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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of fiber arrangement and contiguity in composite materials by image analysis (1990)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 11 (1990), S. 274-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The overall objective of this research was to correlate the processing - fiber arrangement - properties relationships of composites. In order to do this, an experimental technique to quantitatively characterize the fiber arrangement was developed. Using this technique, the compression molded graphite/epoxy composites, CMC, were found to have a standard deviation of fiber spacing of about twice the value of those from the simulated random composites, SRC. The standard deviation of fiber volume fraction for CMC was about 4 times the value of SRC. In other words, the fibers in this laboratory CMC were poorly distributed relative to SRC.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750110504
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epoxy resins: Effect of extent of mixing on properties (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3503-3511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Inhomogeneities observed in cured epoxy resins by several workers appear to be related to the effectiveness of mixing the reactants. This mixing effectiveness also has an effect on the softening temperature Tg, of DETA cured resins, of as much as 10°C. Improved mixing of both DETA and Versamid 140 cured systems resulted in substantial ultimate strength improvement, in agreement with other recent results. Samples were mixed by hand, by a concentric cylinder mechanical mixer, and by application of an electrical filed between the cylinders of the mechanical mixer while mechanical mixing was in progress.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270926
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of internal energy contribution to the thermoelasticity of natural rubber during compression by use of a thermomechanical analyzer (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2865-2874 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for measuring the internal energy change of elastomers under compression is demonstrated using a conventional thermomechanical analyzer. The method is rapid and convenient and has a major advantage in that only a very small sample is required. Results are reported for natural rubber cured with two different crosslinking agents. The results are compared with previous work on similar materials in tension and torsion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070181001
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal degradation of polycaprolactones (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) were utilized as the sole carbon source by five of six fungi tested by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) agar plate method. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Chaetomium globosum, Pencillium funiculosum, and a Fusarium sp. Quantitative analysis of degradation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC analysis demonstrated differences between the activities of organisms which appeared similar by the ASTM method, and showed that, while all molecular weight species within each polymer were hydrolyzed, in several cases low molecular weight end products were not assimilated. Depending on the organism, the dominant factor determining degradability was either polymer molecular weight or degree of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280128
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dye leveling in PET fibers. I. The effect of fiber morphology and carrier (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1195-1209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Migration of dye from darker fibers to lighter ones was quantitively studied by placing fibers dyed to equilibrium with undyed ones in a common bath, measuring dye concentrations in the fibers as a function of time. 2X, 4X, and 6X fibers were heat-set and boiled before the experiment. Disperse red 15 was the dye, and 13 g/L benzoic acid was used as a carrier in some of the tests. Structural measurements indicated a glass transition temperature reduction of ca. 20°C in the presence of the carrier, with a large corresponding increase in dye diffusivity and migration rate. At long times (7-22 h) however, the diffusivity decreased because of a 4-5% increase in crystallinity. The rates of leveling corresponded to the diffusivities, confirming that leveling for a given dye is controlled by polymer molecular mobility. It was possible to reverse the carrier effect by boiling the fibers in a bath containing no carrier. Pretreatment of the fibers with carrier was ineffective; it was necessary for carriers to be present in the leveling bath. In the absence of carrier, the Tg was above the dyeing temperature and diffusion and migration were very slow. Voids formed by the previous presence of carrier, observed by small angle X-ray scattering, tended to collapse. This resulted in migration behavior similar to fibers not exposed to benzoic acid.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300324
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dye leveling in PET fibers. II. Mathematical model (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1679-1693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model is developed for the dye leveling process. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical data supports the validity of the proposed model. Also, the applicability of the proposed model is shown through its effectiveness in predicting leveling times, when the working temperature is above the Tg of the fibers. The results demonstrate that chain mobility is a prerequisite for rapid leveling, and that morphological changes in the fiber during the migration process are important and must be considered.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300433
