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  • Articles  (751)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (751)
  • 1980-1984  (751)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (751)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (751)
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  • Articles  (751)
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  • 1980-1984  (751)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(p-fluorostyrene) (PpFS), poly(o-fluorostyrene) (PoFS), poly(styrene-co-p-fluorostyrene) (SP46), poly(styrene-co-o-fluorostyrene) (SO49), with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and with polystyrene (PS), have been prepared by compression molding of coprecipitated polymers. Compatibility of these systems has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Detection of one or two glass transition regions was used to classify the blends as compatible or incompatible. Homopolymers of pFS and oFS were found to be incompatible with PPO and PS. The SP46 copolymer and SO49 copolymer were compatible with PPO in all proportions.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 367-382 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal pyrolysis of 100 mg samples of shredded newsprint, both untreated and 1% HCI washed, at pressures below 1 torr has been examined between 260°C and 340°C. Pyrolysis occurs via a rapid initial reaction followed by a slower degradation that can be modeled as first order in remaining newsprint. The effect of a 1% HCI wash pretreatment is to increase the fractional tar yield by 40%, to decrease the gas yield by an equivalent amount, and to increase the extent of initial reaction. Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for rate constants describing both the initial and the slower degradation reactions for both untreated and acid washed newsprint.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical processing of cotton cellulose by means of a fiber cutter resulted in the disaggregation and defiberation of fiber bundles, shortening of fiber length, and loss of degree of polymerization. It is evident that the mechanical energy supplied by shear forces is sufficient to cause homolytic scission of cellulose main chains. Mechanoradicals formed in the interim were verified by ESR studies. The crystallinity of cellulose was not influenced by mechanical treatments, but accessibility of the polymer was substantially increased due to the creation of new surfaces. The mechanically treated fiber inclined to proceeded oxidative chain reaction during aging. Regardless of their treatment conditions, cellulose fiber reached its limiting lower molecular weight after 100 days of aging.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 45-56 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The argument is presented that a primary determinant for polymer ignition is the rate of heat input during thermal decomposition. An experimental protocol is described in which a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer is used to monitor the behavior of polymeric solids brought to ignition by exposure to preheated air. The data obtained are used to establish the minimum heating rate required for ignition and the initial decomposition temperature at that critical rate. These two properties are then combined to give a numerical ranking value which seems to be a reasonable indicator of a material's ignitability hazard potential. Data for a variety of polymers and mixed systems are presented.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 57-75 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh strength polyethylene fibers can be generated by stress-induced crystallization from a supercooled solution subjected to Couette flow, usually referred to as the “surface-growth” process. Under appropriate conditions, continuous fiber production can be realized for a period as long as 19 days, whereas under other circumstances a rapid interruption of the growth process is met. The present investigation deals with the origin of fiber fracture during “surface growth.” The limiting values of process variables required to maintain continuous growth have been established. Interruption of the continuous growth can occur in three different ways: (1) formation of a closed fiberloop around the rotor; (2) limited crystal growth rate; (3) rapid crystallization, leading to depletion of the gel on the rotor surface. The gel layer is being formed by adsorption of long molecules on to the rotor surface and subsequent “reptation,” resulting in a dense entanglement network of these molecules. These factors determine the boundaries of the triangularly shaped domain for continuous growth in a graph of the two main variables, namely the takeup speed and the rotor speed. Furthermore, it was noticed that the introduction of a wedge-shaped groove in the surface of the Couette rotor leads to a substantial reduction of failure. Continuous growth could be established in the temperature range from 103-125°C when p-xylene was used as a solvent. For p-xylene solutions at a crystallization temperature of 110°C and using a teflon rotor of 115 mm diameter, a maximum takeup speed and rotor speed were 16 and 180 mm/s, respectively. Basically the restrictions of the process appeared to be due to the limited rate of crystallization and rate of adsorption of polyethylene molecules on the surface of the rotor.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 647-658 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heat of reaction and kinetic parameters were determined by differential scanning calorimetry for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, reaction of hydrogen peroxide with lignocellulosic materials, glucose and pinitol, and for the reaction of the same materials with produced or introduced oxygen. The heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide obtained in N2 (720 cal/g H2O2) was in fair agreement with literature data, considering the different temperature and pressure conditions. The heats of reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocelluloses were higher when determined in N2 (1670-2500 cal/g H2O2) than in O2 (1450-2020 cal/g H2O2) atmosphere. The activation energy for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide amounted to 20.3 kcal/mol in N2 and 15.9 kcal/mol in O2 with frequency factors of 5.7 × 109 and 3.7 × 107 min-1, respectively. The activation energies for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulosic materials tested were similar and not influenced by the atmospheric composition, ranging overall between 19.7 and 22.4 kcal/mol. The corresponding frequency factors ranged between 2.77 × 109 and 2.23 × 1011.
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  • 7
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of butadiene in toluene using Co(acac)3-(i-Bu)3Al-H2O catalyst system was studied. Presented are the effects of the addition order, aging time, and composition of catalysts on rates, polymer microstructure, and molecular weights. The polymerization was found to be initiated by the Co(acac)3-hydrolized aluminum alkyl complex. The chain propagation proceeds according to a first-order reaction with respect to monomer and active species and is a strong function of Al/H2O with an optimum ratio of 1.0, but independent of Al/Co. The nature of polymerization seems to change as Al/H2O increases from less than 1 to greater than 1. Transfer reaction is significant. From the kinetic data it was found that the termination reaction is most likely to be by combination.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinking of 4,4′(bismaleimido)diphenyl ether (BM) was investigated in presence of bis(m-aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BAP), tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide (TAP), diaminodiphenyl ether (E) and 3,3-bis(p-aminophenyl)phthalide (AP). These crosslinked resins were examined for thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis. A slight decrease in initial decomposition temperature, the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss, was observed, though the char yield in nitrogen atmosphere at 800°C did not change appreciably. Glass-cloth-reinforced laminates were fabricated from BM and amine mixtures. An improvement in mechanical properties was observed in the presence of phosphorus-containing di- and triamines.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: UV-curable epoxy-acrylate coatings were used to protect poly(vinyl chloride) against superficial degradation. With α-hydroxy-acetophenone photoinitiators, the crosslinking polymerization develops in the ms time scale; 50% degree conversion is reached after irradiation times of 2.5 ms in a nitrogen atmosphere and 17 ms in air. The adhesion of the coating on to the PVC substrate can be greatly improved by inducing a photochemical grafting process. The best results are obtained by incorporating the photoinitiator into the top layer of the PVC sheet. Highly crosslinked epoxy-acrylate coatings are very stable toward UV radiations and chemical agents like organic solvents and strong acids. By their light-screening effect they provide an excellent protection against photodegradation for light-sensitive polymeric materials.
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  • 10
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The room-temperature aging of two nitrile rubber-epoxy adhesives has been examined. Both are 121°C curing systems, based on DGEBA-type epoxy resins, one of which has been available for about 15 years while the other is a more recent development. It has been found that hydrolysis of the epoxide and polymerization both occur slowly, reducing the epoxide content and solubility. A major reduction in honeycomb peel strength of joints made with aged material was evident in the older system and to a lesser extent in the newer adhesive. This is a result of diminished adhesive flow. Tensile strength was less affected by aging.
