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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (5,220)
  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2005-2009  (44)
  • 1985-1989  (8,772)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 2008  (44)
  • 1985  (8,772)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009  (44)
  • 1985-1989  (8,772)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Significant contribution of the 18.6 year tidal cycle to regional coastal changes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 (3). pp. 169-172.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-13
    Description: Although rising global sea levels will affect the shape of coastlines over the coming decades1, 2, the most severe and catastrophic shoreline changes occur as a consequence of local and regional-scale processes. Changes in sediment supply3 and deltaic subsidence4, 5, both natural or anthropogenic, and the occurrences of tropical cyclones4, 5 and tsunamis6 have been shown to be the leading controls on coastal erosion. Here, we use satellite images of South American mangrove-colonized mud banks collected over the past twenty years to reconstruct changes in the extent of the shoreline between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. The observed timing of the redistribution of sediment and migration of the mud banks along the 1,500 km muddy coast suggests the dominant control of ocean forcing by the 18.6 year nodal tidal cycle7. Other factors affecting sea level such as global warming or El Niño and La Niña events show only secondary influences on the recorded changes. In the coming decade, the 18.6 year cycle will result in an increase of mean high water levels of 6 cm along the coast of French Guiana, which will lead to a 90 m shoreline retreat.
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  • 2
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    Biosynthetic capacities of actinomycetes. 46. Genoketides A1 and A2, new octaketides and biosynthetic intermediates of chrysophanol produced by Streptomyces sp. AK 671 (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Journal of Antibiotics, 61 . pp. 464-473.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-09
    Description: The new aromatic polyketides genoketide A1, genoketide A2 and prechrysophanol glucuronide are biosynthetic intermediates of the octaketide chrysophanol. They were isolated from the alkaliphilic strain Streptomyces sp. AK 671 together with the new metabolite chrysophanol glucuronide. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR methods. Genoketide A2 exhibited a slight and prechrysophanol glucuronide a more pronounced inhibition of the proliferation of L5178y lymphoma cells.
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  • 3
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    Agulhas leakage dynamics affects decadal variability in Atlantic overturning circulation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 456 . pp. 489-492.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Predicting the evolution of climate over decadal timescales requires a quantitative understanding of the dynamics that govern the meridional overturning circulation (MOC)1. Comprehensive ocean measurement programmes aiming to monitor MOC variations have been established in the subtropical North Atlantic2, 3 (RAPID, at latitude 26.5° N, and MOVE, at latitude 16° N) and show strong variability on intraseasonal to interannual timescales. Observational evidence of longer-term changes in MOC transport remains scarce, owing to infrequent sampling of transoceanic sections over past decades4, 5. Inferences based on long-term sea surface temperature records, however, supported by model simulations, suggest a variability with an amplitude of plusminus1.5–3 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s-1) on decadal timescales in the subtropics6. Such variability has been attributed to variations of deep water formation in the sub-arctic Atlantic, particularly the renewal rate of Labrador Sea Water7. Here we present results from a model simulation that suggest an additional influence on decadal MOC variability having a Southern Hemisphere origin: dynamic signals originating in the Agulhas leakage region at the southern tip of Africa. These contribute a MOC signal in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic that is of the same order of magnitude as the northern source. A complete rationalization of observed MOC changes therefore also requires consideration of signals arriving from the south.
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  • 4
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    Mesozoic climate - Liverworts and all (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 (1). pp. 14-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-22
    Description: The relationship between carbon dioxide and climate over millions of years has been a source of controversy. Fossilized liverwort leaves can help illuminate both temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 200 to 60 million years ago.
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  • 5
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    Phosphorus cycling in the North and South Atlantic Ocean subtropical gyres (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 (7). pp. 439-443.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-23
    Description: Despite similar physical properties, the Northern and Southern Atlantic subtropical gyres have different biogeochemical regimes. The Northern subtropical gyre, which is subject to iron deposition from Saharan dust1, is depleted in the nutrient phosphate, possibly as a result of iron-enhanced nitrogen fixation2. Although phosphate depleted, rates of carbon fixation in the euphotic zone of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre are comparable to those of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre3, which is not phosphate limited. Here we use the activity of the phosphorus-specific enzyme alkaline phosphatase to show potentially enhanced utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus occurring over much of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. We find that during the boreal spring up to 30% of primary production in the North Atlantic gyre is supported by dissolved organic phosphorus. Our diagnostics and composite map of the surface distribution of dissolved organic phosphorus in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean reveal shorter residence times in the North Atlantic gyre than the South Atlantic gyre. We interpret the asymmetry of dissolved organic phosphorus cycling in the two gyres as a consequence of enhanced nitrogen fixation in the North Atlantic Ocean4, which forces the system towards phosphorus limitation. We suggest that dissolved organic phosphorus utilization may contribute to primary production in other phosphorus-limited ocean settings as well.
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  • 6
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    Arc-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 451 (7182). pp. 1094-1097.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: Resolving flow geometry in the mantle wedge is central to understanding the thermal and chemical structure of subduction zones, subducting plate dehydration, and melting that leads to arc volcanism, which can threaten large populations and alter climate through gas and particle emission. Here we show that isotope geochemistry and seismic velocity anisotropy provide strong evidence for trench-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua. This finding contradicts classical models, which predict trench-normal flow owing to the overlying wedge mantle being dragged downwards by the subducting plate. The isotopic signature of central Costa Rican volcanic rocks is not consistent with its derivation from the mantle wedge1, 2, 3 or eroded fore-arc complexes4 but instead from seamounts of the Galapagos hotspot track on the subducting Cocos plate. This isotopic signature decreases continuously from central Costa Rica to northwestern Nicaragua. As the age of the isotopic signature beneath Costa Rica can be constrained and its transport distance is known, minimum northwestward flow rates can be estimated (63–190 mm yr-1) and are comparable to the magnitude of subducting Cocos plate motion (approx85 mm yr-1). Trench-parallel flow needs to be taken into account in models evaluating thermal and chemical structure and melt generation in subduction zones.
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  • 7
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    Advancing Decadal-Scale Climate Prediction in the North Atlantic Sector (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 453 . pp. 84-88.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Description: The climate of the North Atlantic region exhibits fluctuations on decadal timescales that have large societal consequences. Prominent examples include hurricane activity in the Atlantic1, and surface-temperature and rainfall variations over North America2, Europe3 and northern Africa4. Although these multidecadal variations are potentially predictable if the current state of the ocean is known5, 6, 7, the lack of subsurface ocean observations8 that constrain this state has been a limiting factor for realizing the full skill potential of such predictions9. Here we apply a simple approach—that uses only sea surface temperature (SST) observations—to partly overcome this difficulty and perform retrospective decadal predictions with a climate model. Skill is improved significantly relative to predictions made with incomplete knowledge of the ocean state10, particularly in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific oceans. Thus these results point towards the possibility of routine decadal climate predictions. Using this method, and by considering both internal natural climate variations and projected future anthropogenic forcing, we make the following forecast: over the next decade, the current Atlantic meridional overturning circulation will weaken to its long-term mean; moreover, North Atlantic SST and European and North American surface temperatures will cool slightly, whereas tropical Pacific SST will remain almost unchanged. Our results suggest that global surface temperature may not increase over the next decade, as natural climate variations in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific temporarily offset the projected anthropogenic warming.
