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  • Articles  (116)
  • Angiosperms  (68)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (48)
  • 1980-1984  (116)
  • 1984  (116)
  • Biology  (116)
  • Geography
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  • Articles  (116)
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  • 1980-1984  (116)
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OnHapaline appendiculata andPhymatarum borneense, two rareAraceae from Borneo (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Hapaline ; Hapale ; Phymatarum ; Bucephalandra ; Flora of Borneo ; East Malaysia ; Sarawak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of newly collected and cultivated material full descriptions and illustrations are presented forHapaline appendiculata Ridl. andPhymatarum borneense M. Hotta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990801
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Veronica fridericae, a new species from eastern Turkey (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Veronica fridericae spec. nova ; V. acrotheca ; V. farinosa ; V. armena ; V. multifida ; V. jacquinii ; V. caucasica ; V. filifolia ; V. oltensis ; Flora of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Veronica fridericae spec. nova, described from the type locality in the S.E. Turkish province Van, is related toV. acrotheca andV. farinosa, both endemic to W. Iran. All 8 perennial species with pinnatifid leaves in S.W. Asia are presented in a key.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990802
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eine neueCampanula-Art aus dem ostafghanisch-westpakistanischen Grenzgebiet (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 149-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula schimaniana spec. nova ; Flora of Afghanistan and of Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campanula schimaniana is a new species of sect.Campanula subsect.Rupestres, distributed in the westernmost mountains affected by monsoon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986672
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome counts inCalea (Asteraceae-Heliantheae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteraceae-Heliantheae ; Calea ; Chromosome numbers ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for six taxa ofCalea, among them tetraploidC. septuplinervia, the only known polyploid inCalea s. str. The base chromosome number ofCalea is interpreted as x = 19.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986673
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunosystematical comparison ofPhaseolus coccineus seed proteins with those of other legumes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Mimosoideae ; Faboideae ; Phaseolus coccineus ; Serological systematics ; seed proteins ; phytohaemagglutinin ; vicilin ; phaseolin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An immunosystematical research was conducted on the seed proteins of 32 species ofFabaceae. By comparing all immunelectrophoretic patterns with the self reaction of a reference system (Phaseolus coccineus) all proteins detected have been identified and their distribution within the family has been analyzed. Half of the proteins identified inP. coccineus gave positive cross reactions with proteins present in all other species. Among this group are “protein I” and “phaseolin”. This result supports the homologization between phaseolin and vicilin. Among the other proteins, three are irregularly distributed throughout the family, and only three are restricted to a few taxa. This last group includes phytohaemagglutinin, which does not present any cross reaction outside the tribePhaseoleae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984130
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inferred chromosome morphology of the ancestral genome ofTriticum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984134
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematic revision ofErodium (Geraniaceae) in Egypt (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Erodium ; Monsonia ; Geranium ; Taxonomic revision ; Flora of Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A key is provided for the 14Erodium species of the Egyptian flora. The important differential chracters of leaf, inflorescence, flower, and fruit are discussed and illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984140
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect Induced Self-Pollination (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Lupinus palaestinus ; L. pilosus ; Breeding system ; insect induced self pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant increase of pod production occurs inLupinus palaestinus Boiss. andL. pilosus Murr. following insect visits. The cause of this increase is investigated through (1) examination of the biology of pollination, (2) examination of pod production under various pollination conditions, (3) examination of cross pollination by genetical markers. All data strongly suggest that “Insect Induced Self Pollination” is the main factor in the increase of pod production of these species in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984141
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytogenetic relationship ofAegilops longissima chromosomes with common wheat chromosomes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops longissima ; Cytogenetics ; homoeologous relationships ; chromosome substitutions ; translocations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships of three wheat-Aegilops longissima chromosome addition lines A, C, and D with homoeologous wheat chromosomes were studied in PMC meiosis. Substitutions of alien chromosome A for wheat chromosome 6 B, chromosome C for 1 B and chromosome D for 4 B were obtained. The production of 4 BS/C and 7 BS/D chromosome translocations indicated cytogenetic relationships of C partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 1 and 4, and D partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 4 and 7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984027
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation ofHordeum spontaneum in Israel: Eco-geographical races, detected by trait measurements (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Wild gene pool ; factor analysis ; numerical taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples from 11 populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, from Israel, were examined for morphological variation in a “common garden” plot design. Earliness traits had the highest between population variation of all traits studied. No relationship was found between dimensions of leaves and size of seeds.—Using numerical taxonomy methods, four races were found, which correspond to the geographical and environmental range of the species in Israel. It is concluded thatH. spontaneum shows a well developed tendency toward formation of highly adaptive races rather than exhibiting clinical variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984028
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How stable are genomes of tropical woody plants? Heterozygosity in C-banded karyotypes ofPorcelia as compared withAnnona (Annonaceae) andDrimys (Winteraceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Porcelia goyazensis ; Annona reticulata ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Giemsa C-banding ; structural heterozygosity ; karyotype evolution in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InPorcelia goyazensis (2n = 18) Giemsa C-banding patterns differ from those ofAnnona reticulata (2n = 14) and reveal structural heterozygosity. The amplitude of karyological variation in theAnnonaceae is greater than expected for a “primitive” woody family. In a comparison with other tropical angiosperm groups, the highly differentiated karyotype ofDrimys brasiliensis (2n = 86) is interpreted as being the end-point of numerous karyological changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984029
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acids and sugars in nectar, and their putative evolutionary significance (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 55-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Bignoniaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Caesalpiniaceae ; Caryocaraceae ; Chrysobalanaceae ; Fabaceae ; Lobeliaceae ; Lythraceae ; Malvaceae ; Marcgraviaceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Onagraceae ; Orchidaceae ; Passifloraceae ; Proteaceae ; Rubiaceae ; Solanaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Zingiberaceae ; Flower nectar ; amino acids ; sugars ; evolutionary significance ; pollination biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984031
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin ofSenecio vulgaris (Asteraceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 135-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Senecio vulgaris ; S. vernalis ; Autotetraploidy ; self-compatibility ; annual weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Senecio vulgaris L. (2n = 40) is suggested to be of autotetraploid origin fromS. vernalis Waldst. & Kit. (2n = 20). This conclusion is based on results obtained from experimental hybridisations and cytological observations, and the consideration of morphological affinities, patterns of geographical distribution and hybrid formation under natural conditions. The morphological differences between the two species are related to a difference in the breeding system. WhilstS. vernalis is self-incompatible,S. vulgaris is self-compatible and strongly self-pollinating. Equally, other self-pollinating taxa traditionally associated withS. vulgaris are shown to have evolved independently from outbreeding relatives. Within a narrow frame of relationship, annual weeds have evolved in different cytotaxonomic circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984036
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ploidy variation on amino acid composition ofDatura innoxia (Solanaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Datura innoxia ; Haploidy ; diploidy ; triploidy ; tetraploidy ; hexaploidy ; amino acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of the scopalamine-yieldingDatura innoxia, the amino acid profiles were studied. The results suggest that the amino acid composition is influenced quantitatively by increasing ploidy levels, but in an irregular way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983945
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neotropical angiosperm familiesBrunelliaceae andCaryocaraceae: First karyosystematical data and affinities (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragales ; Cunoniales ; Brunelliaceae ; Brunellia comocladiifolia ; B. mexicana ; Theales ; Caryocaraceae ; Caryocar brasiliense ; C. microcarpum ; C. villosum ; Karyosystematics ; paleopolyploidy ; tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are polyploid, 2n = 28 inBrunellia comocladiifolia andB. mexicana, and 2n = 46 inCaryocar brasiliense, C. microcarpum andC. villosum. The chromosome are small in both genera, with a length of ca. 1,6-0,4µm. Interphase nuclei correspond to the prochromosomal and the chromocentric type, respectively. This is in conformance with the systematic placement ofBrunelliaceae intoCunoniales, and ofCaryocaraceae intoTheales. Brunellia exhibits affinities to various other orders ofRosidae (andHamamelididae), and is suggested to be primarily apetalous. On a comparative basis, the chromosome numbers found in both families are interpreted as paleopolyploid (4 x and 6 x). This apparently is in correspondence with their rather primitive features, systematic isolation, relatively depauperate status, and evidently great age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983947
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed morphology in some European aconites (Aconitum, Ranunculaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Seed morphology ; seed coat SEM microcharacteristics ; taxonomic importance ; adaptative ecological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seed coat morphology, investigated in taxa representative of the main European groups ofAconitum, are in good agreement with the current taxonomy of the genus. The seed coat microcharacteristics (warty epidermal cells) are very constant. There is a trend for the reduction of longitudinal wings on the edges concomitant with the development of ridges and transverse wings on the faces. Another morphological progression leads from smooth to rugulose and eventually to transverse wing-bearing seed faces. A working hypothesis suggests an ecological adaptative significance to these changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983948
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoretic identification of polyploidCamellia japonica (Theaceae) cultivars and evidence for their sexual origin (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 223-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theaceae ; Camellia japonica ; Allozymes ; polyploidy ; origin of cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic examination of allozymes from 189Camellia japonica cultivars revealed some banding patterns not explainable by codominant diploid genetics. At several loci encoding dimeric enzymes, 5 and 6 banded patterns were observed in 7 cultivars. These patterns are interpreted as resulting from triploidy or aneuploidy, where three variant alleles code for products which are electrophoretically distinguishable and associate to form three homodimers and three heterodimers. The presence of allozyme multiplicity in these clones suggests a sexual rather than a somatic mode of triploid origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983950