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  • 11
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Immobilization of Mortierella vinacea cells, which contain active α-galactosidase, by radiation polymerization at low temperatures was studied. The durability of the enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells was examined by repeating the batch enzyme reaction. The enzymatic activities of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomers was affected by the concentrations of the cells and monomer in which optimum conditions were observed. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomer was compared to that of hydrophobic monomers. Michaelis constants of the immobilized cells varied with monomer concentration. The effect of addition of porous solid substances on the immobilization of the cells was studied.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 327-334 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) were utilized as the sole carbon source by five of six fungi tested by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) agar plate method. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Chaetomium globosum, Pencillium funiculosum, and a Fusarium sp. Quantitative analysis of degradation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC analysis demonstrated differences between the activities of organisms which appeared similar by the ASTM method, and showed that, while all molecular weight species within each polymer were hydrolyzed, in several cases low molecular weight end products were not assimilated. Depending on the organism, the dominant factor determining degradability was either polymer molecular weight or degree of crystallinity.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ's) containing various amounts of crosslinkable pendant phenylethynyl groups were prepared from the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-oxydibenzil, and 4,4′-oxybis(4″-phenylethynylbenzil). The distribution of the pendant phenylethynyl groups along the polymer chain was varied in an attempt to alter the properties of the polymers. Preliminary film, adhesive, and laminate properties of PPQ void of pendant crosslinkable groups and containing pendant phenylethynyl groups were determined. The thermally induced reaction of the phenylethynyl group crosslinked the polymer which resulted in better dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
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  • 14
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradability of three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) and one low molecular weight polycaprolactone diol(M̄w = 2060) by mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms was assayed. A yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, a gram-negative rod, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffi, and a gram-positive coryneform rod were used in the pure culture assays. The analysis of degradation by gel permation chromatography (GPC) allowed for quantitation independent of the growth of the organisms or the addition of supplementary growth factors. GPC analysis showed that the degradation effected by pure cultures was often enhanced when alternate carbon sources were present. This was not the case for mixed cultures. Mixed cultures. Mixed cultures completely metabolized polymer breakdown products while in some cases pure cultures did not.
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  • 15
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of barium, lead and calcium cyanourate on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) and its compositions were investigated. In concentrations up to 2 vol. % they decreased the Tg and Tm of the polymer. Physical and mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness) are improved. The thermostability (dynamic and static) increases with increasing concentration.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 437-437 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 17
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 531-542 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some physical and chemical properties of novolac and resole resins are described, IR spectra are given, and average structures of the examined resins are proposed. It was supposed that the gelation kinetics depend on the ratio of the reagents and on the structure of the resin.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 587-593 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel phenomenon, termed precipitative polymerization, is described. In it, the BPA - phosgene reaction is conducted with simultaneous precipitation of polycarbonate granules. Very low organic-to-aqueous phase ratio and high pH medium are primarily required to cause this in-situ precipitation.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 595-604 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts have been made to understand the curing reactions in carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB), which happens to be the most practical binder in advanced solid composite propellants. The curing of CTPB has been studied for different ratios of curing agents (MAPO and Epoxide) by gel content, molecular weight, crosslink density, and penetration temperature measurements, and the optimum composition of curators for effective curing of CTPB has been determined. Activation energy calculations on the curing of CTPB with 9.5% epoxide and 0.5% MAPO in the temperature range 75-100°C gave 14.1 kcal/mol for which a diffusion-controlled or acid-catalyzed epoxide ring opening mechanism has been suggested for the curing process in CTPB.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 659-683 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of silane coupling agents do not cause a change in network structure in clay-filled natural rubber vulcanizates, both in sulfur vulcanization and peroxide vulcanization systems. However, the improvement in technical properties in the presence of silane coupling agents is more in the peroxide vulcanization system and is accompanied by enhanced polymer - filler interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have been made in order to understand the failure behavior.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1361-1370 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anion exchange membranes containing amino groups, insoluble in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, were prepared from chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), and glutaraldehyde. Using the membrane in a diaphragm cell, one side being adjusted to be acidic and the other alkaline, it was possible to transport actively halogen ions through the membrane from the acidic side to the alkaline side against the concentration gradient between both sides of the membrane. The active transport of halogen ions through the membrane was significantly influenced by the pH difference and electric potential difference between both sides of the membrane.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 795-805 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data on the average molecular weights Mn, MW, Mz, and/or Mv for several polymers indicated that they fell outside the continuum originally proposed to model molecular weight distribution (MWD), where the log-normal (LN) distribution, or positively valued Gex parameters m and k, define the continuum. Following the papers of Kubin, it is possible to embrace these polymers in an extended continuum by including these parameters, both negatively valued, in it. To the extent that m ≥ -1 and k 〈 -5, the extended continuum models average molecular weights through Mz+2. The correspondence of Gex models of MWD of a polymer obtained from data on its Mn, Mw, and Mz with that obtained from data on its Mn, Mv, and Mw is indicated, using published data. The numerical value of the m parameter in a Gex model is of use in polymerization kinetics; when m values are obtained for each analysis from multiple analyses upon a given polymer, their consistency indicates the concordance of the three average molecular weights from each test run. The Gex parameters based upon Mn, Mw, and Mv or Mz can be used to estimate values for higher average molecular weights of linear, unimodal homopolymers. This is of use in interpreting rheological data on such polymers.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 861-872 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previous paper described an unusual crystallinity effect observed in ultrahigh molecular weight linear polyethylene (UHMW PE) and conventional high density polyethylene (HDPE). It was discovered that upon exposure to high energy radiation, these polymers experience a significant increase in the degree of crystallinity. The present paper describes another equally unexpected and surprising phenomenon observed in irradiated UHMW PE and HDPE. It was accidentally found that the irradiated polyethylenes exhibit an aging effect; their heat of fusion and hence their degree of crystallinity increases monotonically with the aging time (since initial irradiation) at ambient conditions. Surprisingly, the aging process in irradiated polyethylenes was observed to persist even after 31 months. The magnitude of the aging effect is a strong function of the initial molecular weight of the unirradiated polymers and the irradiation dose. The aging phenomenon could not be accelerated by thermal annealing. The exact mechanisms causing the aging phenomenon remain rather elusive at the present time, but possible reasons are explored.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 879-881 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 961-968 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new way of directly synthesizing ethylene-styrene diblock copolymer by Ziegler-Natta catalysis was studied. It consists of using a soluble complex prepared by the reaction of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm polystyrene}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = x}}{\rm (butadiene)}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = 3}}{\rm Li} $$\end{document} with TiCl4 in the ratio r = [Li]/[Ti] = 2 to initiate the formation of the polyethylene block. The well-defined linear diblock structure was established both by GPC of the polyethylene block and by 13C NMR and DSC analyses of the copolymer. Moreover, by using such a catalytic system, the efficiency was found to be 0.88 with respect to carbon-titanium bond. This value is relatively high compared to those of conventional Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 969-981 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A precise technique for determining dielectric constants at microwave frequencies from slotted line measurements is adapted to paper samples. The effects of refining, wet pressing, calendering, and TiO2 addition on the dielectric constants vs. moisture curves are reported and discussed. The observed in-plane dielectric anisotropy is discussed. The importance of considering geometry at the fiber level in explaining the dielectric behavior of paper is stressed.