficiently high level relative to the concentration of bacteria, synthesis of PSF-regulated proteins is induced. We propose the name prestarvation response for this induction, which takes place in exponentially growing cells several generations before the food bacteria are depleted. We have explored the mechanism by which the food bacteria inhibit the response of Dictyostelium cells to PSF. We find that the bacteria do not inactivate PSF or inhibit its production; instead, they affect the ability of NC4 cells to detect PSF, possibly by binding to the same cell surface receptor. In the absence of bacteria, as during axenic growth of AX3 cells, the prestarvation response occurs at much lower cell densities, probably accounting for the presence of certain developmentally regulated mRNAs and proteins in axenic cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090413
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    A Ca2+-dependent signal transduction system participates in coupling expression of some cAMP-dependent prespore genes to the cell surface receptor (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Ca2+ ; signal transduction ; cell surface receptor ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Elevated levels of cAMP are essential for the expression of many postaggregation prespore and prestalk mRNA species and for the suppression of some growth phase mRNAs. Here we review evidence that this regulation is mediated by cAMP interacting at the cell surface receptor. These effects of cAMP on gene expression can occur under conditions where the receptor-associated adenylate cyclase is inactivated and in concentrations that are consistent with receptor binding. A number of differences are noted in the mechanism by which cAMP regulates prespore and prestalk genes. Finally, evidence is reviewed for the role of a Ca2+-dependent signal transduction system in coupling the expression of some of the prespore mRNAs to the cAMP receptor. This signal transduction system does not appear to be involved in the expression of the cAMP-dependent prestalk gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090417
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    Control of early gene expression in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; cAMP ; receptor ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the expression of a cAMP pulse-repressed and two cAMP pulse-induced genes in response to cAMP and caffeine under a number of different physiological conditions, and in several classes of developmental mutants altered in cAMP-mediated signal transduction pathways. The data presented help characterize the mutants with regard to early gene expression. Analysis of the data indicates that full induction of the pulse-induced or repression of the pulse-repressed genes requires cycles of activation and adaptation of the cAMP receptor but does not require a rise in intracellular cAMP. Comparison of the results obtained between different mutant classes suggests that repression and activation of the two classes of genes can be uncoupled, implying that different intracellular mechanisms control these processes. In addition, we examined the effects of caffeine and show that it can induce pulse-induced mRNA accumulation in the absence of cAMP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090415
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    Regulation of gene expression by the intracellular second messengers IP3 and diacylglycerol (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; diacylglycerol ; inositol trisphosphate ; developmetal regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Dictyostelium, extracellular cAMP interacts specifically with cell-surface receptors to promote the accumulation of a variety of intracellular second messengers, such as, 3′-5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 1,4,5 inositol trisphosphate (IP3). We and others have shown that activation of the cell-surface cAMP receptor can also modulate the expression of the Dictyostelium genome during development. In at least one instance, synthesis of intracellular cAMP is required for appropriate gene regulation. However, the induction of most cAMP-dependent gene expression can occur in the absence of receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase and a consequent accumulation of intracellular cAMP. These results suggest that other intracellular second messengers produced in response to receptor activation may potentially act as signal transducers to modulate gene expression during development. In vertebrate cells, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG) are intracellular activators of specific protein kinases; they are produced in equimolar amounts by cleavage of phosphoinositol bisphosphate after a receptor-mediated activation of a membrane-bound phosphodiesterase. IP3 and, thus, by inference, diacylglycerol are synthesized in Dictyostelium as a response to cAMP interacting with its cell-surface receptor. Using defined conditions to inhibit the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the expression of genes that require cAMP for their maximal expression. Our results suggest that intracellular IP3 and DAG may in part mediate the action of extracellular cAMP on the expression of the Dictyostelium genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090416