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A second marker enzyme in the genetics of pappus part numbers inMicroseris hybrid B87 (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; additive polygenes ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts ; leaf shape ; isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CrossingMicroseris pygmaea (10 pappus parts) withM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts) results in hybrids with variable pappus part numbers between 5 and 10. Previous work has shown that a system of four additively acting genes determines the average pappus part numbers of these hybrids. In hybrid B87 two genes have a 10-determining and a 5-determining allele each, two others a 5-determining and a null (inactive or missing) allele. Genetic linkage of one of the latter with the enzyme geneEsterase-1 and the leaf shape genespatulate leaves has been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate linkage between one of the two 10-determining genes and the enzyme locusEsterase- Y/B. The genotypes in the pappus part system of many specimens can now be fully determined. This is a major advance for the analysis of the evolution of this additive polygenic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983952
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corresponding patterns of geographic variation among populations ofSilene latifolia (=S. alba =S. pratensis) (Caryophyllaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 227-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene latifolia ; S. alba ; S. pratensis ; Geographic variation ; racial differentiation ; clines ; morphological variation ; flavone glycosylation genes ; principal components analysis ; cluster analysis ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and biochemical data were analysed from 30 greenhouse-grown populations of EuropeanSilene latifolia. Six separate character sets (flavones, seed, pollen, capsules, male and female flower morphology) were used in the analyses. There was broad-scale congruence between trends of geographic variation in most character sets, with the populations being assigned to western (or southern and western) and eastern clusters. The eastern and western clusters abut along a transition zone that runs roughly from Belgium to the northern Balkans; this zone represents a region of relatively rapid change and contains populations intermediate between the eastern and western clusters. Variation in flower morphology was weak and discordant with variation in the other character sets. The origin and maintenance of the variation pattern is discussed in terms of migrational history and “hybrid zones”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983951
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  • 20
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    Cytotaxonomy and breeding system of the genusBiscutella (Cruciferae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 291-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Brassicaceae ; Biscutella variegata complex ; B. laevigata complex ; Chromosome numbers ; variation ; aneuploidy and polyploidy ; chromosomal imbalance ; protogyny ; inbreeders and outbreeders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome counts were determined for 46 populations ofBiscutella representing 28 taxa. The genus was found to contain diploid taxa with 2n = 12, 16 and 18, tetraploid taxa with 2n = 36 and hexaploid taxa having 2n = 54.B. laevigata L. s. l. consists of diploid and tetraploid populations which are poorly differentiated morphologically. TetraploidB. laevigata s. l. and hexaploidB. variegata Boiss. & Reuter (s. l.) are characterized by chromosomal instability. The variation in chromosome numbers and the occurrence of polyploidy is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the genus. An investigation of the breeding system showed that most of the annual species were self-compatible and partly inbreeding and most of the perennial species self-incompatible and, therefore, outbreeding, while one annual species,B. cichoriifolia Loisel., showed both systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983955
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Ribosomal RNA genes in biotypes ofScilla peruviana (Liliaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla peruviana ; Gene mapping ; restriction enzymes ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scilla peruviana biotypes have different chromosome numbers due to changes in the nucleolar chromosomes and polyploidy. We have examined two diploid (2n = 15 and 2n = 16) and two tetraploid biotypes (2n = 28 and 2n = 32). From the results of rRNA/DNA filter hybridizations it appears that rDNA percentages of the diploid biotypes are, approximately, 2.2-fold higher than those of the tetraploid biotypes. To examine the rRNA gene structure we have utilizedSouthern blot hybridization after DNA digestions with three restriction enzymes: Eco RI, Hind III and Bam HI. From the band analysis of both single and double digestions it has been possible to reveal the presence, in the diploid biotypes, of three gene types, heterogeneous both for length and for nucleotide sequences in the external spacer. The three rRNA genes are 12 600, 12 700, and 12 800 base pairs long and they have a different position of the Hind III sites in the external spacer. On the other hand, a single gene type of 12 600 base pairs, identical to the first type of the diploid biotypes, surprisingly exists in the tetraploid biotypes. Considerations on the rRNA gene regulation and evolution are made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984050
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  • 22
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    New chromosome number inRutaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Chromosome number ; karyotaxonomy ; base number ; karyotype variation ; literature critique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed chromosome counts have been made in 61 species, belonging to 33 genera ofRutaceae. 30 of these species are reported here for the first time. For 18 species at least one previous publication gives a chromosome number differing from that reported here. Such discrepancies are, in most cases, due to errors in counting or identification of the material. By critically reviewing the literature on each particular case, it appears possible to eliminate most of the false data. On the basis of the present results, the base number x = 10 is proposed for the genusRuta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984051
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  • 23
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    Notes on the karyosystematics ofAnnonaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Chromosomes ; polyploidy ; karyosystematics ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Information and illustrations on somatic chromosomes, structure of interphase nuclei and hair development are presented for 9 genera and 14 species ofAnnonaceae. A few suggestions tend to improve the unsatisfactory current classification. The spectrum of polyploids found in the family ranges from neo- to meso- and paleopolyploids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984053
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  • 24
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    Cytological studies in South AmericanIridaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 87-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Sisyrinchieae ; Tigridieae ; Trimezieae ; Basic numbers ; chromosome size ; karyotypes ; polyploidy ; karyotypic asymmetry ; bimodality ; DNA increase ; chromosome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Although the South AmericanIridaceae are cytologically diverse, three tribes are distinguishable on the basis of karyotype morphology. TheSisyrinchieae andTrimezieae have variable basic numbers, ploidy levels and chromosome sizes, while theTigridieae are characterized by a relatively uniform basic number and bimodal karyotype. Changes in chromosome size within genera may suggest fluctuations in their DNA amount with latitude and altitude, particularly inSisyrinchium. The results are considered in terms of opportunities for more detailed research.
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    The grass megagametophyte and its possible phylogenetic implications (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Embryology ; megagametophyte ; antipodals proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the grasses megagametophyte is considered to be characteristic enough as to deserve a particular place in the megagametophyte typology. Furthermore, it is compared with those of other Monocotyledonous families to point out embryological affinities.
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    The embryology and relationships ofOliniaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Oliniaceae ; Olinia ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two of the five species ofOliniaceae (Olinia emarginata andO. ventosa), a monotypic and problematic family of theMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Oliniaceae clearly agree with otherMyrtales in their basic embryological characteristics, and are characterized further by having an ephemeral endothecium, a campylotropous ovule, and a thick, three-five-layered, outer integument. A combination of these three characteristic features is unknown elsewhere inMyrtales, so that embryological features do not support a close relationship with any other member of the order. Shared distinctive anther characteristics (i.e. ephemeral endothecium) suggest thatOliniaceae are derived from the common ancestor ofCrypteroniaceae s. str.,Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andPenaeaceae.
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    A New Species ofSalvia (Lamiaceae) from the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, Mexico (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 141-143 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Salvia tuxtlensis spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salvia tuxtlensis, sp. n., is immediately recognized by its semipersistent bracts and yellow flowers. Its affinities are not clear. It is endemic to the Soteapan area in the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, in Veracruz, Mexico.
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    Wachstum und Ausbildungsformen des Gynoeceums vonRochelia (Boraginaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 123-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Rochelia ; Rochelia disperma ; Gynoecial development ; fruit development ; pseudomonomery ; systematics ; evolutionary trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the gynoecium ofRochelia disperma has been investigated by LM and SEM. From the floral apex only one carpel primordium arises abaxially and eventually shifts into a subterminal position. Neither an initial stadium of a second carpel nor an adaxial vascular strand in gynobase and style could be observed. InR. stylaris two vascular strands run through the style and two undifferentiated lobes in adaxial position may be regarded as rudimentary mericarps. Only from comparison with related taxa the conclusion can be drawn thatRochelia is really pseudomonomerous, more so inR. disperma than inR. stylaris. The primary gynoecial bulge splits up into three parts inR. disperma: style/stigma, nutlets with gynobase, and disc. While the mericarps originate in mostBoraginoideae from the symplicate region and the ascidiate one is restricted to the very basal parts, inR. disperma the ascidiate part extends and forms the nutlets. The hood-shaped mouth of the carpel (the plicate zone) is closed to a triangular slit in lateral position, the stigma. The nutlets are triangular with broad base and do not surround the adaxial part of the gynobase inR. disperma, R. persica, R. bungei, R. stylaris, andR. macrocalyx. In contrast,R. peduncularis, R. cardiosepala, andR. cancellata have nutlets clasping the gynobase; they may be more closely related than was assumed up to now. The glochids ofRochelia are fascicled unicellular hairs (with different shapes) and not emergences as in theCynoglosseae. There is an evolutionary trend towards fruit formation with only one mericarp, especially inR. disperma.
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    Der cytologische Nachweis von doppelter Restitution beiFragaria (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Fragaria ; Restitution ; microsporogenesis ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Double restitution has been observed cytologically for the first time in microsporogenesis of a F1 hybridFragaria virginiana ×F. chiloensis ♂. Restitution is probably due to irregularities affecting the spindle mechanism. Single or double restitution may depend upon the duration of the effect or upon the stage of meiosis affected. The occurrence of triades is indicative of a possible intracellular diversity. Although the reason which may cause restitution remains to be ascertained, maternal inheritance indicates an extrachromosomal cause.
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    The embryology and relationships ofPenaeaceae (Myrtales) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 181-195 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtales ; Penaeaceae ; Penaea ; Saltera ; Embryology ; reproductive anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species ofPenaeaceae (Penaea mucronata andSaltera sarcocolla), a unique South African family ofMyrtales, were investigated embryologically.Penaeaceae clearly agrees with otherMyrtales in its basic embryological characteristics, and further is characterized by its highly specialized features: ephemeral endothecium, 16-nucleatePenaea-type embryo sac, and unique ovular form. A wider range of affinities of families includingPenaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Alzateaceae, andCrypteroniaceae sensu stricto, as well as a possible common divergence from an ancestral line leading toLythraceae and/orMelastomataceae, are discussed on embryological and other grounds.