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1011-1024 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and ESR spin trapping techniques. A mechanism has been proposed, and the cure kinetics has been obtained at 177°C. The major conclusion is that cure proceeds mainly through chain extension, while crosslinking occurs through the reaction of hydroxyl groups with epoxides, resulting in formation of ether linkages.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1119-1123 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the synthesis of aryl polyphosphonates from the reactions of phenylphosphonic dichloride [benzene phosphorus oxydichloride (BPOD)] with 4,4′-thiodiphenol (TDP) and with 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (SDP) employing a dry chlorinated hydrocarbon polymerization solvent, an amine acid acceptor and under low temperature conditions. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers from BPOD/TDP are 146°C and 83°C, respectively, and the polymers begin to lose weight at about 395°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. These polymers have good flame retardancy (FR), as indicated by high limiting oxygen indices (LOI) of 50-60. Thermoplastic polybutylene terephthalate containing 7% BPOD/SDP or BPOD/TDP polymer as an FR additive has LOI values of 29 and 30, respectively.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1685-1700 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass transition temperatures are reported for poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) plasticized by 0-12 wt % of the ultraviolet light stabilizers 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octooxy-benzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxy-benzophenone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermooptical analysis (TOA) were employed. The glass transition temperatures increased somewhat with shelf time for the room temperature air-dried 1-mil films drawn from methylene chloride solutions. A Bierbaum scratch hardness of 8.8 kg·mm-2 was observed for a 10-mil poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) film. The effect of load applied to the diamond point (Bierbaum scratch technique) on the shape of TOA transmitted light intensity vs. temperature curves for the resultant scratches was examined. Although the curve shapes are greatly affected, the characteristic TOA temperatures derived therefrom remain essentially unchanged. The glass transition regions are not quite as broad for these polymer/plasticizer blends as they are for compatible polymer/polymer blends. TTOA, the temperature at which birefringence disappears in the scratched films, is found identical to Tf (DSC), the temperature at which the specific heat transition is completed.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1743-1750 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) as flame retardant (FR) on poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) has been examined. The APP-HBCD system behaves as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) formulation, APP being the char-forming agent and HBCD the blowing agent. A negligible gas-phase mode of action was ascertained for HBCD with this substrate. A synergism between the two FR agents was observed, corresponding to about 50% increased efficacy with respect to the separate effects of the two components. Thermogravimetry (TG), oxygen index (OI), nitrous oxide index (NOI) experiments and phosphorous residue measurements were performed to substantiate the conclusion that a conclusion that a condensed phase mechanism of action accounts for all the facts observed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1811-1813 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1829-1836 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological properties of starch-water-sucrose pastes have been determined under steady and oscillatory shear conditions. The results show that the effect of sucrose at concentrations of less than about 20% w/w is to increase the apparent viscosity, yield stress, dynamic viscosity, and dynamic rigidity. At higher surose concentrations the yield stress and dynamic rigidity tend to zero while values of the dynamic viscosity and apparent viscosity are reduced compared with controls. Sucrose causes the dispersed gel particles in pastes to change volume, and it is suggested that this is one of the factors responsible for the observed effects of sucrose on rheological behavior.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1871-1877 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of several polyurethane and polyolefinic elastomers for use in circulatory assist devices have been studied. This work was a part of a project on the characterization of elastomers suitable for cardiovascular application. In this paper, changes in the dynamic modulus and internal friction of these elastomers (Avcothane-51®, Biomer®, butyl rubber, Pellethane®, and Hexsyn®) are described as a function of long-term static and dynamic exposure to whole human blood. The dynamic moduli of control of Pellethane and Hexsyn are higher than that of Avcothane, NBS butyl rubber, and Biomer at human body temperature (at 37°C). The dynamic moduli of Biomer specimen fatigued in whole human blood at 37°C are least affected in temperature range of 25°C to 140°C as compared with the control. The loss tangents are decreased slightly. It indicates small structural changes after fatigue in whole human blood. These five materials should be considered for use in most or some cardiovascular applications because their mechanical properties do not change appreciably. Biomer performs well under a variety of experimental conditions, long-term exposure to blood, uniaxial and biaxial fatigue test, and dynamic mechanical properties of specimen fatigued in whole human blood.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1909-1917 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A preparative method has been established for obtaining chitosan products which have a desired degree of deacetylation of up to virtually 100%. Effective deacetylation was attained by intermitently washing the intermediate product in water two or more times during the alkali treatment. The weight average molecular weight (M̄w) of the product, which was measured by gel permeation liquid chromatography, was about 5 × 105 at the highest deacetylation of nearly 100%, and the degradation of the molecular chain was not so significant. Tensile strength of the wet film increased markedly with increasing degree of deacetylation, while the dry film did not show a corresponding significant increase of the tensile strength. In the infrared spectra of chitosan film new sharp bands appeared especially at the high degree of deacetylation. This was attributed to increased “crystallization” brought about by high deacetylation.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1949-1956 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pervaporation behaviors of methanol-water by poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) membrane at non-steady- and steady-state permeation were investigated. The values of t1/2 (time required to reach a half value of steady-state permeation flux) for methanol and water changed and did not change with the component in feed, respectively. Both of the average diffusion coefficients for methanol-and water-PMLG from the mixture changed exponentially with the sorption amount of methanol by the synergetic effect on diffusion. The difference in behavior of non-steady and steady state diffusion was explained by whether Do (diffusion coefficient at zero penetrant concentration) was influenced by the concentration distribution of penetrant in PMLG membrane.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2451-2454 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2455-2461 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 38
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    Notes: Oligoester alcohols are synthesized from the resudes from the distillation of crude dimethyl terephthalate and recrystallization of the fraction dimethyl terephthalate/dimethyl isophthalate, diols, triols, tetrols, and tall oil. The polyol component containing various oligoester alcohols is suitable for preparing rigid polyurethane foams with good thermal stability and improved resistance to combustion.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2499-2508 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Trimethylsilylated (TMSS) and dimethylphenylsilylated silicic acids (DMPS) were prepared via extraction with tetrahydrofuran, started from aqueous sodium silicate. Characterization of these silylates based on the 13C and 29Si NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, and solution viscosity were conducted to study their molecular structures. It was found that the GPC elution volume was significantly deviated from the calibration curve and also the exponents in solution viscosity vs. molecular weight (M̄n) relationship were very low, almost 0.3. These solution properties suggest that such silylates have compact spherical structures with a high degree of branching, also supported from the other data.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2541-2551 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was examined using the microscopic, the dynamic mechanical, and the DSC techniques. Morphological examination revealed that at low PCL concentrations, when specimens are severaly quenched, a uniform microspherulitic structure is formed. The dynamic mechanical spectra, at isochronous conditions (110 Hz), indicate very limited mixing of the amorphous phase of the two components at the intermediate compositions. More drastic relaxation shifts were observed at the extremes of the composition range. Ultimate strength and elongation at break are characteristic of a mechanically compatible system at high and low PCL contents. In the intermediate composition range their low value indicates phase separation. DSC measurements showed a nonlinear dependence of bulk crystallinity on blend composition; also, that the presence of PE enhances the degree of PCL crystallinity. Thermal history strongly affects bulk crystallinity. At elevated temperatures, near the mp of PE, thermal treatment affects considerably the melting point of the PE crystals.