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  • Angiosperms  (97)
  • Springer  (97)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1990-1994  (78)
  • 1980-1984  (19)
  • 1990  (78)
  • 1983  (19)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (97)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Annual Reviews
Years
  • 1990-1994  (78)
  • 1980-1984  (19)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asphodelus tenuifolius andA. fistulosus (Liliaceae) are morphologically, genetically, and biologically different species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelus tenuifolius ; A. fistulosus ; Cytogenetics ; electrophoretics ; morphology ; duplication genes ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biological analysis of six populations ofAsphodelus tenuifolius and 12 populations ofA. fistulosus has confirmed that they are separate species. Both their floral structures (length of the tepals, stamens, anthers and style) and also their pollen size are clearly different.A. tenuifolius has only the 2n = 28 chromosome race, whileA. fistulosus has 2n = 28 and 2n = 56.A. tenuifolius is genetically less variable thanA. fistulosus and they have different electrophoretic mobilities. Gene duplication phenomena exist in the 2n = 28 level of both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935979
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozyme and life history variation in five northwardly colonizing North American weed species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Abutilon theophrasti ; Datura stramonium ; Panicum miliaceum ; Sorghum halepense ; Setaria faberi ; Weeds ; allozymes ; life history ; variation ; Flora of N. America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships of allozyme and life history variation in a particularly narrow ecological setting are studied. Levels of genetic variation are compared in five introduced, predominantly selfing weedy species that are undergoing rapid range expansion northward in eastern N. America, mostly in monocultures of soybean and maize. In all of these species, a low level of allozyme variation contrasts sharply with the substantial inter- and intrapopulational variation in morphological and phenological life history features. Evolutionary and historical factors, determining variability of the species examined are reviewed, including founder effects, breeding system, environmental homogeneity, polyploidy, domestication, and crop-weed interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935983
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemo- and karyotaxonomic studies on some rhizomatous species of the genusSymphytum (Boraginaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum tuberosum complex ; S. grandiflorum agg ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; triterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InS. tuberosum subspp.tuberosum andnodosum, S. grandiflorum andS. ibericum the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, echimidine and symphytine could be demonstrated. The taxonS. tuberosum contains an unknown compound that seems to be specific for this taxon. This compound is not the pyrrolizidine alkaloid anadoline which has previously been reported for this species. It is possibly represented by a peak on GC/MS with a molecular ion peak at m/z 623 (as TMS derivative) and can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for the speciesS. tuberosum. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid pattern of the two subspecies ofS. tuberosum reinforces the close relationship. Fresh material ofS. tuberosum contained the triterpene isobauerenol, but in herbarium material isobauerenol was lacking. InS. grandiflorum, neither fresh nor dried material contains isobauerenol. In herbarium material ofS. ibericum also no isobauerenol could be found. More extensive chemotaxonomical research is necessary to support the view thatS. abchasicum is more closely related toS. ibericum than toS. grandiflorum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935982
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Investigations into the evolutionary history of theAntennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; A. rosea ; Agamic complex ; agamospermy ; asexual reproduction ; clonal organism ; dioecy ; morphology ; numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; polyploidy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria rosea polyploid agamic complex is one of the most morphologically diverse and widespread complexes of N. AmericanAntennaria. The group is taxonomically confusing because of numerous agamospermous microspecies, having been recognized as distinct species. Morphometric analyses have demonstrated that the primary source of morphological variability in the complex derives from six sexually reproducing progenitors,A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemona, andA. umbrinella. Additionally, two other sexually reproducing species,A. marginata andA. rosulata, may have contributed to the genetic complexity of theA. rosea complex. Cluster analysis indicates that four discrete morphological groups exist within theA. rosea complex. Each group could be the result of predominance of genes from different groups of sexual progenitors. AsA. rosea is of multiple hybrid origin, from among several sexual progenitors, it is advisable to recognizeA. rosea as a distinct species from its sexual progenitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935988
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  • 5
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    Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 123-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Geographic variation ; clinal variation ; principal component analysis ; correlation coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937672
