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  • Angiosperms  (46)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (29)
  • Electron microscopy  (27)
  • bioavailability
  • temperature
  • Springer  (139)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (139)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1985  (139)
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  • 1985-1989  (139)
  • 1980-1984
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 116-119 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; staining ; morphology ; nylon-12 ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of drawn and annealed sheets of nylon-12 was investigated by transmission electron microscopy of stained sections, and the results compared with equivalent small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns. A three-component structure was observed, consisting of crystalline (C) and amorphous (A) regions in the microfibrils and an interfibrillar component whose density was deduced to be intermediate between that of the C and A regions. The crystallite width was given satisfactorily by a Guinier analysis of the SAXS profile.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 454-461 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; void ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under the condition that liquid epoxy resin impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates, the increase in gas pressure caused by decrease in the volume of non-impregnating area was not as much as expected according to Boyle's law. Hence, the quantity of the gas consumed by dissolution and diffusion into the liquid resin and the polyester fibers, as well as by the void formation in the impregnating area of liquid resin, was calculated. According to the results, the quantities of gas decreased by dissolution and diffusion from the non-impregnating area into the impregnating liquid resin and into the polyester fiber are found to be so small that the deviation from Boyle's law mostly depends on the gas consumption due to the void formation in the impregnating area. Observing the impregnating region with a microscope, many voids were found in the area between the non-impregnating area and the completely impregnated area. The number and size of voids are theoretically estimated by assuming the non-uniformity of the fiber distribution in the polyester non-woven fabric.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1429-1430 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fish ; serotonin ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contents of serotonin (5 HT) and its metabolite 5 hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) have been measured (HPLC technique) in the brains of eels exposed to different conditions of hydrostatic pressure and temperature (HP=1 or 101 ATA in winter, Tw=14°C, and in summer, Tw=19°C). It appears that an increase of Tw induces a significant increase of the 5 HT/5 HIAA ratio. In contrast, eels exposed at 101 ATA of HP for 1 h do not exhibit any modification in the 5 HT/5 HIAA brain ratio at a given temperature. The involvement of 5 HT under the conditions studied is discussed.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1532-1533 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Marlin ; muscle ; mechanics ; ATPase activity ; temperature ; skinned fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATPase activity and force generation have been measured simultaneously in isolated, demembranated muscle fibers of the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) between 0 and 30°C. Tension generation is relatively independent of temperature above 15°C and falls with a Q10 of 〈1.5 on decreasing the temperature to 0°C. In contrast, the Q10 for ATPase activity is 2.2 over the range 0–30°C. The results are interpreted in terms of the cross bridge theory of contraction.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature ; growth rates ; cassava mealybug ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; life table ; Manihot esculenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des tables de vie ont été établies pour déterminer l'effet de températures constantes sur les taux de croissance de populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., et ainsi comprendre les changements au sein des populations du ravageur dans les champs et mener à bien le programme de lutte biologique organisé à l'I.I.T.A. contre cette cochenille. P. manihoti, introduit à partir de l'Amérique latine en Afrique, y menace la production du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement natural (rm) a augmenté de 0.114 à 20°C, à 0.185 à 27°C, avant de descendre à 0.182 à 30.5°C. Le taux net de reproduction (Ro) a été relativement élevé (426–584 oeufs femelles/génération). Dans nos conditions expérimentales, la mortalité a atteint 50% au bout de 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 jours respectivement à 20, 23.5, 27 et 30.5°C. La durée du cycle et le coefficient d'accroissement (λ) étaient inversement liés à la température. Le ravageur possède la capacité de doubler sa population en 6.08 jours à 20°C alors que 3.81 jours seulement suffisent pour doubler la population à 30.5°C. Ces résultats nous ont permis de comprendre et d'expliquer l'énorme pouvoir de pullulation de la cochenille observé dans les champs pendant la saison sèche; il s'ensuit que les lâchers des entomophages produits en élevages doivent se faire très tôt au début de la saison sèche, afin de contrecarrer la grande fertilité et la capacité d'augmentation rapide des populations de P. manihoti.
    Notes: Abstract Life table studies were conducted to assess the effect of constant temperature on the rate of population growth of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Four temperatures, between 20 and 30.5°C, were tested. An inverse relationship was observed between temperature and most demographic parameters. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) increased from 0.1 at 20°C to 0.2 at 27°C and 30.5°C. The net reproductive rate varied between 426.3 at 30.5°C and 584.7 at 20°C. The mealybug population reached 50% mortality after 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 and 19.0 days respectively at 20, 23.5, 27 and 30.5°C. The results indicate that P. manihoti can persist and increase in numbers within the range between 20 and 30.5°C.
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 758-759 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Crickets ; corpus allatum activity ; juvenile hormone III ; temperature ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus, reproduction is controlled by temperature and the corpus allatum (CA) hormone JH III. In CA of females reared at 24°∶12°C(16∶8 h) (high reproduction rate) a first peak in JH III synthesis is reached about 4 days earlier than in those of 20°C females (low reproduction rate). Furthermore, in 20°C animals CA activity is low during the entire oviposition period, whereas at 24°∶12°C high CA activity is found during this period of adult life. The results indicate a stimulation of CA activity and reproduction by thermoperiods around a constant low temperature.
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; intestinal absorption ; small and large intestine ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a study of eight volunteers and six patients, glibenclamide was placed at different sites of the gastro-intestinal tract under visual control. The dose was instilled once into the stomach and once into the duodenum of the eight volunteers in a randomized crossover design. The six patients underwent diagnostic colonoscopy, and the dose was placed into the ascending colon if pathological findings were not present. The area under the concentration-time curve, completed by extrapolation, and the mean residence time of the drug in the body were calculated. These pharmacokinetic characteristics were examined using a Jonckheere test for ordered alternatives and a Wilcoxon signed rank pair test. The means of the areas under the curve were 477±131 ng·h ml−1 for the stomach, 475±142 ng·h ml−1 for the duodenum and 486±301 ng·h ml−1 for the colon. The mean residence time changed from 2.67±0.35 h for the stomach to 2.42±0.48 h for the duodenum and 3.55±0.68 h for the colon. These results indicate that although glibenclamide is absorbed from all three sites of the gastro-intestinal tract to the same extent, the rates of absorption are different. It is discussed whether these findings really confirm the pH-partition hypothesis in drug absorption. Since glibenclamide — a weak acid — has a pK-value of about 6.5, these data seem to confirm the pH-partition hypothesis of drug absorption.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 251-253 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: paracetamol ; antacids ; acetaminophen ; bioavailability ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol has been investigated in 12 young healthy volunteers. Following a random cross over design, each subject swallowed, on three separate occasions, one weak apart, 500 mg paracetamol alone, or together with two different aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide preparations (Dimalan and Maalox). Plasma paracetamol levels were measured by HPLC. The bioavailability of paracetamol was not altered by either antacid, but they both delayed the time to peak plasma concentration (0.85 h; 1.43 h; 1.25 h, without antacid, with Dimalan and with Maalox respectively). The peak plasma concentration was not affected by concurrent antacid administration.
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  • 9
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diazepam ; dipotassiumchlorazepate ; benzodiazepines ; bioavailability ; administration ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dipotassium chlorazepate (DPC) and diazepam (DZM) were given i.m. and i.v. to 6 healthy volunteers in doses of 20 mg (48.9 µmol) DPC and 15 mg (52.0 µmol) DZM. The interval between the injections was at least 1 week. Plasma samples were analyzed for DPC and DZM by HPLC. The bioavailability of DPC and DZM after i.m. administration, determined from computer calculated AUCs, was 1.04 and 0.85, respectively.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: moclobemide ; Ro 11-1163 ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; MAO activity in platelets ; monoamine metabolites in urine ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of the MAO-inhibitor moclobemide (Ro 11-1163) were determined in six healthy male subjects after oral (tablets) administration. Effects on MAO activity in platelets and excretion of monoamine metabolites in urine were investigated. The design of the study was a double-blind cross-over study with single oral doses of placebo, 50, 100 and 200 mg of moclobemide. The elimination profile of the drug showed that the half life of the unchanged drug ranged between 1 and 2 h except in one subject with a half-life of about 4 h. The mean bioavailability calculated using flow model concepts was F=0.43 after 50 mg, F=0.47 after 100 mg and F=0.59 after 200 mg. The outlier with a t1/2 of 4 h was found to have a bioavailability of more than 0.80 after all 3 doses. The slightly increasing bioavailability with higher doses was interpreted as evidence of saturable hepatic first-pass elimination of the drug. MAO activity in platelets was measured before and 2, 6 and 24 h after drug administration. No inhibition of platelet MAO was obtained at any point in time or dose level, as to be expected since moclobemide preferentially inhibits MAO A. Urine excretion of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MOPEG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was followed during 48 h after placebo, 50 and 200 mg of moclobemide. Time but not dose contributed significantly to the variability in excretion of the monoamine metabolites. An apparent reduction of HVA and DOPAC levels was obtained in the early phase after the administration of 200 mg of moclobemide. In 1 subject with a mild drug reaction a pronounced decrease in the levels of all the metabolites was obtained. In the other 5 subjects, the compound was very well tolerated with a few reported side-effects like increased activity, somnolence or sweatings. There was a slight but significant increase in blood pressure following 50 and 100 mg but not 200 mg of moclobemide.