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  • 8
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    Saline water sinking (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 (7). pp. 423-424.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-23
    Description: Ninety-five million years ago, ocean bottom waters were much warmer than at present. Some of this warmth could have come from the proto-North Atlantic's continental shelves after the balmy surface waters became increasingly salty through evaporation.
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  • 9
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    Influence of brine formation on Arctic Ocean circulation over the past 15 million years (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 . pp. 68-72.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The early oceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean is important in regulating, and responding to, climatic changes. However, constraints on its oceanographic history preceding the Quaternary (the past 1.8 Myr) have become available only recently, because of the difficulties associated with obtaining continuous sediment records in such a hostile setting. Here, we use the neodymium isotope compositions of two sediment cores recovered near the North Pole to reconstruct over the past approx15 Myr the sources contributing to Arctic Intermediate Water, a water mass found today at depths of 200 to 1,500 m. We interpret high neodymium ratios for the period between 15 and 2 Myr ago, and for the glacial periods thereafter, as indicative of weathering input from the Siberian Putoranan basalts into the Arctic Ocean. Arctic Intermediate Water was then derived from brine formation in the Eurasian shelf regions, with only a limited contribution of intermediate water from the North Atlantic. In contrast, the modern circulation pattern, with relatively high contributions of North Atlantic Intermediate Water and negligible input from brine formation, exhibits low neodymium isotope ratios and is typical for the interglacial periods of the past 2 Myr. We suggest that changes in climatic conditions and the tectonic setting were responsible for switches between these two modes.
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  • 10
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    Synchronous basin-wide formation and redox-controlled preservation of a Mediterranean sapropel (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 . pp. 606-610.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-22
    Description: Organic-rich sedimentary units called sapropels have formed repeatedly in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in response to variations of solar radiation. Sapropel formation is due to a change either in the flux of organic matter to the sea floor from productivity changes or in preservation by bottom-water oxygen levels. However, the relative importance of surface-ocean productivity versus deep-water preservation for the formation of these organic-rich shale beds is still being debated, and conflicting interpretations are often invoked1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Here we analyse at high resolution the differences in the composition of the most recent sapropel, S1, in a suite of cores covering the entire eastern Mediterranean basin. We demonstrate that during the 4,000 years of sapropel formation, surface-water salinity was reduced and the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea, below 1,800 m depth, was devoid of oxygen. This resulted in the preferential basin-wide preservation of sapropel S1 with different characteristics above and below 1,800 m depth as a result of different redox conditions. We conclude that climate-induced stratification of the ocean may therefore contribute to enhanced preservation of organic matter in sapropels and potentially also in black shales.
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  • 11
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    The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 456 . pp. 239-244.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-06
    Description: Diatoms are photosynthetic secondary endosymbionts found throughout marine and freshwater environments, and are believed to be responsible for around one-fifth of the primary productivity on Earth1, 2. The genome sequence of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was recently reported, revealing a wealth of information about diatom biology3, 4, 5. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and compare it with that of T. pseudonana to clarify evolutionary origins, functional significance and ubiquity of these features throughout diatoms. In spite of the fact that the pennate and centric lineages have only been diverging for 90 million years, their genome structures are dramatically different and a substantial fraction of genes (approx40%) are not shared by these representatives of the two lineages. Analysis of molecular divergence compared with yeasts and metazoans reveals rapid rates of gene diversification in diatoms. Contributing factors include selective gene family expansions, differential losses and gains of genes and introns, and differential mobilization of transposable elements. Most significantly, we document the presence of hundreds of genes from bacteria. More than 300 of these gene transfers are found in both diatoms, attesting to their ancient origins, and many are likely to provide novel possibilities for metabolite management and for perception of environmental signals. These findings go a long way towards explaining the incredible diversity and success of the diatoms in contemporary oceans.
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  • 12
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    The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 . pp. 864-869.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-22
    Description: Observations show a significant intensification of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, the prevailing winds between the latitudes of 30° and 60° S, over the past decades. A continuation of this intensification trend is projected by climate scenarios for the twenty-first century. The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the carbon sink in the Southern Ocean to changes in wind stress and surface buoyancy fluxes is under debate. Here we analyse the Argo network of profiling floats and historical oceanographic data to detect coherent hemispheric-scale warming and freshening trends that extend to depths of more than 1,000 m. The warming and freshening is partly related to changes in the properties of the water masses that make up the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which are consistent with the anthropogenic changes in heat and freshwater fluxes suggested by climate models. However, we detect no increase in the tilt of the surfaces of equal density across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, in contrast to coarse-resolution model studies. Our results imply that the transport in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and meridional overturning in the Southern Ocean are insensitive to decadal changes in wind stress.
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  • 13
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    Climate change: Acid test for marine biodiversity (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 454 . pp. 46-47.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to acidification of the oceans. A site in the Mediterranean, naturally carbonated by under-sea volcanoes, provides clues to the possible effects on marine ecosystems.
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  • 14
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    Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 (2). pp. 106-110.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-07
    Description: Large uncertainties remain in the current and future contribution to sea level rise from Antarctica. Climate warming may increase snowfall in the continent’s interior1,2,3, but enhance glacier discharge at the coast where warmer air and ocean temperatures erode the buttressing ice shelves4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Here, we use satellite interferometric synthetic-aperture radar observations from 1992 to 2006 covering 85% of Antarctica’s coastline to estimate the total mass flux into the ocean. We compare the mass fluxes from large drainage basin units with interior snow accumulation calculated from a regional atmospheric climate model for 1980 to 2004. In East Antarctica, small glacier losses in Wilkes Land and glacier gains at the mouths of the Filchner and Ross ice shelves combine to a near-zero loss of 4±61 Gt yr−1. In West Antarctica, widespread losses along the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas increased the ice sheet loss by 59% in 10 years to reach 132±60 Gt yr−1 in 2006. In the Peninsula, losses increased by 140% to reach 60±46 Gt yr−1 in 2006. Losses are concentrated along narrow channels occupied by outlet glaciers and are caused by ongoing and past glacier acceleration. Changes in glacier flow therefore have a significant, if not dominant impact on ice sheet mass balance.
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  • 15
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    From climate assessment to climate services (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 1 . pp. 2-3.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change has convinced the public that climate change is real. To tackle it, the panel needs complementary climate services that provide continuous climate information for all regions and the globe.
