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  • 1
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    Crystal structure of the long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: The mechanisms by which hydrophobic molecules, such as long-chain fatty acids, enter cells are poorly understood. In Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide layer in the outer membrane is an efficient barrier for fatty acids and aromatic hydrocarbons destined for biodegradation. We report crystal structures of the long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL from Escherichia coli at 2.6 and 2.8 angstrom resolution. FadL forms a 14-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by a central hatch domain. The structures suggest that hydrophobic compounds bind to multiple sites in FadL and use a transport mechanism that involves spontaneous conformational changes in the hatch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van den Berg, Bert -- Black, Paul N -- Clemons, William M Jr -- Rapoport, Tom A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1506-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lvandenberg@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Fatty Acid Transport Proteins ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Coordination of meiotic recombination, pairing, and synapsis by PHS1 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Pairing, synapsis, and recombination are prerequisites for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. The phs1 gene in maize is required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. In the phs1 mutant, homologous chromosome synapsis is completely replaced by synapsis between nonhomologous partners. The phs1 gene is also required for installation of the meiotic recombination machinery on chromosomes, as the mutant almost completely lacks chromosomal foci of the recombination protein RAD51. Thus, in the phs1 mutant, synapsis is uncoupled from recombination and pairing. The protein encoded by the phs1 gene likely acts in a multistep process to coordinate pairing, recombination, and synapsis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pawlowski, Wojciech P -- Golubovskaya, Inna N -- Timofejeva, Ljudmilla -- Meeley, Robert B -- Sheridan, William F -- Cande, W Zacheus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. wpawlows@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Plant/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Genes, Plant ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods ; *Meiosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics ; Rad51 Recombinase ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Synaptonemal Complex/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Telomere/physiology ; Zea mays/*genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    RNAi-mediated targeting of heterochromatin by the RITS complex (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: RNA interference (RNAi) is a widespread silencing mechanism that acts at both the posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. Here, we describe the purification of an RNAi effector complex termed RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing) that is required for heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast. The RITS complex contains Ago1 (the fission yeast Argonaute homolog), Chp1 (a heterochromatin-associated chromodomain protein), and Tas3 (a novel protein). In addition, the complex contains small RNAs that require the Dicer ribonuclease for their production. These small RNAs are homologous to centromeric repeats and are required for the localization of RITS to heterochromatic domains. The results suggest a mechanism for the role of the RNAi machinery and small RNAs in targeting of heterochromatin complexes and epigenetic gene silencing at specific chromosomal loci.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verdel, Andre -- Jia, Songtao -- Gerber, Scott -- Sugiyama, Tomoyasu -- Gygi, Steven -- Grewal, Shiv I S -- Moazed, Danesh -- R01 GM072805/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072805-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):672-6. Epub 2004 Jan 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Argonaute Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/metabolism ; Endoribonucleases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Genes, Reporter ; Heterochromatin/*metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonuclease III/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    An engineered pathway for the formation of protein disulfide bonds (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: We have engineered a pathway for the formation of disulfide bonds. By imposing evolutionary pressure, we isolated mutations that changed thioredoxin, which is a monomeric disulfide reductase, into a [2Fe-2S] bridged dimer capable of catalyzing O2-dependent sulfhydryl oxidation in vitro. Expression of the mutant protein in Escherichia coli with oxidizing cytoplasm and secretion via the Tat pathway restored disulfide bond formation in strains that lacked the complete periplasmic oxidative machinery (DsbA and DsbB). The evolution of [2Fe-2S] thioredoxin illustrates how mutations within an existing scaffold can add a cofactor and markedly change protein function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masip, Lluis -- Pan, Jonathan L -- Haldar, Suranjana -- Penner-Hahn, James E -- DeLisa, Matthew P -- Georgiou, George -- Bardwell, James C A -- Collet, Jean-Francois -- GM-38047/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-55090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-57039/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-64662/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR01633/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1185-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cysteine/analysis ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Disulfides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Hirudins/chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/analysis ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Movement ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sulfides/analysis ; Thioredoxins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The structure and receptor binding properties of the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in about 20 million deaths. This enormous impact, coupled with renewed interest in emerging infections, makes characterization of the virus involved a priority. Receptor binding, the initial event in virus infection, is a major determinant of virus transmissibility that, for influenza viruses, is mediated by the hemagglutinin (HA) membrane glycoprotein. We have determined the crystal structures of the HA from the 1918 virus and two closely related HAs in complex with receptor analogs. They explain how the 1918 HA, while retaining receptor binding site amino acids characteristic of an avian precursor HA, is able to bind human receptors and how, as a consequence, the virus was able to spread in the human population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gamblin, S J -- Haire, L F -- Russell, R J -- Stevens, D J -- Xiao, B -- Ha, Y -- Vasisht, N -- Steinhauer, D A -- Daniels, R S -- Elliot, A -- Wiley, D C -- Skehel, J J -- AI-13654/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1838-42. Epub 2004 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Birds ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*chemistry/*metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Influenza A