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    Stomatal types ofCactaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 197-214 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Epidermis ; parallelocytic stomata ; stomatal types ; classification ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stomatal types (i.e. the arrangement of epidermal cells in the vicinity of a stomatal pore in superficial view) have been examined in more than 150 taxa ofCactaceae, mostly using documented material. Preparations have been made by mazerating pieces of tissue with modified Jeffrey's Solution and staining with chlore-zinc-jodine.—The examined members of the subfamilyCactoideae showed parallelocytic stomata with only minor deviations in a number of cases. Members of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae show parallelocytic stomata on the leaves, but the stomatas of the stem represent a different type, which apparently is not yet described. It is termed opuntioid here. In most cases the stomata are superficial but a few taxa show markedly sunken or “hidden” stomata.—In taxa of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae the stomata are generally oriented parallel to the stem axis with only minor deviations. The stomata of taxa of the subfamilyCactoideae do in general not show a particular orientation with the notable exception of a number of epiphytic genera from the tribeHylocereeae.—The results of these investigations in general coincide well with the generic classification of theCactaceae byHunt (1967). A few cases where stomatal characters suggest a differing classification merit further investigations.—Additionally, the possibilities to distinguish between paracytic and parallelocytic stomata are discussed and an amended definition for the latter is given.
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    Endothecial thickenings in the another wall ofPhthirusa adunca (Loranthaceae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Phthirusa adunca ; Anther wall ; endothecial thickenings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thickenings in the anther wall ofPhthirusa adunca are confined to the endothecium. This observation resembles the previous report onP. pyrifolia.
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    Ornithophilie auf den Canarischen Inseln (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 225-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Campanulaceae ; Canarina ; Isoplexis ; Bird pollination ; ornithophily ; Flora of Macaronesia ; Canary Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (1) On the Canary Islands and Madeira typical bird-flowers occur in at least twelve species of six genera, although true flower-birds are absent. This inconsistency is in part elucidated by field observations on exotic and wild plants of Tenerife. —(2) In the Botanical Garden of Orotava it could be observed that various ornithophilous plants, which were introduced there, were visited by indigenous birds for nectar and in one case (Orthostemon) for food tissue. Of the three bird species involved, an endemic race of Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and resident Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) exploit, and pollinate, flowers legitimously, while the Wild Canary (Serinus canaria) is predominantly a destructive nectar robber. —(3) The insular Chiffchaff also proved to be a regular pollinator in the wild, at least ofCanarina canariensis andIsoplexis canariensis, two ornithophilous paleoendemics. Ornithophily, thus, is naturally practised on the island, though by birds basically insectivorous. —(4) A list of Macaronesian plants bearing the more or less complete ornithophilous syndrome is presented, including newly recognizedTeucrium heterophyllum andScrophularia calliantha. —(5) On biogeographical and faunistic grounds it is presumed that the modern visitors of Canarian bird flowers are secondary rather than the original partners of the continental tertiary flora in which these plants originated. Palearctic immigrants, when becoming resident on the islands during and since the Pleistocene, adopted facultative nectar feeding, entering an “orphaned” food niche. Casual flower visits in Europe suggest a certain predisposition of the Chiffchaff and the Blackcap for the exploitation of flowers. — (6) The ability of unspecialized birds to acquire nectardrinking spontaneously and to pass this habit on to their offspring, is demonstrated by a population of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) which have visited ornithophilousKniphofia (Liliaceae) in Berlin for several years.
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    Fruit dispersal and trypanocarpy in brazilian cerrado grasses (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 1-27 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Gramineae ; Dispersal ; hygroscopic movements ; trypanocarpy ; diaspore ecology ; cerrado vegetation ; Flora of Brazil
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    Notes: Abstract 28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). — Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal.
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    Seed structure and systematic position ofHampea nutricia (Malvaceae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 55-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Hampea nutricia ; Seed morphology and anatomy ; aril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature seeds ofHampea nutricia are glabrous, ovoid, arillate and dark tan in colour. Longitudinal streaks on the seed surface correspond to the underlying integumentary vascular strands. Testa and tegmen are derived from the outer and inner integuments, respectively. The outer epidermis of the tegmen forms a palisade-like macrosclereid layer, the inner epidermis a fringe layer. The endosperm is single-layered and also fills the space between the two cotyledons. The embryo is nearly straight, gland-dotted; it has asymmetrical and folded cotyledons, and gossypol ducts. Systematic position ofHampea is discussed and its placement inMalvaceae is supported.
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    The relation between pollen exine sculpturing and self-incompatibility mechanisms (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Exine morphology ; origin of sporophytic self-incompatibility ; palynology ; pollen wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In angiosperm pollen the reticulate-perforate exine sculpturing is associated with sporophytic self-incompatibility (S.S.I.) and imperforate and microperforate exine sculpturing is associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility. The earliest unequivocal angiosperm pollen conforms to exine morphology of pollen from plants with S.S.I. The orgin of S.S.I. is hypothesized to have coincided with the appearance of what is now the earliest recognizable angiosperm pollen. Other angiosperm characteristics correlated with S.I., functional stigmatic areas, large showy flowers (or aggregated inflorescences), and passive seed dispersal, provide some insight into the biological aspects of the earliest angiosperms.
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    Callose pattern and polarization phenomena in the ovules in the F2-hybrids betweenOenothera hookeri andOe. suaveolens (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 79-90 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera hookeri ; Oe. suaveolens ; Megasporogenesis ; inheritance of callose pattern and polarity of embryo sac development ; embryology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of callose formation in meiotic cell walls and the order of megaspore degeneration and polarity during embryo sac development are investigated in F2-plants ofOe. hookeri ×suaveolens and the reciprocal cross. All investigated characters are variable between the ovules in the same ovary. Plants differ in the frequency of the types of callose pattern and polarity of the embryo sacs. In segregating progenies different combinations of both characters are found. The genetic basis of the polarity phenomena during the embryo sac development is discussed. In our material no correlation can be seen between the callose pattern in the surrounding wall of the meiotic cell and the development of polarity in the later stages.
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    A taxometric analysis ofLimonium (Plumbaginaceae) in Western Europe (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 103-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Limonium ; Plumbaginaceae ; Numerical taxonomy ; variation ; agamospermy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A taxometric analysis ofLimonium species in Western Europe has provided evidence for the subgeneric groupings proposed by other authors. A cluster analysis suggests that the origin of sexual and agamospermous species has taken place separately. Sexual and agamospermous species are usually clustered separately. The lack of a sexual process in many agamospermous species, as indicated by the distribution of incompatibility morphs and by very low pollen fertility, suggests that the evolution of sexual and agamospermous taxa has been by different processes. It is suggested that following the origin of agamospermous species or species groups by hybridisation, subsequent evolution in the agamospermous taxa has occurred by asexual means. Evidence from the distribution of pollen/stigma incompatibility morphs, especially the existence of self-compatible agamospermous species supports this hypothesis.
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    Electrophoretic analysis of the phylogeny of the self-pollinating populations ofClarkia xantiana (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 91-102 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Clarkia xantiana ; Electrophoresis ; isozymes ; phylogenetic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic variation in isozymes coded by 40 loci was examined in two self-pollinating populations, one with white and the other with pink flowering plants, and four outcrossing populations ofClarkia xantiana (Onagraceae) native to California. The study was carried out to test theMoore & Lewis (1965) hypothesis that the pink selfer originated from the sympatric outcrossing population and then gave rise to the white selfer. The hypothesis could be rejected if one or the other selfer was more similar genetically to an allopatric population than to the sympatric one. Both selfers were monomorphic at all loci whereas the outcrossing populations were polymorphic at nearly half of them. The two selfers had the same genes at 32 loci but had different ones at eight loci. The pink selfer was not more similar to the allopatric populations than to the sympatric one, consistent with theMoore & Lewis model. The evidence also supported their proposal that the white selfer originated from the pink one and not independently. The electrophoretic evidence was valuable because it permitted qualitative comparisons (presence versus absence of particular alleles) between the selfer and the several outcrossing populations; such analysis was not previously possible because the latter populations are morphologically and cytologically similar.
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    Über Knotenbau und Blattgrundvaskularisation einigerMelastomataceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 119-123 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melastomataceae ; Nodal and petiolar vascularization ; common gap and split laterals ; flank bridge ; cortical bundles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nodal anatomy inMelastomataceae is variable. The (two times) unilacunar one trace type is wide-spread. In addition, species ofHeterocentron and ofTribouchina exhibit one pair of common gaps with split laterals. Others possess a distinct “flank bridge” of vascular tissue. Species with internodes quadrangular and four-winged in transsect exhibit up to five concentric cortical bundles per wing; they are involved in both petiolar vascularization and formation of flank bridges.
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    The occurrence of vascular tracheids inBetula and some otherBetulaceae genera (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 125-131 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Betula ; Alnus ; Carpinus ; Corylus ; Wood anatomy ; vascular tracheids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of vascular tracheids inBetula, Alnus, Carpinus andCorylus is reported. It is established that the cells are a consistent feature in early and late wood where they are associated with vessel elements in radial multiples. The possible function and taxonomic importance of these cells are briefly considered.
