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  • Articles  (3,994)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (3,994)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1985  (3,994)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,994)
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  • Articles  (3,994)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (3,994)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved ion temperature measurements on the HBTX1A reversed field pinch (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1103-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The energy distribution of the neutral particle emission (200 eV–2 keV) from the HBTX1A reversed field pinch has been observed, using a five-channel analyzer, at 20-μs intervals throughout the duration of the discharge. The relative number of high-energy neutrals emitted increases with currents up to 250 kA above which there is little change. Preliminary analyses show that the ion temperature of the bulk of the plasma is in the range 70–120 eV, rather than the few electron volts expected from electron–ion collisions. Equally, the rapid evolution to this temperature (〈0.5 ms) is not accountable by equipartition (τeq∼3 ms). Long thermalization times (∼1 ms), compared with short time-scale excursions (∼100 μs) in the high-energy neutrals indicate that there are nonthermal ions at ∼10 times the Maxwellian temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138237
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    E(parallel)B end-loss-ion analyzer for Tandem-Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1117-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We are constructing and testing a diagnostic instrument to investigate, in detail, ions emanating along magnetic field lines from the plasma region of the TMX-U tandem-mirror experiment. This analyzer (of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor design) contains parallel electric and magnetic fields, which yield ion mass and energy spatial separation, respectively. A two-dimensional array of 128 copper collector plates detects the particles. The entering ion flux is first well collimated and then focused onto the detector plane during the 180° bending in the magnetic field. This instrument is designed to measure higher particle energies than the present gridded end-loss analyzers as well as determine the energy spectra more accurately. Tandem-mirror plasma parameters to be investigated with this analyzer include end-plug potential, average central-cell-ion energy, and plasma potential in the thermal barrier and nearby regions. We plan a time resolution of up to 2 kHz for each detector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138242
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of proton autoneutralization potential (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1127-1127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A proton space charge having multi-MeV kinetic energy was injected through a thin ground plane to extract electrons and produce a time-dependent autoneutralization space potential. An electron-emitting floating-potential resistive divider was used to measure the space potential during 20 ns of the proton current pulse. During this time, proton kinetic energy fell from 10.6 to 8.5 MeV and thus the space potential (taken as 1.09× the floating potential) fell from 5.8 to 4.6 kV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138193
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray and radioactive measurements in ICF research at ILE Osaka (invited) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1128-1132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The experimental basis and instrumentation for the Gekko XII laser fusion program developed at the Institute of Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka University are presented. Many diagnostics are in use to evaluate the key parameters of target implosion in an extremely dense, short period region. In this paper, we describe the present status and future planning of these diagnostics, such as x-ray, radioactive, and reaction particle measurement, because of their importance for fuel ρR determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138194
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lanthanum hexaboride tapered filament in a plasma source (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 655-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A directly heated lanthanum hexaboride tapered filament has been tested in a plasma generator. A uniform temperature distribution at 1820 K has been achieved. The heating and cooling power calculated from measured quantities are balanced. A maximum arc current of 80 A was obtained, limited only by the power supply and plasma generator. The corresponding hydrogen ion current density was 0.6 A/cm2 when the arc voltage was 80 V and the filament heater current was about 5 A. The filament was capable of emitting 100 A of current at an operating temperature of 1900 K. The estimated lifetime for this filament is 900 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138198
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional space-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy of hot dense plasmas (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 659-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional spatially resolved K shell spectra from hot (Te(approximately-equal-to)40–400 eV), dense (ne(approximately-equal-to)1019–1021 cm−3) aluminum plasmas have been recorded using a convex curved KAP crystal spectrograph in a dispersion mapping mode with an orthogonal imaging slit. The approximately 1-cm-diameter, 2-cm-long cylindrical source was viewed on end, yielding axially and temporally integrated spectra. The relative intensities of the lines and recombination continua were used to estimate local temperatures and densities. The measurement technique is reviewed and representative analysis and results are presented in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138199
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of beam intensity profiles in an iodine laser using optical fibers (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 682-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed for measuring the spatial profile of the output beam of an iodine laser at 1.315 μm, which requires only using two optical fibers, one for collecting a reference signal and the other for detecting the laser intensity at a given point of the wavefront. The precision is sufficient for laser engineering purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triton confinement and energy-loss studies with a time-resolved neutron detector (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1126-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The expected results are presented for a fast, selective 14-MeV neutron detector which should be capable of separately measuring the confinement and energy loss of fast tritons for the first time. The tritons, from D–D reactions in a deuterium plasma, are observed when they collide with deuterons while slowing down, producing a characteristic 14-MeV neutron. Triton experiments are an excellent test for the confinement of fusion-produced alphas in a self-sustained reactor, which is critically dependent on plasma heating by the alphas. The triton production rate is pulsed by injecting a burst of deuterium using a neutral-beam heating source. The temporal distribution of the 14-MeV neutron flux is determined by the confinement and slowdown rate of the tritons. The expected flux is calculated as a function of time for the predicted triton transport, anomalous particle losses, and anomalous energy-loss rates, thus demonstrating how the various effects can be separately determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138191
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of Seebeck coefficient using a light pulse (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 719-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high-temperature (1900 K) Seebeck coefficient apparatus is described in which small thermal gradients are generated in a sample by light pulses transmitted via light pipes. By employing an analog subtraction circuit, the Seebeck coefficient is displayed directly on an X–Y recorder. This technique presents a convenient, accurate, and rapid method for measuring the Seebeck coefficient in highly doped semiconductors as a function of temperature. The nature of the resulting display (X–Y recording) is a valuable tool in determining validity of the data. A straight line results (i.e., a minimum of hysteresis) only if all potential experimental errors are minimized. Under these conditions, the error of measurements of the Seebeck coefficient is estimated to be less than ±1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138213
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental method of measuring energy in the Bénard–Rayleigh problem (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 740-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The energy content, introduced by the thermodynamics of steady states, is measured in the Bénard–Rayleigh problem using a heat fluxmeter connection. We describe the experimental apparatus, which can turn around a horizontal axis, thus inducing or destroying convective structures. After calibration, we were able to measure the heat flux through the fluid layer as well as the structural energy of the convective cells. These structural energy values confirm that the energy content is a steady-state function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138217
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miniature bellows-free low-temperature valve (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1838-1840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel design for a low-temperature valve is presented. Designed to be used on fill-line capillaries and flow lines in low-temperature apparatus, the valve has nearly zero dead volume as well as a very small total volume. It employs no metallic bellows as in standard valve designs. Instead, a Kapton membrane is epoxied into a cylindrical form to provide a flexible diaphragm, which is activated by pressurized helium. The valve is simple to construct, having only one machining operation, and uses materials readily available. It has been tested in liquid helium to be leaktight above Tλ with a 1-bar pressure differential across the capillary containing the valve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138107