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  • 16
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    Persistent summer expansion of the Atlantic Warm Pool during glacial abrupt cold events (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: Palaeoclimate records and numerical model simulations indicate that changes in tropical and subtropical sea surface temperatures and in the annual average position of the intertropical convergence zone are linked to high-latitude climate changes on millennial to glacial–interglacial timescales. It has recently been suggested that cooling in the high latitudes associated with abrupt climate-change events is evident primarily during the northern hemisphere winter, implying increased seasonality at these times8. However, it is unclear whether such a seasonal bias also exists for the low latitudes. Here we analyse the Mg/Ca ratios of surface-dwelling foraminifera to reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico for the past 300,000 years. We suggest that sea surface temperatures are controlled by the migration of the northern boundary of the Atlantic Warm Pool, and hence the position of the intertropical convergence zone during boreal summer, and are relatively insensitive to winter conditions. Our results suggest that summer Atlantic Warm Pool expansion is primarily affected by glacial–interglacial variability and low-latitude summer insolation. Because a clear signature of rapid climate-change events, such as the Younger Dryas cold event, is lacking in our record, we conclude that high-latitude events seem to influence only the winter Caribbean climate conditions, consistent with the hypothesis of extreme northern-hemisphere seasonality during abrupt cooling events.
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  • 17
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 13: Wissenschaftskommunikation im Polarjahr (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 95-97, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: "Polarforschung" , peerRev
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  • 18
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    The Pleistocene Glaciation (LGP and pre-LGP, pre-LGM) of SE Iranian Mountains Exemplified by the Kuh-i-Jupar, Kuh-i-Lalezar and Kuh-i-Hezar Massifs in the Zagros (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 71-88, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 19
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    Bericht über den 3. Workshop der SCAR Action Group on the History of Antarctic Research am Byrd Polar Research Center in Columbus, Ohio, USA (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 123-124, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 20
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 16: Kinder-Forschungswerkstatt des Pfalz-Museums für Naturkunde - POLLICHIA-Museum (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 104-105, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 21
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    Die Verleihung der Weyprecht-Medaille der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polarforschung an Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hubert Miller (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 113-115, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 22
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    Verleihung der Ehrenmitgliedschaft der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polarforschung an Herrn Dr. Franz Tessensohn (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 116-119, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 23
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    Grußwort des Prorektors Prof. Dr. Karl-Hans Hartwig zur Eröffnung der 23. Internationale Polartagung in Münster (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 112-113, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 24
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    Die Internet-Seite der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polarforschung www.DGP-EV.de (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 125, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 25
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    Protokoll über die ordentliche Mitgliederversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polarforschung e.V. in Münster am 13. März 2008 (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 119-121, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 26
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    23. Internationale Polartagung in Münster - 10. bis 14. März 2008 im Fürstenberghaus - Begrüßung und Eröffnung durch den Vorsitzenden der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polarforschung e.V. (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 109-112, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 27
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 10: Langfristige Klimabeobachtungen in der Arktis - DAMOCLES (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 41-42, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 28
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    Health status in an Antarctic top predator: micronuclei frequency and white blood cell differentials in the South Polar Skua (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 1-5, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 29
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    Wem gehört die zentrale Arktis um den Nordpol und wer ist zuständig für den Festlandsockel der Antarktis? Wichtige Aspekte des Artikels 76 des Internationalen Seerechtsübereinkommens der Vereinten Nationen (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 55-70, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 30
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    Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 127-138, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 31
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    Polare Böden im Geologischen Kalender 2009 (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 126, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 32
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 15: Volkszählung im Südlichen Ozean - CAML (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 101-103, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 33
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    Edmund Müllers Bericht über seine Überwinterungen auf Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarktis, in den Jahren 1926 und 1928 - ein Streiflicht - (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 89-94, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 34
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 8: Coole Klassen - Schulprojekte im IPY (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 37-38, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 35
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    Erratum/Clarification of Neben et al. (2006): New Multi-Channel Seismic Reflection Data from Northwater Bay, Nares Strait: Indications for Pull-apart Tectonics, Polarforschung 74. (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 51, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 36
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 9: Klimabohrungen in der Antarktis - ANDRILL (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 39-40, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 37
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    Das erste Internationale Polarjahr (IPY) 1882/83: Die Entwicklung der Beteiligung Deutschlands (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 17-36, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 38
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 14: Die indigenen Völker im Hohen Norden Russlands (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 98-100, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 39
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08 - Folge 17: Das Projekt Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province - AGAP (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 106-108, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 40
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/08, Folge 12: Das Projekt AURORA BOREALIS (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 45-46, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 41
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    Linking variation in penguin responses to pedestrian activity for best practise management on subantarctic Macquarie Island (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 7-15, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 42
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    Das Internationale Polarjahr 2007/8 - Folge 11: Globale Klimasteuerung durch regionale Tektonik - Das Projekt PLATES & GATES (Plate Tectonics and Polar Gateways in Earth History) (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(1), pp. 43-44, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 43
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    In memoriam Dr. Ulrich Glaser (2008)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 77(2/3), pp. 122, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 44
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    Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © 2008 Nature Publishing Group. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike license. The definitive version was published in Nature Biotechnology 26 (2008): 909-915, doi:10.1038/nbt.1482.
    Description: Plant-parasitic nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide and novel approaches to control them are sorely needed. We report the draft genome sequence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, a biotrophic parasite of many crops, including tomato, cotton and coffee. Most of the assembled sequence of this asexually reproducing nematode, totaling 86 Mb, exists in pairs of homologous but divergent segments. This suggests that ancient allelic regions in M. incognita are evolving toward effective haploidy, permitting new mechanisms of adaptation. The number and diversity of plant cell wall–degrading enzymes in M. incognita is unprecedented in any animal for which a genome sequence is available, and may derive from multiple horizontal gene transfers from bacterial sources. Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies.
    Description: SCRI laboratory (V.C.B. and J.T.J.) received funding from the Scottish Government. This work benefited from links funded via COST Action 872. G.V.M. and V.L. are supported by ARC, CNRS, EMBO, MENRT and Region Rhone-Alpes. G.V.M., M.R.-R. and V.L. are also funded by the EU Cascade Network of Excellence and the integrated project Crescendo. M.-C.C. is supported by MENRT.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 45
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    Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon (1985)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 315 (6016). pp. 216-218.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-26
    Description: Marine organic carbon is heavier isotopically (13C enriched) than most land-plant or terrestrial organic C1. Accordingly, δ 13C values of organic C in modern marine sediments are routinely interpreted in terms of the relative proportions of marine and terrestrial sources of the preserved organic matter2,3. When independent geochemical techniques are used to evaluate the source of organic matter in Cretaceous or older rocks, those rocks containing mostly marine organic C are found typically to have lighter (more-negative) δ 13C values than rocks containing mostly terrestrial organic C. Here we conclude that marine photosynthesis in mid-Cretaceous and earlier oceans generally resulted in a greater fractionation of C isotopes and produced organic C having lighter δ 13C values. Modern marine photosynthesis may be occurring under unusual geological conditions (higher oceanic primary production rates, lower P CO2) that limit dissolved CO2 availability and minimize carbon isotope fractionation4.
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  • 46
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    Does the ocean–atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? (1985)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 315 (6014). pp. 21-26.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: The climate record obtained from two long Greenland ice cores reveals several brief climate oscillations during glacial time. The most recent of these oscillations, also found in continental pollen records, has greatest impact in the area under the meteorological influence of the northern Atlantic, but none in the United States. This suggests that these oscillations are caused by fluctuations in the formation rate of deep water in the northern Atlantic. As the present production of deep water in this area is driven by an excess of evaporation over precipitation and continental runoff, atmospheric water transport may be an important element in climate change. Changes in the production rate of deep water in this sector of the ocean may push the climate system from one quasi-stable mode of operation to another.