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    Zur Entwicklung des Gynoeceums beiBergenia cordifolia (Saxifragaceae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 167-175 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Bergenia cordifolia ; Gynoecium ontogenesis ; meristem incorporation ; meristem fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scanning electron microscopical investigations of flower buds of the perennial herbBergenia cordifolia (Haw.)A. Br. (Saxifragaceae) reveal a primitive gynoecium. During ontogenesis the margins of the carpel lamina transgress on the apical cone of the axis by meristem incorporation and finally fuse with the margins of the opposite carpel. These processes of meristem incorporation and fusion first lead to gamophylly and furthermore to carpel peltation, as is demonstrated by SEM-photographs (ring-shaped dike and common septum of the two carpels). As a result of carpel peltation, the lowest point of the septum deliminates the synascidiate zone. Above this point, the symplicate and, eventually, the plicate zone follows (vid. ventral suture). The margins of the carpel lamina merely touch each other without being coalesced. The preparation of a window in the carpel's dorsal side permits a look at a massive lateral placenta (Leinfellner 1951) developing the ovules. In the lower third—in lateral position at the placenta's margin—the first ovules are seen, the next ones follow in acropetal and basipetal direction, as well as to the periphery of the placenta.
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    New variation and biosystematic patterns detected by allozyme and morphological comparisons inLimnanthes sect.Reflexae (Limnanthaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 133-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Limnanthaceae ; Limnanthes ; Biosystematics ; allozyme variation ; cluster analysis ; population divergence ; breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-one populations ofLimnanthes sect.Reflexae were surveyed for variation at 19 allozyme loci and reassessed for their morphological diversity and biosystematic relationships. Cluster analysis of allozyme data at individual population level provided evidence for a fairly good fit with the earlier systematic work on this genus but both morphological and allozyme data together defined some new clusters as well as exceptional entities. For example, only var.rosea of the fourL. douglasii varieties described byMason (1952) on the basis of geographical distribution, flower color and leaf morphology, remained as a distinct entity; the others were realigned along new geographic boundaries.L. striata appeared to have two well-developed subgroups, one of which was closely related to theL. douglasii complex. Further ecogeographic and hybridization studies are needed to fully describe these new phenetic findings in the context of phylogenetic inference. SectionInflexae was readily distinguished from sect.Reflexae by several diagnostic loci, thus supporting the validity of this division. Interspecific variation levels and population differentiation inLimnanthes were high when compared to other plant taxa, possibly indicating highly dynamic evolutionary processes for which variable habitats and extreme subdivision within species have been suggested as explanations.
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    Zur Ultrastruktur und Funktion pollenverbindender Fäden beiEricaceae und anderen Angiospermenfamilien (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 189-203 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Onagraceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Ultrastructure ; function of pollen connecting threads and viscin threads ; palynology ; pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.
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    Untersuchungen zur Karyologie und Mikrosporogenese vonPelargonium sect.Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 177-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; microsporogenesis ; karyogeobotany ; karyotaxonomy ; karyotype evolution ; basic number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of the 24 species of sect.Pelargonium were determined from field collected and cultivated plants of known localities in S. Africa. Twelve species are diploid (2n = 22), eight tetraploid (2n = 44), one hexaploid (2n = 66), and three octoploid (2n = 88). The chromosome numbers correlate well with the proposed subdivision of sect.Pelargonium. Its chromosomes are relatively small (1.0–1.5 µm) in comparison to most of the other sections, and its diploid karyotype is considered to be primitive. The occurrence of the basic number x = 11 in this section, in other sections of the genus, and in related genera (Monsonia, Sarcocaulon) leads to the conclusion that x = 11 probably is basic for the whole genus. — The pollen meiosis, microsporogenesis and pollen fertility of the diploid species is normal, with the exception of one, possibly young taxon from the Greyton Nature Reserve. The tetraploid species could be of autoploid origin, the higher polyploids exhibit a mixed auto-alloploid nature. — The 20 diploid and tetraploid species have a relatively small distribution range, most of them occur in the SW. Cape Province of South Africa. This area may therefore be considered as the centre of origin of the genus. Three of the four high polyploid species occupy rather large areas.
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    Continuing addition to the gene-pool of theFestuca rubra aggregate (Poaceae:Poeae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 227-236 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca ; Vulpia ; Hybridization ; introgression ; polyploid complex ; genome homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chance backcrossing to hexaploidFestuca rubra of a natural pentaploid hybridFestuca rubra ·Vulpia fasciculata to produce a hexaploid plant is described. The hexaploid derivative, unlike the pentaploid hybrid, shows a reasonable degree of fertility and is morphologically very close to normalFestuca rubra. Its existence provides a mechanism for the continued introgression ofVulpia fasciculata intoFestuca rubra, so increasing the variability of the latter. It also shows that pairing betweenFestuca rubra andVulpia fasciculata chromosomes must have taken place either in the pentaploid hybrid or in its hexaploid derivative. A possibly similar pattern of introgression involvingVulpia bromoides is also described.
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    Single-gene heterozygotes derived from the polygenic pappus part system ofMicroseris hybrid C34 (Asteraceae—Lactuceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 205-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Pappus part number ; meristic characters ; canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; marker enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microseris strain C34 is a hybrid between the Chilean speciesM. pygmaea (10 pappus parts) and the CalifornianM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts). The plants are propagated by selfing from the original hybrid specimen. Each plant has from 5 to 10 pappus parts per achene with an average value that is additively determined by four unlinked quantitatively acting genes. Single-gene heterozygote sublines have been obtained for two of these,pp-1 (shown to be linked to a modifier of acid phosphatase-1) andpp-4. Sublines homozygous for all four additive genes show residual genetic variation influencing pappus part number. At least one additional gene can be demonstrated by its linkage with leucine aminopeptidase-1. Lines for the further characterization of these hypostatic genes are selected.
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    An analysis of interspecific hybrids and phylogenetic implications inCucumis (Cucurbitaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 237-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; Interspecific crossability ; chromosome pairing ; pollen fertility ; phylogenetic relationship ; karyomorphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Investigations on interspecific crossability in 8Cucumis species (2n = 24) and chromosome pairing and pollen fertility of their hybrids from 15 combinations have been utilized for tracing the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa and factors responsible for their differentiation. A collective evaluation of data suggests that there are three broad groups of species, one of the spiny fruited interfertile species, whose hybrids show varying degree of chromosome associations and low to high pollen fertility; the second of species with non-spiny fruits, which are completely incompatible with the former but weakly compatible with the cultivated species,C. melo L. to produce partly developed seeds, and the third group ofC. metuliferus E. Mey. exSchrad. andC. melo and its different botanical varieties. The species with spiny fruits can be further divided based on karyomorphological similarities and/or on relative genomic affinity, indicated by chromosome pairing and hybrid pollen fertility.
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    Synchronized dichogamy and dioecy in neotropicalLauraceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 253-266 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lauraceae ; Meliponinae ; Pollination ; dispersal ; reproductive biology ; dichogamy ; dioecy ; Neotropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In hermaphrodite neotropicalLauraceae a highly evolved dichogamous system is present which represents a kind of temporal dioecy. This system involves the existence of two flower morphs which are characterized by reciprocal phases of receptivity of the stigmas and pollen release. In some genera (Persea, Cinnamomum), nectar is produced as a reward for the flower visitors, while in other genera (Aniba, Clinostemon, Licaria), nectar is absent and pollen seems to be the only reward. This implies that in this case the flowers in the female stage must be deceptive flowers. In dioecious species of the generaOcotea andNectandra, both the male and female flowers attract the visitors with nectar. The pollen-ovule ratio of theLauraceae is comparatively low. — The type of reproductive system that characterizes theLauraceae, comprising functional dioecy, small, inconspicuously coloured flowers, pollination by small bees, and large, one-seeded fruits dispersed by birds, is quite prominent among trees of various families in the tropical lowland forest. The relationship between the different modes of flowering within theLauraceae and the causes for the correlation of their reproductive traits are discussed.
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    The pollination biology ofHibbertia stricta (Dilleniaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 267-277 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia stricta ; Lasioglossum (Halictidae) ; Pollination ecology ; melittophily ; pollen flowers ; Solanum Type flowers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The exines of pollen grains ofHibbertia stricta (DC.)R. Br. exF. Muell. (Sect.Pleurandra) wear an oily, yellow pollen coat that stains positively for lipids. The pollen is collected by asocial bees, exclusively. The most common floral foragers are members of the genusLasioglossum (subgenusChilalictus;Halictidae) and they harvest pollen via thoracic vibration. As these bees cling to the inflated anthers their pollen smeared bodies come in contact with either of the two wet, nonpapillate stigmas. The stigmas respond positively to cytochemical tests for the presence of esterase immediately following expansion of the corolla, indicating the effective pollination period. The foraging patterns of the bees are narrowly to broadly polylectic. AsH. stricta flowers are nectarless, it is not surprising that bees bearing mixed pollen loads always carry the pollen of at least one nectariferous, coblooming plant. The pollination biology ofH. stricta is compared with otherHibbertia spp. and with “pollen flowers” in general.
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    Neue Taxa vonTillandsia subgenusDiaphoranthema (Bromeliaceae) aus Bolivien und Argentinien (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subg.Diaphoranthema ; new species:T. brealitoensis ; T. caliginosa ; T. cotagaitensis ; T. hirta ; new subspecies:T. gilliesii subsp.polysticha ; Flora of Bolivia and Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract 5 new taxa are described and illustrated; their position within the subgenus is discussed:T. hirta W. Till & L. Hromadnik,T. cotagaitensis L. Hromadnik,T. caliginosa W. Till, andT. gilliesii Baker subsp.polysticha W. Till & L. Hromadnik are members of a group includingT. myosura Grisebach exBaker,T. mandonii E. Morren exMez in DC.,T. retorta Grisebach exBaker em.Grisebach andT. andicola Gillies exBaker. T. brealitoensis L. Hromadnik is related toT. angulosa Mez in DC. but distinct and possibly of hybrid origin.