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  • 11
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; respiratory failure ; furosemide glucuronide ; first-pass metabolism ; diuretic effect ; bioavailability ; food effect ; chronic treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide 40 mg administered orally for at least 6 months have been compared in patients with chronic respiratory failure and in healthy controls. The mean urinary recovery of unchanged drug was 11.5 mg and 9.41 mg in 24 h after pre- and postprandial administration to 10 patients, whereas the recovery was 14.4 mg in 10 healthy subjects. The diuretic effect, in terms of urine flow and sodium ion excretion in the 6 h after administration, was also less in patients than in healthy subjects. This was ascribed to the lower bioavailability of furosemide in patients, based on the urinary recovery of unchanged drug, and not to a lower level of response to furosemide than in healthy subjects. The mean absolute bioavailability of furosemide in 6 patients was 41.3% and 63.4%, respectively, calculated from unchanged drug and total drug (unchanged plus glucuronide conjugate). Approximately 53.9% of the dose of furosemide was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate after oral administration, and 34.2% after i.v. injection in the 6 patients. In 3 of the 6 patients studied, a distinct first-pass effect for glucuronidation of furosemide was observed after oral administration. In another study, the mean glucuronide fraction recovered in 24-h urine was 20.7% and 7.3% (p〈0.01) in 38 patients and 12 healthy subjects, respectively. The fraction in urine was not affected by changing the dose of furosemide from 20 to 120 mg. The lower bioavailability in patients as compared to healthy subjects is ascribed to enhanced glucuronidation and incomplete drug absorption.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bioavailability ; distribution-free statistical method ; confidence limits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The confidence interval approach to bioavailability assessment depends first on selection of the confidence level, usually 95%, and then determination of the confidence limits for the expected bioavailability ratio AUC(Test)/AUC(Reference). In practice, however, it is sometimes of greater interest to know the probability that the expected bioavailability will fall below a critical value, for example 0.75, or within a clinically set bioequivalence range, for example 0.80 to 1.25. Up to now, posterior probability distributions have been suggested, based on classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) with its rather restrictive assumptions, including that of a (logarithmic) normal distribution. In this report, a distribution-free confidence interval based on the Wilcox-on signed-rank statistic has been generalized so that confidence probabilities can be obtained for any given confidence limits. In the case of unimodal and almost symmetrical sampling distributions, the results obtained are very similar to those of the ANOVA-based posterior probability distribution. However, skewed or multimodal sampling distributions are better reflected by the proposed distribution-free method, and more valid information is obtained in these cases, as demonstrated by examples.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1985), S. 637-644 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: isosorbide-dinitrate ; pharmacokinetics ; analytical method ; bioavailability ; drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailabilities of a conventional and two slow release 20 mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) formulations were compared after oral administration in a three way cross-over study in 8 male volunteers. In a further group of 6 male volunteers the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ISDN were investigated after intravenous infusion of a median dose of 14.1 mg for 2.5 h. A new analytical procedure was developed for the determination of isosorbide-5-mononitrate-2-glucuronide (IS-5-MN-2-Glu) and of isosorbide (IS). Kinetic data analysis on a molar basis was performed by the program package KINPAK providing model independent parameters. The median elimination half-lives of ISDN, IS-5-MN, IS-2-MN and IS-5-MN-2-Glu were 0.7, 5.1, 3.2 and 2.5 h, respectively. The systemic clearance of ISDN was 3.7 l/min and the distribution volume 2521 (3.1 l/kg). Apart from IS-5-MN-2-Glu, with a renal clearance of 5.9 l/min which suggested substantial glucuronidation in the kidney, the renal clearances of ISDN, IS-5-MN, IS-2-MN and the corresponding amounts excreted were negligible. 27.8% of the administered ISDN was excreted as IS-5-MN-2-Glu (8.7%) and IS (19.1%). Calculations based on the two mononitrate metabolites formed from ISDN showed an incomplete recovery of 84.1%, leading to the assumption that a simultaneous denitration to IS must have occurred. The rate of denitration at each nitro group in ISDN was almost twice as high as for the same position in the corresponding mononitrate. The bioavailability of the conventional ISDN formulation was 19%, although complete absorption was indicated by comparison of the percentages of mononitrate metabolites formed after the different routes of administration. On the same basis the absorption of the two sustained release formulations was found to be poor.
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: griseofulvin ; skin blister fluid levels ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy subjects ; bioavailability ; protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Griseofulvin and 6-demethylgriseofulvin (6-DMG) in plasma, suction blister fluid (SBF) and cantharides blister fluid (CBF) and urinary excretion of 6-DMG, were evaluated following administration of single oral doses of an ultramicrosize and a microsize formulation of griseofulvin to 6 healthy volunteers. The bioavailability of griseofulvin was higher following the ultramicrosize formulation when 64% of the dose was recovered (via metabolites) versus 52% after the microsize preparation. Penetration into skin blister fluid was delayed as compared to plasma levels; the peak concentration in plasma was observed at 3–4 h, whereas griseofulvin in CBF increased up to 6 h. The terminal half-live was calculated from plasma levels to 9.3 h. The half-lives calculated from SBF and CBF concentrations were 9.2 and 9.8 h, respectively, (n=5). In plasma 84% of griseofulvin was bound to proteins, predominantly to albumin; binding in SBF and CBF was 72 and 82%, respectively. 3 h after drug administration the free concentration in plasma significantly exceeded the free concentrations in SBF and CBF. Distribution equilibrium between plasma and skin blister fluid was observed after 27 h. Thus, during chronic administration, the plasma griseofulvin level should reflect its concentration in the target organ.
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  • 15
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: griseofulvin ; skin blister fluid ; plasma concentration ; blister fluid concentration ; pharmacokinetics ; microsize formulation ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; different formulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Griseofulvin was administered orally to 6 healthy volunteers for 6 days. The subjects received 500 mg of a microsize formulation and 330 mg of an ultramicrosize formulation, according to a cross-over design. The drug was determined in plasma, suction blister fluid (SBF) and cantharides blister fluid (CBF) following the last dose. Urinary excretion of the main metabolites 6-demethylgriseofulvin (6-DMG) and its glucuronic acid conjugate was also measured. The pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those obtained from a recent single dose experiment. On repeated administration, the bioavailability of griseofulvin was significantly lower from the microsize formulation; the urinary recovery of total 6-DMG was 33.8% versus 53.6% on administration of the ultramicrosize material. Bioavailability was reduced as compared to ingestion of a single dose. The reduction was more prominent following the microsize (36%) than the ultramicrosize (17%) formulation. Penetration into skin blister fluid was not altered as compared to the single dose experiment. Relative areas under the blister fluid-time curves amounted to 51% (SBF) and 80% (CBF) of the area under the plasma level-time curve. The concentration of unbound griseofulvin in these body fluids was identical throughout the entire dosage interval. Unbound griseofulvin levels were low in comparison with the minimum inhibitory concentrations for strains of trichophyton and microsporum.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: confidence intervals ; bioavailability ; Bayesian analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 477-481 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: budesonide ; glucocorticoid ; nasal administration ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; systemic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Budesonide, a topically potent glucocorticoid, was administered to 4 healthy volunteers by i.v. infusion and by nasal instillation of 100 µg tritium-labelled drug. Plasma was analyzed by liquid chromatography plus scintillation counting of collected fractions. After i.v. administration the plasma clearance was 0.92 l/min and the apparent volume of distribution was 2.8 l/kg. After nasal administration, the time to reach the peak plasma level was approximately 30 min, and the systemic availability was 102%. Budesonide had marginal effects on plasma cortisol and white blood cell counts either after i.v. or nasal administration. Thus, nasally instilled budesonide in solution is rapidly and completely absorbed from the nasal mucosa. The systemic effects after this clinically recommended nasal dose were negligible.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketanserin ; ketanserinol ; pharmacokinetics ; age ; healthy volunteers ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of ketanserin has been examined in a cross-over experiment in 21 elderly subjects (aged 59–72 years) by administration of tablets (40 mg), solution (40 mg) and injectable solution (10 mg). After two weeks of treatment with 40 mg ketanserin tablets further 18 blood samples for analysis were collected under steady-state conditions. Plasma levels were measured by HPLC. The absolute bioavailability of ketanserin tablets was 52.7%; their relative bioavailability compared to a solution containing an equal quantity of active compound was 85.5%. Therefore, the low absolute bioavailability of ketanserin cannot be attributed to the formulation. The active compound was rapidly liberated from the tablet, reaching a peak of 103.8 ng/ml after 0.97 h. Individual plasma level-time curves were fitted to an open three compartment model and a half-life of 17.7±7.26 h was calculated for the terminal elimination phase. An average terminal elimination half-life of 15.4±4.2 ng/ml was found after administration of the ketanserin solution. Multiple dosing with 40 mg tablets b.d.s. resulted in an AUC over one dosing interval at steady-state of 666±201 ng × h/ml. The AUC extrapolated to infinity was 1200±405 ng × h/ml for the last tablet. This is 1.8-times the AUC in one dosing interval, and 2.3-times the AUC of a single dose. Under steady-state conditions, the mean peak plasma level was 155.1 ng/ml (1.08 h after dosing) and the terminal half-life was 19.1±5.1 h. For the metabolite ketanserinol terminal half-lives of 21.4 h after a single tablet and 31.0 h after discontinuation of multiple dosing were calculated. Compared to the parent compound there was much more marked accumulation of ketanserinol. Despite moderate accumulation and prolongation of the terminal half-life of ketanserin under steady-state conditions, dosage adjustment is not required in elderly people. First-pass metabolism and bioavailability remained in the range found in previous studies of ketanserin in young subjects.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 581-583 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: piretanide ; liver cirrhosis ; ascites ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; diuretic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of piretanide, a new loop diuretic, were studied in seven patients with severe liver disease before and after resolution of ascites. The time to maximum concentration was significantly prolonged by the presence of ascites. Tmax after relief of ascites was similar to that seen for normal volunteers. Area under the curves, bioavailability, volumes of distribution and elimination half-lives did not change after resolution of the ascites: two patients in whom diuretic resistant ascites occurred showed similar pharmacokinetics to that of the diuretic responders. Reduced responsiveness to piretanide therapy in patients with gross ascites does not appear to be the result of decreased bioavailability.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phototrophic bacteria ; Rhodospirillaceae ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetically related phototrophic bacteria Rhodospirillum tenue and Rhodocyclus purpureus modulate activity of their glutamine synthetases by adenylylation/deadenylylation. Evidence for covalent modification includes the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on the activity of glutamine synthetase extracted from cells of either species grown on excess ammonia, and the lack of Mg2+ inhibition of activity of the enzyme isolated from N2-(R. tenue) or glutamine (R. purpureus)-grown cells. In addition, snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment of glutamine synthetase from either species grown on excess ammonia relieved Mg2+ inhibition of the enzyme (as measured via the γ-glutamyl transferase assay), and changed the cation specificity from Mn2+ to Mg2+ (in the biosynthetic assay).
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Excretion ; Anabaena azollae ; Azolla caroliniana ; Cyanobacteria ; Glutamine ; Glutamate formation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anabaena azollae was isolated fromAzolla caroliniana by the “gentle roller” method and differential centrifugation. Incubation of suchAnabaena preparations for 10 min with [13N]N2 resulted in the formation of four radioactive compounds; ammonium, glutamine, glutamate and alanine. Ammonium accounted for 66% of the total radioactivity recovered and 58% of the ammonium was in an extracellular fraction. Since essentially no extracellular13N-labeled organic compounds were found, it appears that ammonium is the compound most probably made available toAzolla during dinitrogen-dependent growth of the association. The kinetics of incorporation of exogenous13NH 4 + into glutamine and glutamate were characteristic of a precursor (glutamine)-product (glutamate) relationship and consistent with assimilation by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. The results of experiments using the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine, the glutamate synthase inhibitor, diazo-oxonorleucine, and increasing the ammonium concentration to greater than 1 mM, provided evidence for assimilation primarily by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway with little or no contribution from biosynthetic glutamate dehydrogenase. While showing that N2 fixation and NH 4 + assimilation were not tightly coupled metabolic processes in symbioticAnabaena, these results reflect a composite picture and do not indicate the extent to which ammonium assimilatory enzymes might be regulated in filaments associated with specific stages in theAzolla-Anabaena developmental profile.