virus/*immunology/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/*virology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Virus/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Mutations in a human ROBO gene disrupt hindbrain axon pathway crossing and morphogenesis (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The mechanisms controlling axon guidance are of fundamental importance in understanding brain development. Growing corticospinal and somatosensory axons cross the midline in the medulla to reach their targets and thus form the basis of contralateral motor control and sensory input. The motor and sensory projections appeared uncrossed in patients with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). In patients affected with HGPPS, we identified mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which shares homology with roundabout genes important in axon guidance in developing Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse. Like its murine homolog Rig1/Robo3, but unlike other Robo proteins, ROBO3 is required for hindbrain axon midline crossing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jen, Joanna C -- Chan, Wai-Man -- Bosley, Thomas M -- Wan, Jijun -- Carr, Janai R -- Rub, Udo -- Shattuck, David -- Salamon, Georges -- Kudo, Lili C -- Ou, Jing -- Lin, Doris D M -- Salih, Mustafa A M -- Kansu, Tulay -- Al Dhalaan, Hesham -- Al Zayed, Zayed -- MacDonald, David B -- Stigsby, Bent -- Plaitakis, Andreas -- Dretakis, Emmanuel K -- Gottlob, Irene -- Pieh, Christina -- Traboulsi, Elias I -- Wang, Qing -- Wang, Lejin -- Andrews, Caroline -- Yamada, Koki -- Demer, Joseph L -- Karim, Shaheen -- Alger, Jeffry R -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Deller, Thomas -- Sicotte, Nancy L -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Baloh, Robert W -- Engle, Elizabeth C -- DC00162/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC05524/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- EY12498/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY13583/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15298/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15311/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH60233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL066251/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1509-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jjen@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Axons/*physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata/growth & development/pathology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways ; Ophthalmoplegia/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhombencephalon/*growth & development/pathology ; Scoliosis/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Syndrome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Use of CD134 as a primary receptor by the feline immunodeficiency virus (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces a disease similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats, yet in contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CD4 is not the viral receptor. We identified a primary receptor for FIV as CD134 (OX40), a T cell activation antigen and costimulatory molecule. CD134 expression promotes viral binding and renders cells permissive for viral entry, productive infection, and syncytium formation. Infection is CXCR4-dependent, analogous to infection with X4 strains of HIV. Thus, despite the evolutionary divergence of the feline and human lentiviruses, both viruses use receptors that target the virus to a subset of cells that are pivotal to the acquired immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimojima, Masayuki -- Miyazawa, Takayuki -- Ikeda, Yasuhiro -- McMonagle, Elizabeth L -- Haining, Hayley -- Akashi, Hiroomi -- Takeuchi, Yasuhiro -- Hosie, Margaret J -- Willett, Brian J -- R01 AI49765-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1192-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/virology ; Cats ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Library ; HIV/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, OX40 ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Reflectins: the unusual proteins of squid reflective tissues (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: A family of unusual proteins is deposited in flat, structural platelets in reflective tissues of the squid Euprymna scolopes. These proteins, which we have named reflectins, are encoded by at least six genes in three subfamilies and have no reported homologs outside of squids. Reflectins possess five repeating domains, which are highly conserved among members of the family. The proteins have a very unusual composition, with four relatively rare residues (tyrosine, methionine, arginine, and tryptophan) comprising approximately 57% of a reflectin, and several common residues (alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine) occurring in none of the family members. These protein-based reflectors in squids provide a marked example of nanofabrication in animal systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crookes, Wendy J -- Ding, Lin-Lin -- Huang, Qing Ling -- Kimbell, Jennifer R -- Horwitz, Joseph -- McFall-Ngai, Margaret J -- NEI R01 EY3897/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 A150661/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):235-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii-Manoa, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; DNA, Complementary ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*chemistry/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Immunoblotting ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Light ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*analysis/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification ; Sequence Alignment ; Solubility
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Evolution. Epistasis in RNA viruses (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michalakis, Yannis -- Roze, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1492-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS IRD 2724, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. yannis.michalakis@mpl.ird.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics ; HIV-1/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Evidence for positive epistasis in HIV-1 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Reproductive strategies such as sexual reproduction and recombination that involve the shuffling of parental genomes for the production of offspring are ubiquitous in nature. However, their evolutionary benefit remains unclear. Many theories have identified potential benefits, but progress is hampered by the scarcity of relevant data. One class of theories is based on the assumption that mutations affecting fitness exhibit negative epistasis. Retroviruses recombine frequently and thus provide a unique opportunity to test these theories. Using amino acid sequence data and fitness values from 9466 human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates, we find in contrast to these theories strong statistical evidence for a predominance of positive epistasis in HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- Chappey, Colombe -- Parkin, Neil T -- Whitcomb, Jeanette M -- Petropoulos, Christos J -- R43 AI050321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI057068/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1547-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolution, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. seb@env.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Software ; Virus Replication
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