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2527-2540 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A concrete simulation model which deals with the hydrolytic polymerization of ε-caprolactam (CL) in the tubular reactor (TR) with the heat exchangers (HEx's) was described, and a method for its numerical solution was presented. The numerical calculations were carried out for 13 cases, where the position and number of the HEx's in the TR were varied. The effects of the HEx on the distribution of the temperature in the TR and of the characteristic data of the polymerization (the concentration of CL and number average degree of polymerization) in the TR and at the outlet of the TR were investigated. The results suggested that the HEx positioned at the upper half of the TR and the HEx positioned at the lower half of the TR are effective to narrow the temperature distribution in the TR and to produce the polymer product with narrower molecular weight distribution, respectively.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2599-2609 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photooxidation in the solar UV range of tridimensional networks based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) is characterized by the formation of carbonyl, amide, and hydroperoxide groups and by at least two types of chromophores. One absorbs strongly in the near UV, violet, and blue regions, and is responsible for the development of an internal screening effect leading to a decrease of photooxidation rate during exposure. The other, which absorbs in the red region (γmax = 615 nm), is responsible for the green color of oxidized smaples and is derived from the oxidation of the diamine bridge. The influences of hardener concentration and thermal treatments are explained in terms of a stabilizing effect of unreacted DDM molecules and a photoinitiating effect of some thermal-oxidation products, presumably hydroperoxides.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2937-2946 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility and diffusion of propane in rubbery blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) were investigated at low diffusant pressure. Solubibity is characterized by Henry's law and diffusion by Fick's law with concentration-independent diffusion coefficients. The composition dependence of the solubility and diffusion parameters is presented. The diffusion coefficients for propane in the blends are related to those for the component polymers by using the glass transitions as reference temperatures.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2925-2936 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Microcavity formation in engineering polymers exposed to boiling water has recently been noted in the technical literature. This study describes this observation and presents photomicrographs of the microcavity morphology. The microcavities are lens-shaped cracks emitting from a nucleation site with regular concentric ridges observed at regular intervals with characteristics similar to fatigue cracking. Cyclic exposure [intervals of hot (96deg;C) followed by cold (23°C) water immersion] was found to significantly increase the microcavity formation in specific polymers. Polymers studied under these conditions included polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), and polyetherimide. Only polycarbonate and polyetherimide exhibited internal crack formation. The microcavities of polyetherimide were quite different than those of polycarbonate as the cracks were concentrated in regions of highest molded-in stress. When polysulfone was purposely spiked with 0.1 wt % NaCl inclusions, microcavity formation was observed but at a magnitude significantly lower than that of polycarbonate (unmodified). A hypothesis is presented to explain this failure mechanism in polycarbonate. Localized regions, (nucleation sites) of higher water solubility can result in higher internal pressure and stress-induced hydrolysis causing microcavity formation. Additional internal pressure (cyclic conditions) can result from water phase separation yielding further crack propagation. Polycarbonate exhibits a larger difference in equilibrium water solubility between 23°C and 96°C than do the other plymers studied, thus yielding a greater potential for internal pressure resulting from phase separation.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2947-2959 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) exhibit extremely poor mechanical properties owing to the incompatibility of these two polymers. Such blends, however, would result from the reprocessing of certain carbonated beverage bottles. Addition of small amounts of a commercially available triblock copolymer greatly improved the ductility of these incompatible blends, whereas addition of an ethylene-propylene elastomer did not. The results are discussed in terms of phase morphology and interfacial adhesion among the various components.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2999-3002 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 47
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2983-2998 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The foam extrusion characteristics of three different grades of polystyrene resin were investigated. For the study, cylindrical dies with various values of length-to-diameter ratio, entrance angle, and reservior-to-capillary diameter ratio were used. Fluorocarbon blowing agents were used, and mixtures of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used as nucleating agent. It was found that the die temperature, shear rate, the type and concentration of blowing agent, and die geometry affect the quality of the extruded polystyrene foam. Foam density and open cell fraction were used in determining the quality of extruded foams. We have found that the extrudate swell ratio is correlatable to foam density, independent of the die temperature employed. However, the die temperature has been found to be a very sensitive processing variable governing the quality of extruded foams.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3029-3040 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyesteramide polyols have been synthesized by melt condenstion using a mixture of alkanolamines, polyethylene glycols, and dicarboxylic acids/anhydrieds, and the behavior or resin samples as interfacrial agents in unidirectional as well as random composites of jute/epoxy and jute/polyester has been evaluated. Mechanical properties of these composties with or without interfacial agents have been determined along with the effect of water uptake on such properties. The incorporation of polyesteramide polyol (PEAP) resins as interfacila agents has been found to significantly improcve the mechanical properties of jute fiber composites. It has also been found that increasing the hydroxyl value of PEAP results in a better bonding of the composities up to a certain optimum limit of hydroxyl value beyond which the molecular weight of the interfacila agent as well as its bonding strenght decreases. Use of PEAP resin of optimum hydroxyl value and molecular weight also significantly improves the water resistance capacities of jute/epoxy composites.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3041-3048 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAc) composite porous membrane has been prepared from PVAc latex film by extraction with acetone. The PVAc latex was prepared by emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of PVA, employing the hydrogen peroxide-tartaric acid systemm as an initiator. The extraction degree of PVAc could be controlled in a wide range by changing the addition method of the initiator, and, acoordingly, PVA-PVAc omposite porous membranes which had variosu void volumes were obtained. The maximum void volume attained was ca. 90%. Permation characteristics of organic solvents wre investigated on the membranes whose extraction degrees were 95.6% and 80.7%. Thge feeds were benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and their mixtures. neither swelling nor shrinkage in tje appearance size of the while benzene hardly permeated even at 20 kg/cm2. The grafted PVAc in the mebrane was removed or converted into grafted PVA by treatment with sodium methylate, and then the depression of benzene permeation was lost. The grafted PVAc was suggested to be localizd on the cell wall and was found to function as a valve which closes with nenzene or a good solvent for PVAc and opens with n-haxane or a poor solvent for PVAc.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3049-3062 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spherulitic polypropylene (PP) films prepared by a melt-quenched process and then exposed to isothermal annealing treatments at various temperatures ranging from 120°C to 155°C have been dyed at 80°C with C.I. Disperse Yellow 7(Y-7) or p-aminoazobenzene. Different PP films as crystallized isothermally in the range of 60°C to 155°C have also been dyed with the same dyes. The equilibrium dye sorption (Mo) obtained for these films increased slightly with an increase in polymer volume crystallinity (Cu). Using fine structural data of these films, the change in Mo were analyzed in terms of the mosaic-block structural model; e.g., the values of Mo were divided into sorption by the amorphous end region (Me) located between lamella surfaces and sorption by the amorphous side region (Ms) located between crystalline cores parallel to the molecular chain axis. The value of Ms increased with increasing Cv in both cases of the dyeing systems, while the value of Me decreased monotonically in an opposite manner. The amorphous chains in the side region seem to have a strong affinity to a long rodlike dye molecule of Y-7; this feature is considered to be associated with the extended chain conformation of the side region which originates from distorted lattice chains.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3075-3080 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of aluminum hydroxide upon the dielectric properties of an epoxy resin has been studied in a wide frequency and temperature range. An interfacial polarization effect, known as the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization is evidenced for the filled resin, which shows a higher permittivity, a higher dielectric loss, and a β transition with a larger relaxation time. The glass transition temperature is, on the contrary, mostly unaffected by the presence of the filler.