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  • 22
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Membrane structure ; Electron microscopy ; Photosynthetic bacteria
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The organization of photosynthetic membranes in the cytoplasm of the photosynthetic bacterium Rh. viridis has been examined by several techniques for electron microscopy. Thin sections of membrane stacks show that the regular lattice of membrane subunits reported in other studies can be observed in thin section. Tilting of sections in the electron microscope shows that the regular lattices of several membranes overlap in a way that suggests they are in register with each other. This observation can be confirmed by freeze-fracture images in which a regular arrangement of membrane lattices can be observed, each perfectly aligned. Analysis of the spacings of membrane pairs shows that the photosynthetic membranes of Rh. viridis are very closely apposed. The mean diameter of two membranes is 160A, and the average space between two such membranes is only 42A. When a recently developed atomic level model of Rh. viridis reaction center is superimposed against these spacings, each reaction center extends from the surface of its respective membrane far enough to make contact with an apposing membrane. The limited free space between membranes and regular alignment of lattices has a number of implications for how this membrane is organized to carry out the process of energy transfer.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oscillatoria ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen protection of N2-ase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oscillatoria sp. strain 23 is a filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen aerobically. Although, in this organism nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen a high tolerance is observed. Up to a pO2 of 0.15 atm, oxygen does not have any measurable effects on acetylene reduction. Higher concentrations of oxygen inhibited the activity to a relatively high degree. Evidence for two mechanisms of oxygen protection of nitrogenase in this cyanobacterium was obtained. A high rate of synthesis of nitrogenase may allow the organism to maintain a certain amount of active enzyme under aerobic conditions. Secondly, a switch off/on mechanism may reversibly convert the active enzyme into a non-active form which is insensitive to oxygen inactivation after a sudden and short-term exposure to high oxygen concentrations. It is conceived that these mechanisms in addition to a temporal separation of nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis sufficiently explain the regulation process of aerobic nitrogen fixation in this organism.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oscillatoria ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Light-dark cycles
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    Notes: Abstract The non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. strain 23 fixes nitrogen under aerobic conditions. If nitrate-grown cultures were transferred to a medium free of combined nitrogen, nitrogenase was induced within about 1 day. The acetylene reduction showed a diurnal variation under conditions of continuous light. Maximum rates of acetylene reduction steadily increased during 8 successive days. When grown under alternating light-dark cycles, Oscillatoria sp. fixes nitrogen preferably in the dark period. For dark periods longer than 8 h, nitrogenase activity is only present during the dark period. For dark periods of 8 h and less, however, nitrogenase activity appears before the beginning of the dark period. This is most pronounced in cultures grown in a 20 h light – 4 h dark cycle. In that case, nitrogenase activity appears 3–4 h before the beginning of the dark period. According to the light-dark regime applied, nitrogenase activity was observed during 8–11 h. Oscillatoria sp. grown under 16 h light and 8 h dark cycle, also induced nitrogenase at the usual point of time, when suddenly transferred to conditions of continuous light. The activity appeared exactly at the point of time where the dark period used to begin. No nitrogenase activity was observed when chloramphenicol was added to the cultures 3 h before the onset of the dark period. This observation indicated that for each cycle, de novo nitrogenase synthesis is necessary.
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  • 25
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 40-43 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Photosynthetic bacteria ; Chromatium ; Ammonia switch off
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogenase in Chromatium vinosum was rapidly, but reversibly inhibited by NH 4 + . Activity of the Fe protin component of nitrogenase required both Mn2+ and activating enzyme. Activating enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum could replace Chromatium chromatophores in activating the Chromatium Fe protein, and conversely, a protein fraction prepared from Chromatium chromatophores was effective in activating R. rubrum Fe protein. Inactive Chromatium Fe protein contained a peptide covalently modified by a phosphate-containing molecule, which migrated the same in SDS-polyacrylamide gels as the modified subunit of R. rubrum Fe protein. In sum, these observations suggest that Chromatium nitrogenase activity is regulated by a covalent modification of the Fe protein in a manner similar to that of R. rubrum.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriolysis ; Penicillin ; Autolysis ; Cell wall ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
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    Notes: Abstract The actual reason for the penicillin-induced bacteriolysis of staphylococci was shown to be the “punching” of one or a few minute holes into the peripheral cell wall at predictable sites. These perforations were the result of the lytic activity of novel, extraplasmatic vesicular structures, located exclusively within the bacterial wall material, which we have named “murosomes”. In untreated staphylococci the punching of holes into the peripheral wall is a normal process which follows cross wall completion and represents the first visible step of cell separation. Under penicillin, however, analogous holes are punched by the murosomes at sites of presumptive cell separation even if no sufficient cross wall material had been assembled before at this site (but had rather been deposited at other sites). Consequently, because of the internal pressure of the protoplast, lytic death is the inevitable result of this perforation of the protective peripheral wall. Hence, the real mechanism of penicillin-induced bacteriolysis in staphylococci is considered to be mainly the result of a special morphogenetic wall defect: bacteriolysis is taking place regularly when a cell separation process is no longer preceeded by sufficient cross wall assembly at the correct place. However, hypotheses which are based purely on some variations of overall biochemical processes like total wall enzyme activities or total wall synthesis are not regarded to be sufficient to explain this type of lytic death.
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  • 27
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 259-261 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenic bacteria ; Plasmid isolation ; Alkaline lysis ; CsCl gradient ; Restriction endonuclease mapping ; Electron microscopy ; DNA homology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of 21 recently isolated strains of methanococci, one was found to harbor a small, cryptic, low copy number plasmid. Reproducible recovery was achieved by alkaline lysis of cells pretreated with proteinase K in an osmotically stabilizing buffer. The plasmid was found to contain a singleAval site. No homology was detected between the plasmid and DNA from any of the other new strains or from five known species of methanococci.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Heterocyst ; Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Electron transport to nitrogenase ; Ferredoxin ; Cyanobacteria ; Anabaena cylindrica ; Anabaena variabilis
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    Notes: Abstract Various electron donors were found to stimulate C2H2 reduction (N2 fixation) by isolated heterocysts from Anabaena variabilis and Anabaena cylindrica. Intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as unphosphorylated sugars like glucose, fructose and erythrose were among these electron donors. The transfer of electrons from donors like H2, NADH, glyoxylate and glycollate was strictly light-dependent, whereas others like NADPH or pyruvate plus coenzyme A supported C2H2 reduction also in the dark. In all cases, the overall activity was enhanced by light. The stimulation by light was more distinct with heterocysts from A. variabilis than with heterocysts from A. cylindrica. The present communication establishes that pyruvate supports C2H2 reduction by heterocysts from either A. variabilis or A. cylindrica with rates comparable to those with other electron donors. Pyruvate could, however, support C2H2 reduction only in the presence of coenzyme A, and the concentrations of both coenzyme A and pyruvate were crucial. A pyruvate-dependent reduction of ferredoxin by extracts from heterocysts was recorded spectrophotometrically. Glyoxylate, which is an inhibitor of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent decarboxylations, inhibited pyruvate-dependent C2H2 reduction. This result supports the conclusion that pyruvate is metabolised by pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase in heterocysts. High concentrations of pyruvate and other electron donors inhibited C2H2 reduction which suggests that nitrogenase activity in heterocysts may be controlled by the availability of electron donors.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Conjugation ; Cross inoculation ; Host specificity ; Hydrogen uptake ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Plasmids
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    Notes: Abstract pIJ1008, a Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid which determines hydrogen uptake ability and symbiotic functions in pea was transferable to three of seven natural isolates of R. meliloti tested. In these three strains, pIJ1008 was maintained stably with the respective sym megaplasmid indigenous to each R. meliloti strain. These strains carrying both plasmids nodulated alfalfa but not pea. By reisolation and examination of the strains from alfalfa nodule tissue, it was shown that pIJ1008 continued to be maintained but that pea-nodulation ability was suppressed. In one strain of R. meliloti which carries a 200 kb cryptic plasmid (in addition to a megaplasmid), the transfer and selection for pIJ1008 resulted in the loss of the cryptic plasmid. In three separate plant growth experiments, alfalfa nodules induced by each of the R. meliloti strain carrying both sym plasmids were assayed for hydrogen uptake activity. The average activity was 40-, 3.5-and 2-fold higher than with the respective pIJ1008-free strains. However, this higher activity was not accompanied by an increase in plant biomass or nitrogen content of shoots.
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  • 30
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1985), S. 338-342 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sporosarcina halophila ; Endospores ; Electron microscopy ; Heat resistance ; Ethanol resistance ; Germination ; Dipicolinic acid
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporosarcina halophila forms endospores. Electron micrographs revealed ultrastructural similarity to spores of S. ureae. Spore germination indicated by loss of refractility, darkening, swelling and formation of new vegetative cells was followed by phase contrast light microscopy. To induce spore germination, the endospores needed to be heat avtivated. After activation, they were inoculated into nutrient broth medium supplemented with sea-water. Double concentrated sea-water was found to be optimal for germination. Similar to other bacterial endospores, the spores were found to be resistant to heat and ethanol. An ultraviolet absorbing substance was isolated from suspensions of free spores; it was identified to be pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA) usually present in bacterial spores. DPA was detected in amounts ranging from 5–7% of the spore dry weight; it was not detected in extracts of vegetative cells.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: C. sporosphaeroides ; Citrate lyase ; Regulation ; Purification ; Properties ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Clostridium sporosphaeroides which were grown on citrate contained citrate lyase and citrate lyase acetylating enzyme, but no detectable citrate synthase and citrate lyase deacetylase activities. Citrate lyase from C. sporosphaeroides was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the enzyme from Clostridium sphenoides, the addition of l-glutamate was not necessary for activity and stabilization of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 34 U/mg protein and was comparable to other citrate lyases with respect to its molecular weight and subunit composition. Electron microscopic investigations showed that similar to the lyase from C. sphenoides and in contrast to all other citrate lyases examined so far, the majority of the enzyme molecules was present in “star” form.