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    Random arrangement of chromosomes inUvularia (Liliaceae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 289-297 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Uvularia ; Chromosome arrangement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome arrangement in interphase has been inferred from an analysis of the relative positions of the chromosomes and the chromosome arms in untreated haploid pollen grain metaphases ofUvularia grandiflora. The distances between centromeres forming the smallest possible circle were measured in 43 metaphases. The relative positions of the chromosomes did not differ significantly from randomness. Neither did similar-sized chromosome arms show any tendency to be next to each other. The results thus disagree both with the hypothesis ofComings (1968) that each chromosome occupies a definite position in the interphase nucleus and with the claim ofBennett (1982) that similar-sized chromosome arms lie next to each other.
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    Sporoderm characters ofTetrameranthus duckei (Annonaceae) and their systematic implications (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 323-326 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Tetrameranthus ; Sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; aperture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural and micromorphological investigations of the sporoderm ofTetrameranthus duckei pollen confirm the interpretation of this genus as being isolated within theAnnonaceae.
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    A further note on the relationships of the EuropeanLinum hologynum and the Australian species ofLinum (Linaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 327-328 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum ; L. hologynum ; L. monogynum ; Flora of Australia and Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diploid chromosome number for the EuropeanLinum hologynum and the haploid number for the AustralianL. monogynum is 42 and appears to establish a new and distinctive base number for sect.Linum. The possession by these two species and by the AustralianL. marginale of multiporate pollen and united styles, a unique combination of features in sect.Linum, may warrant the establishment of a new subsection in that section to accommodate the three species.
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    Notes on the systematics of the Amazonian genusGuatteriella (Annonaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Guatteriella ; G. campinensis ; spec. nova ; Guatteria ; Guatteriopsis ; Flora of Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The investigation of new collections allow a more accurate circumscription of the genusGuatteriella which can be maintained as being closely allied toGuatteria andGuatteriopsis. A new species,G. campinensis, is added to the, so far, monotypic and little known Amazonian genus.
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    Polytene chromosomes in cultured pea roots (Pisum, Fabaceae) (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Pisum ; Karyology ; polytene chromosomes ; endopolyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The experiments on cultured pea roots (Pisum sativum cv. ‘Alaska’ and ‘Dwarf Telephone’) are summarized in Table 1. Nuclear growth and mitosis occurred mainly in cultures in which the medium of Torrey and Shigemura was supplemented with 6 p.p.m. 2,4-D and 1 p.p.m. kinetin. The greatest reaction was observed in 16-day cultures of cv. ‘Alaska’. Nuclei had increased in size, and prophases diploid and polyploid, with normal chromosomes, diplochromosomes or larger bundles of chromatids were visible. Metaphases which ranged from 2 n to an estimated 32 n had normal chromosomes with two chromatids. Polytene chromosomes, in diploid, rarely in tetraploid number, occurred in numerous cortex cells. They did not show banding, and their telomeres, spread into individual chromatids, were attached to the nuclear membrane. In some cells the polytene chromosomes were condensed into spherical structures, obviously a stage in their falling apart; the last stage of this process is a polyploid metaphase.
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    Allozyme variability and phylogenetic relationships in the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) and related species (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Solanum tuberosum ; Allozyme variability ; polyploidy ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gene frequencies at 13 isozyme loci were determined in three South American taxa of cultivated potatoes [the diploid group (gp.) Stenotomum, the diploid subgroups (subgp.) Goniocalyx, and the tetraploid gp. Andigena ofS. tuberosum], in the diploid weed speciesS. sparsipilum, and in most of the main cultivars now raised in the Northern Hemisphere (the tetraploid gp. Tuberosum ofS. tuberosum). High levels of genetic variability (mean number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, and mean heterozygosity) were detected, being higher in tetraploid potatoes. An equilibrium among the evolutionary factors which increase genetic variability and artificial selection for maximum yield would explain the high uniformity of heterozygosity values we observed in both Andigena (0.36 ± 0.02) and Tuberosum (0.38 ± 0.01) cultivars.—The low value of genetic distance (D = 0.044) between Stenotomum and Goniocalyx does not support the status of species forS. goniocalyx.—In most isozyme loci, the electromorphs of gp. Andigena were a combination of those found in both gp. Stenotomum andS. sparsipilum, suggesting an amphidiploid origin of gp. Andigena from that two diploid taxa. The presence in Andigena of unique electromorphs, which were lacking in both gp. Stenotomum andS. sparsipilum, suggests that other diploid species could be also implied in the origin of tetraploid Andean potatoes. Furthermore, since Andigena were more related to Stenotomum (D = 0.052) than toS. sparsipilum (D = 0.241), the autopolyploidization of Stenotomum individuals and the subsequent hybridization with gp. Andigena may also have occurred. Thus, our study suggests a multiple origin (amphidiploidy, autoploidy, and hybridization at tetraploid level) of gp. Andigena.—Most of the electromorphs of gp. Tuberosum were also found in gp. Andigena; both the direct derivation of that group from the Andean tetraploid potatoes and the repeated introgression provided by breeding programmes could explain this result. However, the allele c of Pgm-B, present in 30 out of 76 Tuberosum cultivars from Northern Hemisphere as well as in 3 Chilean Tuberosum cultivars, lacks in the 258 Andigena genotypes sampled, suggesting that Chilean germplasm could have taken part in the origin of at least the 39% of the potato cultivars from Europe and North America analyzed here.—The distanceWagner procedure provides an estimate of a 30% of heterogeneity in the evolutionary divergence shown by different groups of cultivated potatoes. Diploid groups show a higher (22.5%) evolutionary rate than tetraploids, which can be attributed to both tetrasomic inheritance and facultative autofecundation that exists in Andigena and Tuberosum groups. Thus, artificial selection acting since 10000 years has not resulted in a higher rate of molecular evolution at the isozyme level in the tetraploids.
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    Polyphyletic allopolyploid origin ofRanunculus cantoniensis (4x) fromR. silerifolius (2x) ×R. chinensis (2x) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 89-102 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus ; R. cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Cytotaxonomy ; cytotypes ; hybridization ; polyploidization ; fertility ; species structure ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both diploid and tetraploid experimental interspecific hybrids betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2x) andR. chinensis (2x) exhibit normal bivalent pairing. However, microspores of diploid hybrids do not undergo mitosis and their pollen grains are highly sterile, whereas tetraploid hybrids form good pollen grains after microspore division. Evidence is forwarded for the assumption thatR. cantoniensis (4x) has originated by hybridization between these two diploid parental species and by polyploidization of the diploid hybrids. Parallelisms between the different karyotypes ofR. cantoniensis (4x) andR. silerifolius (2x) suggest that the former is a species of polyphyletic origin.
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    Embryology and breeding systems inCrocus (Iridaceae)—a study in causes of chromosome variation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 119-134 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus ; C. speciosus ; Embryo sac ; intraspecific hybrids ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed description of female reproductive structures inCrocus is given, using three different techniques: wax embedding and sectioning, SEM, and observation of cleared ovules by interference contrast microscopy. The results of this examination, and a chromosomal investigation of the intraspecific hybrids obtained by crossing specimens ofC. speciosus of different karyotypes, are used to test the hypothesis thatCrocus is apomictic. Although facultative diplospory cannot be entirely ruled out, it is suggested that apomixis is an unlikely explanation from the unusual amount of chromosomal variation found in some species ofCrocus, and alternative causes are discussed.
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    Genetic components of heterocarpy inMicroseris hybrid B87 (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 149-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Heterocarpy ; organ differentiation ; polygenic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microseris B87 is derived from a single hybrid specimen betweenM. pygmaea with few, weakly hairy peripheral achenes and aM. bigelovii with many, strongly hairy peripheral achenes. Offspring through the F4 and F5 generations obtained by spontaneous selfing were analyzed for the segregation of quantitative and qualitative characters relating to achene dimorphism. The phenotypic effects of two previously identified unlinked genes determining the relative number of outer achenes are characterized in partially and completely homozygous sublines. We show that two morphological markers genetically linked to one of these genes are themselves regulated by the system inducing heterocarpy. Not more than two more unlinked genes are involved in the genetic basis of the heterocarpic response. The interaction of these genes in determining the heterocarpy phenotypes is discussed in the framework of a model postulating genes for a morphogen gradient across the capitulum and genes responding to this gradient.
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    Knotenbau und Blattgrundvaskularisation bei einigenGentianaceae (1984)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Nodal anatomy ; leaf base vascularization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As a rule,Gentianaceae exhibit a “double” unilacunar nodal pattern. Upon leaving the lacun, the complex leaf trace divides first into three branches, and then into five or more bundles which become the leaf veins. OnlyGentiana lutea (andG. punctata) as well asMenyanthes trifoliata differ from all other species investigated by their multilacunar nodes. BothCentaurium andOrphium within the cortex form a completely closed bundle ring around the nodal flanks from smaller bundles which depart from the lateral branches of the complex leaf traces.
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    Giemsa C-banded karyotypes and taxonomic relationships of some North AmericanAllium species and their relationship to Old World species (Liliaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium ; N. American species ; Giemsa C-banding ; karyotypes ; species relationships N. America ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic karyotypes of six North AmericanAllium species and the EuropeanA. scorzonerifolium have been investigated using a Giemsa C-banding technique. All species have a chromosome number of 2n = 14. InA. scorzonerifolium and the three North American speciesA. dichlamydeum, A. fibrillum andA. unifolium C-bands are restricted to two pairs of nucleolar chromosomes. Each chromosome has a band proximal to the nucleolar constriction and a positively banded satellite. InA. acuminatum, in addition to the bands associated with the nucleolar constrictions, all chromosomes also have pericentromeric bands.A. cernuum exhibits a distinctive banding style: two chromosome pairs with bands adjacent to the nucleolar constrictions and four pairs with telomeric bands on their short arms. In the karyotype ofA. geyeri neither C-bands nor nucleolar chromosomes were found.—A comparison of the banding styles together with other cytological and morphological characters of these species with old world members ofAllium reveals:A. cernuum closely resembles species within subgenusRhizirideum, whereas the other species studies exhibit many similarities with subgenusMolium. Their sectional grouping and their relationships with Old World species are discussed.