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    Structural and functional characterization of genes encoding Dictyostelium prestalk and prespore cell-specific proteins (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium cell type markers ; PsA ; phosphatidylinosito ; D19 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of D19, a Dictyostelium gene that encodes a prespore-specific mRNA sequence shows it to encode PsA, the cell surface protein detected by the MUD 1 monoclonal antibody. The predicted sequence of the protein reveals a largely hydrophobic C terminus, with chemical similarity to proteins known to be attached to the plasma membrane via a phosphatidylinositol link. The C-terminal region has direct sequence homology to the contact sites A protein and to the phosphatidylinositol-linked form of a chicken N-CAM, suggesting that it might play a role in cell adhesion. Expression of the D19 gene is known to be induced by cAMP and repressed by adenosine. The accumulation of the D19 mRNA is also repressed by DIF, the putative stalk-specific morphogen, and this effect is mediated at the transcriptional level. The pDd56 and pDd63 genes are induced by DIF, and they are specific markers of prestalk and stalk cells. They encode, respectively, ST310 and ST430, two proteins that were first identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both proteins are predominantly composed of a highly conserved, 24-amino acid repeat. The two proteins are localized in the slime sheath of the migratory slug and in the stalk tube and stalk cell wall of the mature culminant, where they presumably function as structural components of the extracellular matrix. We have constructed marked derivatives of the pDd56, pDd63, and D19 genes, and these are correctly regulated after transformation into Dictyostelium cells. Thus we have determined the structure, and elucidated possible functions, for one prespore and two prestalk genes. These sequences should be of value, both as markers of the earliest events in cellular differentiation and in identifying the regulatory sequences controlling cell type-specific gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090419
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    Transmembrane signal transduction regulates gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: second messenger ; transcription ; DNase I hypersensitive sites ; cis-acting elements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: cAMP regulates gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum through the cell surface receptor and is therefore a transmembrane signal transduction event. We have now begun to examine the signal transduction pathway that transmits the cAMP-induced signal to the nucleus. The results presented here indicate that Ca2+ plays a crucial role. A comparison of the accumulation of UDPGP1 mRNA during development with the corresponding transcription rates revealed that this gene is regulated primarily at the level of transcription. To elucidate the factors involved in the regulation of the UDPGP1 gene we characterized its cis acting sequences. We constructed a series of deletions into the 5′ flanking region of the UDPGP1 gene and analyzed the expression of the mutated DNA in transformants. A sequence element essential for the expression of the UDPGP1 gene is located between -500 bp and -288 dp from the transcription start site. This promoter element appears to be a short G + C-rich sequence positioned between -374 to -395 and coincides with a DNase I hypersensitive site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090418
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    Regulation of mRNA stability and the poly(A) problem in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 403-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: post-transcriptional regulation ; disaggregation ; poly(A)-binding proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper reviews our studies of three aspects of post-transcriptional regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum: (1) the determinants of mRNA stability in vegetative amoebae; (2) the effects of disaggregation and cyclic AMP on the decay rates of cell-type-specific mRNAs in late developing cells; and (3) the cytoplasmic function of the 3′ poly(A) tracts present on most mRNAs. We find that: (1) mRNA stability in vegetative amoebae is not dependent on mRNA size, ribosome loading, or poly(A) tract length, but may be determined by specific 3′-untranslated sequences within a given mRNA; (2) mRNA decay rates in late developing cells are heterogeneous, and cyclic AMP does not act directly to stabilize cell-type-specific mRNAs; and (3) poly(A) is most likely involved in the initiation of protein synthesis via an interaction with cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090420
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    Post-transcriptional regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression during development in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 421-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: translational control ; polyadenylation ; mRNA stability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated recombinant plasmids that contain cDNA inserts complementary to mRNAs encoding six different r-proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum. Southern and quantitative dot blot analyses have shown that each of the r-protein genes represented in these plasmids is encoded by a single copy gene and that these genes are not tightly linked to each other. We have determined the relative amount of the six r-protein mRNAs present in cells at intervals throughout development and find that for the first 9 hours of development, each of the mRNAs remains present at virtually the same level as in vegetatively growing cells. Between 9 and 11 hours of development, there is a rapid loss of these mRNAs to 15% or less of vegetative levels, and that low level remains, or slightly declines, through the late stages of development. We have shown that two post-transcriptional events contribute to the developmental regulation of the expression of the r-protein genes. The first involves a specific block to translational initiation that is not the result of inactivation of these mRNAs by decapping or deadenylation. The second is a change in the stability of these mRNAs during early development. In order to begin to analyze the role of specific sequences that may act as targets or signals in these events, we have cloned and sequenced a 1.9-kb genomic DNA fragment that encodes one of the r-proteins. We find that transcription of this gene begins in a pyrimidine-rich region that is not preceded by a TATA box, the gene contains a single intron of 350 bp, and there are two alternative 3′ processing sites. In addition, the 5′-untranslated region of the transcript contains an unusually high percentage of G and C residues relative to other Dictyostelium mRNAs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090421