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  • 32
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    Archives of microbiology 142 (1985), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus mirabilis ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; nif plasmids ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-transmissible plasmids carryinghis andnif genes fromKlebsiella pneumoniae have been introduced into threehis mutants ofProteus mirabilis: strains 5006-1, WR19 and WR20. Expression ofhis by the transconjugants was unequivocal, if slightly temperature-sensitive, but none was Nif+ when tested for acetylene reduction in anaerobic glucose medium using inocula from rich or glucose-minimal aerobic agar cultures. Succinate or pyruvate in place of glucose, low glucose, lower temperature or elevated Na2MoO4 did not allownif expression and no nitrogenase MoFe-protein peptide was detected immunologically after exposure to conditions in which diazotrophic enterobacteria, normal or genetically constructed, derepressnif. One strain,P. mirabilis WR19, carrying thehis nif Kmr plasmid pMF250 was examined in detail. Thenif activator genenifA was introduced on the plasmid pCK1. Such derivatives remained Nif- when tested, after aerobic growth on rich agar media, with normal or low glucose, with succinate or with elevated Mo. However, pre-conditioning by aerobic growth on glucose-minimal agar led to subsequent anaerobic expression ofnif in glucose medium from pMF250 in WR19 carrying pCK1. NH 4 + or proline could serve as N-source in the glucose-minimal agar. Maximum activity was about 5% of that ofK. pneumoniae in our assay conditions. Material cross-reacting with anti-serum to the nitrogenase MoFe protein was formed. Nitrogenase activity was not ‘switched off’ by NH 4 + .P. mirabilis WR19 (pCK1) showed NH 4 + -constitutive temperature-sensitive kanamycin resistance (anif-related phenotype of this plasmid) in aerobic glucose minimal medium. Expression ofnif inP. mirabilis WR19 (pCK1, pMF250) was NH 4 + -repressible despite the constitutivenifA character of pCK1 and introduction of thentrA + plasmid pMM17 did not alter this phenotype. However, pCK1 did not give rise to NH 4 + -constitutive diazotrophy in the wild-typeK. pneumoniae M5al. A construct of WR19 carrying pMF250 and constitutiventrC plasmid (pMD45) remained Nif- even after pre-growth on glucose-minimal media. We conclude (a) thatP. mirabilis forms a gene product functionally equivalent to that ofntrA inK. pneumoniae, (b) that it forms no functional equivalent of thentrC product in our growth conditions. The need for pre-conditioning on aerobic glucose media remains perplexing.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Evolution ; Nif genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Nucleotide sequence ; Phylogeny ; Rhizobium ; 16S rRNA cataloguing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It was known that nitrogenase genes and proteins are well conserved even though they are present in a large variety of phylogenetically diverse nitrogen fixing bacteria. This has lead to the speculation, among others, that nitrogen fixation (nif) genes were spread by lateral gene transfer relatively late in evolution. Here we report an attempt to test this hypothesis. We had previously established the complete nucleotide sequences of the three nitrogenase genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and have now analyzed their homologies (or the amino acid sequence homologies of their gene products) with corresponding genes (and proteins) from other nitrogen fixing bacteria. There was a considerable sequence conservation which certainly reflects the strict structural requirements of the nitrogenase iron-sulfur proteins for catalytic functioning. Despite this, the sequences were divergent enough to classify them into an evolutionary scheme that was conceptually not different from the phylogenetic positions, based on 16S rRNA homology, of the species or genera harboring these genes. Only the relation of nif genes of slow-growing rhizobia (to which B. japonicum belongs) and fast-growing rhizobia was unexpectedly distant. We have, therefore, performed oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16S rRNA, and found that there was indeed only a similarity of S AB=0.53 between fast- and slowgrowing rhizobia. In conclusion, the results suggest that nif genes may have evolved to a large degree in a similar fashion as the bacteria which carry them. This interpretation would speak against the idea of a recent lateral distribution of nif genes among microorganisms.
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  • 34
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Anabaena ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Nostoc
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incubation in the dark of photoautotrophically grown N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria leads to a loss of nitrogenase activity. Original levels of nitrogenase activity are rapidly regained upon re-illumination of the filaments, in a process dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Ammonia, acting indirectly through some of its metabolic derivatives, inhibits the light-promoted development of nitrogenase activity in filaments of Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 and several other cyanobacteria containing mature heterocysts. The ammonia-mediated control system is also operative in N2-fixing filaments in the absence of any added source of combined nitrogen, with the ammonia resulting from N2-fixation already partially inhibiting full expression of nitrogenase. High nitrogenase levels, about two-fold higher than those in normal N2-fixing Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, are found in cell suspensions which have been treated with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor l-methionine-d,l-sulfoximine or subjected to nitrogen starvation. Filaments treated in either way are insensitive to the ammonia-promoted inhibition of nitrogenase development, although this insensitivity is only transitory for the nitrogen-starved filaments, which become ammonia-sensitive once they regain their normal nitrogen status.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 244-248 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia analogues ; Anabaena variabilis ; Cyanobacteria ; Ethylenediamine ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis showed a pH dependent uptake of ethylenediamine. No uptake of ethylenediamine was detected at pH 7.0. At higher pH values (e.g. pH 8.0 and pH 9.0) accumulation did occur and was attributed to diffusion of uncharged ethylenediamine in response to a pH gradient. A biphasic pattern of uptake was observed at these higher pH values. Treatment with l-methionine-d,l-sulphoximine (MSX) to inactivate glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibited the second slower phase of uptake without any significant alteration of the initial uptake. Therefore for sustained uptake, metabolism of ethylenediamine via GS was required. NH 4 + did not alter the uptake of ethylenediamine. Ethylenediamine was converted in the second phase of uptake to an analogue of glutamine which could not be detected in uptake experiments at pH 7.0 or in uptake experiments at pH 9.0 following pretreatment of cells with MSX. Ethylenediamine treatment inhibited nitrogenase activity and this inhibition was greatest at high pH values.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 141 (1985), S. 364-370 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Denitrification ; Associative symbiosis ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrous oxide formation ; Azospirillum
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model system is described where Azospirillum and germinated wheat seeds were grown in association for a week and then assayed for nitrogen fixation (C2H2-reduction) and denitrification (N2O-formation) activities. The association performed C2H2-reduction and N2O-formation under microaerobic conditions. Both activities were measurable after already 3–5 h of incubation with substantial rates and were strictly dependent on the presence of both plants and bacteria. During the week of the growth of the association, the bacteria had lived exclusively from the carbon compounds supplied by the roots of the plants. C2H2-reduction activity by the association was more or less the same with all the Azospirillum brasilense strains, but lower with A. lipoferum and with the A. amazonense strains tested. Two nitrogenase negative mutants of Azospirillum brasilense showed virtually no activity in the association. C2H2-reduction activity was strongly dependent on the growth temperature of the association. Denitrification (N2O-formation) was high also at higher temperatures and at pH-values in the medium around 7.8 but not at neutrality and was strictly dependent on nitrate. The Azospirillum strain used strongly determined the rate of the N2O-formation in the association. It is suggested that Azospirillum may be beneficial to crops particularly under tropical conditions.
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  • 37
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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  • 38
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia/ammonium (assimilation, excretion) ; Anthoceros ; Bryophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The initial product of fixation of [13N]N2 by pure cultures of the reconstituted symbiotic association between Anthoceros punctatus L. and Nostoc sp. strain ac 7801 was ammonium; it accounted for 75% of the total radioactivity recovered in methanolic extracts after 0.5 min and 14% after 10 min of incubation. Glutamine and glutamate were the primary organic products synthesized from [13N]N2 after incubation times of 0.5–10 min. The kinetics of labeling of these two amino acids were characteristic of a precursor (glutamine) and product (glutamate) relationship. Results of inhibition experiments with methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and diazo-oxonorleucine were also consistent with the assimilation of N2-derived NH 4 + by Anthoceros-Nostoc through the sequential activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1), with little or no assimilation by glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.3). Isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated exogenous 13NH 4 + into glutamine and glutamate and their formation was inhibited by MSX, indicating operation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway: However, relative to free-living cultures, isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated 80% less exogenous ammonium into glutamine and glutamate, implying that symbiotic Nostoc could assimilate only a fraction of N2-derived NH 4 + . This implication was tested by using Anthoceros associations reconstituted with wild-type or MSX-resistant strains of Nostoc incubated with [13N]N2 in the presence of MSX. The results of these experiments indicated that, in situ, symbiotic Nostoc assimilated about 10% of the N2-derived NH 4 + and that NH 4 + was made available to Anthoceros tissue where it was apparently assimilated by the GS-GOGAT pathway. Since less than 1% of the fixed N2 was lost to the suspension medium, it appears that transfer of NH 4 + from symbiont to host tissue was very efficient in this extracellular symbiotic association.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cells ; Phenotype ; Electron microscopy ; DNA synthesis ; Man
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from adult human arteries, grown in primary culture in medium containing 10% whole blood serum, and studied by transmission electron microscopy and [3H]thymidine autoradiography. In the intact arterial wall and directly after isolation, each smooth muscle cell had a nucleus with a wide peripheral zone of condensed chromatin and a cytoplasm dominated by myofilament bundles with associated dense bodies. After 1–2 days of culture, the cells had attached to the substrate and started to spread out. At the same time, a characteristic fine-structural modification took place. It included nuclear enlargement, dispersion of the chromatin and formation of large nucleoli. Moreover, myofilament bundles disappeared and an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex were organized in the cytoplasm. This morphological transformation of the cells was completed in 3–4 days. It was accompanied by initiation of DNA replication and mitosis. The observations demonstrate that adult human arterial smooth muscle cells, when cultivated in vitro, pass through a phenotypic modulation of the same type as arterial smooth muscle cells from experimental animals. This modulation gives the cells morphological and functional properties resembling those of the modified smooth muscle cells found in fibroproliferative lesions of atherosclerosis. Further studies of the regulation of smooth muscle phenotype and growth may provide important clues for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Nervous system ; Electron microscopy ; Sea-urchin ; Echinodermata
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the soft tissues at the bases of spines in the sea-urchin Echinus esculentus has been examined with particular reference to the innervation of these appendages. The basal nerve ring encircling the spine contains many somata of neurones, and circumferentially directed elements, as well as tangled neuropil. The smooth muscles that bring about spine-pointing movements are innervated by terminals that contain two different types of vesicles, suggesting dual innervation by neurones containing different neurotransmitters. The neuromuscular junctions include apparent synapses between nerve cell bodies and muscle fibres. There are also neural elements that may be involved in the control of the catch apparatus of the spine. The complexity of the nerve ring and effector innervation implies that coordination of spine movements is more sophisticated than has been previously supposed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antigen transfer ; Electron microscopy ; Enterocytes ; Macrophages ; Fish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two protein antigens, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ferritin, have been administered to the digestive tract of carp. Electron-microscopical observations reveal considerable absorption of both antigens in the second segment of the gut (from 70 to 95% of the total length) and also, although to a lesser extent, in the first segment (from 0 to 70% of the total length). Even when administered physiologically with food, a large amount of ferritin is absorbed by enterocytes in the second gut segment. HRP and ferritin are processed by enterocytes in different ways. HRP seems to adhere to the apical cell membrane, probably by binding to receptors, and is transported in vesicles to branched endings of lamellar infoldings of the lateral and basal cell membrane. Consequently, most of the HRP is released in the intercellular space where it contacts intra-epithelial lymphoid cells. Only small amounts of HRP become localized in secondary lysosomes of enterocytes. Ferritin does not bind to the apical cell membrane; after uptake by pinocytosis, it is present in small vesicles or vacuoles that appear to fuse with lysosome-like-bodies. In the second segment, intact ferritin ends up in the large supranuclear vacuoles (after 8 h), where it is digested slowly. Although no ferritin is found in the intercellular space, ferritin-containing macrophages are present between the epithelial cells, in the lamina propria and also to a small extent in the spleen. The transport of antigens from the intestinal lumen, through enterocytes, to intra-epithelial lymphoid cells or macrophages may have immunological implications, such as induction of a local immune response and prospectives for oral vaccination.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythropoiesis ; Autophagy ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Late erythroblasts and reticulocytes from bone marrow of male Wistar rats were studied by electron-microscopic stereology. Late erythroblasts with morphological signs of nuclear extrusion (EN+erythroblasts) and late erythroblasts without these signs (EN-erythroblasts) were analysed separately. The volumes of mitochondria, autophagosomes, autophagocytosed mitochondria, autophagocytosed cytoplasm and degraded material inside autophagosomes were calculated per unit volume of cytoplasm. The results demonstrate that (1) the volume density of mitochondria in the cytoplasm decreases by 34% during maturation from (EN-)- to (EN+)-erythroblasts (p〈 0.001) and by 60% during differentiation from (EN+)-erythroblasts to reticulocytes (p〈0.001), (2) a fivefold increase in the volume density of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm is noted during maturation from (EN-)- to (EN+)-erythroblasts (p〈0.01), whereas the value of this parameter remains essentially unchanged during the subsequent differentiation to reticulocytes, (3) no mitochondria are found inside autophagosomes of (EN-)-erythroblasts, whereas mitochondria occupy 26% and 35%, respectively, of the autophagosomal volume in (EN+)-erythroblasts and in reticulocytes. Our results show that autophagocytosis of mitochondria starts at the moment of nuclear extrusion and continues in the bone marrow reticulocytes.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parietal cells ; Human stomach ; Peanut lectin ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Man