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved method for measuring the electric fields in microwave cavity resonators (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 696-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The electric field distribution in microwave cavities is commonly measured by frequency perturbation techniques. For many cavity modes which are important in accelerator applications, the standard bead-pulling technique cannot provide adequate discrimination between fields parallel and perpendicular to the particle trajectory, leading to inaccurate and ambiguous results. A method is described which substantially increases the directivity of the measurements. The method has been successfully used to determine the accelerator-related cavity parameters at frequencies up to three times the fundamental resonant frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method to determine the analysis area of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers—illustrated by a Perkin–Elmer PHI 550 ESCA/SAM (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 703-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The area analyzed during routine x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements in a Perkin–Elmer PHI 550 spectrometer is determined by monitoring the intensity detected by the spectrometer from points on the sample surface addressed by a focused and rastered electron beam. The reference position for sample analysis is obtained using the manufacturer's preferred procedure, originally established for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), of moving the sample along the spectrometer axis until the correct energy is measured for a 2-keV electron beam with the analyzer operated in the AES mode. Using a sample set normal to the electron gun of the spectrometer and with the spectrometer operated in the XPS mode, the area analyzed is then determined as a function of the sample axial position. This area minimizes at the XPS focal position which appears to be 1.5 mm further from the spectrometer than the above reference position, in the particular instrument studied in Lausanne. This is attributed to inadequate manufacturing tolerances in this instrument. The analytical area has a diameter of 4 mm at the reference position, reducing to below 3 mm at the XPS focal position. This latter dimension is not sensitive to the pass energy but may be reduced to below 2 mm by use of the smallest apertures in the spectrometer. Theoretical expressions incorporating the mesh aberrations are derived which predict the above behaviors. Angle-dependent measurements, using the rotating azimuthal slit are shown to analyze an area which moves round a rather irregular path as the azimuth varies. Thus, angle-dependent studies to separate surface and bulk spectra in regular analysis are only meaningful for homogeneous samples set at the reference position. Inhomogeneities may lead to the spectra from one azimuth having no relation to those from another. The spectrometer analytical volume thus may be fully evaluated using this rastered electron beam method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138210
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved transient response of thermocouple sensors (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 723-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A procedure is described for improving the fidelity of the transient response of thermocouple sensors. The procedure entails calibration of the sensor, followed by signal processing to reconstruct the original temperature history which produced a recorded signal. An example is given, demonstrating calibration and a three- to four-fold improvement in transient response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138214
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active-wall device for the generation of small traveling surface waves (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 732-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An all solid-state electromechanical device has been developed which produces short-wavelength traveling surface waves. The active wall was nominally designed for the cancellation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves in a laminar boundary layer in water. The primary purpose of the device was determination of traveling surface wave characteristics which are important for drag reduction with compliant coatings. Wave form, wave speed, frequency, and amplitude are independently selectable. Sinusoidal wall motion, measured in air with an electro-optical displacement sensor, ranged from 0.6–13 μm over a frequency span of 10–150 Hz. Roll-off frequency at the −3 dB point was 120 Hz, while the maximum phase speed was 166 cm/s. The electronic subsystem is a hybrid analog/digital device, and the active wall employs piezoelectric ceramic elements to produce surface motion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138216
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple phase-sensitive detector for Wheatstone bridge resistance measurements (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 755-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple and economical phase-sensitive detector circuit is described. The circuit, which was developed for use with large-area heat-flow sensors that employ resistance temperature detection, uses a synchronous rectifier driven by a square wave. It is shown that the circuit has good linearity, resolution, and immunity to external and internal noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138164
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planar reactor plasma etching with barrel reactor power supply (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 761-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A very simple and inexpensive method of converting a barrel plasma etching system into a planar system is described. Details of structure and operating characteristics of the planar reaction chamber are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138167
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple nanosecond capacitive voltage divider (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 767-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The construction of a simple and inexpensive capacitive voltage probe by using coaxial cable is described. The probe has been tested to a frequency response of better than 30 MHz for sinusoidal voltage input and a rise time of 〈20 ns for single-pulse input. The probe is ideal for applications in small experiments involving low-energy and high-voltage capacitor discharge of nanosecond rise time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138170
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-noise four-terminal ac resistance bridge (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 773-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The results of a detailed noise calculation for a resistance bridge are presented. These results allow one to adapt the design of the bridge to any particular need, while maintaining optimized performance. A bridge has been built based on these results. The measured relative sensitivity of this bridge (2×10−5 with only 10 pW dissipated in the sensor) is ∼40% better than the best previous published results. With minor changes it is shown that this sensitivity can be improved by a factor of 3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138173
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential of CCDs for UV and x-ray plasma diagnostics (invited) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 796-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A program is under way to develop charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors for space-based x-ray astronomy imaging spectrometers. To date, laboratory line emission spectra have been acquired throughout the range of 277 to 8000 eV (carbon through copper Kα emission) and CCD sensitivity has been demonstrated throughout the range of 1.1 through 8000 eV. Image resolution is excellent, limited almost entirely by the 15-μm pixel size. These results are presented and specialized techniques are described which permit such low energy response, high spectral resolution, and efficient charge collection. Finally, analysis is presented of one particular CCD characteristic which currently limits UV and x-ray performance: charge diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138176
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed x-ray induced damage to metal and multilayer mirrors (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 812-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The effects of intense pulses of laser-produced x rays upon the reflective and diffractive properties of metal mirrors and layered synthetic microstructure mirrors (artificial crystals) have been investigated. Laser pulses from a Nd–glass pulsed laser system of 25-ns pulse width and 50-J energy were focused onto a copper target to generate x-ray pulses. A polished planar nickel mirror reflected 0.98- to 1.3-keV x rays onto photographic film. The x-ray flux onto the mirror (at grazing incidence angles near 3.5°) was split into two adjacent fields with a beryllium filter over one field and with an equal thickness beryllium filter placed over the film holder covering the adjacent field. Thin pieces of Kimfol were used as debris shields ahead of the mirror sample. This technique provided an in situ normalization since both a low- and high-intensity irradiation can be simultaneously achieved on adjacent portions of the mirror. A similar technique was used to study reflection by a multilayer mirror of carbon–tungsten carbide layering with a 2d spacing of 3.92 nm. Experimental details and the results obtained are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138181
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequentially framing soft x-ray pinhole camera for tokamak plasma studies (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 821-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The x-ray camera techniques developed in laser fusion have been applied to view tokamak discharges in 1–3-keV light. The camera consists of an image intensifier fluor combination viewing the plasma tangentially through a pinhole. The resultant image is optically coupled to a standard CCD television camera for remote viewing. The first intensifier is gated so that the camera produces a sequence of photos every 16 ms of variable frame duration from 16 ms to 10 μs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138184
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast multichannel electron temperature diagnostic for TFTR using x-ray imaging (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 827-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The TFTR x-ray imaging system (XIS) is an array of 64-Si surface barrier diodes which image the plasma poloidally. Special absorber foils have been installed to permit measurement of electron temperature Te with 〈100-μs time resolution along 10–30 chords. The technique uses the ratio of x-ray fluxes transmitted through two different foils, which depend mainly on Te. Simulations show that strong line radiation can change this ratio. To correct for these effects, special beryllium–scandium filters are employed to select the line-free region between 2 and 4.5 keV. Separate filter pairs allow correction for strong L line radiation as well as Ti or Ni Kα emission. The Te determination is based on simulations. Comparison of results with Te values from the electron–cyclotron emission and x-ray pulse height analysis diagnostics is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138186
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultralow-load hardness tester for use in a scanning electron microscope (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1568-1572 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new ultramicrohardness tester for a load range between 2×10−2 and 5×10−5 N is described. The instrument is operated inside a scanning electron microscope. Load is applied and measured by means of electrical signals thus making fully automized experiments possible. Typical examples demonstrate the capability of the device and the general problem associated with ultra-low-load hardness testing. With experiments on thin films the complex situation for testing layered structures is shown and suggestions for a proper evaluation are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138154