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  • 47
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    Geodätische Arbeiten auf den Filchner-Ronne- und Ekström-Schelfeisen 1979 bis 1982 (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 1-26, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 48
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    Lichen-Habitats as Micro-Oases in the Antarctic - The Role of Temperature (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 49-54, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 49
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    Gedenkfeier für die Deutsche Grönlandexpedition 1930/31 unter Alfred Wegener in Umanak/Grönland (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 68, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 50
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    Rheological Properties of Temperate Firn (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(2), pp. 71-77, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 51
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    Genesis of the Push Moraine at Kötlujökull, Iceland: A Reply (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(2), pp. 130-132, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 52
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    Borge Fristrup (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(2), pp. 133, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 53
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    Roughness Length of an Antarctic Ice Shelf (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 27-32, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 54
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    Genesis of the Push Moraine at Kötlujökull, Iceland: A Commentary (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(2), pp. 127-130, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 55
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    Die Dünen im Victoria Valley, Victoria-Land, Antarktis. Ein Beitrag zur äolischen Formung im extrem kalten Klima (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(2), pp. 79-125, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 56
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    Vorkommen und Entstehung von tri-oktaedrischen Smektiten in den Basalten und Böden der König-Georg-Insel (S-Shetlands/West-Antarktis) (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 33-48, ISSN: 0032-2490
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  • 57
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    Deutsche automatische Wetterstationen in der Arktis 1942-1945 (1985)
    Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
    In:  EPIC3Polarforschung, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research, 55(1), pp. 55-67, ISSN: 0032-2490
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma production by laser-driven explosively heated thin metal films (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 827-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple method of producing a relatively large volume of metal vapor for laser-plasma interaction studies is described. The method uses the explosive removal of a thin metal film from a glass substrate with a low-intensity laser pulse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334733
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An example of energy straggling in an ion accelerator (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 819-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We solve the Poisson–Vlasov equations for volume-produced ions, fast neutrals, and backstreaming electrons in a Mirror Fusion Test Facility 80-keV preprototype neutral beam source. Neutral pressure distributions are estimated from known gas feed rates and calculated accelerator column conductance, and are calibrated by comparing measured and calculated electron backstreaming power (computed by solving another Vlasov equation). The depletion of atomic yield from these volume processes is computed for sources in which the atomic yield is 100% in the extraction region. The energy distribution of neutrals and ions is also established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334731
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminescence study of rapid lamp annealing of Si-implanted InP (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 531-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Luminescence of Si-implanted InP after rapid lamp annealing was studied. It was found that the intensity and energy of band-to-band room-temperature luminescence were good indicators of the quality of annealing and activation of Si donors. Shallow and deep level spectral features characteristic of Si implantation and good annealing were observed in the low-temperature spectra. It was found that the best results could be obtained only in the case of hot implantation and lamp annealing in regimes close to the melting point of the InP, whereas room-temperature implantation and oven annealing were much less effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334787
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical analysis for radiation-resistant GaAs heteroface solar cell structures (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies and numerical analyses are carried out to optimize A1GaAs-GaAs heteroface solar cell structures. Carrier removal rate and damage constant for diffusion length in n-GaAs due to 1-MeV electron irradiation are found to be larger than those in p-GaAs. These results are explained by taking into account deep-level traps associated with radiation-induced defects. Numerical analysis shows that n++-n+-p heteroface cell structure is relatively radiation resistant in a shallow junction solar cell (below 0.2 μm) with a substrate carrier concentration above 3×1015cm−3. In the p++-p+-n heteroface solar cell, optimum junction depth and substrate carrier concentration are 0.2–0.3 μm and 2–5×1015 cm−3, while those in the n++-n+-p heteroface solar cell are less than 0.1 μm and 3–10×1015 cm−3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334788
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective gettering of gold in silicon at 900 °C by low-current corona discharge (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 554-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The application of microampere level corona generated currents at elevated temperatures in an argon atmosphere was found to indicate a rapid segregation of dissolved Au impurities out of the bulk of intentionally Au-doped silicon wafers into the near surface regions on both sides of the wafers. Complete removal of the Au occurred in less than 15 min with a current of 5 μA at 900 °C. A "kick-out'' mechanism due to the generation of Si interstitials is considered as a possible explanation for these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334736
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of amorphous Zr2Pd and Zr3Rh alloys (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 545-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal stability behavior of the metallic glasses a-Zr2Pd and a-Zr3Rh was studied by means of x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and isothermal annealing. While several a-Zr2Pd alloys each exhibit two exothermic peaks during the DSC heating sequence, three different types of exothermic behavior have been observed for a-Zr3Rh alloys with nominally identical stoichiometries. These variations in DSC behavior are probably related to different conditions during the rapid quenching procedures. The three types of differential scanning calorimeter behavior shown by a-Zr3Rh alloys include (1) two peaks of about 715 K and 790 K, (2) a single large peak at about 730 K, and (3) a strong peak at about 725 K with a much weaker peak at about 850 K. The a-Zr3Rh alloys of type (1) crystallize to form a tetragonal lattice that is a newly identified Zr3Rh phase of the D0e structure type. The a-Zr3Rh alloys of types (2) and (3) crystallize first to form a face-centered cubic lattice which appears to be an E93-type structure. Both the D0e and E93 phases are metastable and ultimately anneal to the Zr2Rh phase with the tetragonal C16-type structure. The formation of the Zr2Rh phases with either the C16 or E93 structure is accompanied by α-Zr. The a-Zr2Pd alloys undergo a two-step crystallization with the initial formation of a disordered body-centered-cubic phase followed by the tetragonal Zr2Pd phase with the C11b-type structure.
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    Epitaxy and line tension (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 559-563 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The line tension concept is used to generalize the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation. The theory is applied to study the impingement flux-temperature diagram of nucleation. The epitaxial nucleation zone at the diagram can be drastically modified depending on the sign of the line tension. Line tension also gives place to a new zone of no nucleation due to spreading effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334737
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    Accurate, short series approximations to Fermi–Dirac integrals of order −1/2, 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2, 3, and 7/2 (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5271-5274 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Short series approximations based on the classical series expansions of the Fermi-Dirac integrals Fj(x) are presented for the orders −1/2, 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2, 3, and 7/2. The approximations are accurate to better than 1 part in 105 over the range − ∞ 〈x〈 ∞ .
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    Deep levels introduced into silicon during hydrogen plasma annealing (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5275-5278 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the introduction of deep energy levels into silicon following a hydrogen plasma anneal at 300 °C for 3 h. The wafers were heat treated prior to the hydrogen anneal to cause oxygen to precipitate using a three-cycle high-low-high anneal. The deep level impurity concentrations generally exhibited a decreasing density into the wafer, indicative of damage originating from the surface. These findings are in contrast to other reported hydrogen plasma anneal results which generally show a reduction of deep level concentrations.