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composite reverse osmosis membranes of ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have been prepared. The process consists of coating a porous polysulfone membrane with a thin layer of dilute solution of PAA, drying the thin liquid layer, and ionically crosslinking the PAA in solutions of different salts. The influence of some important preparation parameters on the properties of these membranes was investigated. It was found that all these membranes possessed ion exchange properties and could be ion exchanged; some of them have been found to be suitable for the desalination of low concentration salt solutions. By comparison to cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, higher rejection of phenols may be an interesting property of these membranes.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3289-3300 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid -state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is carried out by heating the low molecular weight prepolymer at temperatures below its melting point but above its glass transition temperature. Postcondensation occurs and the condensation byproducts can be removed by applying vacuum or inert gas. Polymers obtained usually have high molecular weight, low carboxyl and acetaldehyde content, and can be used for beverage bottle or industrial yarns. Polyesters for textile purposes are manufactured by a melt process. Chemical reactions involved in the solid state polymerization are transesterification, esterification, as well as the diffusion of byproducts. Overall reaction rate was governed by the molecular weight, carboxyl content of prepolymer, crystallinity, particle size, reaction temperature, and time. Prepolymer for solid state polymerization should have intrinsic viscosity 0.4 dL/g or more, density 1.38 g/mL, and minimum dimension 3 mm or less. The reaction temperature could be 200-250°C. When textile grade PET is used as prepolymer, crystallization at 180-190°C for 1-2 h increases the density to 1.38 g/mL. Polymerization at 240-245°C for 3-5 h can raise the intrinsic viscosity to 0.72 dL/g and carboxyl content less than 20 meq/kg. Appropriate reaction conditions are subject to the properties of prepolymers and the design of reactors. Reactor used for solid state polymerization could be vacuum dryer type or stationary bed. The former is suitable for a small capacity and is run batchwise. The latter is a continuous process and is economically feasible for large -scale production.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3453-3466 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of industrial high-density polyethylenes (Liten Macro, Liten FB 29, and Hostalen GM 9255 F) were divided into fractions by precipitation fractionation. The original samples and their fractions were characterized by light scattering, GPC, and viscometry. For all samples the molecular weight distribution is of logarithmic-normal type. High-density polyethylenes under investigation contain also high-molecular-weight fractions of pronouncedly branched structure, the content of branched molecules being, of course, considerably smaller than that in low-density polyethylenes.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3467-3484 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal degradation of high cis-1,4-polyisoprene vulcanizates having different crosslinking structures was investigated by a measurement of weight loss of sample, IR and NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and gas chromatography (GC). The degradation behavior of dicumy peroxide-cured sample is similar to that of the uncrosslinked one. On the other hand, a sulfur-cured sample is very different from the other samples. At the initial stage of the degradation, weight loss in this sample is faster than that in an uncrosslinked one. Furthermore, a microstructural change in this polymer occurring by thermal degradation is also very much larger than microstructural changes in the others. This will be attributed to polythiyl radicals produced by the scission of polysulfide crosslinkages. Although the polyisoprene chain undergoes random scission along the main chain above 473 K under inert gas or in vacuo, a molecular weight distribution of the residue after thermal degradation was broadened as the degradation proceeded. That is to say, the fragments having enormous molecular weight increase together with the production of lower molecular weight compounds. This indicates the occurrence of crosslinking reaction and the addition of polymer radicals to carbon-carbon double bonds in another polymer molecule in the thermal degradation process. Such reactions are thought to take place in the crosslinked polymers, in particular the sulfur-cured polymer, in larger quantities. Thermal degradation mechanisms were discussed in some detail.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3485-3495 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscoelastic properties of short-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites have been studied as a function of temperature and at different levels of adhesion. The effect of adhesion on the viscoelastic properties of the composites has been assessed, and it is found that the increase in adhesion increases the mechanical loss per cycle and modulus. With the increase in temperature the mechanical loss and modulus drop, indicating a possible deterioration of the adhesion at higher temperatures. Presence of carbon black increases the mechanical loss but does not necessarily increase the level of adhesion. The effect of overcuring has also been studied. Complex modulus of the composites displays an exponential behavior with the increase in volume fraction of fiber.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3559-3563 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes were prepared by using azo initiators such as di(4-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate and di(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, one of which contains primary and the other secondary hydroxyl groups. The effects of aliphatic diols and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the presence of dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst, on crosslinking of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups, were studied. Polyurethane elastomers from these polymers are prepared by using different ratios of diols, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and catalyst. Physical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, 100% modulus, and elongation at break of these polymers were studied with a view to compare them with the physical properties of elastomers prepared from ARCO R-45M.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3549-3558 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five methacrylate monomers of methyl (MMA), dimethylaminoethyl (AEMA), 2-chloroethyl (CEMA), 2,3-epoxypropyl (GMA), and 2-hydroxyethyl (HEMA) were graft-polymerized in fine yields onto the calcium carbonate, which surface had been modified with 2,2′-dimethyl-2,2′-azobisbutyronitrile-4,4′-dicarboxyethyl bisdihydrogenphosphate (AZDP). For the GMA and HEMA, styrene (St) was used as a hydrophobic comonomer for convenience to make homopolymers easily removed. The resulting grafted polymers were treated with such reagents: methyl iodide for the poly-AEMA (pAEMA), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaETC) for the poly-CEMA (pCEMA), 2,2′-iminodiethanol for the poly-co-GMA-St (pGMA-St), and m-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate for the poly-co-HEMA-St (pHEMA-St). Diffusive reflectance infrared spectroscopy indicated that these reactions resulted in excellent yields, whereas the detection of the product from NaETC and 6-chlorohexyl dihydrogenphosphate (CHP)-modified calcium carbonate failed. The results of thermal analyses (DSC-TG), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and changes of their surface wettabilities toward water are also discussed.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3527-3548 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with polyfunctional monomers may be crosslinked by ionizing radiation. The physical properties of PVC blended with trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate (TMPTMA) and diundecyl phthalate (DUP) were studied. The TMPTMA monomer crosslinked the blend by homopolymerization and/or grafting to PVC. The plasticizer, DUP, was chemically inert under irradiation but, by plasticizing the macromolecules and diluting the monomer, changed the kinetics extensively. Characteristics of the glass transitions and the tensile mechanical properties have been correlated with blend composition and radiation dose. Before irradiation, poly(vinyl chloride) was plasticized by both DUP and TMPTMA monomer. The increase in glass transition temperature and mechanical strength following irradiation to 5 Mrad was correlated with the TMPTMA content of the blend. Both the molecular structure of the network and the DUP content of the blend were factors in determining the physical properties of the final crosslinked blend. The molecular structure was determined by the kinetics of the crosslinking reactions, which in turn were determined by the blend composition. A molecular interpretation consistent with the physical properties, chemical kinetics, and mechanism of the crosslinking system has been presented.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3565-3572 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with the coupling of polystyrene to a closely packed and highly ordered cationic vinylbenzyl silane (CVBS) on mica. It is shown that a thermal treatment is required for maximum retention of polystyrene on treated mica. Moreover, a thermal treatment at 250°C is much more effective than one at 170°C. The effect of the number of silane monolayers on mica was investigated. In general, one monolayer of CVBS gave optimum retention of polystyrene. The addition of peroxides further improved this retention and at the same time allowed the use of lower treatment temperatures. Some data are presented which consider the importance of the silane solution concentration and silane functional groups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3585-3588 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3607-3610 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Due to the high chain transfer to monomer, the homopolymerization of methacrylamide yields polymers of extremely low molecular weight. On partial alkaline hydrolysis, the viscosities of these polymers in aqueous solution are much inferior to those of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). However, polymethacrylamides prepared by room temperature, persulfate-initiated polymerization in the presence of small amounts of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide demonstrate posthydrolysis reduced viscosities in 0.01% NaCl comparable to typical commercial HPAM materials.