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    The systematic relationships ofAegialitis (Plumbaginaceae) as revealed by pollen morphology (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plumbaginaceae ; Aegialitis annulata ; A. rotundifolia ; Plumbago rosea ; Monomorphic pollen ; exine sculpturing ; systematic position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light and first SEM observations on the pollen ofAegialitis indicate that the two species of the genus are clearly distinguishable from all other genera of the tribeStaticeae to whichAegialitis presently is relegated. Intraspecific exine or aperture dimorphism which appears frequently in this tribe, is not recorded in this genus.A. annulata andA. rotundifolia have distinct monomorphic pollen and show a great resemblance in exine features with the tribePlumbagineae, particularly species ofPlumbago. Considering these and other features, separate subtribal status forAegialitis within thePlumbagineae is proposed.
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    Polarity and competition between megaspores in the ovule ofOenothera hybrids (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 83-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera hookeri ; Oe. suaveolens ; Oe. biennis ; Megasporogenesis ; megaspore competition ; starch deposits ; callose pattern ; polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New data on the development of polarity in the ovules during megasporogenesis and early stages of embryo sac development inOenothera-hybrids are presented. It is confirmed that allOe. hookeri-hybrids show a strong tendency to form heteropolar tetrads, with the micropylar megaspore developing into an embryo sac. This preference is seen in the delay of the second meiotic division on the chalazal side, the absence of callose in the lateral wall of the micropylar megaspore, and the accumulation of starch in this megaspore. However, homopolar tetrads, chalazal preference, and ovules with two developing embryo sacs are also observed with considerable frequency. Quantitative data on the frequency of the different developmental types are compared with earlier genetic results about competition in the haplophase. There is sufficiently good agreement to support the hypothesis ofRenner that there is a correlation between the developmental processes in the megaspore tetrad and the genetic phenomena of competition in the haplophase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986667
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    Cytotaxonomical studies on AsianAnnonaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliales ; Annonaceae ; Cytotaxonomy ; somatic chromosome numbers ; original basic chromosome number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers of 42 species and 3 varieties from 24 genera of theAnnonaceae have been determined (Table 1); reports for 15 of the genera are new. Among Asian genera 2n = 14 occurs only in the specializedMezzettia, while 2n = 16 is wide-spread and also has been found inAnaxagorea with some primitive characters. 2n = 18 is reported for 11 genera, and tetraploidy (2n = 36) has been observed inPolyalthia. Therefore, an original basic number of x = 8 or x = 9 is suggested at least for the Asian genera of theAnnonaceae.—Cytotaxonomical notes on the critical speciesPolyalthia rumphii andP. affinis are given, and the new combinationNeouvaria parallelivenia (Boerl.)Okada & Ueda is proposed.
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    Robertsonian differentiation and preferential pairing revealed in species and F1 hybrids of theGibasis linearis group (Commelinaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 221-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Commelinaceae ; Gibasis ; G. speciosa ; G. rhodantha ; G. graminifolia ; Robertsonian fusion ; F1 hybrids ; autosyndesis ; preferential pairing ; chromosome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three closely related species of theG. linearis group are differentiated by their basic numbers and ploidy levels. The change in basic number involves Robertsonian fusion, but the species also differ by interchange and cryptic structural changes revealed by meiotic pairing in F1 hybrids.
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    Chiropterophily and ornithophily inFreycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Samoa (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pandanaceae ; Freycinetia reineckei ; Pteropus samoensis ; Aplonis atrifuscus ; Columba vitiensis castaneiceps ; Floral ecology ; chiropterophily ; ornithophily ; pollination ; dioecism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Samoa, field observations, experiments, and SEM micrographs of hair and feather samples indicate the dioecious lianaFreycinetia reineckei to be both chiropterophilous and ornithophilous with the principal pollinators being an endemic flying fox,Pteropus samoensis, and an endemic starling,Aplonis atrifuscus. Nutritional analysis of staminate and pistillate inflorescenses indicate qualitative and quantitative differences between the rewards offered by the two sexes. No nectar is presented, the principal pollinator rewards being fleshy bracts and pollen. As a result, staminate and bisexual inflorescenses sustain higher levels of pollinator damage, a factor which may tend to maintain dioecism within the population.
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    Mobile nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) inAllium (Liliaceae s. lat.)? — Inferences from the specifity of silver staining (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 291-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Alliaceae ; Allium cepa ; A. fistulosum ; A. ×proliferum ; Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) ; silver staining ; ribosomal DNA ; movable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NORs and interphase nucleoli have been silver stained inAllium cepa, A. fistulosum, reciprocal crosses between both species, and in different strains of top onions which originated from hybridization betweenA. cepa andA. fistulosum. The variability observed in size, number, and position of active NORs and correspondingly in number (and size) of interphase nucleoli is at least in part strain-specific. These data are taken to indicate that NORs inAllium behave like movable genetic elements.—With respect to the staining specifity of silver nitrate, it was found that AgNO3 labels (1) nucleoli, (2) NORs (i.e., actively transcribed “ribosomal genes”) inside the achromatic secondary constrictions, and (3) sometimes (but less pronounced) centromeres; Giemsa banding labels heterochromatin surrounding the NOR but not the nucleolus organizing secondary constriction.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050101
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    Electric-field exposure of persons using video display units (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: video display unit (VDU) ; electric field ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electric fields produced by a selection of video display units have been measured over a frequency range from DC to 1 MHz. The magnitude and the time variation of the electric fields were both recorded by means of a single broadband capacitive sensor located on the surface of a simple simulation of the human body. The electric field at a given location was found to be the sum of three discrete components, each having a different spatial and time variation. These components are produced by, respectively, the charged CRT screen, the flyback transformer, and the low-voltage circuitry. For the units tested, operator exposures are substantially below the limits of existing workplace guidelines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050102
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    Minimal changes in hypothalamic temperature accompany microwave-induced alteration of thermoregulatory behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: preoptic temperature ; thermode ; behavioral thermoregulation ; 2,450-MHz CW microwaves ; brain thermostat ; squirrel monkey ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This study probed the mechanisms underlying microwave-induced alterations of thermoregulatory behavior. Adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), trained to regulate the temperature of their immediate environment (Ta) behaviorally, were chronically implanted with Teflon reentrant tubes in the medical preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AH), the brainstem region considered to control normal thermoregulatory processes. A Vitek temperature probe inserted into the tube measured PO/AH temperature continuously while changes in thermoregulatory behavior were induced by either brief (10-min) or prolonged (2.5-h) unilateral exposures to planewave 2,450-MHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves (E polarization). Power densities explored ranged from 4 to 20 mW/cm2 (rate of energy absorption [SAR] = 0.05 [W/kg]/[mW/cm2]). Rectal temperature and four representative skin temperatures were also monitored, as was the Ta selected by the animal. When the power density was high enough to induce a monkey to select a cooler Ta (8 mW/cm2 and above), PO/AH temperature rose ∼ 0.3°C but seldom more. Lower power densities usually produced smaller increases in PO/AH temperature and no reliable change in thermoregulatory behavior. Rectal temperature remained constant while PO/AH temperature rose only 0.2-0.3°C during 2.5-h exposures at 20 mW/cm2 because the Ta selected was 2-3°C cooler than normally preferred. Sometimes PO/AH temperature increments greater than 0.3°C were recorded, but they always accompanied inadequate thermoregulatory behavior. Thus, a PO/AH temperature rise of 0.2-0.3°C, accompanying microwave exposure, appears to be necessary and sufficient to alter thermoregulatory behavior, which ensures in turn that no greater temperature excursions occur in this hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050103
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    The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hyperthermia ; microwaves ; brain ; ATP ; CP ; energy metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were maintained at 35.6, 37.0, 39.0, and 41.0°C. At 37, 39, and 41°C brain [ATP] and [CP] were down 6.0, 10.8, and 29.2%, and 19.6, 28.7, and 44%, respectively, from the 35.6°C control concentrations. Exposure of the brain to 591-MHz radiation at 13.8 mW/cm2 for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min caused further decreases (below those observed for 30°C hyperthermia only) of 16.0, 29.8, 22.5, and 12.3% in brain [ATP], and of 15.6, 25.1, 21.4, and 25.9% in brain [CP] after 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min, respectively. Recording of brain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence before, during, and after microwave exposure showed an increase in NADH fluorescence during microwave exposure that returned to preexposure levels within 1 min postexposure. Continuous recording of brain temperatures during microwave exposures showed that brain temperature varied between -0.1 and +0.05°C. Since the microwave exposures did not induce tissue hyperthermia, it is concluded that direct microwave interaction at the subcellular level is responsible for the observed decrease in [ATP] and [CP].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050107
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    System for the exposure of cell suspensions to power-frequency electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric fields ; exposure systems ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A system is described that uses an oscillating magnetic field to produce power-frequency electric fields with strengths in excess of those produced in an animal or human standing under a high-voltage electric-power transmission line. In contrast to other types of exposure systems capable of generating fields of this size, no electrodes are placed in the conducting growth media: the possibility of electrode contamination of the exposed suspension is thereby eliminated. Electric fields in the range 0.02-3.5 V/m can be produced in a cell culture with total harmonic distortions less than 1.5%. The magnetic field used to produce electric fields for exposure is largely confined within a closed ferromagnetic circuit, and experimental and control cells are exposed to leakage magnetic flux densities less than 5 μT. The temperatures of the experimental and control cell suspensions are held fixed within ±0.1°C by a water bath. Special chambers were developed to hold cell cultures during exposure and sham exposure. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells incubated in these chambers grew for at least 48 h and had population doubling times of 16-17 h, approximately the same as for CHO cells grown under standard cell-culture conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050202
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    Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields ; animal behavior ; memory retention ; locomotor activity ; pentylenetetrazole sezure threshold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuro-pharmacological agent, pentylenetetrazole, was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050204
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    Effects of acute low-level microwaves on pentobarbital-induced hypothermia depend on exposure orientation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pentobarbital ; hypothermia ; exposure orientation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two series of experiments were performed to study the effects of acute exposure (45 min) to 2,450-MHz circularly polarized, pulsed microwaves [1 mW/cm2, 2-μs pulses, 500 pps, specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.6 W/kg] on the actions of pentobarbital in the rat. In the first experiment, rats were irradiated with microwaves and then immediately injected with pentobarbital. Microwave exposure did not significantly affect the extent of the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature. However, the rate of recovery from the hypothermia was significantly slower in the microwave-irradiated rats and they also took a significantly longer time to regain their righting reflex. In a second experiment, rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbital and then exposed to microwaves with their heads either pointing toward the source of microwaves (anterior exposure) or pointing away (posterior exposure). Microwave radiation significantly retarded the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature regardless of the orientation of exposure. However, the recovery from hypothermia was significantly faster in posterior-exposed animals compared to those of the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals. Furthermore, the posterior-exposed rats took a significantly shorter time to regain their righting reflex than both the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals.