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-stability scanning tunneling microscope (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1573-1576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have constructed a scanning tunneling microscope for operation under UHV conditions (10−8 Pa). With this instrument topographic measurements can be made on metal and semiconductor surfaces by means of a scanning tip electrode, driven by piezoelectric ceramic elements. The maximum area covered ranges up to 4000×4000 A(ring)2 with a resolution better than 10 A(ring) laterally and 0.15 A(ring) rms perpendicular to the plane. Because of its compact design, the scan unit is very insensitive to vibrations and has a response time down to 0.3 ms. This allows a high scan rate to be used. In order to minimize temperature effects, special attention is paid to the geometry of the construction and the materials used, resulting in a drift ≤4 A(ring)/min along the surface and 0.5 A(ring)/min perpendicular.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138155
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  • 26
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    Study of impurity radiation on the PLT and TFTR tokamaks with high-resolution, time-resolving spectrometers (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 849-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Soft-x-ray (5–300 A(ring)) spectra of intrinsic impurities have been recorded with a high-resolution multichannel XUV spectrometer (SOXMOS). Measurements of line intensity ratios as a function of time are applied to the determination of the impurity contribution to the energy balance. Results from TFTR Ohmic heated plasmas, including radiation due to carbon, oxygen, iron, nickel, chromium, titanium, and zirconium, are presented. The spatial ion distribution will be directly observed by a radial scanning spectrometer (FLOPSY). This instrument, under construction, will cover the spectral range from 1500 to 7000 A(ring) and use mirrors and lenses for fast scanning. The spatial ion distribution, deduced from forbidden and allowed lines, will be compared to both theoretical models based on impurity concentrations and transport coefficients, as well as experimental data from bolometer measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138069
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    Spectroscopic measurements on the Joint European Torus using optical fibers to relay visible radiation (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 862-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Light from the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak is relayed by optical fibers to detectors outside the biological shield, where personnel access is unrestricted. This arrangement, which is described in detail, will permit routine recording during the intense neutron emission associated with the production of D–T plasmas—scheduled for 1989. The diagnostic has been in routine use since JET began operation in mid-1983. A selection of results obtained is presented. The likely degradation in fiber performance, due to irradiation, during the D–T phase of the program is assessed. Methods of overcoming the problems due to induced absorption are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138074
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    Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy measurements of ion temperature and plasma rotation in PBX (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 865-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The primary diagnostic on PBX for ion temperature measurements is charge exchange recombination spectroscopy of low Z ions, wherein fast neutrals from the heating neutral beams excite spectral lines from highly excited states (n〉4) of hydrogenic O, C, and He via charge exchange collisions with the respective fully stripped ions. Since the neutral beams on PBX provide relatively low-velocity neutrals (i.e., D° beams at 44 keV), best signals are obtained using the near-UV lines of O7+ (e.g., n=8–7, 2976 A(ring)). Off-line analysis of the Doppler broadened and shifted line profiles includes nonlinear least-squares fitting to a model line profile, while a simplified on-line fast analysis code permits between-shot data analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138075
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    1-m normal incidence UV spectrometer for plasma measurements (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 870-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An Acton Research VM 521-SG UV monochromator has been equipped with an intensified diode array detector for use as a mid-UV spectrometer. 600 and 2400 gr/mm gratings are used in a turret assembly for either low-resolution surveys or high-resolution Doppler ion studies. The detector is a CsI coated MCP with a P-11 output phosphor. The 1024 diode array is scanned at a 1-MHZ video rate allowing a complete spectra to be obtained in 1.0 ms. System performance and preliminary operation on the OHTE plasma will be presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138080
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    Evaluation of a photon-counting detector for Doppler ion temperature measurements (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 870-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A photon-counting detector for determination of the ion temperature in magnetically confined plasmas has been developed.1 The detector is based around an image intensifier tube which is fiber optically coupled to a self-scanning linear photodiode array. The image intensifier incorporates three high strip current (∼280 μA) microchannel plates in a "Z'' configuration. Frame times of 10 μs are possible through the use of pixel selection, resulting in a time resolution on the order of 5 ms. The detector system will be mounted on a 1-M Ebert–Fastie spectrometer and used to study the Alcator C plasma. Laboratory evaluation of the detector and associated electronics has been completed. The results of this evaluation, and progress toward integration of the detector and spectrometer systems, will be presented. This work, and additional information, will be published in greater detail in the near future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138081
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    Time-resolving multispatial grazing incidence spectrograph for plasma fusion diagnostics (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 869-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A grazing incidence spectrograph which operates in the EUV (40 to 350 A(ring)) that has multispectral, temporal, and spatial resolving capabilities is being constructed for plasma fusion diagnostics. The spectrograph achieves a simultaneous spectral coverage of 20 and 60 A(ring) when centered on 40 and 350 A(ring), respectively, with ∼1-A(ring) resolution. The detector consists of an image intensifier fiber optically coupled to 3 area array detectors (CCDS), which can be read out in 5 ms, thereby determining the time resolution of the instrument. The spatial resolution is accomplished by using the astigmatism inherent to a concave grating in grazing incidence, coupled with the pinhole camera effect produced by an entrance slit of limited height. The spectrograph can view ∼54 cm of plasma which is 2 m away from the entrance slit with 4- and 8-cm resolution at 350 and 40 A(ring), respectively. We will present the results of a feasibility study, the spectrograph design, and the results of the data reduction and interpretation codes which are under development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138078
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    Application of far-infrared, integrated detector arrays to chord-averaged plasma measurements (invited) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 896-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The recent development of linear, monolithic microbolometer detector arrays for the far infrared has led to the construction of active imaging diagnostics for tokamak plasmas. Detector arrays have an advantage over discrete detectors in that the cost per detector is significantly reduced since many detectors are fabricated simultaneously. Also, the plasma can be probed with a higher spatial resolution than conventional discrete-beam systems because of the higher channel density. Another advantage is provided by the increased channel number which is important to chord-averaged measurements since it allows an increase in the accuracy of the calculation of Abel inversions of the measured line density profile which are used to reconstruct the actual electron density distribution. The usefulness of this technique has been demonstrated on the UCLA Microtor tokamak (a=11 cm, BT =20 kG, I=70 kA, ne =5×1013 cm−3) in which a 20-channel heterodyned interferometer at wavelengths of 800 and 1000 μm has been used to study the behavior of the plasma profile. Line density profiles during the startup phase of the tokamak discharge have been obtained, as well as sawtooth fluctuation profiles. The imaging technique can also be applied to Faraday rotation measurements of the poloidal magnetic field in the tokamak. A 20-channel polarimeter has been developed that operates simultaneously with the multichannel interferometer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138516
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    1-millimeter wave interferometer for the measurement of line integral electron density on TFTR (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 908-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A two-pass interferometer at 285 GHz has been developed to measure the line-integrated electron density on the horizontal midplane of the toroidal fusion test reactor (TFTR). Presently, the interferometer employs a 2-mW solid-state source to supply the launch wave and a 2-mm klystron oscillator and, a harmonic mixer to provide a superheterodyne front end. The transmission system consists of 25 m of C-band rectangular waveguide, adjustable miter bends, and a spherical mirror in the vacuum vessel with a total round trip transmission loss of 21 dB. The interferometer signal to noise is (approximately-greater-than)50 dB. Utilization of a feed forward tracking system provides long-term stable operation. The interferometer routinely provides real-time feedback control for the gas injection system and a permissive for neutral beam operation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138038
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    Tokamak ion temperature determination via cw far-infrared laser scattering (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 922-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A successful proof-of-principle experimental determination of ion temperature in a tokamak plasma via cw far-infrared (FIR) collective laser scattering from ion Bernstein waves is reported. The Bernstein waves are excited via mode conversion of an externally launched fast Alfven wave at the second-harmonic cyclotron layer. A fit of the experimentally determined ion Bernstein wave dispersion to the temperature-dependent theoretical dispersion yields the local ion temperature. Partial ion temperature profiles (chord averaged) have been obtained with temperature values consistent with charge exchange measurements. Single-shot measurements should be available in the near future with the use of the multichannel scattering systems and high-power laser sources developed at UCLA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138043