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    Stalk cell formation in monolayers of Dictyostelium discoideum V12-M2 (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 597-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cell differentiation ; differentiation inducing factor ; cyclic AMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stalk cell formation in low-cell-density monolayers of Dictyostelium discoideum, strain V12-M2, occurs following the sequential addition of cyclic AMP and the differentiation-inducing factor (DIF). Both cyclic AMP and DIF are essential for the appearance of the prestalk-specific isozyme alkaline phosphatase-II, which suggests that both factors are necessary for prestalk cell formation. The available evidence suggests that the cyclic AMP requirement for stalk cell formation is mediated through the cell surface cyclic AMP receptor. However, stalk cell formation is inhibited by caffeine and this inhibition is reversed by the cell-permeable analogue 8-Br-cyclic AMP, which suggests in addition a possible involvement for elevated intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations in stalk cell formation.During in vivo development ceils first become independent of cyclic AMP at the tipped aggregate stage, but the acquisition of cyclic AMP independence is advanced by several hours when cells are incubated in the presence of cyclic AMP for 2 hours. Cells do not become independent of DIF until the culmination stage of development, which suggests the possibility that DIF is required for the conversion of prestalk cells to stalk cells.There is an absolute requirement for DIF for stalk cell formation in low-density monolayers of prestalk cells but only part of population exhibits a requirement for cyclic AMP, which suggests that the prestalk cell population consists of two distinct cell types. Stalk cell formation from prespore cells is totally dependent on both cyclic AMP and DIF.When isolated prestalk and prespore cells are plated in high-density monolayers, the former cells accumulate more DIF. which suggests the possibility that DIF is preferentially synthesized by prestalk cells.
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    A comparison of high frequency switching in the yeast Candida albicans and the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 615-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: colony morphology ; yeast cell wall ; aggregation variants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recently, high frequency switching systems have been identified in the infectious yeast Candida albicans and the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In C. albicans, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies as high as 10-2 between seven general colony morphologies in the case of strain 3153A or between two major phenotypes in the white-opaque transition in strain WO-1. In the latter system, dramatic changes occur in cellular phenotype as well. In D. discoideum, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies of roughly 10-2 between a number of colony phenotypes which include alterations in developmental timing, blocks at particular morphogenetic stages, morphological aberrations, and aggregation-minus. In the C. albicans and D. discoideum switching systems, the following characteristics are shared: (l) a limited number of switch phenotypes; (2) heritability; (3) high frequency reversibility; (4) low and high frequency modes of switching; and (5) ultraviolet (UV) stimulation of switching of cells in a low frequency mode of switching.
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    Cell behavior during formation of prestalk/prespore pattern in submerged agglomerates of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 607-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: pattern formation ; cell sorting ; differential chemotaxis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When cells dissociated from Dictyostelium discoideum slugs were cultured in roller tubes, they formed agglomerates in which prestalk cells were initially dispersed but soon sorted out to the center and then moved to the edge to reconstitute the prestalk/prespore pattern. To examine the mechanism of sorting out, individual prestalk cells were traced by a videotape recorder. The radial component of the rate of movement toward the center of the presumptive prestalk region was calculated. Prestalk cells did not move randomly, but rather directionally toward the center. Thei movement was pulsatile, with a period of ca. 15 min, and accompanied by occasional formation of cell streams, thus resembling the movement observable during cell aggregation. These results favor the idea that prestalk cells sort out to the prestalk region due to differential chemotaxis rather than differential adhesiveness. After formation of the prestalk/prespore pattern, the prestalk region rotated along the circumference of the agglomerates. This appears comparable to migration of slugs on the substratum, the rate of rotation being similar to that of slug migration.To examine the processes of pattern formation during development. washed vegetative cells were cultured in roller tubes. Prespore cells identified by antispore immunoglobulin initially appeared randomly within the agglomerates, but then nonprespore cells accumulated in the center and finally moved to the edge to establish the prestalk/prespore pattern, the processes being similar to those of pattern reconstruction with differentiated prestalk and prespore cells.