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five to six million molecular weight polyacrylamide and polymethacrylamides of comparable post-alkaline hydrolysis viscosities were imidized by dissolution and heating in 6N HCl. After alkaline hydrolysis, the imidized polymers demonstrated significantly better retention of viscosity to 2% NaCl than did similar partially hydrolyzed polymers. Viscosities in 0.01% NaCl and resistance to shear were not markedly affected by this modification. It is assumed that this improved performance in brine is the result of chain stiffening due to intrachain imide rings.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3619-3628 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is observed that the thick portions in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filament differ from the rest in their solution viscosity and birefringence, indicating that they are caused by the inhomogeneity of the polymer melt. To identify the cause of the latter, the PET chips are critically examined. It is found that the waferlike tails on the edge of the PET chips and PET-dust have slightly higher viscosity than the chips. The behavior of the chips and the dust during drying and melt spinning are examined to find whether the dust becomes postpolymerized during drying. Such dried PET-dust exhibits substantially different melting behavior than the chips. The filaments spun from the mixture of chips and PET-dust exhibit significantly higher nonuniformity in properties than the filaments spun from the chips only. It is concluded that the PET-dust entering the extruder with the chips can cause thick portions in the filaments.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3629-3640 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glow discharge polymerizations of tetramethylsilane (TMS) were performed by the capacitive coupling of a 20 kHz frequency in comparison with those by the inductive coupling of a 13.56 MHz frequency. The polymers prepared by the former coupling were poorer in carbon and hydrogen, but richer in silicon than those prepared by the latter coupling. These two polymers showing similar infrared spectra contained CH3, CH2, CH, Si—O—C, Si—O—Si, Si—CH3, and Si—CH2—CH2—Si groups. Some physical properties involving surface energy, thermal stability, and absorption spectra in the regions of the UV and visible light were determined. This coating procedure was applied for surface hardening of a polyethylene sheet. The surface hardness of the polyethylene sheet was enhanced by a coating of plasma films prepared from TMS or the TMS/O2 mixtures. Surface hardness was determined by the pencil method and hardness was enhanced from 2B to 2H. The adhesion between these plasma films and polyethylene sheet was good even when immersed in 0.9% NaCl solution at 40°C for 10 days.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3641-3649 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Retardation spectra, derived from dynamic measurements of extension compliances along three decades on the logarithmic scale of frequencies in standard specimens prepared from a fiber-reinforced composite with their fibers parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimens, have revealed the structure of the matrix material of the composite. The experimental results were used to prove that the physicochemical rearrangements in the vicinity of the inclusions, consisting of restrained development of the macromolecules and especially their side chains due to the presence of the other phase, concentration of voids and dirt, shrinkage stresses developed during curing and creating microcracks (radial as well as along the interface), are activated by the existence of high stress gradients and eventually stress singularities due to the strong adhesion developed between phases.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3651-3663 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Homopolymerization and copolymerization experiments of isobutyl and dodecyl vinyl ether with propylene oxide, and some glycidyl ethers have been carried out by using both conventional cationic initiators (BF3, BF3·OEt2) and 4-chlorophenyldiazonium tetrafluoborate as cationic photoinitiator. Conventional polymerization experiments performed under vacuum at low and room temperature gave rise to a mixture of the two homopolymers, indicating that the epoxide and vinyl ethers are incompatible with respect to chemical reactivity and that apparently no hybrid copolymerization occurs. Analogous results were obtained in parallel photoinitiated polymerization experiments.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photoinduced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto nylon 6 was investigated by using pyridine-bromine (Py-Br2) charge-transfer complex as initiator. The graft yield increased with increasing monomer and initiator concentration at the initial stages, and therefore it decreased. The initiator exponent was computed to be 0.5. The reaction was carried out at three different temperatures, and the overall activation energy was computed. A suitable mechanism has been suggested.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3681-3693 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flammability limits of the gaseous pyrolysates obtained from a series of conventional, flame-retarded, and high-performance textile fabrics have been measured, and the results compared. These data have been utilized to develop a fire hazard index associated with the ignitability and combustibility of the gaseous products of thermal degradation as a result of exposure to a high radiative thermal fire load. Generally, it was found that the high-performance fabrics behaved better than the flame-retarded fabrics, which themselves were superior to untreated materials.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3671-3679 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The novel reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles that are stable at room temperature and convertible into the highly reactive nitrileimines by pyrolysis were prepared and the reactivity for carbon-carbon double bonds was evaluated. Antioxidants, i.e., 2-substituted phenyl-5-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)tetrazoles (PHPT) were prepared with the reaction of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and substituted phenyl diazonium chloride in a mixed solvent of pyridine, ethanol, and water at -10°C to -20°C in 31-61% yields. To evaluate the reactivities of PHPT for carbon-carbon double bonds, m-chloro-substituted PHPT was pyrolyzed in an excess of styrene at 160-170°C for 0.5 h to give the 1-(3′-chlorophenyl)-3-(3″,5″-di-tert-butyl-4″-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-pyridazoline in a 44.1% yield by 1,3-dipolar addition reaction of the nitrileimine formed from the m-chloro-substituted PHPT. The thermogravimetric analysis of a mixture of proton isomer of PHPT and liquid polybutadiene showed that PHPT attached to liquid polybutadiene with an accompanying evolution of nitrogen.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium acid concentrations, [Ae], were determined in butylene adipate and caprolactone polyesters, of low molecular weight, and in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers based on these polyesters. Values of [Ae] of the polyesters at 85°C were 0.7, 1.3, and 3-4 × 10-3 mol/g at relative humidities (RH) of 25%, 50%, and 93%, respectively. [Ae] of the thermoplastic elastomers at 85°C were about 3 and 7 × 10-4 mol/g at 10% and 25% RH, respectively. Values of [Ae] were not very dependent on temperature at constant RH. Equilibrated thermoplastic elastomers had low molecular weights and poor physical properties. Consequently, equilibration does not set a practical limit on hydrolytic degradation, even at low RH. Equations were developed that described the variation in acid content with time. Rate constants for hydrolysis and esterification increased as RH decreased. Reesterification in the elastomers in the absence of water is too slow to be a useful method of decreasing hydrolytic damage.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3793-3808 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG) were crosslinked with divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl) phthalate, anhydride, and bisepoxide to give metal-containing cured rubbers. As the anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride was used, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was the bisepoxide used. As for the physical properties of the cured rubbers obtained, the rubbers containing Mg showed much better physical properties than those containing Ca. In addition, the rubbers with high hard block contents and high overall crosslinking densities exhibited high tensile strength and Shore A hardness, and so did the rubbers having a high degree of crystallinity of the PEG soft block. The occurrence of crystallization became easy as the soft block length became longer and the soft block content became higher, or as the crosslinking density of the hard block became lower. The PEG-based rubbers showed much higher water absorption than the previously reported poly(propylene glycol)-based rubbers, due to the much higher hydrophilicity of the PEG block. Resistance to chemical attack and stress-relaxation are also discussed.
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  • 73
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A21 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Laserhärtung von KolbenringenDie Laserhärtung von Kolbenringen wird beschrieben. Durch das Verfahren wird eine gehärtete Schicht erzeugt, die den Verschleißwiderstand verbessert und somit die Lebensdauer des Kolbenrings erhöht.Im Vergleich zu verchromten oder molybdängespritzten Ringen bietet die neue Technik der Laserhärtung für den Kolbenring eine Reihe von Vorteilen, die niedrige Kosteneinsparung von wertvollen Werkstoffen, geringere Umweltbelastung, Energieeinsparung, einfache Durchführbarkeit und verhältnismäßig einfach zu automatisieren.