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Chromosome number of theOxalis tuberosa alliance (Oxalidaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis tuberosa alliance ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve taxa of theOxalis tuberosa alliance were analysed and found to share the same basic chromosome number x = 8. The karyotypes are composed by small metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Different ploidy levels were found among the taxa: there were 9 diploids, 1 tetraploid, 1 hexaploid and 1 octoploid. The last ploidy level corresponds toO. tuberosa, the only tuber bearing taxon found so far in the alliance. Cytotaxonomic evidence and evolutionary considerations suggest to classify theO. tuberosa alliance in sect.Herrerea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935981
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  • 7
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    Buzz-pollination in three nectariferousBoraginaceae and possible evolution of buzz-pollinated flowers (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Onosma gigantea ; Trichodesma africana ; Trichodesma boissieri ; Buzz-pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Buzz-pollination was observed in three nectariferousBoraginaceae spp.:Onosma gigantea Lam.,Trichodesma africana (L.)R. Br. andT. boissieri Post. An evolutionary pathway from usual nectariferous flowers to typical buzz-pollinated flowers is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935985
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  • 8
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    Phylogenetic relationships and gene flow between sympatric diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata (Gramineae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 81-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Festuceae ; Dactylis glomerata ; Enzymatic markers ; phenology ; interploid exchanges ; autopolyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships between sympatric, morphologically indistinguishable diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae) in Galicia (Spain) were assessed using allozyme markers for 6 distinct systems. The study exploited recent introduction in Galicia and subsequent hybridization of an alien 4xDactylis subspecies possessing distinct allozymes from those of all the native plants. Opportunities for gene exchanges between the ploidies were estimated from in situ observations of flowering, examination of progenies in 2x/4x natural and experimental crosses, and enzyme analyses. Results show a high genetic similarity between the Galician diploids and tetraploids, which possess peculiar alleles in common. Although the ploidy levels usually have distinct flowering periods, interploidal crosses do occasionally occur. Gene flow is likely much more important from the diploid to the tetraploid level. A good genetic intermixing occurs between the Galician and the alien tetraploid entities which have simultaneous flowering. Autopolyploidization of the diploids followed by various rates of hybridization is proposed as one very probable origin of natural tetraploids inDactylis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935987
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  • 9
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    The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, A. rosea, andA. umbrinella (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 151-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria alborosea ; A. corymbosa ; A. marginata ; A. microphylla ; A. parvifolia ; A. rosea ; A. umbrinella ; Taxonomy ; multivariate morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937673
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Transfer cells and lipid droplets of someValerianaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 37-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Valerianaceae ; Transfer cells ; lignification ; lipid droplets ; oil cells ; tannins ; Development ; structure ; axial distribution ; transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development, structure and the axial distribution of transfer cells and their lignification were investigated inValerianella locusta, Valeriana officinalis, andV. tuberosa (Valerianaceae). Fundamental new results are: (1) Transfer cells often contain numerous lipid droplets. Within the stem the distribution of cells containing lipid droplets correlates to that of transfer cells. (2) InValeriana officinalis persisting protuberances are frequently found on pit membranes of xylem transfer cells. Lignified transfer cells can undergo a second modification: a layer covering the secondary wall forms wall ingrowths similar to those of transfer cells. (3) Peripheral pith cells, abuting transfer cells, are able to modify into transfer cells. Cambial derivatives are only temporarily developed as transfer cells. (4) Phloem transfer cells are found in vascular bundles of the whole axis. (5) In roots, xylem transfer cells are poorly developed or absent. (6) Oil cells with oil bodies are present in the rape ofValeriana tuberosa. They are absent however in the stem of the species investigated. (7) Tannins occur in elements of the primary cortex, phloem and secondary xylem ofValeriana officinalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937848
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  • 11