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    A mutant strain of Polysphondylium with defects in many genes (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 629-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: transposon ; cellular slime mold ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: PN6024 is a mutant strain of P. pallidum which appeared on selection for resistance to MDMP, an inhibitor of translation. It was found to be mutant in four other traits, being resistant to tubercidin, incapable of growth at 31.5°C, abnormal in development, and slow growing at 25°C. Genetic crosses using the macrocyst cycle showed that these five traits are controlled by five unlinked genes. The hypothesis is that movement of a transposon to multiple new locations caused these mutations. A difference in restriction fragment pattern between PN6024 and its parent PN600 support the hypothesis. Attempts were made to find conditions generating other strains like PN6024. Selection for growth in the presence of tubercidin yielded clones which resemble PN6024 in being developmentally abnormal as well as tubercidin resistant. Tubercidin treatment also increased the frequency of clones resistant to canavanine. It is suggested that tubercidin is mutagenic because it causes movement of the putative transposon, not because it generates point mutations. Growth under conditions of stress (at 31.5°C, at 8°C, in the presence of 2% ethanol) had at most an erratic effect in generating strains like PN6024.Three substrains appeared spontaneously in cultures of PN6024. These differed in developmental characteristics from each other and from the parent strain. It is suggested that they carry mutations in genes which control the choices between growth and aggregation, and between aggregation and encystment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090439
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    Geometry and spatial patterns in Polysphondylium pallidum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 663-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: patterning ; reaction-diffusion ; slime mold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The formation of secondary sori in whorls of Polysphondylium pallidum provides an attractive model system for the study of symmetry breaking during morphogenesis. Tip-specific antibodies that permit detection of very early stages in this patterning process are available. We have found that the patterns of tip-specific antigen expression vary considerably depending on the size, shape, and developmental stage of the whorl. All of these patterns, however, are well explained by patterning models that rely on short-range autocatalysis and long-range inhibition, as exemplified by reaction-diffusion theories. In the context of reaction-diffusion, we discuss the possible effects of initial conditions, boundary conditions, and nonlinearities on the selection of patterns in P. pallidum whorls.
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    Cell size in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; phagocytosis ; adhesion ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellular slime mold amoebae have become a model system for the study of cell motility and the cytoskeleton. A basic problem which all cells face that involves the cytoskeleton is how to control their size. The varied ways in which cellular slime mold amoebae change their cell size-by changing the size at which division occurs, by cell fusion, and by control over cytokinesis-are reviewed. A model is presented which attempts to explain how the mechanisms affected in certain cytokinesis mutants in Dictyostelium discideum known as phg mutants could be involved in control of cell size in the predatory slime mold Dictyostelium caveatum.
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    Sterility (ste) genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; sterile mutants ; ste genes ; protoplast fusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In previous experiments of Girgsdies (1982), eight sterile (ste) mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe did not sporulate when fused with h+ or h- protoplasts. We succeeded in achieving sporulation with these mutants. Two hitherto unknown ste genes, ste7 and ste8, were found.
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    Identification of polypeptides of the carbon metabolism machinery on the two-dimensional protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Location of 23 additional polypeptides (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast protein map ; carbon metabolism machinery ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a modification of the basic two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, we have undertaken a systematic identification of the polypeptides of the protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae corresponding to components of the carbon metabolism machinery. To the previous location of nine glycolytic enzyme polypeptides on the yeast protein map we add the location of 23 polypeptides. Ten of them were identified as corresponding to cytoplasmic enzymes of the carbon metabolism machinery and 13 were characterized as mitochondrial proteins. The criteria used to establish the identification of these polypeptides spots include migration with purified proteins, immunodetection, overproduction by plasmid-carrying strains and physiological behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030104
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    Effects of weak acids and external pH on the intracellular pH of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and its implications in weak-acid resistance (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Zygosaccharomyces ; weak-acid resistance ; intracellular pH ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Weak acids and hydrogen ions in different concentration combinations affect the intracellular pH value (pHi) of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. The lowest pHi value measured was not at the most extreme, but at intermediate conditions of inhibition. Proton and organic-acid ejection, on a cell volume basis, is greater in cells grown under inhibitory conditions and is stimulated by weak acids, whilst in cells not grown under inhibitory conditions acid efflux is lower and is depressed by weak acids; this may be important in the maintenance of tolerable pHi values in the presence of weak acids. The concentration of benzoic acid measured internally is identical to the value expected from its pK, external pH and pHi. Addition of fructose to starved cells causes both a decreased pHi and a concomitant efflux of previously loaded benzoic acid, quantitatively in accord with the shift in equilibrium of the freely permeable undissociated acid. There is no evidence that weak acids are actively extruded. Protoplast volume also varies with hydrogen-ion and weak-acid concentration and this too may play a role in intracellular pH maintenace.