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    Automatic recording of direct current singularity amplitudes in Josephson junctions (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1623-1625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed and tested an electronic circuit to record the amplitude of any current singularity in the current-voltage characteristic of a Josephson tunnel junction. The detection of the peak current occurs only when the junction voltage is within a range that can be centered and narrowed conveniently. We describe the circuit in detail and illustrate its operation in the recording of some typical dc singularities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138112
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    New specimen design for studying the growth of small fatigue cracks with surface acoustic waves (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1632-1634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The study of small surface fatigue cracks in AISI 4140 quenched and tempered steel by a nondestructive surface acoustic wave technique is summarized. A novel cantilevered bending, plate-type fatigue specimen is described that is compatible with the acoustic method. Small cracks are initiated from a 25-μm deep surface pit produced by an electrospark machine. The importance of studying these cracks which closely approximate naturally occurring fatigue cracks is briefly discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138114
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    Measurements of viscosity and density by a vibrational sphere (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1639-1642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Our purpose is to explore a laboratory method for the relative measurements of viscosity and density for small samples of Newtonian fluids. A sphere was connected to one leg of a glass tuning fork and was electrically excited. The viscosity and the density of the measured fluid, in which the sphere was immersed, was calculated from the resonance frequency and resonance resistance of the system. The parameter of the vibrational system was selected according to an analysis of the theoretical condition of Stokes' equation for a vibrational sphere. We calibrated the system in the range of 4–800 cP for viscosity and 0.82–0.88 g/cm3 for density. The maximum error of this sytem is less than ±1.5% for density measurements and ±5% for viscosity measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138116
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    Technique to determine solute diffusion coefficient and partial pressure simultaneously (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1635-1638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple technique to measure simultaneously the diffusion coefficient and the partial vapor pressure of a solute in a homogeneous solid solution is presented. The analysis is based on the mathematical solution of the diffusion equation for a cylindrical system with a solute loss term at the cylinder surface. The magnitude of the loss term is proportional to the solute concentration at the surface. Three zirconium rods, one with 3 at. % Sn, one with 5 at. % Sn, and one with 4 at. % Ti, were treated in vacuum at 1875 K for 7, 5, and 2.5 h, respectively. Results from these specimens indicate that Sn and Ti both diffuse via a vacancy mechanism in β-Zr. Also, the Sn–Zr bonds appear to be much stronger than the Sn–Sn bonds, whereas the Ti–Zr bonds seem to be a little weaker than the Ti–Ti bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138115
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    Peltier oven for thermistor mounts (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1648-1651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Thermistor mounts are widely used for microwave power measurement, but suffer from drift caused by ambient temperature fluctuations. A Peltier oven has been developed which can be easily fitted to a thermistor mount to stabilize the mount temperature near the ambient temperature, thereby reducing the drift substantially.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138118
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    Thermal diffusivity measurement of thin films by means of an ac calorimetric method (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1643-1647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new method to measure thermal diffusivity of a thin sample was developed using a light-irradiated ac calorimetric technique. The experimental conditions and the fundamental equations for the measurement are discussed. In principle, this method can be applied no matter how thin a sample may be. This method was tested for samples of nickel, silicon, stainless steel, and alumina in the range from 50 to 300 μm in thickness. The measured thermal diffusivities coincide satisfactorily with the values reported for bulk materials. It is concluded that this method is useful in the measurement for thin materials with a variety of thermal diffusivities, and the sample mounting is easy in comparison with other methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138117
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    Microcomputer-based system for the measurement of transpiration rate in trees by the heat pulse method (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1652-1656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microcomputer-based system was designed to measure water transport in trees by the heat pulse method. The system comprises a heater probe as a heat source and a thermistor, incorporated into a bridge which is automatically balanced by the microcomputer. The overall dynamic range of the system for temperature is 22 bits and the resolution for temperature determination is about 1.45×10−4 °C. The elapsed time between the heat pulse injection and the thermal peak at the thermistor is calculated by the microcomputer. The computation program includes algorithms for base-line slope correction and a noise immune derivative evaluating routine for peak recognition. The system was tested in the laboratory and in the field on a citrus tree.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138119
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    "Video lock-in amplifier'': Phase-sensitive detection of digital image sequences (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1657-1661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A lock-in amplifier uses demodulation techniques to extract the component of an electronic signal which has the same phase and frequency as an oscillating reference signal. We have used a digital image processor to perform this demodulation simultaneously on all pixels in a sequence of video-taped images. To demonstate the use of this technique, we extract, from a recording of a hydrodynamic flow pattern exhibiting complicated spatial and temporal behavior, an image of a spatially localized mode which oscillates at a discrete temporal frequency. Demodulation at synthesized mixing frequencies can reveal the spatial dependence of the nonlinear interactions between different localized modes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138120
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    Double lock-in detection for recovering weak coherent radio frequency signals (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1662-1664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A single radio frequency lock-in amplifier reduces broadband noise, but not rf pickup of the same frequency as the signal. If this pickup noise is at least 14 dB stronger than broadband noise, after both have passed through the lock-in, then the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by applying the lock-in output to a second, low-frequency lock-in which is synchronized to an independent modulation of the signal. Weak coherent radio frequency signals buried in both rf pickup and broadband noise can be recovered by using this double lock-in method, as demonstrated in a plasma diagnostics experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138121
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    Perpendicular electron cyclotron emission from hot electrons in TMX-U (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 934-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Perpendicular electron cyclotron emission (PECE) from the electron cyclotron resonant heating of hot electrons in TMX-U is measured at 30–40 and 50–75 GHz. This emission is optically thin and is measured at the midplane, fce(approximately-equal-to)14 GHz, in either end cell. In the west end cell, the emission can be measured at different axial positions thus yielding the temporal history of the hot electron axial profile. These profiles are in excellent agreement with the axial diamagnetic signals. In addition, the PECE signal level correlates well with the diamagnetic signal over a wide range of hot electron densities. Preliminary results from theoretical modeling and comparisons with other diagnostics are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138047
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    Infrared camera and data-acquisition system in Doublet III (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 938-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Thermal imaging cameras sensitive to 3–5 μ radiation are routinely used to measure heat flow to the main limiter, to the vacuum vessel wall behind the main limiter, and to the divertor plate limiters. The cameras are equipped to provide either a standard television image with a time resolution of ∼16.7 ms or a surface temperature profile on one line of the image with a time resolution of ∼125 μs. In the former mode, we can determine both the location and the intensity of the heating on the main limiter during multi-megawatt neutral-beam injection into plasma; in the latter mode, we can measure heat pulses striking the limiter from plasma processes occurring on fast time scales (e.g., Hα spikes of ∼500-μs duration). Data is stored in both video image and digitized forms. In the latter, a "peak-sample-hold'' circuit electronically records the maximum signal of each line sweep and stores this data in digitized form on magnetic tape. This facilitates later comparisons of infrared camera data with other diagnostic signals using plotting packages on the DEC-10.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138050