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    Ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption in the rat are affected by low-level microwave irradiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; ethanol ; hypothermia ; fluid consumption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave irradiation of rats by circularly polarized, 2,450-MHz, pulsed waves (2-μs pulses; 500 pps) was performed in waveguides to determine effects on ethanol-induced hypothermia and on ethanol consumption. Rats injected intraperitoneally with ethanol (3 g/kg in a 25% v/v water solution) immediately after 45 min of microwave irradiation exhibited attenuation of the initial rate of fall in body temperature, which was elicited by the ethanol, but exhibited no significant difference in maximal hypothermia as compared with that of sham-irradiated rats. Microwave irradiation did not affect the consumption of a 10% sucrose (w/v) solution by water-deprived rats. However, it enhanced the consumption of a solution of 10% sucrose (w/v) + 15% ethanol (v/v) by water-deprived animals. These results were obtained at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg, which rate of energy dosing would require a power density of 3-6 mW/cm2 if exposure of the animals had occurred to a 12-cm plane wave.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050301
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    Internal field strength measurements in chick forebrains at 50, 147, and 450 MHz. This paper has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 293-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; dosmetry ; calcium ions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This report describes some experimental measurements of the internal field levels induced within isolated chick-forebrains irradiated at 50, 147, and 450 MHz, under essentially the same conditions as those used in the in vitro calcium-ion efflux experiments. Ratios of incident power at 50/147 MHz and 147/450 MHz that are needed to establish the same probe output are given and comparisons made with values predicted by different spherical models. Data predicted by the layered-sphere model were found to be in close agreement with measured values for the 50/147-MHz ratio. Agreement for the 147/450-MHz ratio was poorer.
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    Cerebrovascular permeability to 86Rb in the rat after exposure to pulsed microwaves (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; rat ; blood-brain barrier ; 86Rb permeability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwaves (pulsed, 2,450 MHz) at an average power density of 3 W/cm2 were applied directly to the head for 5, 10, or 20 min, producing a peak specific absorption rate of 240 W/kg in the brain, which, after a 10-min exposure, resulted in brain temperatures in excess of 43°C. A bolus of 86Rb in isotonic saline was injected intravenously and an arterial sample was collected for 20 s to determine cardiac output. Compared with unexposed controls, uptake of 86Rb increased most in those regions directly in the path of the irradiation, namely, the occipital and parietal cortex, as well as the dorsal hippocampus, midbrain, and basal ganglia. In a separate group of animals, regional brain-vascular spaces were found to increase with brain temperature. These results support previous observations indicating that reliably demonstrable increases of blood-brain barrier permeability are associated with intense, microwave-induced hyperthermia, and that the observed changes are not due to field-specific interaction.
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    Alterations in protein kinase activity following exposure of cultured human lymphocytes to modulated microwave fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; amplitude modulation ; human lymphocytes ; protein kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cultures of human tonsil lymphocytes were exposed in a Crawford cell to a 450-MHz field (peak envelope intensity 1.0 mW/cm2), sinusoidally amplitude modulated (depth 80%) at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz for periods up to 60 min. The Crawford cell was housed in a temperature-controlled chamber (35°C) and control cultures were placed in the same chamber. Activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase relative to controls remained unaltered by fields modulated at 16 or 60 Hz with exposures of 15, 30, and 60 min. By contrast, total non-cAMP-dependent kinase activity fell to less than 50% of unexposed control levels after 15 and 30 min exposures, but, despite continuing field exposure, returned to control or preexposure levels by 45 and 60 min. A smaller reduction (20-25%) also occurred with 60-Hz modulation and was also restricted to exposure durations of 15 and 30 min. CW 450-MHz fields were without effect. Reduced enzyme activity occurred with 16-, 40-, and 60-Hz modulation frequencies, but not with 3-, 6-, 80-, or 100-Hz modulation. The specific identity of this kinase is unknown. This rapid but transient reduction in lymphocyte protein kinase activity restricted to modulation frequencies between 16 and 60 Hz and to less than 30 min exposure is consistent with „windowing“ with respect to modulation frequency and exposure duration.
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    Short-circuit currents, surface electric fields, and axial current densities for guinea pigs exposed to ELF electric fields. Pacific Northwest Laboratory is operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; ELF ; 60 Hz ; guinea pig ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Short-circuit currents, surface electric fields, and axial current densities were measured in electrically grounded guinea pigs exposed to a uniform, vertical, ELF electric field. These data are 70-110% of corresponding values obtained in grounded rats exposed to the same electric field.
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    Design of a magnetic field generator for experiments on magnetic effects in cell cultures (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnet ; magnetic field ; tissue culture ; exposure system ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A magnetic field generator constructed of rare earth-cobalt magnets is proposed for examining the biological effects of static magnetic fields (less than 1 T) on tissue cultures. Important quantities of a magnetic field from a biological-effects viewpoint, ie, its strength and the product of strength and gradient, are analysed. A practical procedure for designing the generator with optimum parameters is given. Also, parameters are determined which will yield a sinusoidal spatial field distribution.
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    Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: RF fields ; muscle ; phantom tissue ; tumor ; temperature ; dielectric constant ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of various test samples of phantom tissue were measured using an automated and temperature-controlled slotted line. The ingredients for phantom materials were determined for simulating high-water content tissue at 13.56, 27.12, 40.68, 70, 100, 200, 300, 433, 750, 915, and 2,450 MHz. The ingredients consisted of water, TX-150 (a gelling agent), sodium chloride, and polyethylene powder (200-2,450 MHz) or aluminum powder (13.56-100 MHz). The dielectric constant and conductivity of these materials at different temperatures (15, 22, 30°C) were characterized.