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    Biochemical estimation of hepatitis B surface antigen in recombinant yeast (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous gene expression ; Hepatitis B ; protein estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Purified recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate has a very low staining index with Coomassie blue relative to a number of standard proteins. In contrast the protein stains better than average with silver nitrate. This property has been used to develop a semi-quantitative method of estimation of recombinant surface antigen in extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing this protein. The method can be used to follow purification protocols. It is quick, simple and since it measures the surface antigen biochemically, is independent of the aggregation state or conformation of the protein, a factor which can affect enzyme-linked immunoassays which rely on antigen-antibody interactions.
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    PHO5 Upstream sequences confer phosphate control on the constitutive PHO3 gene (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; acid phosphatase ; gene regulation ; upstream activating sequences ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To identify the sequences involved in the regulation of the yeast acid phosphatase gene (PHO5) we constructed a series of hybrid promoters. Increasing lengths of 5′-flanking sequences of the PHO5 gene were placed in front of the TATA-box of constitutively expressed acid phosphatase gene (PHO3).The PHO5/PHO3 promoter constructions were used to replace the entire PHO5, PHO3 gene cluster on chromosome II. Depending on the length of PHO5 5′-flanking sequences present the PHO3 gene driven by the hybrid promoter could now be derepressed in response to inorganic phosphate (low Pi) exactly as the PHO5 wild type gene. A critical regulatory element was located between position -402 to -351 (upstream from ATG) and sequences further downstream (from -351 to -300) could increase transcriptional activation. The transcription levels of PHO3 were determined by northern blot analysis, under repressed (high Pi) and derepressed (low Pi) conditions which was paralleled by an increase in extra-cellular acid phosphatase activity. Fully regulated promoter hybrids showed a 40-fold induction of mRNA levels, comparable to wild type PHO5 promoter. S1-nuclease protection experiments revealed that the PHO5 5′-flanking sequences, placed in front of PHO3, did not change the PHO3 transcription initiation site/s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030106
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    Cyclic AMP controls the switch between division cycle and resting state programs in response to ammonium availability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; nitrogen limitation ; resting state ; cell cycle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have identified a mutation called rcal (for rescue by cAMP) which allows adenylate cyclase-deficient mutants to divide in the presence of cAMP. We took advantage of this rcal mutation to study the effect of externally added cAMP on the onset of the resting state when cells are starved for ammonium. We measured the resistance of the cells to zymolyase treatment as a parameter of the resting state. We observed that the onset of the resting state is reversibly blocked by cAMP. This inhibitory effect of cAMP is discussed together with the cAMP control of the start. This leads us to propose a model in which the cAMP level, controlled by the availability of nutrients, should trigger the choice between the entry of the cell into the resting state and the initiation of a new division cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030205
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    Tryptophan accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the influence of an artificial yeast TRP gene cluster (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; tryptophan accumulation ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plasmid pME559, carrying all five yeast TRP genes, was constructed. This plasmid is a yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle vector based on pBR322 and 2 μm-DNA sequences derived from plasmid pJDB207. We studied in yeast (i) the stability of the plasmid under selective and non-selective conditions, (ii) expression of all five TRP genes and (iii) tryptophan accumulation in yeast transformants. These studies were conducted in comparison with an earlier construction, pME554, which differs from plasmid pME559 in the expression of the TRP1 gene and which carries the TRP2 wild type instead of the TRP2fbr mutant allele. For stable maintenance of the plasmids in yeast a selection was necessary. Plasmid pME559 displayed normal expression of all TRP genes, and enzyme levels on average 23-fold higher than in the wild type strain were found. In comparison, the maximal tryptophan flux observed in such a plasmid-carrying strain was about ten-fold higher than the maximal flux capacity in the wild type strain.
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    Analysis of DNA sequences homologous with the ARS core consensus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA replication ; ARS elements ; histone genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously identified an autonomously replicating segment (ARS) near the 3′ end of the histone H4 gene at the copy-I H3-H4 locus. We have now searched for additional autonomously replicating segments and sequences homologous with the ARS core consensus sequence near the copy-II histone H4 gene and both of the histone H3 genes. No new ARS elements were identified by functional cloning assays. However, several matches to the ARS core consensus element were found within the DNA sequencs of the copy-I and copy-II genes. An exact match to the ARS core consensus was identified in the region downstream from the copy-I histone H3 gene and a set of sequences with weak homology was also locatd within the copy-II region. However, restriction fragments including these sequences did not demonstrate ARS activity on a plasmid in transformed cells.