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    Invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen inAmbrosia trifida (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Heliantheae ; Ambrosia ; Anther ; crystals ; pollen ; sperm cells ; tapetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Staminate flowers of giant ragweed,Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae, subtribeAmbrosiinae) were processed into resin and sectioned 1–2 µm thick. The invasive (amoeboid) anther tapetum remains parietal until microspores are released from tetrads, then it swells and invades the locule, merging gradually into a single protoplast that flows among the microspores. After the tapetal membrane ruptures at late microspore stage, tapetal debris fills the locule, then disappears as pollen matures. Pollen becomes tricelled before anthesis. The two sperm cell nuclei are slender and wormlike. The present report supports the two generalizations that invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen are attributes of theAsteraceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937677
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  • 12
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    Breeding systems in thePolemoniaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polemoniaceae ; Pollen ; ovule ratio ; stigmatic pollen germination ; breeding systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen — ovule ratios and percentages of stigmatic pollen germination (SPG) were measured for over 160 taxa of thePolemoniaceae. When related to taxa with known breeding systems, it is found that low SPGs and high P:O ratios characterize xenogamous plants, high SPGs and low P:Os characterize autogamous plants. There is a significant negative correlation between P:O ratio and SPG in the whole family as well as in certain genera. Both measures can serve as reliable indicators of the breeding systems in taxa of thePolemoniaceae and can be measured in dried or living specimens. Accordingly, most polemons feature “mixed” breeding system, i.e. facultative xenogamy or facultative autogamy. Xenogamy is common among the tropical genera and in theLeptodactylon, Phlox andPolemonium. Autogamy is more frequent in the tribeGilieae (particularly inGilia) than in the other tribes. Annual taxa tend to be autogamous, showing on the average higher SPG and lower P:O ratio. The lepidopteran-pollinated group of species have a higher mean P:O ratio and lower mean SPG thus indicating that such plants are associated with crosspollination more than the others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937704
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  • 13
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    Numerical analyses of karyotypic diversity in the genusEupatorium (Compositae, Eupatorieae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 215-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorium ; Chromosomal distance ; chromosomal identity ; karyotype analysis ; statistics phenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic metaphase karyotypes were analyzed for 22 diploid species ofEupatorium. The karyotypic comparisons were made using two indices: minimal chromosomal distance (MCD), measuring overall dissimilarities, and chromosomal identity (CI), measuring number of morphologically identical chromosomes between species. The resulting phenograms from these indices are largely compatible. The 22 species cluster into four groups in the phenogram using MCD, and the grouping corresponds well with morphology or geographic distribution into the three N. American groupsEutrochium, Uncasia, Traganthes, and the E. Asian group. These results suggest that karyotypes in perennialEupatorium have been considerably conservative and changed not through large chromosomal mutations but through small chromosomal mutations gradually fixed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937705
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  • 14
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    A study of genetic diversity among host-specific populations of the witchweedStriga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga hermonthica ; Hemiparasitism ; hostspecificity ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic diversity ; Flora of Burkina Faso ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Striga hermonthica is a root hemiparasite that attacks onlyGramineae, includingSorghum and millet for which it is a principal cause of lowered yield. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to investigate genetic diversity inStriga hermonthica and to determine the level of differentiation between host-specialized populations. Nine genetic loci coding eight enzymes were interpreted and data obtained from three populations: oneSorghum-adapted population from Sudan and two populations from Burkina Faso, oneSorghum-adapted and the other millet-adapted. Levels of polymorphism were similarly high in all three populations (P=0.625, A=2.6−2.8, H=0.293−0.401). Genotypic frequencies at most loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in each population, consistent with outcrossing as predicted from previous studies of floral biology. Occasional heterozygote deficiencies were probably the result of Wahlund effect. The mean value of FST over the three populations was 0.068, indicating a slight to moderate level of genetic differentiation among the populations. The two Burkina Faso populations were more closely related (S=0.940, D=0.006) than either was to the Sudan population, suggesting that geographic separation is more important than host specialization in contributing to population differentiation. TheSorghum-adapted population was slightly closer to the Burkina FasoSorghum-adapted population (S=0.873, D=0.047) than to Burkina Faso millet-adapted population (S=0.851, D=0.074). The absence of substantial genetic divergence between host-specific populations ofStriga could result either from recent evolution of host-specialized strains or from strong selection for physiological specialization in the face of substantial gene flow between the populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937794