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peanut lectin reactivity was examined in normal fundic glands from human gastric samples, both at light- and electron-microscopic levels, using a peroxidase conjugate. Positive reaction was observed in the glycocalyx of parietal cell secretory canaliculi as well as in the mucous globules of mucous cells and in the luminal cell coat of chief cells. The presence of terminal galactose in the canalicular glycocalyx may be connected with the peculiar function of hydrochloric acid secretion. Peroxidase-labelled peanut lectin is proposed as a marker for visualizing the secretory canaliculus of parietal cells.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 467-476 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endometrium, rat ; Stromal cells ; Hemosiderin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic pigment inclusions of rat endometrial stromal cells were studied by histology, histochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis. It is shown that a number of endometrial perivascular stromal cells contain numerous free cytoplasmic ferritin particles as well as hemosiderin vacuoles. The larger pigment inclusions reveal also positive PAS- and Schmorl reactions indicating that they contain polysaccharide and lipofuscin material, respectively. These pigmentstoring stromal cells also display acid phosphatase activity; they avidly phagocytose instillated latex particles. No pigment-storing cells occur within the surface or glandular epithelium, either in the basal endometrium or in the myometrium. It is demonstrated that the endometrial iron-storing cells function as iron depots; they take part in the phagocytosis and endocytosis of extracellular tissue components and therefore can be named phagocytes. Our data show that “fibroblastoid” endometrial stromal cells may differentiate into endometrial resident phagocytes, which ensure interstitial proteolysis and hence facilitate the drainage of extracellular fluid into the venous blood capillaries.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endochondral bone development ; Osteoblast ; Osteoclast ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mechanisms whereby bone cells absorb organic bone-matrix components during endochondral bone development, rat humeri were examined, employing horseradish peroxidase as a soluble protein tracer. Intravenously-injected peroxidase filled the osteoid layer and penetrated into the osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi, but did not enter the mineralized bone matrix. Whereas osteocytes rarely took up exogenous peroxidase, osteoblasts and osteoclasts actively endocytosed peroxidase in pinocytotic coated vesicles, tubular structures, and vacuoles. They also formed endocytotic vacuoles containing peroxidase in the Golgi area. The Golgi apparatus and dense bodies of these bone cells were, however, free of reaction products. Osteoclast ruffled borders were responsible for peroxidase absorption. In the osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast, endogenous peroxidatic reaction was detected only in mitochondria and not in other membrane-bounded vesicles and bodies. These results strongly suggest that both osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate in the resorption of bone-matrix organic components during bone remodelling.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Postovulatory follicles ; Electron microscopy ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Teleosts, catfish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In captive African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, ovulation was induced with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 4 I.U./g body weight to study the function of postovulatory follicles (POFs). Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical data indicate that, apart from special theca cells, the granulosa of relative young POFs (i.e., from 16 h and 28 h after HCG-injection) is capable of producing steroids. Possible functions of the synthesized steroids are discussed. Histological comparison of POFs from stripped and from unstripped fish, as well as histochemical investigation of the contents of ovulated ova and granulosa of POFs at 48 h after HCG-injection, showed that the latter structure is involved in phagocytosis of the disintegrating ovulated eggs. The polysaccharide-lipid-protein material, initially taken up by heterophagolysosomes of the granulosa cells, subsequently undergoes fatty degeneration. The granulosa cells of the POFs showed strong acid phosphatase activity and abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum from 16 h after HCG-injection onward; heterophagolysosomes appeared at 32 h. These results indicate that after ovulation the phagocytotic function of the granulosa develops progressively. Autophagolysosomes, responsible for the final disintegration of POFs, become increasingly evident in the granulosa cells with increasing time after ovulation.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocyte regeneration ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic analysis of mouse liver homogenates six days after partial hepatectomy, showed a higher percentage of nuclei with adherent cytoplasm than homogenates from normal liver. This observation was true for animals with either a slow or rapid recovery of body weight after the operation. The phenomenon was not a function of the changes in the proportions of parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue in the regenerating liver. Electron-microscopic analysis of random samples from normal and regenerating livers indicated an increase in the perinuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a displacefment of the glycogen depots within the regenerating cells six days after partial hepatectomy. The marked resistance towards homogenization, shown by the cytoplasm of the regenerating cells, may have been due to the observed increase of perinuclear membranes. However, qualitative changes of the cell membranes and a general decrease of proteolytic activity connected with liver regeneration may also have contributed.
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  • 49
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    Keywords: Adrenergic nerves ; Acetylcholinesterase ; containing nerves ; Ovary ; Electron microscopy ; 5-Hydroxydopamine ; Guinea-pig
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    Notes: Summary The autonomic nerve supply of the guinea-pig ovary was investigated by a combination of light-and electron microscopy. At the light-microscopic level, adrenergic fibres were identified due to their formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. In addition, the ovary contained acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres. In all parts of the ovary, the adrenergic fibres were most numerous. At the ultrastructural level it was possible to identify the adrenergic nerve terminals with the aid of the false adrenergic transmitter, 5-hydroxydopamine. Thus, large numbers of adrenergic terminals, characterized by their content of 50–60 nm, electron-dense synaptic vesicles, were seen within the interstitial gland, where they formed close contacts with the endocrine cells (membrane-to-membrane distance, 20–100 nm). The follicular theca externa was also richly supplied by adrenergic nerves. At this location, close contacts (50–100 nm) were identified between the nerve terminals and the smooth muscle-like cells. Very few adrenergic nerve fibres were present in the theca interna of follicles or in the corpus luteum. Non-adrenergic nerve terminals, characterized by electronlucent synaptic vesicles of 50–60 nm diameter, were observed together with the adrenergic fibres. They were always present in much lower numbers than the latter. No “p-type” nerves were identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrahypothalamic neurosecretory neurons ; Teleost mesencephalon ; Brain stem nuclei ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Neurons in the dorsal tegmentum of the midbrain of the teleosts Poecilia sphenops and P. latipinna were examined by use of electron microscopy. A nucleus of neurosecretory neurons was identified in the subependymal region just dorsal to the medial longitudinal fascicle. This nucleus has been called the dorsal tegmental magnocellular nucleus (DTMN). The most distinguishing cytological feature of these cells is the presence of large granular vesicles, 100–180 nm in diameter. These vesicles resemble neurosecretory granules characteristically found in preoptic and lateral tuberal magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Presynaptic terminals on these cells contain small clear vesicles, and some among them contain small dense-core vesicles.
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  • 51
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    Keywords: Vocal motor system ; Songbirds (zebra finch) ; Calcium-binding proteins ; Parvalbumin ; Electron microscopy ; Plasticity
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of parvalbumin (PV) within neurons of the vocal motor nucleus hyperstriatum ventralepars caudalis (HVc) was investigated in the forebrain of adult male zebra finches by means of light and electron microscopy using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Parvalbumin-reaction product was located in the amorphous material of perikarya, dendrites and nuclei, and associated to microtubuli, postsynaptic densities and intracellular membranes; it was found in some axons and Gray type-2 boutons, but rarely in type-1 boutons and never in the Golgi apparatus. These observations suggest that parvalbumin may regulate calcium-dependent processes at the postsynaptic membrane and in the cytosol. Furthermore, the partial association of parvalbumin to microtubuli points to an involvement in calcium-dependent tubular functions. Calcium currents and microtubular assembly or transport may be relevant for the known functions of HVc in song learning.
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  • 52
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    Keywords: CRF immunohistology ; Paraventricular nuclei ; Pituitary gland, pars nervosa ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary A fine network of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunopositive fibers was found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary of the rat. The intermediate and distal lobes were free of CRF-immunoreactivity. Varicose, terminal-like axons were frequently observed around capillary vessels. Surgical isolation of the paraventricular nuclei resulted in a complete disappearance of CRF-immunoreactive fibers from the posterior lobe. CRF-immunopositive fibers show the general characteristics of peptidergic axons. These ultrastructural observations support the idea that CRF is secreted into capillary vessels.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Thyroid follicle ; Suspension culture ; Cellular polarity ; Tight junctions ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Porcine thyroid follicles, when isolated by enzymatic digestion and suspended in Eagle's MEM containing 10% fetal calf serum, undergo inversion of cellular polarity. After isolation, the strands for the tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) between follicle cells begin to move towards the side of the medium and gather at this side of the lateral plasma membrane during 24 h of incubation. Around this time, microvilli of many follicular cells protrude into the culture-medium. The elements of the Golgi apparatus are located at the luminal as well as the culture-medium side of the cytoplasm, and also at the lateral side of the nucleus after 24 h of suspension culture, and by 94 h of incubation almost all elements of this organelle, as well as lysosomes and the central cilium have migrated to the side of the medium. The migration of the zonulae occludentes is considered to be the initial change in the reversal of the polarity of this cell.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine
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    Notes: Summary Reissner's fiber (RF) of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the central canal and its bordering structures, and the filum terminale were investigated in the bovine spinal cord by use of transmission electron microscopy, histochemical methods and light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The primary antisera were raised against the bovine RF, or the SCO proper. Comparative immunocytochemical studies were also performed on the lumbo-sacral region of the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. At all levels of the bovine spinal cord, RF was strongly immunoreactive with both antisera. From cervical to upper sacral levels of the bovine spinal cord there was an increasing number of ependymal cells immunostainable with both antisera. The free surface of the central canal was covered by a layer of immunoreactive material. At sacral levels small subependymal immunoreactive cells were observed. From all these structures sharing the same immunoreactivity, only RF was stained by the paraldehyde-fuchsin and periodicacid-Schiff methods. At the ultrastructural level, ependymal cells with numerous protrusions extending into the central canal were seen in the lower lumbar segments, whereas cells displaying signs of secretory activity were principally found in the ependyma of the upper sacral levels. A few cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were observed at all levels of the spinal cord; they were immunostained with an anti-tubulin serum. The lumbo-sacral segments of the dog, rat and rabbit, either fixed by vascular perfusion or in the same manner as the bovine material, did not show any immunoreactive structure other than RF. The possibilities that the immunoreactive ependymal cells might play a secretory or an absorptive role, or be the result of post-mortem events, are discussed.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin ; Microglia ; Wallerian degeneration ; Optic nerve, rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult albino rats were subjected to unilateral surgical removal of the eyeball. After survival times of 7–140 days, the numerical response of the neuroglial cells, and the progressive disintegration of the myelin sheaths in the optic nerves, were studied qualitatively and quantitatively in electron-microscopic montages. The distribution density of microglia and astroglia in degenerating optic nerve increased to peaks after 35 and 56 days respectively, whereas, the oligodendroglia gradually decreased. During the early stage of degeneration, microglial cells appeared and invaded the sheath at the intraperiod line, peeling off the outer lamellae, which were then engulfed by phagocytosis. Within the microglia, myelin sheath fragments were surrounded by a membrane curled to form a myelin ring. In the intermediate stage of degeneration, the paired electrondense lines of the ring, made up of myelin basic protein, decomposed and formed a homogenous or heterogenous osmiophilic layered structure, the myelin body, which, in the final stages, disintegrated and transformed into globoid lipid droplets and needle shaped cholesterol crystals.