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    Far-infrared polarimetry/interferometry for internal magnetic field measurement on ZT-40M (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 939-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An important aspect of this method is to measure the density simultaneously with the Faraday rotation in order to infer the magnetic field from the rotation. This measurement performed on several chords yields information on the density and poloidal field profiles. Heterodyne techniques are employed for the polarimetry as well as the interferometry because they are insensitive to spurious amplitude changes that can hamper other methods. On ZT-40M, amplitude changes exceeding 50% have been observed, thus precluding any other method for our application. We use a 185-μm laser, a rotating grating for heterodyning, and GaAs photoconductors and Schottky diodes for detection. An instrumental sensitivity of 3 mrad at a time resolution of 25 μs has been demonstrated, however vibration-induced structure limits the sensitivity to ∼50 mrad. Efforts to reduce each of these numbers are in progress. The simultaneous measurement has been made on ZT-40M, and effort is turning to system refinement and scaling up to multichord operation. Error propagation in the inversion process is being evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138053
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    Plasma potential formation and measurement in TMX-U and MFTF-B (invited) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 947-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Tandem mirrors control the axial variation of the plasma potential to create electrostatic "plugs'' that improve the axial confinement of central cell ions and, in a thermal barrier tandem mirror, control the electron axial heat flow. Measurements of the spatial and temporal variations of the plasma potential are, therefore, important to the understanding of confinement in a tandem mirror. In this paper we discuss potential formation in a thermal barrier tandem mirror and examine the diagnostics and data obtained on the TMX-U device, including measurements of the thermal barrier potential profile using a diagnostic neutral beam and charged-particle energy spectroscopy. We then describe the heavy ion-beam probe and other new plasma potential diagnostics that are under development for TMX-U and MFTF-B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138057
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    Computer simulation of an electrostatic spherical analyzer used as an energy spectrograph (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1320-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Exit positions and velocities of charged particles passing through an electrostatic spherical analyzer were generated by a computer program which utilizes transformations to the trajectory plane of the particle to obtain an exact solution in the central force field of the analyzer. Entrance and exit planes were treated as a potential jump to zero potential, thus simulating grounded wire meshes at the entrance and exit. It was found that particle input energies could be determined as a function of exit position. A wide variety of designs were tried, varying plate radii, plate voltages, and incoming collimation of the particles. A power-law relationship between exit radius and input energy was found for designs in which the mean radial position between the plates corresponded to zero potential. However, the total input energy spread ΔE of the particles passed by an analyzer could never be made to approach twice the mean input energy E of the particles passed. Since a parabolic analyzer can be made to have a ΔE/E=1.92, we conclude that the parabolic analyzer makes a better spectrograph.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1137998
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    Scintillator hodoscope system for a high intensity beam (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1335-1339 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper the authors describe the construction and the operation of a scintillator hodoscope used in an intense beam. By using a fast scintillator (Pilot U), an XP1910 photomultiplier, and an appropriate electronic chain, a two-pulse separation of 6 ns per channel and a time resolution (σ) of 210 ps were obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138001
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    Fabrication of ultrathin drawn Pt wires by an extension of the Wollaston process (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1344-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have produced single ultrathin Pt wires with diameters as small as 80 A(ring), using an extension of the Wollaston composite drawing process. These wires were used in experiments to test the theory of quasi-one-dimensional electronic localization and interaction effects at liquid-helium temperatures. The procedures developed to draw composite wires and remove the outer jacket are described in detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138002
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    Ion beam sputtering apparatus for fabrication of compositionally modulated materials (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1340-1343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new apparatus for production of artificial compositionally modulated materials is presented. It consists of an ion gun that sputters from alternating targets on a rotating assembly, the position of which is controlled by a thickness monitoring crystal. The apparatus is simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible, in that it allows deposition of metals, semiconductors, and insulators under the same conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138511
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    Cryogenic sample stage for the Cameca IMS-3f ion microscope (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1347-1351 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple and inexpensive cold stage developed for use with the Cameca IMS-3f ion microscope is described. It is easy to use, and temperatures near to that of liquid nitrogen are obtained. Data are presented showing the first analysis of frozen hydrated biological samples with the ion microscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138003
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    100-cm−1 scan range single-mode dye laser (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1352-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A cw dye laser was automatically tuned as wide as 100 cm−1 with a very simple control system while retaining a narrow spectral width of 15 MHz. This wide scanning was accomplished by repetitive 5-cm−1 sweeps of both the laser cavity and an internal étalon along with a continuous tuning of a birefringent filter. Mode jumps were prevented by locking the cavity to the internal étalon by a novel type of integrating servoamplifier which has an auto-reset function. This scan system proved very useful for a wide-ranged spectral measurement of the Doppler-limited resolution. The jumpless scanning with a constant rotational speed of the birefringent filter is extendable up to 230 cm−1 at around 1.7×104 cm−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138484
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    Automated ac galvanomagnetic measurement system (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1363-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An automated, ac galvanomagnetic measurement system is described. Hall or van der Pauw measurements in the temperature range 10–300 K can be made at a preselected magnetic field without operator attendance. Procedures to validate sample installation and correct operation of other system functions, such as magnetic field and thermometry, are included. Advantages of ac measurements are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138486
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    Determination of correct reference fluorescence lifetimes by self-consistent internal calibration (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 538-542 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method of internal calibration is developed that allows one to ascertain the monexponentiality of a reference compound fluorescence decay and to determine its lifetime with high accuracy. It is shown that when the fluorescence decays of several samples are analyzed as a function of the reference lifetime, which is used to calculate the "lamp profile,'' all the data are consistent with each other only if the fluorescence of all the used compounds decays monoexponentially and the correct lifetime for p-terphenyl, which is used as reference compound, is between 1.02 and 1.03 ns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138283
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    Practical laser-activated photoemissive electron source (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 560-562 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and performance of a laser-excited cesium antimonide (Cs3Sb) photoemissive electron source operating in an electron-gun configuration is described. Such an electron source has advantages of higher brightness, beam shapeability, low-temperature operation, external modulability, and ease of service compared with conventional thermal and field emission sources. With an uncooled photoemissive source operating at 2.9 A/cm2, cathode life exceeded 50 h without degradation. Photoemissive electron sources should be especially useful in applications requiring high-resolution imaging or high-frequency pulsed operation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138287
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    Highly sensitive Faraday balance for magnetic susceptibility studies of dilute protein solutions (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 575-580 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A highly sensitive Faraday balance has been constructed. It has been designed for accurate measurement of paramagnetic susceptibility of dilute protein solutions. Particular attention has been paid to sample handling. Measurements can at present be made within the temperature range 10–200 K. The reproducibility in measured volume susceptibility, for a 0.1-ml sample volume, is 2×10−10 emu/cm3 above 45 K and 4×10−10 emu/cm3 in the temperature range 10–45 K. The instrument has so far been applied to studies of antiferromagnetic interaction in some Fe- or Cu-containing proteins and of electronic zero-field separations in a high-spin Fe(II)-containing protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138291
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    20-l explosibility test chamber for dusts and gases (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 596-602 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Bureau of Mines has designed a 20-l test chamber for the explosibility testing of dusts, gases, and their mixtures. It can be used to measure lean and rich limits of flammability, explosion pressures and rates of pressure rise, minimum ignition energies, minimum oxygen concentrations for flammability, and amounts of inhibitor necessary to prevent explosions. The 20-l chamber can be used at initial pressures that are below, at, or above atmospheric as long as the maximum explosion pressure is less than 21 bar, which is the rated pressure of the chamber. The chamber instrumentation includes a pressure transducer, optical dust probes, an oxygen sensor, and multichannel infrared pyrometers. Ignition sources used include electric sparks and electrically activated chemical ignitors. Examples of the various types of data that can be obtained for dusts and gases are shown.