    Notes: The laser heat treatment of piston rings is discussed. The hardened layer formed on the surface can increase the wear-resistance and hence the service life on the piston ring.Compared with rings treated by chromium-plating or molybdenum-spraying, the new technique of laser hardening of the piston ring offers many advantages, such as low cost, noble metal saving, no pollution, energy saving, simple working procedure, easy automation production, etc.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Siliciumnitrid: Gefüge, Eigenschaften und neue HerstellungsverfahrenAnhand der Korrelation zwischen einigen wichtigen Gefügeparametern und verschiedenen mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von heißgepreßtem und reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid wird die Forderung nach einer weiteren Verbesserung der Eigenschaften und nach einer ökonomischeren Herstellung von Siliciumnitrid durch Anwendung neuer Verfahren aufgezeigt. Die Aussichten und Probleme bei den verschiedenen neuen Verfahren, dem Sintern von verdichteten Si3N4 - Pulverkörpern, dem Nachsintern von reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid und den verschiedenen Methoden des heißisostatischen Pressens, werden diskutiert.Die Arbeit ist in 2 Teile unterteilt:Teil I: Einfluß des Gefüges auf die mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von Siliciumnitrid.Teil II: Neue Herstellungsverfahren von Siliciumnitrid.In Teil I wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Gefüge und verschiedenen mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von heißgepreßtem und reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert, wie Bruchfestigkeit, Temperaturleitfähigkeit und Thermoschockverhalten. Aufbauend auf dieser Korrelation werden die heutigen Grenzen von Siliciumnitrid für eine breitere Anwendung sowie die Möglichkeiten für eine Optimierung dieser Materialgruppe dargelegt. Diese Diskussion zeigt sehr deutlich, daß es notwendig ist, einige wichtige Eigenschaften weiter zu verbessern und neue Herstellungsverfahren zu entwickeln. In Teil II der Arbeit werden die Entwicklungsrichtungen dieser neuen Herstellungsverfahren für Siliciumnitrid aufgezeigt. Es wird ein Überblick über die in jüngster Zeit erzielten Fortschritte bei der Anwendung dieser Verfahren gegeben. Als Beispiel für ein neues Herstellungsverfahren werden Ergebnisse vom heißisostatischen Pressen von reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert.
    Notes: Based on the correlation of some essential microstructural parameters and various mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of hot-pressed and reaction-bonded silicon nitride, the demand for further improving the properties of silicon nitride and for developing a more economical fabrication of silicon nitride by applying new processing techniques is indicated. Aspects and problem areas of various new techniques, such as sintering of Si3N4-powder compacts and post-sintering of reaction-bonded silicon nitride as well as the various routes of hot-isostatic pressing, are discussed. The paper is divided into two parts:Part I: Microstructural effects on mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties of silicon nitride.Part II: New processing techniques of silicon nitride.In part I the relationship between microstructure and various mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of hot-pressed and reaction-bonded silicon nitride, such as fracture strength, thermal diffusivity and thermal shock resistance, is discussed. On the basis of this correlation today's limits of silicon nitride regarding a broader application, and the possibilities for optimizing this material group are outlined. This discussion demonstrates the necessity of further improving some important properties and of developing new processing techniques. In part II the development lines of these new techniques for silicon nitride processing are discussed and a survey is given of recent progresses in the use of those techniques. As an example of a new processing technique, results of hot-isostatic pressing of reaction-bonded silicon nitride are presented in more detail.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A62 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A68 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A71 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A74 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A81 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 58-64 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion in Carboxylic Acids - Part I: The Application of Radionuclide Techniques and impedance Spectrometry in Corrosion Studies of Metallic MaterialsWithin the „Corrosion and Protection“ research and development program, studies have been conducted on the corrosion of metals in low carboxylic acids. A radionuclide method has been employed to measure corrosive abrasion, and the technique of impedance spectrometry has been used to trace the electrochemical corrosion reactions.In this first communication, these methods of measurement are described and their uses and the kinds of information to be obtained from them are discussed. The corrosion systems studied, i.e., some high-alloy steel grades and nickel base alloys in formic acid and acetic acid with a number of additives, are indicated.
    Notes: Im Rahmen des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprogramms „Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz“ wurden Untersuchungen zur Korrosion von Metallen in niederen Carbonsäuren durchgeführt. Dabei wurden zur Messung des Korrosionsabtrages ein radionuklidtechnisches Verfahren und zur Verfolgung der elektrochemischen Korrosionsreaktionen die Methode der Impedanzspektrometrie eingesetzt.In dieser ersten Mitteilung werden diese angewendeten Meßmethoden beschrieben, sowie ihre Einsatzmöglichkeiten und die Art der zu gewinnenden Aussagen erörtert. Die untersuchten Korrosionssysteme - einige hochlegierte Stähle und Nickelbasislegierungen in Ameisen- und in Essigsäure mit verschiedenen Zusätzen - werden angegeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 64-69 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Plastic Properties of Silicon Single Crystals in Dependence of Temperature and Dislocation DensityThe yield strength of [111]-orientated silicon single crystals showed a logarithmic dependence on temperature. Theoretical calculations carried out by van Bueren predicted these relationships. However Haasen postulated and Siethoff obtained experimentally for silicon a power law dependence of yield strength on strain rate. This discrepance can be explained by differences in dislocation multiplication and dislocation glide processes in dislocation-free and dislocation-containing material for multiple slip.
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen an den [111]-orientierten Siliciumeinkristallen ergaben in Übereinstimmung mit dem Streckgrenzenmodell von van Bueren eine logarithmische Abhängigkeit der Streckgrenze von der Abgleitgeschwindigkeit und eine exponentielle von der Temperatur. Im Gegensatz dazu stehen die von Haasen postulierte und von Siethoff an Silicium bestätigte exponentielle Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit. Diese Diskrepanz läßt sich durch unterschiedliche Versetzungsmultiplikation und Versetzungswanderung in versetzungsfreiem und versetzungsbehaftetem Material unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrfachgleitung erklären.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A28 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 350-356 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A36 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 109-115 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Shot Peening and Fatigue StrengthThe most important factors of shot peening treatments for steels are described and the structural changes occuring in the shot peened surface areas are discussed. Characteristic examples show how shot peening treatments are changing the surface topography, the workhardening and the residual stress state as well as the retained austenite content in the very surface and in subsurface areas. The consequences of those structural changes for the fatigue behavior are outlined. Thereby, the separate consideration of the materials states is useful: soft (hardness ≲ 250 HV), medium (hardness 350 to 500 HV) and hard (hardness ≳ 650 HV). In this way general valid indications are possible about those shot peening treatments which as a consequence of topographic, strain hardening and residual stress effects give the best fatigue behavior.
    Notes: Nach der Beschreibung wichtiger Kugelstrahlparameter werden die in der Oberfläche und in den oberflächennahen Bereichen gestrahlter Eisenbasiswerkstoffe auftretenden Zustandsänderungen erörtert. Anhand charakteristischer Beispiele wird gezeigt, wie sich neben der Oberflächentopographie die Verfestigungs- und Eigenspannungszustände sowie die Restaustenitgehalte nahe der Werkstoffoberfläche durch Strahlbehandlungen verändern lassen. Danach werden die Auswirkungen strahlbedingter Werkstoffveränderungen auf das Dauerschwingverhalten diskutiert. Dabei erweist es sich hinsichtlich der erzielbaren Wechselfestigkeitssteigerungen als zweckmäßig, weiche (〈 250 HV), mittelharte (350 HV bis 500 HV) und harte (≳ 650 HV) Werkstoffzustände getrennt zu betrachten. Auf diese Weise sind allgemeingültige Angaben über die Kugelstrahlbehandlungen möglich, die Kombinationen aus Topographie, Verfestigung und Eigenspannungen mit bestem Dauerschwingverhalten ergeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 135-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Silicon carbide (SiSiC), a new material for mechanical engineeringThe state of the art of components made from SiSiC (=reaction sintered, free silicon-containing silicon carbide) is presented. Physical, mechanical properties, resistance against corrosion, methods of joining, costs, and future applications are discussed.