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    Calibration of flat 60-Hz electric field probes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calibration ; electric field ; ELF ; instrumentation ; measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of nearby ground planes, perturbation of surface charge distributions, and fringing fields on the electric field between parallel plates are characterized to define a parallel plate system that can be used to calibrate flat 60-Hz electric field probes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050410
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    Offset of the vacuolar potential of Characean cells in response to electromagnetic radiation over the range 250 Hz-250 kHz (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; vacuolar potential ; electromagnetic radiation ; Nitella flexilis ; Chara braunii ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements were made of the small, transient offsets of vacuolar potential produced in single cells of Nitella flexilis and Chara braunii by isolated bursts of audio frequency electromagnetic radiation. The offsets increased in magnitude with decreasing frequency of the electromagnetic radiation and, below about 6 kHz, seemed to approach a lowfrequency asymptote. This frequency dependence for the offset is shown to be in accordance with a previously developed model in which the incident radiation is weakly rectified by the cell's membrane system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050104
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    The frequency dependence of an analytical model of an electrically stimulated biological structure (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 47-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: digital computer simulation ; alternating electrical field ; electromagnetic field ; biological sturcture ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A digital computer simulation has been carried out of the exposure of a cell, modeled as a multilayered spherical structure, to an alternating electrical field. Electrical and electrochemical quantities of possible biological interest can be evaluated everywhere inside the cell. A strong frequency behavior in the range 0-10 MHz has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050106
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    A circular waveguide irradiation system for nonhuman primates: Design and dosimetry (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: circular waveguide exposure system ; radiofrequency dosimetry ; rhesus monkey ; radiofrequency exposure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A 275-MHz exposure system, consisting of a circular waveguide irradiator and a transparent plastic animal cage, has been developed to accommodate rhesus monkeys weighing up to 15 kg. The vertically oriented waveguide is composed primarily of stainless steel and is fitted with an inner cage fabricated from a tubular section of acrylic plastic. Circularly polarized electromagnetic energy at 275 MHz, either pulsed or continuous wave (CW), can be propagated from the removable top section of the waveguide. The cage is designed to function as the monkey's permanent home. It is fitted with a lever-actuated behavioral performance device on which the monkey responds according to a predetermined schedule to obtain a daily food ration. The system can be adapted to provide for the collection of metabolic and physiologic data as well. Dosimetric measurements were conducted with six rhesus monkeys weighing 3.0-7.2 kg and with a 4-kg model. The dosimetric results show that about one-third of the net incident energy is absorbed by a subject in this system at a normalized specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.33 (W/kg)/(mW/cm2).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050109
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    Theoretical and experimental determination of SAR patterns for spherical tissue models in a rectangular resonant cavity (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: specific absorption rate ; resonant cavity ; spheres ; Mie theory ; superposition ; thermography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Specific absorption rates (SARs) were determined theoretically and experimentally for several spherical models of tissue exposed to electrical fields of TE101 mode in a rectangular cavity of 57.3 MHz resonant frequency. The approximate theoretical SAR can be calculated according to the Mie theory by superposition of four plane waves representing the fields excited in the cavity. The theoretical and thermographically determined SAR patterns in spheres with radii of 5, 7.5, and 10 cm and with conductivities of 0.1, 1, and 10 S/m were compared. For a sphere with radius less than 7.5 cm and conductivity less than 1 S/m, the SAR was quite uniform. When conductivity was increased to 10 S/m, the SAR patterns showed higher absorption in the periphery of the largest sphere (10-cm radius). These characteristics are important in evaluating the scaling technique of exposing a model of a human to very-high-frequency fields to obtain power absorption data in humans exposed to high-frequency or very-low-frequency fields.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050110
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    Cell membrane temperature rate sensitivity predicted from the Nernst equation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 113-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Nernst equation ; temperature derivatives ; cell membranes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A hyperpolarized current is predicted from the Nernst equation for conditions of positive temperature derivatives with respect to time. This ion current, coupled with changes in membrane channel conductivities, is expected to contribute to a transient potential shift across the cell membrane for silent cells and to a change in firing rate for pacemaker cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050112
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050201
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  • 91
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    The effect of frequency and grounding on whole-body absorption of humans in E-polarized radiofrequency fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: human ; dosimetry ; safety ; radio frequency ; high frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The radiofrequency absorption rates of five male human volunteers have been measured from 3 to 41 MHz. The subjects were exposed at about 10 μW/cm2 inside a very large transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell and never absorbed more than 1 W. Both the EKH and EHK orientations were employed under both free-space and grounded conditions. Absorption rates for the EKH orientation exceed those of the EHK orientation by 40% in free space, but only by 6% when grounded. The absorption rates for the grounded men vary with frequency, f, as f1.9 from 3 to 25 MHz and then level off at the peak. The freespace absorption rates vary as f1.7 from 3 to 18 MHz and as f2.9 from 18 to 41 MHz. The average measured absorption rates at 10 MHz exceed the average of the standard model calculations by a factor of three (for free space) or four (grounded). The average man, when exposed grounded in an EKH orientation to the maximum permitted exposure levels under ANSI standard C95.1-1982, will absorb 0.58 ± 0.14 W/kg over most of the 3 to 41-MHz frequency range. This slightly exceeds the whole-body maximum of 0.40 W/kg underlying the standard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050203
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    A reference curve for axial bioelectric potentials in rabbit tibia (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: bioelectricity ; bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A high coefficient of variation is characteristic of the bioelectric potentials recorded from living long bones. As a consequence, the data collected from animal and human experiments are difficult to use in practical ways. A distribution curve for bone bioelectric potentials has been calculated using polynomial regression analysis to process the voltage values recorded on the whole length of rabbit tibiae, with reference electrodes positioned in three different points of the bone. The distribution curve so obtained is presented to fulfill the need for a reference curve for the bioelectric potentials recorded from rabbit tibial surfaces.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050207
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    Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radio frequency fields at and above resonant frequencies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant behavior ; observing-responses ; radiofrequency radiation ; colonic temperature ; rhesus monkeys ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five food-deprived rhesus monkeys were exposed to 225-MHz continuous-wave, and 1.3-GHz, and 5.8-GHz pulsed radiation to determine the minimal power densities affecting performance. The monkeys were trained to press a lever (observing-response) thereby producing signals that indicated availability of food. In the presence of the aperiodically appearing food signals, a detection response on a different lever was reinforced by a food pellet. Continuous, stable responding during 60-min sessions developed and was followed by repeated exposures to radiofrequency radiation. The subjects, restrained in a Styrofoam chair, were exposed to free-field radiation while performing the task. Colonic temperature was simultaneously obtained. Observing-response performance was impaired at increasingly higher power densities as frequency increased from the near-resonance 225 MHz to the above-resonance 5.8 GHz. The threshold power density of disrupted response rate at 225 MHz was 8.1 mW/cm2; at 1.3 GHz it was 57 mW/cm2, and at 5.8 GHz it was 140 mW/cm2. These power densities were associated with reliable increases in colonic temperatures above sham-exposure levels. The mean increase was typically in the range of 1°C, and response-rate changes were not observed in the absence of concomitant temperature increases. In these experiments increase of colonic temperature was a much better predictor of behavioral disruption than was either the power density of the incident field or estimates of whole-body-averaged rates of energy absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050211
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    Attempts to produce taste-aversion learning in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Electric fields ; 60 Hz ; rats ; behavior ; gastrointestinal distress ; taste aversion ; behavior toxicolgy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A measure of taste-aversion (TA) learning was used in three experiments to 1) determine whether exposure to intense 60-Hz electric fields can produce TA learning in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and 2) establish a dose-response function for the behavior in question. In Experiment 1, four groups of eight rats each were distributed into one of two exposures (69 ± 5 kV/m or 133 ± 10 kV/m) or into one of two sham-exposure groups. Conditioning trials paired 0.1% sodium saccharin in water with 3 h of exposure to a 60-Hz electric field. Following five conditioning trials, a 20-min, two-bottle preference test between water and saccharin-flavored water failed to reveal TA conditioning in exposed groups. In Experiment 2, four groups of eight rats each (34 ± 2 kV/m or 133 ± 10 kV/m and two sham-exposed groups) were treated as before. Electric-field exposure had no effect on TA learning. Experiment 3 tested for a possible synergy between a minimal dose (for TA learning) of cyclophosphamide (6 mg/kg) and 5 h of exposure to 133 ± 10 kV/m electric fields in a dark environment under conditions otherwise similar to those of Experiments 1 and 2. The results indicated no TA learning as reflected in the relative consumption of saccharin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050214
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    Biological effects of a 765-kV, 60-Hz transmission line on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): Hemolymph as a possible stress indicator (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; 765-kV transmission line ; E-field ; stress ; hemocytes ; hemoproteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Number of circulating hemocytes and hemolymph protein patterns of adult worker honey bees were analyzed as possible indicators of stress resulting from colony placement under a 765-kV transmission line. Although exposure to 55, 80, and 95 μA total induced hive current (THC) produced colony behavioral disturbance, there were no consistent effects on mean hemocyte counts at 55- or 95-μA THC. Age-dependent declines in circulating hemocyte number were similar in all exposure groups. There were no consistent differences in tube-gel electropherograms. No consistent differences were found in two-density slab-gel electropherograms based on ultrasensitive silver stain. The 67 positively charged and four negatively charged protein fractions from overwintering bees are two- to threefold more than currently reported in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050303
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    The effects of microwave radiation on avian dominance behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; avian behavior ; solar energy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Seventeen birds from 12 flocks were exposed to microwave radiation under various combinations of power density and duration; three birds from two additional flocks served as sham-exposed controls. Experiments were conducted outdoors at Manomet, Massachusetts (41°56′N, 70°35′W) under normal winter ambient temperatures. Although irradiated birds maintained their positions within a flock hierarchy with one exception, some appeared to have a change in their level of aggression after exposure.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050401
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    The relationship between flash evoked potentials and evoked amplitude modulation patterns of an applied UHF electromagnetic field in the rat (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 365-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields ; evoked potentials ; amplitude modulation ; electrophysiological processes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pilot studies demonstrate evidence that the electrophysiological processes associated with flash stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats, as seen in the recordings of visual-evoked potentials, may also be detectable using an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field (UHFEMF). Patterns of amplitude modulation of an applied UHFEMF, when recorded and averaged, show strong correlations with simultaneously recorded evoked potentials. The data support the hypothesis that the UHFEMF amplitude is altered in a dynamic fashion by the tissue's electrophysiological processes that are involved with the generation of CNS electric fields.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050402
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. III. Macrophage resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; peritoneal macrophages ; viricidal macrophages ; LPS ; immunology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure of hamsters to microwave (MW) energy (2.45 GHz, 25 mW/cm2, 1 h) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages (PM) to a viricidal state restricting the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The PM from MW-exposed hamsters were viricidal as early as 1 day after exposure and remained active for 5 days. Immunization of hamsters with vaccinia virus induced viricidal PM by 3 to 4 days and they remained active for 7 days. To test the hypothesis that thermogenic MW exposure results in the release of endotoxin across the intestinal epithelium which subsequently activates PM, hamsters were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their viricidal activity was studied. Lipopolysaccharide in vitro (0.2 μg) and in vivo (0.5 μg) activated macrophages to a viricidal state. When administered in vivo, LPS (0.5 μg) activated macrophages as early as 1 day and the activity remained for 3 days. While MW exposure of PM in vitro failed to induce viricidal activity, exposure of PM to LPS in vitro induced strong viricidal activity. This suggests that the in vivo response of PM to MW is an indirect one, which is consistent with the hypothesis that MW-induced PM viricidal activity may be mediated via LPS. In preliminary experiments, MW exposure resulted in extended survival time for hamsters challenged with a lethal dose of vesicular stomatitis virus, supporting the concept that MW-activated PM may be a useful therapeutic modality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050403
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    Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice exposed to a 1.5-Tesla stationary magnetic field (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 443-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: stationary magnetic fields ; LAF1/J mice ; immune response ; sheep erythrocytes ; mitogen stimulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assayed following a 6-day exposure of LAF1/J mice to a 1.50 Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) stationary magnetic field. In tests of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes, the number of Jerne plaques formed by spleen lymphocytes and the level of serum IgM were not significantly different for the exposed mice in comparison with control animals. Tests for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation also demonstrated no significant differences in the response of spleen lymphocytes from exposed and control groups of mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050409
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