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  • 15
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    Morpho-ecological studies on geophilic plants: Vegetative reproduction inIris vartani (Iridaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Iris vartani ; Bulb structure ; vegetative reproduction ; bulblet germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structure and behaviour of the underground organs ofIris vartani were investigated in connection with the vegetative reproduction of this species. Under favourable conditions, well developed mature plants give rise to two replacement bulbs and to several propagation bulblets each year. In spite of this considerable vegetative propagation, no crowding occurs at the natural habitat. Controlled experiments show that as soon as a small group is formed, each bulb produces only one replacement bulb and not two as before. Moreover, the bulblets do not sprout while they are attached to the respective mother bulbs, but rather die and disintegrate, remaining as empty peels. In contrast, detached bulblets, sown individually in separate pots, germinate readily. Consequently, the aggregates ofI. vartani do not increase to any great extent and thus ensure their survival “in situ” for many years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989000
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  • 16
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    Chromosome studies in species and hybrids ofPetrorhagia sect.Kohlrauschia (Caryophyllaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 243-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Petrorhagia prolifera ; P. velutina ; P. glumacea ; P. nanteuilii ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype ; meiotic behaviour ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetic investigations have been made in the fourPetrorhagia species and hybrids of the sectionKohlrauschia. The three diploid species show close similarities in chromosome number, size and morphology, with the exception ofP. velutina, where one pair of metacentric chromosomes is represented by a pair of telocentrics. Meiotic studies in hybrids indicate close genomic homology between the diploid species and also between the two floral forms ofP. prolifera. The tetraploidP. nanteuilii behaves as an allotetraploid forming only bivalents at meiosis and results suggest thatP. velutina andP. prolifera are the diploid progenitors of this species. Since meiosis in diploid and triploid hybrids results in extensive intergenomic pairing it is concluded that the natural tetraploid has a bivalent promoting mechanism that prevents pairing between the genomes of its diploid progenitors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989005
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  • 17
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    Developmental anatomy ofAphyllanthes monspeliensis, a herbaceous Monocotyledon with secondary growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliaceae ; Aphyllanthaceae ; Xanthorrhoeaceae ; Aphyllanthes monspeliensis ; Morphogenesis ; anatomy ; vestigial cambium ; secondary thickening ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aphyllanthes monspeliensis is an isolated member of theLiliiflorae endemic to the Mediterranean region. It is herbaceous, but in its rhizome possesses a secondary thickening meristem (STM). The secondary tissues produced are similar to those known in various arborescent Monocotyledons. Ultrastructural features of the STM cells are described. A relictual intrafascicular cambium also occurs in the bundles of the primary system of the rhizome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989004
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  • 18
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    Morphological dispersal structures in relation to growth habit in theCompositae (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Dispersal ; pappus ; growth form: annuals ; biennials ; perennial herbs ; shrubs and trees ; weeds and non-weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between gross morphological dispersal structures, growth habit, and weediness is reported for a worldwide sample of 5893 Compositae species from 18 regional floras. A significantly smaller percentage of annual species than perennial species has dispersal structures. Among species with dispersal structures, plumed types are more frequent in perennials while adhesive types are more frequent in annuals. Differences in the occurrence and nature of dispersal structures between perennial herbs, shrubs and trees were minor. Weeds are less likely to have well developed morphological dispersal structures than non-weeds. The data support the idea that dispersal in space may be more important for perennial or non-weedy plants than for annual and weedy plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984109
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  • 19
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    Ballistic seed dispersal inIllicium (Illiciaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Illiciaceae ; Illicium floridanum ; Ballistic dispersal ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary mode of fruit dispersal in the woodyMagnoliidae is animal dispersal.Illicium floridanum and other members of the genus have a well development system of ballistic fruit dehiscence. The ballistic dispersal is effective only over short distances, but may be important in propelling the seeds away from the parent tree. The presence of explosive dehiscence mechanisms in relatively primitive angiosperm genera suggests that a diversity of dispersal mechanisms may have been present in early angiosperms.