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 127-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraphysis cerebri ; Histology ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Salmo gairdneri Richardson
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paraphysis cerebri of adult Salmo gairdneri is represented by a differentiated part of the pars impar telencephali of the telencephalic roof. It consists of a vaulted epithelial sheet, which displays only a few rostral evaginations and separates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the meningeal interstitial fluid. The fenestrated, sinusoidal portal system surrounding the paraphyseal epithelium appears to be part of a complex vascular bed of the dorsal telencephalic and diencephalic area. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers observed in the vicinity of the paraphyseal epithelium fail to make synaptic contact with paraphyseal cells. The single-layered epithelium is composed of characteristic, rather small, optically dense, cuboidal and cylindrical cells, apically mutually attached by junctional complexes including zonulae occludentes. These paraphyseal cells execute a high energetic and a moderate synthetic metabolism as indicated by ultrastructural, cytochemical and enzyme-cytochemical observations. Morphological evidence is presented for a multiple function of these cells in the regulation of the CSF: 1) water and solute elaboration into the ventricular system, 2) restricted uptake of high molecular weight organic substances from the CSF, 3) restricted uptake of low molecular weight substances from the CSF, but apparently not of GABA and of biogenic amines, 4) the formation and pinching-off of “blebs” as expression of a physiological mechanism not yet elucidated. The possible relationship between the level of development of the paraphysis cerebri and the sensitivity of animals to hydro-mineral metabolism is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Lolium ; Morphology ; protein electrophoresis ; numerical methods
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological analysis and electrophoresis of seed proteins of fiveLolium species disclosed that they form two distinct groups corresponding to those recognized from compatibility data.Lolium temulentum andL. remotum of the self-pollinated group were shown to be distinct but closely related species. Morphological intergradation and high similarities between protein profiles ofL. perenne, L. multiflorum andL. rigidum (cross-pollinated species) suggest little genetic differentiation between these taxa. This implies that treatment at the infraspecific level might better accomodate the data.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Scrophularieae ; Scrophularia himalensis ; Endosperm ; endosperm haustoria
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scrophularia himalensis has anab initio cellular endosperm. A transverse division separates a micropylar chamber from a chalazal chamber. The second division is vertical in both, the third is also vertical but at right angles to the second and restricted to the micropylar chamber just as the fourth transverse division. The four-celled micropylar haustorium is branched, highly aggressive, and persists for a long time during seed development. The bicelled chalazal haustorium is non-aggressive and is relatively short-lived. The endosperm proper is ruminate. Variation in the early ontogeny of the endosperm and the structure of endosperm haustoria in the tribeScrophularieae are evaluated.
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  • 59
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Bambusoideae ; Bambusa ; Dendrocalamus ; Pseudostachyum ; Melocalamus ; Melocanna ; Ochlandra ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.
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  • 60
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. hirtella ; E. drosocalyx ; Infraspecific classification ; chorology of the Alpine Flora ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A more precise taxonomic concept ofE. hirtella and its infraspecific synonymy is presented. Its diploid nature (2n = 22) is confirmed. Within the European area ofE. hirtella five different races may be recognised: “typical”, “brandisii”, “capitulata”, “Rofan” and “Bretagne”. Taxonomic rank is not yet attributed to these races. The heterogeneous taxonomic assembly “E. drosocalyx” is disentangled. The type refers to products of hybrid introgression ofE. rostkoviana-characters (long glandular hairs) intoE. minima.
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  • 61
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Typhaceae ; Sparganiaceae ; Typha ; Esterases ; ADH ; GDH disc electrophoresis ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enzymatic spectra ofTypha angustifolia, T. latifolia and their hybrids were examined by disc electrophoresis for three enzymatic systems: esterases, alcohol deshydrogenase, and glutamate deshydrogenase. The intermediate position of the hybrids is confirmed. The study of alcohol deshydrogenase reveales the existence of an intraspecific variability inT. angustifolia between individuals from the Massif Armoricain in France and Dellys in Algeria.
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  • 62
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Neolloydia intertexta ; Self-compatability ; pollination ecology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self and outcross pollination treatments were applied toNeolloydia intertexta. Two distinct patterns of seed production were found, and are correlated with self-pollinated outcrossed treatments. The outcrossed result resembles the field exposed crop. The untouched controls produce a similar pattern to the actively selfed group. The self treatments produce substantially less seed than the outcrosses; thus, self-compatability is incomplete.
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  • 63
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 291-312 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Microparacaryum gen. nov. ; Paracaryum ; Mattiastrum ; Taxonomy ; distribution maps ; heteromericarpy ; fruit polymorphism ; Flora of Western Asia (Turkey, U.S.S.R., Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan)
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    Notes: Abstract Microparacaryum (M. Pop. exH. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech is described as a new genus of theBoraginaceae-Cynoglosseae. It comprises the annual species hitherto included inParacaryum (DC.)Boiss. andMattiastrum (Boiss.)Brand. Distribution maps are given for all 3 genera.Microparacaryum consists of two species,M. salsum (Boiss.)Hilger & Podlech (M. s.) andM. intermedium (Fresen.)Hilger & Podlech (M. i.). ParticularlyM. i. is a very variable species, and most of the species formerly recognized belong here. Scattered all over the range of the genus, plants occur with nutlets exhibiting flat or incurved marginal wings, often in mixed populations. This fruit polymorphism is taxonomically treated by recognizing “formae”. In addition, the following new infraspecific taxa and combinations are described:M. i. var.intermedium formaparacaryoides Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum (H. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech,M. s. formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech.
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  • 64
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex ; New species ; hybrids ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rumex bithynicus sp. n. (sect.Rumex) with two new hybrids from NW Turkey is close toR. alveolatus (from NE Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan and Turkmenistan).
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  • 65
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 253-285 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; “Fusaea subfamily” ; Anaxagorea ; Meiocarpidium ; Palynology ; pollen ultrastructure ; intine extrusion ; systematic and phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract LM, SEM and TEM observations document similar palynological features for paleo- and neotropical species ofAnaxagorea. Pollen grains are solitary, heteropolar, ellipsoidal to globose, and broadly sulcate. The exine consists of a smooth and microperforated tectum, a granular to “protocolumellar” infratectal layer, and sometimes an initial, not foliated basal layer. The intine is stratified and tends to extrude with its considerably swelling alveolarfibrillar outer layer through the aperture, already inside the unopened pollen sacs. This appears as a new and irreversible harmomegathic mechanism, limited toAnaxagorea, Meiocarpidium and possibly otherAnnonaceae. These palynological data are discussed and coordinated with those from gross-morphological, anatomical, karyological, phytochemical and other studies. All this offers convincing proof for the sometimes questioned systematic and phylogenetic coherence of the widely disjunct S. & C. American and SE. Asian members ofAnaxagorea. Furthermore, a broad comparison with otherAnnonaceae genera demonstrates somewhat closer links ofAnaxagorea with several small and relictual African genera, i.e.Meiocarpidium andPolyceratocarpus, but alsoLettowianthus andPiptostigma;Cleistopholis andAmbavia are more isolated. These genera which exhibit many “primitive” features are provisionally arranged under “tribe I” of the so-called “Fusaea subfamily”. There are loose affinities with “tribe II”, an assembly of more advanced and widespread, often proliferating generic groups, including the S. AsianCananga, the pantropicalXylopia (withPseudannona from Mauritius), a possible link toAnaxagorea and “tribe I”, and the S. AsianGoniothalamus (with the AustralasianRichella s. str. and the W. AfricanNeostenanthera andBoutiquea); the neotropicalFusaea andDuckeanthus apparently are more remote. Because of relationships to several otherAnnonaceae groups and difficulties with its circumscription and definition, the maintainance of the “Fusaea subfamily” as a whole appears questionable.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. alpina ; E. christii ; E. cisalpina ; Chorology and history of the Alpine flora
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    Notes: Abstract The taxonomic affinities, circumsciription and racial differentiation ofE. alpina and its infraspecific synonymy are considered. Its diploid nature is confirmed. The yellow-floweringE. christii is also diploid (2n = 22, first account). A detailed comparison withE. alpina (Figs. 1–2) suggests the rank of subspecies only, and gives no hints as to its suggested hybrid origin. The distribution of the two taxa is documented in maps (Figs. 3–5).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 19-45 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca vivipara ; F. ovina subsp.supina ; Chromosome numbers ; external morphology ; anatomy ; ecology ; distribution ; phylogeny ; Flora of the Central and Eastern Alps ; of Austria ; Slovenia ; N. Italy ; Switzerland ; and Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The differences betweenFestuca vivipara (tetraploid) andF. ovina subsp.supina (diploid), two often confused taxa, are demonstrated in regard to morphology, leaf anatomy, ecology and distribution. New maps illustrate the distribution ofF. vivipara in the Alps and the Northern Hemisphere. The development of different polyploidy levels withinF. vivipara as a consequence of occasional sexual processes is discussed. (English Summary on p. 39.)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum ; sect.Macrantholium ; Pollen
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    Notes: Abstract Pollen of the two distylous species which make upLinum sect.Macrantholinum differs from that of other distylous species in the genus in being multiporate and in having much more modest differences in exine sculpturing between grains from long- and short-styled plants. Pollen morphology does not help in relating the two species to others in the genus but does support their retention in a separate section.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 71-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Bunium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for 23 species of the genusBunium, distributed mainly in Middle Asia and Transcaucausia. The great diversity of basic chromosome numbers is unusual for a genus ofUmbelliferae: x = 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, and 6. This series obviously has to be interpreted as descending dysploidy. Infraspecific aneuploidy was found in three species, but there are no B-chromosomes or polyploidy. The karyotypes of 18 species are described, using two morphometric chromosome parameters, centromere position and relative length (Table 2), and illustrated (Figs. 2–4). Species vary greatly in their karyotype asymmetry (20.4–45.9%). Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the karyotaxonomical and biogeographical analysis of the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Androecium morphology ; pollination ; evolutionary trends
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    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the androecium in theOrchidaceae shows three major trends. There is a progressive trend in the degree of fusion of the filament(s) and staminode(s) to the gynoecium. Secondly, there is a reduction in the number of fertile anthers. Finally, there is a progressive change in the position of the base of the anther relative to the apex of the stigma; in the more primitive orchids the apex of the stigma is always higher than the base of the anther (this position is reversed in the higher orchids). All three trends reflect variation in the evolution of pollen dispersal and pollen reception mechanisms in theOrchidaceae. Trends in the evolution of the orchid anther(s) tend to parallel trends in the evolution of their pollinaria.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Festuca sect. ; Bovinae ; Seed protein electrophoresis ; morphology ; numerical analysis ; systematics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed protein electrophoresis confirms the existence of polymorphism among hexaploid populations ofFestuca arundinacea. Both protein and morphological results suggest thatF. pratensis andF. arundinacea should retain independent specific status. High protein homology of these two species withF. gigantea points towards phylogenetic links between these taxa.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Gymnocalycium subgen ; Pirisemineum ; subgen. nov. ; Flora of Bolivia ; Argentina and Paraguay