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    Measurements of deep levels in high-purity molecular beam epitaxial GaAs (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5287-5289 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements are performed on molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAs layers with net carrier concentrations of 3.3–6.5×1014 cm−3. Four trap levels are detected, three of which are usually detected in molecular beam epitaxial layers, and the fourth, a very shallow trap at 30 meV, has not been previously reported. Determination of the concentrations for this new level dispute the accepted interpretation of Hall measurements near and above room temperature.
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    Optical quenching of the near-intrinsic photocurrent in semi-insulating bulk GaAs (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5290-5294 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical quenching of the photoresponse of GaAs when it is subject to a prolonged 1.15-eV optical excitation is one of the most important properties of the EL2 level in GaAs. Another quenching phenomenon takes place after excitation with photons in the same range, that is the optical quenching of the photoresponse in the near band-edge spectral region. Both quenching effects seem to be strongly correlated with changes in the configuration of the EL2 level, due to variations in the charge state of this level. In this way we can conceive a mechanism where EL2 captures electrostatically shallow levels when it is optically ionized at low temperature. By photoconductivity studies, we have seen that capture of shallow levels is accomplished after EL2 has relaxed to a metastable state EL2* which could be described on the basis of a mechanism similar to that recently proposed by M. Levinson.
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    Identification of defect centers in Hg1−xCdxTe using their energy level composition dependence (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5279-5286 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have extended the Kobayashi, Sankey, and Dow [Phys. Rev. B 25, 6367 (1982)] theory of deep levels in Hg1−xCdxTe to include (vacancy, impurity) nearest-neighbor pairs. In qualitative agreement with the results obtained by these workers for isolated point defects, we find that the composition dependences (dE/dx) of the defect energy levels associated with such complexes depend on the site occupied by the impurity atom. Furthermore, we find that the composition dependences of some of the defect levels produced by such a complex are very different than the dE/dx of levels associated with the corresponding isolated point defects. We thus suggest that this theory can often be used as an aid in the identification of the defect center producing an observed energy level. In particular, it can be used to obtain site information about an observed level and, in favorable cases, to distinguish between levels produced by isolated point defects and those produced by complexes. As an example, we compare our theoretical predictions for the dE/dx of levels associated with (vacancy, impurity) pairs to the experimental slopes of the energy levels observed in deep level transient spectroscopy by Jones, Nair, and Polla [Appl. Phys. Lett. 39, 248 (1981)] and find that the theory lends support to these workers' interpretation of their data. In addition, we present new photoluminescence data on both a previously observed and identified acceptor and on an unknown center in Hg1−xCdxTe. As a further example of the usefulness of our theory, we compare the theoretical slopes of energy levels associated with (vacancy, impurity) pairs with the composition dependences of the defect levels extracted from the photoluminescence data. The results of both of the theoretical-experimental comparisons show that the theory can be used successfully, in conjunction with experimental data, to aid in the identification of the defect center which produces an observed energy level.
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    Trapping characteristics of Te-related centers in GaAs1−xPx (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5295-5301 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transient capacitance and photocapacitance techniques have been used to study the characteristics of two electron traps related to Te in GaAs1−xPx: Te. Levels En1 and En2 have thermal activation energies of 0.17 and 0.27 eV, respectively, and their thermal electron emission and capture rates deviate markedly from Schockley–Read–Hall theory for near band gap crossover compositions. Such centers are found for 0.3〈x≤1, are linked to the X conduction band minima, and their photoionization thresholds are 0.5 and 1 eV, respectively. Trap concentrations have been studied as a function of Te doping level, Zn diffusion temperature, and N content (x〉0.4) in GaAsP LEDs. It is suggested that both defects belong to the DX type, and they have been described by a large lattice relaxation model. Franck–Condon energies of 0.3 and 0.95 eV have been determined, respectively. The properties of present Te-related defects are quite similar to donor related centers in AlxGa1−xAs, including the nonexponential capacitance transients found in near x∼0.4 compositions. It is important to mention that both centers have very large hole capture coefficients (σp〉10−14 cm2) and behave as efficient recombination centers.
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    Photoconductivity and electronic doping effects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5302-5305 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The concept of electronic doping is used to explain unexpectedly large values of the diode quality factor (exceeding two) and supralinearity which is sometimes observed in amorphous silicon p-i-n-type diodes and materials, respectively. This suggests the presence of an extra set of defect states in lightly boron-doped films with a capture rate for electrons which is much larger than that of the inherent defect states. We also report that for high-quality undoped intrinsic layers, the photoconductivity versus intensity behavior exhibits sublinear power dependence which increases with intensity in distinct contrast to the previously reported results. We provide a self-consistent model which is able to explain the above observations.
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    Photoelectronic properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon/silicon oxide heterostructures (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5306-5312 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A glow-discharge hydrogenated amorphous silicon/insulator heterostructure has been characterized by a range of measurements including optical absorption, temperature dependence of photo- and dark conductivity, internal photoemission, xerographic discharge, and spectral dependence of photoconductivity. Efficient injection of dark and photocarriers from amorphous hydrogenated silicon into, and transport through, relatively thick SiOx:N:H has been achieved. Unlike the conventional thermal oxide on Si, no significant energy barrier to injection is found in the plasma-deposited heterostructure. The use of the structure as a potential xerographic device is demonstrated. A mobility lifetime product as high as 6×10−10 cm2/V and a transport process with an activation energy of ∼0.3 eV is found for electrons in the SiOx:N:H films.
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    Defect property correlations in garnet crystals. II. Electrical conductivity and optical absorption in Ca3Al2Ge3O12 (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5320-5324 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrical conductivity and ionic transference measurements performed at varying temperatures and partial pressures of oxygen show that CALGAR (Ca3Al2Ge3O12), a luminescent garnet, is a mixed ionic-electronic conductor. An activation energy of 1 eV for ionic diffusion is measured. An absorption band at 400 nm, whose magnitude can be controlled by varying the annealing atmosphere, is attributed to an O− center.
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    Accurate evaluations of thermally stimulated current curves and defect parameters for CdTe crystals (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5313-5319 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: More accurate expressions for the evaluations of the trap depth E and the capture cross section S related to the thermally stimulated current process are developed. The different T−1, T−2, T−3, and T−4 dependencies of S on the temperature T have been considered for the slow retrapping case. In the fast retrapping case, the energy E and the product τNT have been expressed independently, where τ is the lifetime of the free electron and NT the total trap density. The calculations depend on the temperatures Tm and T1 that correspond to the peak and the half-height of the current, respectively. A new experimental method providing the determination of Tm and T1 with high precision has been developed that allows extensive experimental examination of thermally stimulated current curves in high-resistivity CdTe crystals. Application to defect parameters of fourteen levels in CdTe has been carried out in the slow and fast retrapping limits. In the slow retrapping case, the results differ from those obtained by the widely used Grossweiner formula. For the fast retrapping limit the values of E corresponding to different sets of Tm and T1 are calculated independently of τNT. This again has not been the case published by the different authors.