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    Digital temperature programmer for isothermal and thermal desorption measurements (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 613-616 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A temperature programmer is presented for use with single crystals and other samples in vacuum. Linear temperature versus time ramps near 100 K and above, and single temperature tracking to ±0.35 K are both achieved with this instrument. A 12-bit digital ramp generator and a digital process controller form the basis of this design. Block diagrams and representative temperature ramps are shown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138298
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    Microcomputer-based data-acquisition system for the Langmuir probe (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 632-632 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: I/V characteristics in a plasma have been recorded by means of a Langmuir probe interfaced to an Apple II computer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138251
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    High sensitivity or streak mode interferometer for pulsed plasma diagnostics (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 355-358 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Michelson interferometer using a 5-mW He–Ne laser can either be used in a photodiode detector mode to resolve transient fringe shifts (approximately-less-than)10−4 fringe or in a streak mode to obtain entire nanosecond resolved density profiles in a single shot. Extreme sensitivity is achieved by avoiding most noise sources. The effects of plasma light and of ray deflection due to density gradients are compensated for by the use of a lens, stop, and filter combination. Vibration induced signals are nearly eliminated by the use of feedback stabilization. A differential light detector system which subtracts signals at opposite sides of a fringe protects against laser noise and other spurious signals while doubling the sensitivity. In the streak mode a cylindrical lens beam expander allows utilization of nearly all of the laser light.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138302
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    Analysis of the operational error of heat flux transducers placed on wall surfaces (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1399-1401 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The operational error in the heat flux measurements is theoretically investigated when the heat flux from a furnace wall to the environment is measured by a heat flux transducer. Change of the original heat flux, which is caused by placing a transducer on the furnace wall, is clarified by solving a three-dimensional heat transfer problem. The operational error is explicitly given by a simple equation taking into account the thermal properties of the furnace wall and the transducer. Numerical results are also provided for a typical application to industrial furnaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138492
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    Neutron diffraction of liquids to 20 kbar: An aluminum-alloy pressure vessel (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1409-1412 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A pressure vessel for neutron diffraction of liquids up to 20 kbar is described. It was made of one or two aluminum-alloy cylinders, having ultimate strengths of ∼6.5 kbar, that were supported radially by three steel supporting rings, which left two 6-mm-wide gaps for the passage of neutrons. The cylinders were supported longitudinally by a force of 300 tonnes applied to the ends of the vessel by a hydraulic press. The experimental fluid was pressurized in another vessel and piped into the diffraction vessel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138494
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    Device for measuring sound speeds in reactive liquids at high pressure and temperature (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1402-1408 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed a device for measuring sound speeds in reactive liquids at high pressure and temperature. It has been tested in experiments on liquid-potassium metal at pressures up to 0.7 GPa and temperatures up to 423 K. The limitations on pressure and temperature were imposed by auxiliary instrumentation rather than the properties of the device, and it seems likely that it would be suitable for more extreme conditions. The data on potassium agree well with precise room-temperature data. The sound velocities measured as a function of pressure at various temperatures can be used to calculate equation-of-state parameters such as the bulk modulus and its pressure derivatives. The experiments on potassium indicate that bulk modulus can be determined to ±1%, its first pressure derivative to about ±5%, and second pressure derivative to about ±50% (the last for a run with a 0.7-GPa pressure range). The device should permit sound velocity measurements in a variety of liquids which are reactive, corrosive, and/or miscible with pressure media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138493
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    Strain-gauge transducer signal conditioning with square-wave ac excitation and thermal error compensation (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1413-1416 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a signal conditioning circuit for strain-gauge pressure transducers of the metal wire and metal foil types which provides square-wave ac excitation of the transducer, amplification of the signal, and compensation for both the thermal zero shift and the thermal sensitivity shift of the transducer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138495
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    Optimization procedure for the cooling of liquid 3He by adiabatic demagnetization of praseodymium nickel (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 437-443 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The construction and performance of a single stage nuclear demagnetization apparatus utilizing 0.267 mole of praseodymium nickel material is described. An optimization procedure to minimize entropy production during the demagnetization of the hyperfine enhanced material has been developed which enabled the cryostat to cool a liquid-3He sample to a temperature of 350 μK. The effects of measured heat leaks and inferred eddy-current heating are accounted for satisfactorily in a model of this procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138319
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    Furnace for high-temperature muon-spin-rotation measurements (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1428-1431 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A vacuum furnace has been developed, allowing muon-spin-rotation measurements between 300 and ∼1400 K. Excellent temperature homogeneity (±0.1 K over the sample volume) and temperature stability (±0.05 K) have been achieved. Incandescent halide lamps with elliptical reflectors were used for heating. The Pt-Pt10Rh thermocouples were calibrated around the Curie temperature of iron by specific heat measurements. The measured muon-spin precession frequencies in demagnetized ferromagnetic iron are directly proportional to the macroscopic spontaneous magnetization. Near the Curie temperature, an increase of the transverse relaxation of the muon-spin polarization shows that positive muons are trapped by vacancies in thermal equilibrium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138498
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    Generation of static pressures above 2.5 megabars in a diamond-anvil pressure cell (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1420-1427 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A static pressure of 2.75 Mbars has been generated in a diamond-anvil pressure cell. This pressure is 1 Mbar higher than the highest static pressure previously produced in a laboratory, 1.72 Mbar by Mao and Bell [Science 200, 1145 (1978)]. Improvements in the geometry of the cut of beveled anvil surfaces, selection of diamond anvils for a high concentration of nitrogen platelets, and modifications in the design of the supporting cell for the diamond anvils resulted in the attainment of 2.75 Mbars. Pressures from 1 bar to 1.85 Mbar were measured by the ruby fluorescence method. The ruby fluorescence, however, was found to diminish in intensity with increasing pressure and to become undetectable at 1.85 Mbar. Pressures above 1.85 Mbar were calculated on the assumption of elastic behavior for the diamond anvils in two ways: (1) by extrapolation of the relationship between central pressure and force applied to the anvils, and (2) by extrapolation of radial pressure profiles. Three lines of evidence confirm that the diamond anvils behaved elastically, rather than deforming plastically, to the highest pressure achieved. The design improvements reported in this paper should result in the acquisition of a wide range of data in diamond cells at pressures above 1 Mbar, pressures at which virtually no static data have been obtained. Pressures substantially above 2.75 Mbars are probably attainable with the present design of the diamond-cell apparatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138497
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    Vacuum-operated digital wavelength meter (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 211-213 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A vacuum-operated digital wavelength meter for measurement of laser light has been designed, built, and tested. Special considerations have been paid to the mechanical stability and ease of use. The rigid design, small dimensions, and small weight of the instrument makes it possible to move it between different experimental setups without troublesome realignment. The operation in vacuum also eliminates the need for the air-to-vacuum correction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138332
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    Extraction of volume-produced H− ions from a hybrid magnetic multicusp source (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2274-2278 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The negative ion density n− is studied using the photodetachment technique in the extraction region of a 5.7-l hybrid magnetic multicusp source, and is correlated with the extracted negative ion current I−. It is found that biasing positive the plasma electrode (PE) of the extractor affects in a similar way both n− and I−: both attain a maximum for a PE bias of +1.5 V, while the electron density ne and extracted current Ie exhibit a monotonic reduction. At optimum PE bias, n−/ne attains a value of 0.7. Ie is found to be comparable to the electron thermal flux through the extraction slit; this indicates that there is no potential barrier for the negative particles at the plasma border in front of the extraction slit. At optimum PE bias both Ie and I− vary in proportion to n0.8e. Two regimes characterize the variation of I− vs n−; at high density I− varies in proportion to n1− and appears to be larger than the thermal negative ion flux through the extraction slit, calculated under the assumption that the negative ion temperature is close to the neutral molecule temperature. The discrepancy is the largest (a factor of ten) at the lowest gas pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138363
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    Fast, controlled stepping drive for D2 filament ejection (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2283-2286 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Centrifugal pellet injectors are required to refuel plasma machines. The pellet feed into the centrifuge should, if possible, be direct to keep the exit angle divergence small. The D2 filaments used are first stored in a cryostat and then rapidly transported to the intake region of the centrifuge. An intermittent drive for fast, controlled ejection of D2 filaments is described here. Mean filament speed of up to 0.6 m/s per step (1.2 mm) are achieved for the centrifugal pellet injector which refuels the ASDEX tokamak at Garching. The timing of the (81) step shifts can be synchronized with the rotor motion. The drive allows rates of up to 50 pellets per second. The drive method also seems to be suitable for direct feeding of other known centrifugal pellet injectors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138365
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    Use of electron beam position modulation in Auger depth profile analysis (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2290-2294 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Auger analysis combined with ion etching in the scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) provides "three-dimensional'' composition information not readily obtainable from other analytical methods. As this technique is being applied to the analysis of microelectronic devices with increasingly smaller dimensions, two major limitations became evident: (1) features of interest in microelectronic circuits are often comparable in size to the beam diameter of commercial Auger microprobes and (2) the electron beam tends to drift about on the specimen surface because of mechanical instability and differential thermal expansion. We describe a technique that will reduce the error and uncertainty caused by beam instability. In our technique, the analyzing beam is scanned repetitively across the feature to be profiled and the Auger signal is synchronously detected at the scan frequency. This position modulation technique allows a tradeoff between depth resolution and sensitivity on the one hand and drift in spatial position of the analyzing electron beam. Position modulation is particularly suited to the analysis of microelectronic devices (e.g., microwave field effect transistors), where the dimensions of features of interest are comparable to the electron beam diameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138367
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    Miniature fiber-optic refractometer for measurement of salinity in double-diffusive thermohaline systems (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 291-296 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Information on salinity and temperature distributions is important in the study of thermohaline systems. In order to overcome difficulties associated with existing measurement methods, a miniature fiber-optic probe has been developed. The probe, which is capable of local quasisteady and fluctuating salinity and temperature measurements, is easily constructed, calibrated, and utilized. Probe measurements compare favorably with results obtained using a slant-wire shadowgraph technique and clearly show local phenomena in double-diffusive thermohaline systems.