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    Notes: Abstract A new subgenus ofGymnoalycium is described; its distribution and position within the genus are briefly discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. div. ; Pollen ; scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract A preliminary report is given on the pollen morphology of eight species of the genusArum examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are spheroidal and their sporoderm sculpture possesses spines. The species vary mainly in number, shape and distribution of the spines on the pollen surface and these characters can be used to differentiate them.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Hordeum bulbosum ; H. murinum ; Seed collections ; lodicule characters ; spikelet morphology
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    Notes: Abstract It is sometimes necessary to identify eitherH. bulbosum orH. murinum on the basis of the inflorescence or “seeds” alone. The majority of taxonomic keys use the presence of swollen basal culms for the former against the annual habit for the latter. Confusion is due to similarities in inflorescences and spikelet morphology. Lodicules which always persist and are present beside the fruit in a mature caryopsis, and other characters such as the awns of the lemmas of the lateral spikelets enable conclusive distinction.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollination ecology ; visitation rates ; pollination along altitudinal gradient ; Flora of Chile, of the Andes
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    Notes: Abstract Visitation rates and mean numbers of visits per flower per day are determined at three altitudinal levels (2 200–3 600 m) in the high Andes of central Chile from quantified observations of flowers visitors to a total of 134 species of plants, studied over three flowering seasons. Significant altitudinal decreases in the mean no. visits/flower/minute and per day were recorded, with Level III flowers, on the average, being pollinated only about 1/2 as frequently and to as low as 1/4 as frequently in certain months, as Level I flowers. Visitation rates are generally highest in early and mid-summer at all altitudes. — The lower visitation rates at the higher elevations are due to lower insect abundance relative to plant resources and lower levels of activity for the insects present, stemming from the generally lower ambient temperatures. Seasonal differences in visitation rates may also be related to differences in insect abundance levels. The total probability of ovule pollination cannot be estimated directly from the pollination rates, because stigmas are probably receptive for longer periods at the higher elevations. When differences in the duration of stigma receptivity are estimated from differences in flower lifelength, the probability of pollination in Level III is not very different from that expected in Level I. However, for some months, the deficit in Level III may still be substantial. — These results underline the inherent dangers of predicting pollination possibilities directly from pollination rates. They also suggest that the impoverished pollination conditions assumed in hypotheses predicting higher amounts of self-compatibility at high altitudes might not be justified for all high temperate mountains.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Palmae ; Arecaceae ; Cocosoideae ; Attalea ; Scheelea ; Orbignya ; Flavones ; flavonols ; flavone C-glycosides ; flavonoid sulphates ; chemosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In a flavonoid survey of direct and hydrolysed leaf extracts of sixteenAttalea, sevenScheelea and fourOrbignya species free tricin, tricin 7-glycosides, tricin 5-glucoside and flavone C-glycosides were the most frequent constituents; present in 100, 89, 70, and 81% of species, respectively. Luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were each found in only 15% of the sample. The present results confirm the findings of a previous survey thatAttalea, Scheelea andOrbignya are chemically heterogeneous with as much variation between species as between genera. Furthermore, threeAttalea species,A. allenii, A. guaranitica andA. victoriana showed some infraspecific variation. On the other hand all three accessions ofA. ferruginea and six ofA. geraensis examined gave identical flavonoid profiles. The results support the view thatA. geraensis andA. guaranitica are closely related but do not support the suggested close relationship based on morphology betweenA. oleifera, A. burretiana andA. piassabossu.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 253-286 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Centaurium ; Blackstonia ; Secoiridoid glucosides ; xanthories ; chemotaxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanolic extracts from aerial parts and capsules of plants of 5 populations ofBlackstonia perfoliata and 99 populations of nine European and two AmericanCentaurium species (Gentianaceae) have been screened by means of TLC for the secoiridoid glucosides: sweroside, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and the m-hydroxybenzoyl esters of sweroside, namely centapicrin, desacetylcentapicrin, decentapicrin A and B as well as for the xanthones: 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone and xanthone-β-mono-glucosides. The taxonomical significance of the results is discussed. On the basis of chemotaxonomical evidence twoCentaurium species,C. pulchellum andC. tenuiflorum, are placed in sect.Parviflora instead of sect.Centaurium subsect.Parviflora.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 287-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilloideae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; pollen shape ; pollen fertility ; seed formation ; seedlings ; weather circumstances
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    Notes: Abstract The pollen fertility and seed formation of six species of theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium complex and of seven related species were studied. Four types of pollen grains could be recognized. The pollen fertility varied greatly in this complex and is not related to the ploidy level. The seed formation ofO. umbellatum showed an adaptation to a subcontinental-Mediterranean climate, that ofO. angustifolium to an Atlantic climate. In both cases raindrops seem to be important for pollination, in view of the absence of insect pollinators. After open pollination 113 seedlings were obtained in four species. Their chromosome numbers were determined. Nearly all the cultivated seedlings were aneuploid, which points to a positive selection of euploids in nature, because aneuploid individuals are rare in the wild.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Wurmbea ; Monocliny ; andromonoecy ; morph ratios ; seed set ; ovule production
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    Notes: Abstract A population ofWurmbea dioica subsp.alba in Western Australia contained monoclinous and andromonoecious individuals in roughly equal proportions. The average number of flowers per inflorescence for the former was 2.6 and for the latter 2.9, with its terminal flower staminate. Ovule number and seed production per perfect flower of both morphs decreased progressively from lower to upper flowers in the inflorescence. Two-flowered monoclinous individuals had a greater percentage of ovules maturing to seed than did threeflowered ones, but seed production of the latter exceeded that of the former. No differences in percent seed set or in seed production were noted for similar individuals of andromonoecious individuals. Although monoclinous and andromonoecious plants apparently contributed equally to the pollen pool, seed production of the former exceeded that of the latter. Thus, the energetic costs of monocliny exceed those of andromonoecy in this population.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Epicuticular layer ; leaf resins ; flavonoid aglycones ; distribution ; arid habitat ; ecological functions ; chemotaxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids generally occur in higher plants as water-soluble glycosides. However, lipophilic flavonoid aglycones can be excreted by glandular trichomes or extruded through the cuticle. They are accumulated on the plant surface as constituents of leaf resins or thin epicuticular layers. External flavonoid aglycones are found in various families throughout the higher plants, but appear to be most abundant in theAsteraceae. They occur relatively frequently in plants of (semi-)arid habitats. It is advantageous for chemotaxonomic studies that the structural diversity of exudate flavonoids is normally greater than that of the tissue glycosides in these plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 143-163 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Polyploidy ; compilospecies ; agamospermy ; dioecy ; agamic complex ; phenetics ; numerical taxonomy ; interspecific hybrids ; morphology ; origins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F1 hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Bocageopsis ; Ephedranthus ; Malmea ; Unonopsis ; Pollen ultrastructure ; exine differentiation ; non-columellate and columellate exine ; systematics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The four genera investigated show solitary sulcate pollen grains. The structure and sculpture of the sporoderm is very similar inBocageopsis andUnonopsis, and supports the close relationship of both genera; their flower morphology also is very similar. In contrast, the sporoderm ofEphedranthus, and especially that ofMalmea, is different in some characters and suggests more remote relationships; this is also confirmed by differences in flower morphology. Within this group of genera a distinct exine progression can be recognized from non-columellate (Malmea) to granular (Unonopsis guatterioides), further to somewhat irregularly (Bocageopsis, someUnonopsis species), and finally to very regularly columellate (Ephedranthus). The sculpture of the tectum varies from a reticulum with large lumina (Malmea) to one with small performations (Ephedranthus). Within theAnnonaceae the genusMalmea is among the most primitive in respect to pollen structure. The sulcus of the four genera is very large and runs over 1/3 of the pollen grain. It is characterized by a reduction of the exine and a bulgy thickening of the intine.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 119-141 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Guatteria ; Guatteriopsis ; Guatteriella ; Heteropetalum ; Pollen ultrastructure ; chromosome analysis ; Giemsa C-banding ; sequential fluorochrome staining ; leaf surface micromorphology ; evolution in primitive angiosperms
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    Notes: Abstract Guatteria, Guatteriopsis, Guatteriella andHeteropetalum share the same conspicuous pollen type which is new for theSpermatophyta. It is zonoaperturate with a folded aperture region and an extremely reduced exine. First chromosome counts and karyotype analyses forGuatteriopsis (4 species investigated) andGuatteriella (1 species) are identical with those ofGuatteria (19 species seen): 2n = 28. The genome is characterized by diploidization and partly telocentric chromosomes. Sequentially Giemsa C- and fluorochrome banded chromosomes and interphase nuclei are described. The cuticular folding pattern is distinct forHeteropetalum only. Growth forms and ecology are reported for many species. The evolutionary pattern of theGuatteria group is discussed and compared with other genera and families.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Scilloideae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; self-pollination ; bulbil vs. seed production ; crossing experiments ; fertility relationship
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    Notes: Abstract The fertility relationships ofOrnithogalum umbellatum, O. angustifolium and 9 related taxa were studied.O. umbellatum andO. angustifolium, which are not interfertile, are both recognized as a comparium. Pollination of five species belonging to theO. umbellatum/angustifolium polyploid complex, i.e.O. umbellatum, O. angustifolium, O. baeticum, O. monticolum andO. algeriense, resulted in a moderate seed set. However, the seeds obtained after these interspecific crosses did not germinate. Six related species, i.e.O. exscapum, O. nivale, O. comosum, O. collinum, O. gussonei andO. woronowii showed a very low seed set after being crossed. One exception occurs:O. nivale ×O. exscapum. The seed set was also low after the complex species had been crossed with some related species, but there was one exception: both reciprocal crosses betweenO. monticolum andO. woronowii yielded some viable seeds. No other interspecific crosses gave rise to viable seeds. Bulbil-producing species have a lower seed set after self-pollination than species which do not produce bulbils.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Thottea ponmudiana sp. n. ; Th. siliquosa ; Flora of India
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    Notes: Abstract Thottea ponmudiana sp. nova from Kerala (India) can readily be distinguished from its closest allyTh. siliquosa and all the other known species of the genus by its yellow flowers with purple eyes, deeply lobed perianth with strongly reflexed margins, uniseriate stamens united in three bundles and strongly 4-angled, green, glabrescent fruits.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; cereals ; Protein content ; kernel weight ; correlation with allozyme markers and environmental parameters