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    Optical properties and photovoltaic effect in Pb2CrO5 thin films (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5325-5329 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optical properties and the photovoltaic effect in Pb2CrO5 thin films, which are prepared by an electron-beam evaporation technique, are investigated. From the main peaks of the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which depend on the preparation condition, thin films are classified into three types: (1) (020), (2) (310), and (3) (200). The sample with a (310) main reflection has a similar XRD profile to that of the bulk material. A device to measure the photovoltiac response in the thin films has one pair of semitransparent Au electrodes on the same surface. All the Pb2CrO5 thin films had a photovoltaic response. The (310) sample shows the largest photosensitivity. In this sample the saturation photovoltage is 1.16 V at a light intensity of 23.25 mW/cm2. The absorption constant (α) of thin films in the visible region ranges between 4×103 and 1×105 cm−1. A band-gap energy of 2.3–2.4 eV is obtained from both plots of α2 and photovoltage as a function of photon energy.
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    Thermoelectric properties of Ga1−xAlxAs (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5330-5335 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Theoretical and experimental results describing the dependence of the Seebeck and Peltier coefficients on the composition of Ga1−xAlxAs solid solution are given. The Seebeck coefficient for nondegenerately doped n- and p-type Ga1−xAlxAs is given by the simple expressions αn=(k/e)(lnNc/n+2) and αp=−(k/e)(lnNv/p+2), respectively. The dependence of α on the composition of Ga1−xAlxAs solid solutions is linear for p type and nonlinear for n type. This relation is dependent on the type of carrier that is involved in the conduction process, as well as the detailed band structure of the material. For p-type material, two kinds of carriers are involved: heavy and light holes; for n-type material, three kinds of carriers are involved: one direct electron and two indirect electrons. The direct electrons are dominant for Al composition of 0〈x〈0.3, and the indirect electron is dominant for composition 0.45〈x〈1. Experimental measurements of the Seebeck coefficient for n- and p-type Ga1−xAlxAs and for AuGe and AuZn resemble the theoretical results.
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    Calculation of the electron velocity distribution in high electron mobility transistors using an ensemble Monte Carlo method (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5336-5339 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron velocity distribution is calculated for an idealized model of the high electron mobility transistor using a many-particle Monte Carlo model and a self-consistent two-dimensional Poisson solver. Hot electron effects, nonstationary effects, and real space transfer are analyzed. The results show that significant velocity overshoot, 2.8×107 cm/s at 300 K and 3.7×107 cm/s at 77 K exists under the gate and that the velocity overshoot is limited by both k-space transfer and real-space transfer. The values of the overshoot velocities are much smaller than those obtained from the more conventional drift-diffusion model.
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    Band discontinuity for GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction determined by C-V profiling technique (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5340-5344 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The band discontinuity has been determined for a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The conduction band-discontinuity ΔEc and the valence-band discontinuity ΔEv were independently obtained by the C-V profiling technique, taking into account a correction for the interface charge density. The simulation was employed to confirm the reliability of the obtained band discontinuity. The ΔEc dependence on both the Al composition of the AlGaAs layer and the heterojunction structure (AlGaAs on GaAs, or GaAs on AlGaAs) was examined. We found that ΔEc and ΔEv were determined to be 62 and 38% of the band-gap discontinuity ΔEg, being independent of the structure.
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    Allowed and forbidden transitions of singlet helium high Rydberg states (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4856-4860 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Allowed and forbidden transitions of singlet helium from 2s1S to ns1S, np1P, and nd1D states have been measured between n=8 and 31 by optogalvanic spectroscopy in a dc discharge positive column. The addition of neon in the discharge was found to increase the relative intensities of the forbidden transitions. For similar photon flux, the optogalvanic signal reaches a maximum at n=11 and decreases thereafter. Neutral collisional ionization of the excited states from n=13 and above was found to be responsible for the increased ionization efficiency of the high Rydberg states.
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    Comparative study of Fermi energy pinning and adatom bond character: Antimony versus the column 3 elements (Al, Ga, In) on GaAs (110) and GaSb (110) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5089-5092 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: New results which probe the nature of a defect mechanism responsible for pinning the Fermi energy within the band gap on the (110) surfaces of the 3-5 compounds are presented. From these results it is concluded that to first order the Fermi energy pinning position is independent of the fundamental difference between the Sb-GaAs chemical bond and the column 3 metal-GaAs bond. Furthermore, based on the defect mechanism for the Schottky barrier formation proposed by Spicer and Lindau, the present data can be most easily understood if the defect is more complex than a single surface lattice vacancy. Previously, investigations of column 3 metals on both n- and p-type GaAs, by photoemission electron spectroscopy, revealed a systematic difference in surface Fermi energy stabilization in the gap, with p-type samples pinning 0.25 eV below n-type samples. In the present work, it is shown that antimony, a column 5 element, yields essentially the same Schottky barrier height as the column 3 metals when adsorbed on GaAs (110). A strong similarity in the barrier height is also noted when Sb adsorption is compared to Ga adsorption on GaSb (110). The observed tendency for n-type GaSb to pin closer to the valence-band maximum than GaAs is consistent both with the Spicer/Lindau defect mechanism and with the "anion rule'' of McCaldin, McGill, and Mead. These results are important for the theory of Schottky barrier formation and for Schottky barrier device fabrication.
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    Surface polaritons on a small amplitude grating (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5098-5101 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dispersion characteristics of the surface polaritons in the neighborhood of the band gap occurring near the edge of the first Brillouin zone are deduced and used in determining the reflectivity of the surface polaritons incident normally on a small amplitude grating of finite length.
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    Simple method of pulsed plasma discharge current analysis (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5102-5104 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple method is proposed to analyze the current waveform of a pulsed plasma discharge from which the voltage waveform and hence the temporal evolution of the plasma inductance can be deduced. As an example, the application of the method to a typical plasma focus discharge is illustrated.
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    Pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli of a polycrystalline aggregate of hexagonal metal: Calculations using monocrystal elastic-constant pressure derivatives (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 5095-5097 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The pressure deriviatives of the bulk, shear and Young's moduli, and of Poisson's ratio of a number of polycrystalline metals have been calculated using Hill's approximation. The pressure derivatives of the second-order elastic constants of the corresponding single-crystal hexagonal metals have been used for this purpose.
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    Photoluminescence determination of the nonuniformity of Fe, Zn, and other centers in undoped semi-insulating liquid-encapsulated Czochralski GaAs (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4514-4516 
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: 2-K photoluminescence was used to determine the amount of nonuniformity present in undoped semi-insulating GaAs bulk substrate materials grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski method. The relative photoluminescence intensities of the intracenter (5T2−5E) transition of the Fe2+ state, the near-band-edge transitions, and the Zn peaks, measured across the wafer diameter, show almost the same "W'' pattern. The deep-center bands at 0.63 and 0.77 eV were also measured. Possible mechanisms of the photoluminescence intensity variation are discussed. In the materials used, a predominant shallow acceptor was observed to be Zn.