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    Development of an electrostatic positioner for space material processing (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 307-317 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an electrostatic positioning instrument which was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to enable experimenters to conduct containerless material science experiments in space. Samples that are to be studied are electrically charged and controlled by the electrostatic force produced by a set of properly arranged electrodes. Three different types of positioners are described, i.e., the dish type, the ring type, and the tetrahedral type. In all these systems, the positioning and the damping of the sample is accomplished by a feedback control system. The advantage of this electrostatic positioning method, in comparison to the other methods, such as acoustic and electromagnetic, lies in the fact that it can operate in a high vacuum and does not require the material to be electrically conductive as long as the material can carry a certain amount of charge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138349
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    High-pressure cell closure and pressure connector (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1460-1461 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A modification is described to a previously published, simple, and highly reliable high-pressure cell closure so as to allow ready control and monitoring of the applied pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138506
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    Pulsed operation of a segmented longitudinal discharge CO2 laser without ballast impedance (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2021-2024 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: It is shown that a longitudinal CO2 laser with two discharge tubes electrically coupled in parallel can be operated in pulsed mode without ballast impedance. This scheme not only yields much higher efficiency (up to 13% at the maximum output energy) and eliminates component failure at high pulse repetition frequency (prf) but also facilitates short pulse availability. In the absence of ballast, current and laser pulse width decrease on increasing the voltage applied to the discharge tubes but these quantities remain unaffected on varying the value of the energy storage capacitor. This enables an independent control of the laser pulse duration and energy. Threshold energy for the onset of nonuniformities in the glow discharge reduces almost exponentially on increasing the discharge current pulse duration but rises on decreasing the operating value of E/N, the electric field to neutral gas density ratio. The maximum output laser energy of about 1 J/pulse, adjustable pulse duration from 30 μs to about 2 ms, and prf up to 50 Hz have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138411
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    Characteristics of a piezoelectric pulsed nozzle beam (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2038-2042 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The characteristics of a molecular beam from a piezoelectric pulsed nozzle source are given and, where appropriate, compared to a continuous beam. These include variation during the pulse in the relative intensity and speed ratio for the gases He, Ar, Ne, and N2. The measurements were made by standard time-of-flight and laser-induced fluorescence techniques. For gas valve pulses of time duration less than 500 μs, there was a single peak during which the gases reached continuum steady flow behavior. Typical speed ratios (parallel temperatures) for the gases He, Ar, Ne, and N2 were 19, 34, 34, and 20 (2.1, 0.7, 0.7, and 1.9 K), respectively. These values are comparable to those from a continuous source with equivalent values of p0d, the product of source pressure and nozzle diameter. The dimer concentrations for Ne and Ar were also measured and found to be 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively. A major problem with the valve was its inability to open fully because of the limited motion of the piezoelectric element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138414
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  • 78
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    Versatile X-UV spectrogoniometer with multilayer interference mirrors (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2055-2058 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A versatile X-UV spectrogoniometer based on a modular system is described. The heart of the apparatus is a computer-controlled θ-2θ goniometer with 1.8 arcs θ angular resolution. This main unit can be connected to with a (+1, −1) double-crystal premonochromator and a double-mirror high-frequency rejector. The dispersive performance of a multilayer interference mirror (MIM) and a lead stearate pseudocrystal are compared at three wavelengths: 13.3 A(ring) (Cu-Lα), 44.8 A(ring) (C-Kα), and 67.7 A(ring) (B-Kα). The MIM appears as a useful dispersing device for a low resolution flat "one-crystal'' spectrometer in this spectral region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138418
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  • 79
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    An improved optical system for photofield emission (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2074-2076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An improved optical system has been designed for use in experimental studies of photofield emission. By increasing the angle of convergence of the focused laser beam onto the field emitter a smaller focal spot is obtained. For a given beam intensity, this results in a substantial increase in the irradiance at the emitting surface. In addition, the smaller focal spot reduces the laser-induced temperature rise of the field emitter for a given irradiance. The design of the improved optical system is discussed and its performance is evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138422
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  • 80
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    Output voltage waveform improvement of the coaxial Marx-type high-voltage generator (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2287-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A metal ring was installed to each of the main capacitor modules of the coaxial Marx-type high-voltage generator to increase the stray capacitance between the main capacitors and the cylinder of the outer conductor. Improvements in build-up time of the output voltage were achieved and good agreements were obtained between the experimental and the simulated results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138366
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  • 81
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    Directional sensitivity of unplated normal-wire probes (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2299-2305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an experimental study of the response to yaw of normal-wire probes oriented at various roll angles with respect to the yaw plane. The results obtained show that unplated normal wires are most sensitive to yaw when the plane formed by the wire element and the prongs is aligned with the yaw plane. When the wire-prongs plane is normal to the yaw plane, the sensitivity of these probes is reduced by 30 to 33%. When the wire-prongs plane is inclined at 45° to the yaw plane, the probe response is almost insensitive to yaw within a large range of flow angles. The current experimental results are compared qualitatively with the "effective cooling velocity'' model. It is shown that this model is too oversimplified to be correct; the tangential and the binormal cooling parameters are Re number and yaw dependent and, under certain flow conditions, the tangential cooling parameter k2 may even attain negative values. It is concluded, therefore, that much better signal-interpretation expressions should be sought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138369
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  • 82
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    Improved algorithm for the discrete Fourier transform (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2325-2327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An alternative discrete (fast) Fourier transform algorithm with suppressed aliasing is presented. It is inspired by work done by Sorella and Ghosh [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55, 1348 (1984)]. While using their idea of expanding the time function as a series (as Schütte [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, 400 (1981)] and Mäkinen [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53, 627 (1982)] have done), it corrects a flaw in their method. The remarkable quality of the calculation is illustrated for an exponential decay by comparing the results to analytical values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138528
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  • 83
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    Microcomputer-controlled electrochemical system (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2339-2339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A PET computer is used to control an electrochemical system incorporating a three−electrode potentiostat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138326
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  • 84
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    An all solid-state magnetic switching exciter for pumping excimer lasers (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2018-2020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A thyristor, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), switched multistage magnetic pulse compressor has been successfully developed for KrF excimer laser excitation. Being composed entirely of solid-state elements, this exciter will provide the extremely long lifetime at high repetition rate operation that cannot be realized by a conventional power supply with a discharge switch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138410
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  • 85
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    Data acquisition and processing: A systems approach (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2043-2049 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data acquisition and processing system is described. Designed at a fraction of the cost of most commercially available systems, it in many ways exceeds their capabilities. The use of state-of-the-art components in an open-architecture system where each component is relatively loosely coupled to the rest of the system and thus can be chosen, upgraded, or replaced without major changes to other components, provides for a flexible and expandable system. The principle of incorporating sufficient intelligence into each of the system components allows the use of serial protocols for all noncritical intrasystem communications, simplifying the task of system integration and reducing cost. Such "unbundling'' of the hardware also results in a superior adherence to industry standards at the level of individual components. While the technical details are directed primarily at the NMR researchers, a number of general considerations and the description of the principles and criteria used in designing a laboratory data system are of general interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138415
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  • 86
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    Photoemission from single electrodynamically levitated microparticles (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2066-2069 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple method for determining the ionization potential from a single electrodynamically levitated microparticle is discussed. The associated spectrometer is described and measurements from graphite and transpolyacetylene are demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138420