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    Notes: Abstract Geographic variation in protein content of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, and the associations of protein content with ecological and allozyme markers were tested in an attempt to derive predictive guidelines for conservation and utilization in breeding programs. The study involved 195 genotypes of wild barley from 25 populations, 15 central and 10 marginal. These populations had been tested earlier for allozymic variation (Nevo & al. 1979 a, b). The results indicate that protein content varies both within, but particularly between populations. Notably, the 10 marginal populations exhibit high protein content but low kernel weight, as compared with the 15 central populations which displayed lower protein content but high kernel weight. Three variable combinations of climatic factors explain 40% of the variability in protein content among populations. Likewise, 3 variable combinations of allozyme allele frequencies explain a significant degree of spatial variance in protein content (R square = 0.63). — We conclude that natural populations of wild barley in Israel contain large amounts of yet untapped genes for protein content. These could be effectively screened and utilized for producing high protein cultivars of barley by following ecological and allozymic markers as predictive guidelines in screening natural populations of wild barley.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Plectranthus ; P. vestitus ; Pollination ; melittophily ; hovering bees ; Flora of madagascar
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    Notes: Abstract In a primary forest on the Central Plateau of MadagascarPlectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) was principally pollinated by the beePachymelus limbatus (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). A species ofStylogaster (Diptera, Conopidae) acted as a co-pollinator. Flower — pollinator interactions are described. The bee performed pollination while hovering, a flower-visit lasting onlyc. 0.3 seconds. Floral features such as shape and size of the corolla tube, and the lack of a landing place suggest specialization to hovering anthophorid beepollinators. Floral biology and pollination in the genusPlectranthus are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 237-262 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Verbesina ; V. breedlovei ; sp. n. ; V. cronquistii ; sp. n. ; V. olsenii ; sp. n. ; Taxonomic revision ; chromosome numbers
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    Notes: Abstract Verbesina sect.Pseudomontanoa is revised. The last treatment of the group byRobinson & Greenman (1899) recognized 5 species; the present treatment recognizes 12 species, 3 of which (V. breedlovei, V. cronquistii andV. olsenii) are described as new. A key to species, phyletic diagram and distribution maps are provided.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae ; Apiaceae ; Ferula communis ; rDNA variability
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    Notes: Abstract The rDNA of five accessions of the giant fennel (Ferula communis, Umbelliferae) was analyzed. The restriction map of Bam H 1, Eco R 1 and Hind III sites was established for one of them. Variation between the five accessions was observed at several levels. Three have a homogeneous repeat size, whereas the two others are heterogeneous, one presenting an additional site heterogeneity. However, the general pattern of organization is very similar and there is much greater similarity between theFerula accessions than with the pattern observed for carrot, a plant from the same family. Variation was also observed in the copy number of the rDNA repeats, which ranges from ≃ 900 to 3 500. The results demonstrate that the five accessions can be clearly differentiated by molecular analysis of their DNA although they belong to the same species or subspecies. They also demonstrate that different isolated populations of a species evolve independently, thus shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of speciation.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Rubus ; Pollen viability ; pollen germination ; seed set ; cotton blue ; TTC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen viability has been investigated in 20 blackberry species using 3 methods, (1) cotton blue, (2) TTC, and (3) germination in a sucrose solution. Significant differences were found between species. Correlations between high pollen viability and high seed set were also obtained.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum tenuifolium ; Breeding system ; heterostyly ; self-incompatibility ; pollen production ; seed-set ; colonization
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    Notes: Abstract Distyly inLinum tenuifolium L. is associated with a high degree of self-incompatibility. Breakdown in this system has occurred without the morphological rearrangement expected as the result of cross-over within the distyly supergene. Pollen-flow in both distylous and monomorphic populations is leptokurtic. A high proportion of intra-flower pollination occurs. Pollen production per ovule is reduced in the self-compatible race. Mean seed-set is increased. Individuals of the self-compatible race produce less vegetative growth and require a shorter time to reach reproductive maturity under cultivation. Increased fecundity appears to provide the selective advantage promoting the breakdown of self-incompatibility in this species. This is achieved through a massive shift of resources toward female reproductive function in plants of the monomorphic race. Subsequent colonization by this race has led to its increased distribution in C. & S. Europe.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene ; New Species ; Flora of Iran ; Afghanistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 15 new species are described: Sect.Sclerocalycinae:S. farsistanica, S. stapfii. — Sect.Spergulifoliae:S. paktiensis. — Sect.Auriculatae:S. caroli-henrici, S. daënensis, S. gertraudiae, S. nizvana, S. oligophylla, S. persepolitana, S. pseudaucheriana, S. pseudonurensis, S. renzii, S. salangensis, S. sojakii. — Sect.Brachypodae:S. rasvandica. — All the new species are from Iran with exception ofS. paktiensis andS. parvanica which are from Afghanistan.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotiana. — Habituation ; differentiation ; crown gall ; tissue culture ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Differentiation on hormoneless media, habituation ability and crown gall induction inNicotiana tissue cultures have been used as physiological parameters of evolutionary differentiation between species. Some of them on hormone free media differentiated whole plantlets, others produced only shoots or roots or showed undifferentiated growth (habituation), some eventually died. Moreover, the same genotypes showed a differential behaviour as far as tumor formation byAgrobacterium tumefaciens was concerned. Particularly, the competence for crown gall transformation inNicotiana species seems negatively correlated with differentiation capacity and may be ascribed to differences in the plants capacity to synthesize growth regulators. The correlation between the results obtained and the phylogenetic position of the genotypes tested is finally discussed.
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  • 94
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis sativus L. — Giemsa C-banding ; heterochromatin ; infraspecific classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infraspecific cytogenetical variation was studied in a diverse collection of five non-cultivated and cultivatedCucumis sativus accessions. The individual chromosomes of different accessions could be identified by the C-banding pattern and chromosome measurements. About 40–50% of the genomic area are made up of heterochromatin inC. sativus. The non-cultivated accessions exhibit more heterochromatin and lower chiasma frequencies per pollen mother cell than cultivated accessions. There is infraspecific variation in C-banding pattern, karyomorphology and multinucleolate cells. The use of C-banding in infraspecific classification is discussed.
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  • 95
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Saxifraga granulata L. — Gynodioecy ; floral biology ; sex ratios ; inheritance of male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of gynodioecy in two populations in northern England of the normally hermaphroditeSaxifraga granulata is reported. Female plants have aborted stamens, and smaller petals than hermaphrodites. At Staindrop, County Durham, an estimated 23% of the flowering stems were female; at Macclesfield, Cheshire, 4% were female. The inheritance of male sterility is not simple, and probably involves at least one cytoplasmic and two nuclear genes. The secondary sexual characteristics, hermaphrodite-predominant sex ratios, and complex inheritance of male sterility, are typical of gynodioecious populations.
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  • 96
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Bauhinia ungulata. — Fruit production ; seed production ; position effects ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of seed and fruit production ofBauhinia ungulata, a small tree legume indigenous in tropical America, were studied in Costa Rica. Only about 8% of flowers produced fruits. The average pod had 19 ovules and about two thirds of these began seed development, with mature pods containing an average of 9.7 mature undamaged seeds. About half of the mature pods were damaged by herbivores and within these, 27% of ovules or seeds had been eaten. Among trees there was no significant variation in pod production, but the number of ovules per pod and seed production per pod varied significantly. Within infructescences most pods were retained at middle positions. Within pods, the probability of an ovule developing into a seed increased toward the distal end. The pattern of seed and fruit production in this species agrees well in general with that reported for other neotropical legumes. The abortion of seeds and fruits can be regarded as a way of controlling maternal investment, and as a response to herbivory.
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  • 97
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Eupatorieae ; Oxylobus.—Taxonomy.—Flora of Mexico ; Central America ; Guatemala ; Columbia ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A revisionary treatment ofOxylobus is rendered. Four species are recognized. All are confined to the mountainous regions of southern Mexico and Central America, except forO. glanduliferus which has disjunct populations in the highlands of north-central South America. Descriptions, illustrations, dot-maps and a key to species are presented.
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  • 98
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Peucedanum ; Lomatium. — Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of morphometric karyotype characters was carried out in 14 species ofPeucedanum s. lat. (Umbelliferae — Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusLomatium. The differences of the species in their karyotype characters are correlated only to a limited degree with their similarities of dissimilarities in morphological (i. a. carpological) characters, and thus with their taxonomic position. The evolution of these two sets of characters seems to have proceeded not synchronously or even in different directions in the group of platycarpousUmbelliferae united in the genusPeucedanum. Therefore, it is unlikely that morphometric chromosome characters revealed by monochrome staining can be used appropriately in the taxonomic revision of the polymorphous genusPeucedanum.
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  • 99
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris. — Heterocarpy ; canalized numbers ; meristic characters ; quantitative genetics ; modifier genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The proportion of the outer, “hairy” achenes in capitula of hybrid D 14 (Microseris pygmaea × M. bigelovii) is determined by the same major gene as in its sister hybrid, B 87, as shown by marker segregation. Crossover between major gene and markers shows their genetic independence. Two modifiers segregating 9:7 influence the proportion of hairies in plants homozygous for the major gene. These same modifiers (or two genes linked with them) also determine the segregation of the number of achenes per head. Most likely, the modifiers act indirectly via a residual dependence of heterocarpy on capitulum size within strict quantitative limits set by the major gene. The identification of modifiers in a polygenic system as major genes for another character acting pleiotropically supports our contention that relatively few genes interact in plant development to determine key morphological characteristics at the organismic level.
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  • 100
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Desmaria mutabilis. — Shoot dimorphism ; bud scales ; deciduousness ; heterocotyly ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desmaria mutabilis is unique inLoranthaceae in having dimorphic shoots, the short shoots producing a terminal inflorescence. Other unusual features in the family are well differentiated bud scales and deciduousness. The normal position of mature plants on the trunks of large trees is shown to be a consequence of profuse vegetative reproduction from the epicortical roots, the predominant growth direction of the latter towards the trunk from the original site of establishment on a lateral branch, and the ability of epicortical roots to generate haustorial contacts through heavy host bark. The seedling is heterocotylar, one cotyledon being phanerocotylar, the other cryptocotylar and functioning as a haustorial organ in the endosperm. It is suggested thatDesmaria is a member of the primitive complex of loranthaceous genera which includesGaiadendron.
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