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective degradation of nylon 6,6. I. Description of the degradation technique and preliminary morphological characterization (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A technique for the selective degradation of amorphous regions in nylon 6,6 is reported. Samples of unoriented film and single-crystal mats have been subjected to selective degradation by refluxing in hydrazine. Weight loss, viscosity-average molecular weight, density, and small-angle x-ray scattering of these samples were monitored as a function of time of degradation. In addition, selected samples have been investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the results of these investigations it is concluded that the reported degradation technique is unique in that the debris is not monodisperse in molecular weight distribution. The Weight loss, density, small-angle x-ray scattering, and microscopy data demonstrate that the unordered or noncrystalline regions of the material are removed upon treatement. However, the relatively high molecular weight and broad molecular weight distribution of the debris indicate that regular folds at lamellar surfaces are intact after degradation treatment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of tribromophenyl maleimide with styrene (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 671-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: emulsion ; copolymerization ; tribromophenyl maleimide ; styrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Emulsion copolymerization of Tribromophenyl Maleimide (TBPMI) and styrene was conducted by semi-batch and batch processes. The effects of monomer composition and copolymerization method on copolymerization rate, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, latex particle size and size distribution, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal stability and mechanical properties were investigated. A kinetic study has shown that the rate of copolymerization in the batch process increased with increasing TBPMI content in the monomer feed. For the semi-batch polymerized samples, molecular weight decreased and molecular weight distribution increased with increasing TBPMI content in the monomer feed. For the batch polymerized samples, molecular weight also decreased but no obvious tendency was observed for the molecular weight distribution when TBPMI content increased. Compared with the batch copolymers, the semi-batch copolymers have a higher molecular weight at the same initial monomer mixture composition. Latex particle size decreased, while particle size distribution slightly increased with increasing TBPMI content in both semi-batch and batch latices. The semi-batch samples exhibit only a single Tg, the value of which increses linearly with increasing TBPMI content. For the batch copolymers, two Tgs were found, reflecting a mixture of styrene-rich and TBPMI-rich copolymer chains. TGA results indicate that the thermal stability of the semi-batch copolymers increased with increasing TBPMI concentration. Young's and flexural moduli increased, while tensile and flexural strengths decreased by increasing the TBPMI content for both the semi-batch and batch specimens. The semi-batch specimens have higher tensile and flexural strenghts than the batch ones.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1995.220061005
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between dynamic mechanical properties and melting behavior of nylon 66 and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1059-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 66 films exhibiting form I melting behavior show the γ mechanical relaxation at -140°C. Samples which have form II melting behavior do not show this relaxation. The γ relaxation disappears when material having form I behavior is converted to material having form II behavior by annealing or by cold drawing. The form I and form II types of melting behavior are also found in poly(ethylene terephthalate); the interconversions and thermal behavior of the forms are analogous to the nylon 66 case. In poly(ethylene terephthalate), the β relaxation at -40 to -60°C is present only when form I melting behavior is found. Conversion to form II melting behavior by annealing or drawing (80°C) again causes the relaxation to disappear. No β relaxation was found in amorphous polymer. The γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) can therefore be associated with the crystalline structure responsible for form I melting behavior. Form I melting behavior has been associated with foldedchain crystals based on previous work. It is therefore postulated that the γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) are associated with motions in the chain folds. This assignment is not inconsistent with the change in the γ dispersion of nylon 66 with the number of backbone CH2 units, since these will affect the fold structure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.160070607
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of a typical amine-cured epoxy resin (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 417-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A technique for estimating Mc, the molecular weight between crosslinks, of amine-cured epoxy resins is described. The technique is based upon the stoichiometry of the curing reaction and the amount of primary amino and epoxy groups remaining in the polymer at a given time. The Mc values so calculated are shown to be consistent with Mc results obtained from separate measurements of swelling and the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ1 for the range of polymer concentration in which both measurements could be obtained. A means of estimating the relative reaction rates of the primary and secondary amino groups with the epoxy groups is given. Under proper curing conditions the amine-epoxy reaction goes very nearly to completion. The presence or absence of an exotherm has no noticeable effect on the course of the reaction between bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin (Epon 828) and methylene dianiline.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080308
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