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  • 87
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    Temperature stage for ultralow-temperature oxygen plasma ashing (L2TA) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2084-2087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an apparatus that allows the decomposition of organic materials by a radio frequency excited oxygen plasma afterglow at temperatures as low as −70 °C prior to analytical study. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by the freeze drying and ashing of frozen-hydrated biological samples. Subsequent analysis indicates that the cell morphology seen in two dimensions remains intact after such treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138424
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  • 88
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    Low-energy electron diffraction system using a position-sensitive detector (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2077-2083 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) system using a position-sensitive detector is described. The design requirements for LEED observations are outlined. Most of these requirements are realized in a system incorporating a miniature, movable electron gun and a position-sensitive detector of the resistive anode type, interfaced to a computer. This system has been used to make 128×128 channel digital records of LED patterns. The speed of data acquisition is limited by the detector hardware and is 20 kHz. Records of good quality (0.1° instrumental angular resolving power) can be made by counting 5×105 electrons. Illustrative applications to silicon and tungsten crystal surfaces and prospects for improving the system are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138423
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  • 89
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    E parallel B canted detector neutral-particle spectrometer (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2101-2110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A multichannel, mass-discriminating, neutral-particle spectrometer using parallel E and B analyzer fields has been operational on the Doublet III tokamak. The device records 60 energy channels each of hydrogen and deuterium, simultaneously, during a shot with a dynamic range in energy of greater than 20. Its unique feature is a microchannel plate detector plane set at an angle to the exit face of the magnet. This angled detector plane linearizes the columns of each mass which simplifies the detector design, and permits the magnet gap to be very small. The narrow gap minimizes figure field effects on particle trajectories and simplifies power supply and cooling design. Details are given on the design, calibration, and instrumentation of the device, as well as on its operation and experimental results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138428
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    Microwave apparatus for phase transition studies of corrosive fluids to 1.7 kbar and 588 K (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1907-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microwave apparatus for phase boundary determinations of corrosive fluid mixtures to 1.7 kbar and 588 K is described. The apparatus measures shifts in a static microwave energy field caused by changes in sample dielectric properties. The measured interactions involve the entire sample cell; sample volumes are small (∼25 cm3); phase transitions are measured directly. Details of the microwave apparatus and the microwave technique are discussed. Data are presented for pure fluids and for an acid-gas/heavy oil mixture that demonstrate the performance of the apparatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138443
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    High-speed multichannel photon counter for time-resolved laser spectroscopy (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1926-1929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A versatile, high-speed multichannel counter, which has maximum temporal resolution Δt=30 ns and channel length up to 4095, has been developed for various kinds of time-resolved laser spectroscopic measurements. High speed, large counting capacity, low cost for fabrication, and ease of circuit assembly have been accomplished by introducing both parallel and pipe-line processing. The performance of this system has been verified in the applications to cw laser radar, time-of-flight measurement of molecular beam, and radiative lifetime measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138446
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    Noninvasive optical fiber photoacoustic microprobe (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1937-1940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microprobe has been designed for the noninvasive detection of photoacoustic signals. It is made up of a fused silica optical fiber which has a core diameter of 600 μm and is coupled to a piezoelectric ceramic transducer. It can detect the laser-induced photoacoustic waves in a 5×10−5 M aqueous ferroin solution, though its sensitivity is approximately 70 times less than that of a typical photoacoustic cell. The probe makes a good contact with any curved surface, and can be easily moved all over a cell to tap signals at many points. Thus, surface profiling of signal intensities is allowed. Other application advantages and design improvements are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138449
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    High-pressure, thermal-pulse, liquid flow meter (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1962-1963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A liquid flow meter for operation at high pressures is described. The meter uses a thermal pulse with time-of-flight detection to measure the flow rate. The thermal-pulse generator and detector are located outside a metal capillary tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138453
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    Construction techniques of a molecular hydrogen laser (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1969-1970 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Simple techniques are described for construction of a discharge channel, and spark gap trigger electrode for a traveling-wave excited molecular hydrogen laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138404
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    Theoretical signal-to-noise ratio and resolution for the stochastic excitation technique in radio frequency spectroscopy (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 103-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are derived for the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution in the stochastic excitation technique applied to radio frequency spectroscopy such as ion cyclotron resonance and nuclear-magnetic resonance. The expressions reduce to particularly simple forms under two limiting cases. Under intermediate cases, numerical calculations have been performed for them. Their results and the inspection of the limiting forms confirm the following properties: (1) noise on the spectrum is mainly due to that employed for the excitation; (2) the signal-to-noise ratio is independent of the observation period and it is always unity; (3) resolution is given by the observation period and, in consequence, it increases linearly with the observation period. Finally, a comparison is made of some features for the present technique with three other techniques, namely, the pulsed Fourier transform, the rapid scan, and the conventional continuous-wave techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138471
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    Uniaxial stress device for use with a SQUID magnetometer (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A device for applying compressive uniaxial stress has been developed to fit within the pickup coils of a SQUID magnetometer. Forces of up to 300 N may be applied from liquid-helium temperature up to room temperature. Strain gauges provide a voltage output proportional to stress that is linear and reproducible to within 3% of full scale. Combined with a SQUID moment sensitivity of 1.2×10−8 G cm3, detailed studies of the stress dependence of the magnetization are possible. Stress-induced shifts in magnetic, superconducting, and other types of transition temperatures can also be observed easily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138479
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  • 97
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    Novel Hall-effect measuring device for use in superconducting solenoids (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 136-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new device measuring Hall voltages down to 5 nV in fields up to 7 T is presented. The setup uses the double-ac method and works at temperatures ranging from 450 to 4.2 K. As a convenience, manual or automatic field sweeps can be chosen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138532
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    Laser frequency offset synthesizer (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 66-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method for servolocking the beat frequency between two lasers is described in which the lasers in effect replace the voltage-controlled oscillator in an indirect frequency synthesizer. The system is simple, relatively free from systematic frequency errors, and has good stability as characterized by Allan variance measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138476
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    Multichannel far-infrared phase imaging for fusion plasmas (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 20-channel far-infrared imaging interferometer system has been used to obtain single-shot density profiles in the UCLA Microtor tokamak. This system differs from conventional multichannel interferometers in that the phase distribution produced by the plasma is imaged onto a single, monolithic, integrated microbolometer linear detector array and provides significantly more channels than previous far-infrared interferometers. The system has been demonstrated to provide diffraction-limited phase images of dielectric targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138431
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    Microchannel-plate photomultiplier applicability to the time-correlated photon-counting method (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1187-1194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microchannel-plate photomultiplier (MCP-PMT) has been applied to the time-correlated single-photon counting technique. Electrical and timing characteristics were investigated for the two types of MCP-PMT's, nonproximity type (Hamamatsu R1264) and proximity type (R1564), which are different in distance between the photocathode and MCP. In the proximity type, the transit-time spread was found to be 60 ps, i.e., a factor of 4 shorter than that in conventional photomultipliers with a dynode string. It was concluded that both types of MCP-PMT's are fully applicable to the single-photon counting method and that the proximity type MCP-PMT in particular leads to further improvements in the cathode transit-time difference and the wavelength effect of the timing properties. Some examples of experimental results are shown for fluorescence decay curves and picosecond time-resolved spectra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138027
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