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    A wedge cell characterization method for the bistable cholesteric twist cell (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4507-4513 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The bistable cholesteric twist cell (BCTC) described here is a liquid-crystal device which can be in either of two stable laminar configurations while a particular holding voltage is applied. The major shortcoming of previous implementations of this device was the narrow thickness tolerance required for proper bistable operation. In order to ascertain the effect which material parameters might have on increasing this thickness tolerance an adequate method is needed for characterizing the behavior of the cell. In this paper we describe a wedge cell method for characterizing the behavior of a given BCTC system. The characterization can be conveniently done within a single cell. The data obtained include both the thickness to pitch range for pratical bistable operation and the switching properties. All of these features can be interpreted in terms of static free energy curves calculated for the system. We have also used this wedge cell method to determine the effect of the bend to splay elastic constant ratio on the thickness range of bistable operation in the BCTC. The range is observed to increase with increasing ratio of bend to splay elastic constant. A material has been identified with a bistable thickness range in excess of 10%.
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    Channeling of aluminum in silicon (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4517-4519 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A systematic study of channeling of aluminum in the silicon crystal is reported. Depth distributions measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry are reported for 40-, 75-, and 150-keV aluminum channeled in the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 directions of silicon. The profile dependence on alignment angle is shown for 150-keV aluminum in the 〈110〉 of silicon. Aluminum has low electronic stopping in silicon and corresponding deep channeled profiles are observed for aligned implants and deep channeling tails are observed on random implants. The maximum channeling range for 150-keV Al in 〈100〉 silicon is about 2.8 μm and is about 6.4 μm in 〈110〉 silicon. Some ions will reach the maximum channeling range even for 2° misalignment. Many of the deep channeling tails and "supertails'' reported in earlier literature can be explained by the normal channeling of aluminum in silicon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335351
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  • 87
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    A novel method for determining the anchoring energy function at a nematic liquid crystal-wall interface from director distortions at high fields (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4520-4526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We show that the anchoring energy function, i.e., the anisotropic part of the interfacial free energy, at a nematic liquid crystal-wall interface can be determined uniquely without a numerical fitting procedure, when the integrated birefringence of a liquid crystal cell with a thickness much larger than the extrapolation length is measured as a function of an electric or magnetic field well above the Freedericksz threshold. The precision of the present method is closely argued, showing that the resulting anchoring energy function is reasonably insensitive to the uncertainties in the material parameters and in the cell thickness. As an example, the anchoring energy function at the interface between 5CB(pentylcyanobiphenyl) and an obliquely evaporated SiO was determined for the first time, by measuring the birefringence and the capacitance of a 56-μm-thick cell up to 150 V rms at 0.23 °C below the clearing temperature. A saturation of the field-induced distortion was clearly observed at about 100 V rms. The anchoring energy function was found to be well fitted by a function of the form (1)/(2) Ea sin2 θ+ (1)/(4) E1 sin4 θ, where θ is the angle between the boundary director and the substrate, with Ea ∼4.0×10−5 J/m2 and E1∼−1.8×10−5 J/m2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335352
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  • 88
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    Theory of twisted nematic layers with weak boundary coupling (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4539-4542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Expressions for the threshold and saturation voltages are derived for twisted chiral nematic layers with weak boundary coupling and arbitrary elastic constant ratios. A general discussion is given of the stability of the various states which may occur in such layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335355
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  • 89
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    X-ray diffuse scattering by composition waves in GaAlAs (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4533-4538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The possibility of using x-ray diffuse scattering experiments to investigate the atomic arrangement within the substituted sublattice in III-V solid solutions has been demonstrated. The Icw scattering by static composition waves has been separated from Compton and phonon scattering along the 100 direction in reciprocal space for a thick Ga1−xAlxAs (x=0.32) layer grown by liquid-phase epitaxy. The dependence of Icw on the scattering angle has given a detailed experimental proof that the Ga and Al atoms are distributed in a random way within the cation sublattice. An exception to this behavior, which is related to a slight (13%) increase of Icw at the 100 point, is discussed in the light of the pseudochalcopyrite model for the local bonding in III-V alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335354
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  • 90
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    Kinetics of interstitial supersaturation and enhanced diffusion in short-time/low-temperature oxidation of silicon (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4527-4532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the supersaturation of self-interstitials and the enhancement of impurity diffusivity in short-time/low-temperature oxidation of silicon is investigated analytically. It is found that, whereas in long-time/high-temperature oxidation the interstitial supersaturation and the diffusivity enhancement decrease with time as t−n (n(approximately-equal-to)0.2–0.3), in short-time low-temperature oxidation they start from zero and increase with time, until some characteristic time determined by the linear-parabolic oxide growth. This characteristic time increases rapidly with the decrease of temperature. This kinetic behavior has not been expected previously, mainly because there is no available data on stacking fault growth and on diffusion enhancement under the short-time/low-temperature condition which has become common in modern IC processings. The more general case of linear-parabolic oxidation and the effect of bulk recombination have also been analyzed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335353
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  • 91
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    Pressure dependence of the elastic moduli of single crystal MgF2 to 1 GPa (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4543-4547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The six independent elastic constants of a single crystal of tetragonal MgF2 with rutile structure were measured ultrasonically at room temperature from ambient conditions to 10 kbar. The values at 1 bar and 10 kbar are (in 1011 dyn/cm2) C11: 14.081 (1 bar), 14.597 (10 kbar); C12: 9.003 (1 bar), 9.569 (10 kbar); C13: 6.417 (1 bar), 6.543 (10 kbar); C22: 20.490 (1 bar), 21.094 (10 kbar); C44: 5.664 (1 bar), 5.768 (10 kbar); C66: 9.560 (1 bar), 9.964 (10 kbar). CS=(C11−C12)/2 softens with pressure, while C44 shows a weak pressure dependence. Similar behavior has been observed in NiF2, ZnF2, TiO2, and in the distorted rutile crystal TeO2. The reported pressure induced transition from tetragonal MgF2 to distorted fluorite type observed at 250 kbar using x-ray scattering is not anticipated by the softening of CS which would lead to an orthorhombic distortion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335356
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  • 92
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    Thermal conductivity of Tl3AsSe3 (1.5–100 K) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4552-4553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal conductivity of Tl3AsSe3 in the temperature range 1.5–100 K is reported. The measured thermal conductivity can be fitted using defect scattering only due to isotopes and using normal process scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335358
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  • 93
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    Pressure-induced effects and phase relations in Mg2NiH4 (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4548-4551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature (〈210 °C) crystallographic structure, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability of Mg2NiH4 powders compacted under isostatic pressures of up to 10 kbar were studied. A comparison is made with the corresponding properties of the noncompressed material. It has been concluded that under stress-free hydriding conditions performed below 210 °C, a two-phase hydride mixture is formed. Each of the hydride particles consists of an inner core composed of an hydrogen-deficient monoclinic phase coated by a layer of a stoichiometric orthorhombic phase. The monoclinic phase has a metalliclike electrical conductivity while the orthorhombic phase is insulating. High compaction pressures cause the transformation of the orthorhombic structure into the monoclinic one, thereby resulting in a pressure-induced insulator-to-conductor transition. Reduced decomposition temperatures are obtained for the compressed hydrides. This reduction is attributed to kinetic factors rather than to a reduced thermodynamic stability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335357