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    Masthead (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030301
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    Nucleotide phosphotransferase, nucleotide kinase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities of killer virions of yeast (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Killer ; virus-like particles ; nucleotides ; pyrophosphatase ; RNA polymerase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The intracellular killer virions of yeast co-purify with an RNA polymerase activity which catalyzes the synthesis of fulllength transcripts of the two viral genomic double-stranded RNA segments. This polymerase utilizes ribonucleoside diphosphates or triphosphates as substrates. The virions have other associated nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme activities, including nucleoside diphosphate kinase, adenosine monophosphate kinase, and nucleoside triphosphate phosphotransferase, an activity which catalyzes the exchange of gamma-phosphate from any ribonucleoside triphosphate with any ribonucleoside or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. The purified virions also contain an inorganic pyrophosphatase activity. These enzymes may allow the virus to utilize nucleotide pools distinct from those utilized in host cell transcription.
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    Specificity of DNA uptake during whole cell transformation of S. cerevisiae (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transformation ; Saccharomyces ; plasmid ; DNA uptake ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the mechanism of DNA transformation of whole yeast cells in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with particular emphasis on the role of the cell wall complex in DNA uptake. Two new aspects of the process have been investigated in order to evaluated its specificity. Such aspects are: (i) effect of monovalent vs. divalent cations during incubation with the transforming DNA and (ii) timing of DNA adsorption and uptake. We found that the specificity for cation requirement is a strain-dependent characteristic influenced by the presence of transforming DNA in the cell suspension. This finding is supported by reports from several laboratories that some yeast strains show mutually exclusive transformability with monovalent vs. divalent cations. While irreversible adsorption of plasmid DNA molecules is induced by both heat shock and polyethylene-glycol(PEG), DNA uptake seems to occur only after the removal of PEG. In the course of this study we have developed a new, alternative method of whole cell DNA transformation with CaCl2 able to transform strains that do not respond to other methods.
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    Genetic analysis of the gene ICL1 of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; isocitrate lyase ; structural gene ; gene map ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The gene ICL1 codes for the tetrameric enzyme isocitrate lyase of Y. lipolytica. Twenty icl1- alleles have been analysed for their reversion frequency, their interallelic complementation pattern, and the position of the corresponding mutation site on the fine structure map of the gene ICL1. One intragenic temperature-sensitive revertant of the allele icl1D-39 was isolated, which expressed a thermolabile enzyme. In spite of the fact that no nonsense mutations have been detected, the direction of transcription of the gene ICL1 was inferred from the localization of a linked cis-dominant regulatory mutation site. The size of the mitotic map of this gene suggests that recombination frequency in Y. lipolytica is lower than in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    Multiplicity of mechanisms of carbon catabolite repression involved in the synthesis of alcohol oxidase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pinus (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pinus ; alcohol oxidase ; catabolite repression ; metabolic regulation ; methanol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of various carbon compounds on the synthesis of alcohol oxidase in a medium with methanol was studied in the wild type strain of Pichia pinus as well as in gcr1 and ecr1 mutants defective in glucose and ethanol repression of methanol metabolic enzymes, respectively. Compounds repressing the synthesis of alcohol oxidase in the wild type strain were divided into four groups. Repression of alcohol oxidase by compounds of the first group (glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, L-sorbose and xylose) was impaired only in the gcr1 mutant and that by compounds of the second group (ethanol, acetate, 2-oxoglutarate and erythritol) only in the ecr1 mutant. Repression by compounds of the third group (malate, dihydroxyacetone) was not impaired in both these regulatory mutants and that by compounds of the fourth group (succinate, fumarate, L-arabinose, sorbitol, salicin, xylitol and cellobiose) was partially reduced in both gcr1 and ecr1 strains.Mutation gcr1 causes a significant decrease in phosphofructokinase activity. It also led to a six- to seven-fold increase in intracellular pools of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and to a two-fold decrase in the intracellular pool of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In ecr1 strains, a decrese in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity accompanied by an increae in activities of NAD- and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases and NAD- and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases was demonstrated. The intracellular pool of 2-oxoglutarate was increased 2·5-fold in ecr1 strains. Genes GCR1 and ECR1 are not linked.The mechanisms of catabolite repression of alcohol oxidase in methylotrophic yeasts are discussed.
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    Calender (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 273-273 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030409
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    Yeast as a tool for carcinogen screening. Stephen G. Oliver, Enzyme Induction, Mutagen Activation and Carcinogen Testing Edited by A. Wiseman, Published by Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, at £28.50 (hardback) (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 271-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320030408
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040101
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