    Notes: Der Stand der Entwicklung großformatiger Bauteile aus SiSiC (mit Silizium infiltriertes, reaktionsgebundes Siliziumcarbid) für den Apparatebau wird vorgestellt. Werkstoffeigenschaften, Korrosionsverhalten, Fügetechnik, Kosten und Anwendungen werden diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A48 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 141-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of Grey Cast Iron in Concentrated Sulphuric AcidThe Pauling process of regenerating spent sulphuric acid is an example of industrial application of the corrosion resistance of grey cast iron in boiling strong sulphuric acid. The corrosion behaviour of cast iron in boiling sulphuric acid depends on the corrosion potential. At a high corrosion potential, the material shows a stable passive state.In a study on the influence of the alloy components Si, Cu and Sn on the corrosion resistance of grey cast iron, the following results were derived:In the active state, cast iron containing more than 1,4-1,5% Si exhibits a corrosion maximum in 97% boiling sulphuric acid, whereas alloyed grey cast iron with low Si content displays in the active state better corrosion behaviour over the whole concentration range from 93-98% H2SO4.When the alloyed cast iron is in the passive state, corrosion resistance increases as the silicon content is reduced and the sulphuric acid concentration is raised.
    Notes: Die Beständigkeit von grauem Gußeisen in siedender konzentrierter Schwefelsäure findet im Pauling-Verfahren zur Regeneration von Abfallschwefelsäure technische Anwendung. Das Korrosionsverhalten des Gußeisens in der siedenden Säure ist abhängig vom Korrosionspotential. Bei hohem Korrosionspotential tritt Passivität des Materials ein.In einer Untersuchung konnte der Einfluß der Legierungsbestandteile Si, Cu und Sn auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Grauguß geklärt werden:Gußeisen, das mehr als 1,4-1,5% Si enthält, zeigt im aktiven Zustand in 97%iger siedender Schwefelsäure ein Korrosionsmaximum. Demgegenüber weist Si-armer, legierter Grauguß im aktiven Zustand für den ganzen Konzentrationsbereich von 93-98% H2SO4 besseres Korrosionsverhalten auf.Im passiven Zustand des legierten Gußeisens steigt die Korrosionsbeständigkeit mit abnehmendem Si-Gehalt des Materials und zunehmender H2SO4-Konzentration an.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 175-177 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 179-180 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A60 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 201-207 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamental Properties for the Design with Engineering CeramicsWithin the class of technical ceramics a new group of high quality materials has been developed, called “engineering ceramics”. A definition is given, some of their properties and future applications for mechanical design are pointed out. Comparing to the fundamental properties and definitions known for metallic materials the distinctions and different approach for the design with engineering ceramics are discussed.
    Notes: Unter den technischen keramischen Werkstoffen zeichnet sich eine Gruppe hochwertiger Materialien aus, für die die Bezeichnung „Ingenieurkeramik“ geprägt worden ist. Dieser neue Begriff wird definiert. Eigenschaften und mögliche Anwendungen im Maschinen- und Apparatebau werden vorgestellt. An Hand üblicher, relevanter Begriffe aus der Werkstoffkunde werden die Unterschiede zwischen metallischen Werkstoffen und Ingenieurkeramik und die daraus resultierende andere Vorgehensweise beim konstruktiven Entwurf diskutiert.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Teil II: Neue Herstellungstechniken von SiliciumnitridIn Teil I wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Gefüge und verschiedenen mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von heißgepreßtem und reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert, wie Bruchfestigkeit, Temperaturleitfähigkeit und Thermoschockverhalten. Aufbauend auf dieser Korrelation wurden die heutigen Grenzen von Siliciumnitrid für eine breitere Anwendung sowie die Möglichkeiten für eine Optimierung dieser Materialgruppe dargelegt. Diese Diskussion zeigt sehr deutlich, daß es notwendig ist, einige wichtige Eigenschaften weiter zu verbessern und neue Herstellungs-techniken zu entwickeln. In Teil II der Arbeit werden die Entwicklungsrichtungen dieser neuen Herstellungstechniken für Siliciumnitrid aufgezeigt. Es wird ein Überblick über die in jüngster Zeit erzielten Fortschritte bei der Anwendung dieser Techniken gegeben. Als Beispiel einer neuen Herstellungstechnik werden Ergebnisse vom heißisostatischen Pressen von reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert.
    Notes: In part I of this paper the relationship between microstructure and various mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of hot-pressed and reaction-bonded silicon nitride, such as fracture strength, thermal diffusivity and thermal shock resistance, was discussed. On the basis of this correlation today's limits of silicon nitride regarding a broader application and the possibilities for optimizing this material group were outlined. This discussion demonstrates the necessity of further improving some important properties and of developing new processing techniques. In part II the development lines of these new techniques for silicon nitride processing are discussed and a survey is given of recent progresses in the use of those techniques. As an example of a new processing technique, results of hot-isostatic pressing of reaction-bonded silicon nitride are presented in more detail.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 207-219 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Comparison of Service Spectrum Test Results with Aid of the Relative-Miner-RuleSome examples of using the Relative-Miner-Rule for comparison of different test results are given in the paper. The tests were performed with not identical aircraft loading spectra on different joints in different laboratories. A conversion of test results with aid of the Relative-Miner-Rule in comparable fatigue life parameters (e. g. Number of flights) for a common loading frequency distribution is possible, if S-N lines of the joints are experimentally established. A comparison of the fatigue life of riveted joints, pin-lug joints and notched specimens in the cases of TWIST and FALSTAFF was discussed. The comparison showed that the relative location of the corresponding endurance lines depends on the type of loading frequency distribution and on the magnitude of the largest loading cycles. The application areas of the Relative-Miner-Rule were analysed in detail from the viewpoint of the effect of loading spectrum modifications, material variations, type of component, specimen size and of calculation input data.
    Notes: Es wurden Beispiele für die Anwendung der Relativ-Miner-Regel zum Vergleich von Versuchsergebnissen gegeben. Diese Versuche wurden für unterschiedliche Flugzeug-Lastkollektive an Fügungen in verschiedenen Labors durchgeführt. Bei bekannten Wöhlerlinien von Fügungen lassen sich die Versuchsergebnisse auf vergleichbare Lebensdauerparameter (z. B. Flugzahlen) für eine gemeinsame Häufigkeitsverteilung mit Hilfe der Relativ-Miner-Regel umrechnen. Ein Vergleich der Lebensdauer bei TWIST und FALSTAFF wurde für Nietverbindungen, Augenstäbe und Kerbproben durchgeführt. Eine Gegenüberstellung der Lebensdauerlinien von Kerbstäben und Fügungen zeigt, daß sich die Lage dieser Linien untereinander mit der Art der Häufigkeitsverteilung und der Höhe der maximalen Lastamplitude verändern kann. Der Anwendungsbereich der Relativ-Miner-Regel in Bezug auf Häufigkeitsverteilung, Werkstoff, Bauteilart, Probengröße und Berechnungsunterlagen wurde ausführlich analysiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A66 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 253-257 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Gaslegieren mittels LaseraufheizungStähle lassen sich durch eine Laser-Wärmebehandlung härten. Eine Änderung der Oberflächenzusammensetzung bewirkt eine Erhöhung der Härtbarkeit. Indem die Laserbehandlung in einer geeigneten Atmosphäre durchgeführt wird, kann die Zusammensetzung während des Härtevorgangs simultan verändert werden. Dies wird an zwei Stählen in verschiedenen Atmosphären Argon, Luft, Stickstoff, CO2 und Acetylen gezeigt.
    Notes: Laser heat treatment can be used to harden steel. By changing the surface composition the hardenability can be increased. The surface composition can be changed most simply by carrying out the Laser treatment in an appropriate atmosphere. This is demonstrated by variously treating two steels in argon, air, nitrogen, CO2 and acetylene.
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