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  • 94
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    Reflection high-energy electron diffraction studies on the molecular-beam-epitaxial growth of AISb, GaSb, InAs, InAsSb, and GaInAsSb on GaSb (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4572-4577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The quality of materials grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is closely related to the surfaces kinetics in which the surface reconstructions, growth temperatures and molecular species play important roles. We present our studies on the MBE growth conditions, surface reconstructions and surface morphologies of A1Sb, GaSb, and InAs grown on (100) GaSb, and of InAsSb and GaInAsSb lattice matched to GaSb using dimers As2 and Sb2 in a wide temperature range of ∼400–650 °C. Certain surface reconstructions for GaSb and InAs which have not been reported in the literature are identified, and the conditions for their existence are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335362
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  • 95
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    Profile of tracer Si in silicide when Si diffuses by vacancy mechanism (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4554-4559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model is constructed to interpret the profiles of radioactive Si tracers during silicide formation. This model assumes that only Si moves in the silicide during silicide formation and that the moving Si diffuses in the Si sublattice of the silicide in terms of vacancy mechanism. Analytical solutions of the model for long-time annealing (i.e., asymptotic profiles) are given. The analytical asymptotic profiles are very accurate for the annealing period generally used in experiments. It is shown that the profiles of the Si tracer in the silicide are almost flat. This thus proves that self-diffusion of the tracer atoms cannot be neglected as assumed in some published papers. In fact, several experimental tracer profiles are found to be flat in the silicide. Some numerical solutions for short-time annealing are also given to show how the tracer profile evolves. The result given here can also be used for many intermetallic reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335359
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  • 96
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    An ellipsometry study of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon based n-i structure (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4566-4571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements have been used as a probe to provide information on the structure of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon based n-i two-layer system. The n-i structure is prepared under the same conditions as an a-Si:H p-i-n cell with a thin (∼150 A(ring)) n layer deposited in a glow discharge from a mixture of SiF4, SiH4, H2, and PH3 on top of intrinsic a-Si:H. An effective medium approximation and a linear regression analysis have been used to determine the bulk microstructure of the thick (0.3 μm) n layer on quartz as a mixture of volume fractions of a-Si (0.74±0.01), c-Si (0.09±0.02), and void (0.17±0.03). When applied to the thin n layer in the solar-cell configuration, however, the corresponding analysis shows evidence of a 100-A(ring) overlayer of very low density a-Si, not observed on the thicker n-type material, which dominates the dielectric properties of the thin layer. These results are suggestive of nucleation and growth surface microstructure on the 150-A(ring) n layer and lead to the conclusion that, in the fabrication of high-performance a-Si:H based devices using thin layers, such structure must be minimized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335361
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  • 97
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    Epitaxial silicide formation by multi-shot irradiation of Ni thin films on Si with Nd laser (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4560-4565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Uniform and epitaxial NiSi2 layers were obtained by consecutive irradiation of a Ni thin layer deposited onto Si with Nd-glass laser irradiation, 30-ns pulse duration, using up to 15 shots. The best quality epitaxial NiSi2 layer, for a 50-nm-thick Ni layer deposited on Si(111), was obtained with 10 shots of 1.3 J/cm2 energy density. The normalized minimum yield of the Ni signal amounted to 25%. The stability of the formed compound was investigated by furnace annealing in the 300–800 °C temperature range. After annealing at 300 °C-1 h backscattering and channeling analysis indicated a worsening of the epitaxial quality of the compound. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the presence of the NiSi silicide in addition to the NiSi2 silicide. At 500 °C-1 h annealing the reaction occurred over long distance and a large amount of NiSi was formed at the expense of the NiSi2 and the unreacted Ni. At 800 °C the epitaxial quality of the NiSi2 improved and the Ni minimum yield reached 10%. The NiSi2 was the only silicide present after irradiation and 800 °C-1 h annealing. Channeling analysis established also that the NiSi2 was b type: i.e., the silicide layer was rotated 180° about the surface normal 〈111〉 axis of the Si substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335360
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  • 98
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    Two-dimensional atomic correlations of epitaxial layers (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 4583-4588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have evaluated the two-dimensional atomic pair correlation function for surfaces containing finite layers of adsorbed atoms and having a random distribution of steps. The step probabilities for the two lateral directions are mutually dependent. We employ a third-rank tensor formalism to describe the two-dimensional array of occupation probability vectors from which we derive the pair correlation function. The two-dimensional electron diffraction angular profile is obtained from this pair correlation function. We have made detailed calculations with the two-layer system as an example and found that the diffraction characteristics describe qualitatively a recent molecular beam epitaxy experiment of Si on Si(111) surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335364
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  • 99
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    High-quality single-crystal Nb and Ta films formed by an ultrahigh vacuum arc method (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 849-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-quality epitaxial Nb thin films (thickness, 2000 A(ring)), characterized by flat and clean surfaces, high superconducting critical temperature (max.Tc, 9.44 K), large resistivity ratio (RR, resistivity at room temperature divided by resistivity at 10 K, max.RR, 44), and very small quantities of grains of different orientation, have been formed on sapphire-A and sapphire-C substrates at a relatively low substrate temperature (350–530 °C) using an ultrahigh vacuum arc method (4×10−7– 4×10−6 Pa). Structures and orientations of the films deposited on MgO(100), sapphire-A, and sapphire-C substrates are investigated by means of several techniques and they depend on symmetry properties of the substrates. 200-A(ring)-thick Nb films deposited on the MgO and the sapphire-C substrates showed good crystallinity and planarity. High-quality single-crystal films of Ta (thickness, 90 A(ring)) were formed on single-crystal Nb films (7000 A(ring)) obtained with the sapphire-A plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334684
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  • 100
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    The trapping of deuterium in argon-implanted nickel (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 845-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Argon ions with energy 250 keV were implanted at fluences of 2×1016 cm−2 at temperatures of 500, 250, and 21 °C, in a specimen of relatively pure polycrystalline nickel. Deuterium was introduced into the surface and implanted regions by making the specimen the negative electrode of an electrolytic cell containing 1-N pure deuterated sulfuric acid. Deuterium trapped in the vacancy complexes of the implanted regions was analyzed as a function of temperature using the 2H(3He,1H)4He nuclear reaction during an isochronal annealing process. The results indicate that the types of traps and trap densities found in the regions implanted at 21 and 250 °C were essentially identical while the trap density found in the region implanted at 500 °C was approximately 40% of that found in the other regions. Math model comparison with the experimental results suggests the existence of at least two types of traps in each region. Trap binding enthalpies used in the math model to fit the experimental data were slightly higher for the region implanted with argon at 500 °C than for the regions implanted at the lower temperatures. TEM studies revealed the presence of small voids in the region implanted at 500 °C as well as dislocation loops similar to those found in the regions implanted at the lower temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334683
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