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    Reproductive characters associated with breeding behaviour inBeta sect.Beta (Chenopodiaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 277-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta ; Reproductive biology ; allogamy versus autogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of different taxa withinBeta sect.Beta were compared using a number of floral and reproductive characters. Plants which were known to be self-incompatible (through S-allele incompatibility) were found to be morphologically distinct from those which were self-compatible, with the floral characteristics of the latter promoting their autogamy.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of theSymphytum officinale polyploid complex andS. asperum (Boraginaceae): Phytosterols and triterpenoids (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; Phytosterols ; triterpenoids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a comparison of phytosterol and triterpenoid patterns of severalSymphytum officinale cytotypes,S. asperum and their interspecific hybrids,S. ×uplandicum, which were obtained from thin layer chromatography and gaschromatography (also in combination with mass spectrometry), the hybrid character of the latter taxon is clearly shown. The specific value of the triterpenoid isobauerenol as a chemotaxonomical marker within this group is discussed in some detail.
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    Reproductive relationships between annual species ofCalendula (Compositae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 311-329 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Calendula ; Selfing ; interspecific hybrids ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Breeding experiments were carried out inCalendula species. In the annuals, which are selfers, rarely some outcrossing was observed only in the most peripheral flowers. In experimental crosses fruit was produced in all combinations. Fertile F1 and F2 hybrids could be grown from crosses between parents with similar chromosome numbers:C. palaestina ×C. pachysperma and crosses of different morphological forms ofC. arvensis. In crosses of species with different chromosome numbers at least partly fertile F1 hybrids were obtained fromC. tripterocarpa ×C. stellata andC. tripterocarpa ×C. arvensis and crosses of the latter withC. palaestina. Fertile F2 plants were grown from the combination ofC. arvensis ×C. tripterocarpa. Considering this information and previously obtained data, a scheme is proposed for explaining speciation in the genusCalendula.
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    Nuclear ultrastructure: Morphometry of nuclei from various tissues ofCucurbita, Melandrium, Phaseolus, Tradescantia, andVicia (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chromatin organization ; Morphometry ; Nuclear ultrastructure ; Species-specific chromatin condensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The proportion of chromatin in the condensed state was determined in various tissues of five plant species. InVicia faba the influence of treatments with inhibitors of transcription and several growth temperatures was studied. No significant differences could be found except inPhaseolus vulgaris, where cell aging may contribute to some variation in chromatin organization, and in the highly specialized antipodal cells ofMelandrium dioicum, which exhibited an atypical nuclear ultrastructure. These quantitative data confirm earlier suggestions (Nagl 1979 a) that condensed chromatin in angiosperms is fairly species-specific, but not tissue-specific or function-related.
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    Pollen grain morphology supports the taxonomical discrimination of Mediterranean oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 273-284 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Quercus ; Pollen exine architecture ; pollen grain size and form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The exine architecture and some quantitative parameters (polar and equatorial axes and their ratio) of pollen grains allow a clear discrimination between groups of Mediterranean oak species. For the differentiation of species within groups only the quoted parameters prove useful.
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    Studies in the embryology ofSenecioneae (Compositae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 61-70 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae =Asteraceae ; Senecioneae ; Emilia ; Notonia ; Gynura ; Embryology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthers are tetrasporangiate inEmilia sonchifolia andNotonia grandiflora and bisporangiate inGynura nitida. The male archesporium consists of a single row of 6–8 hypodermal cells. Development of anther walls is according to the Dicotyledonous type. The tapetum corresponds to the periplasmodial type. Both tetrahedral and isobilateral pollen tetrads are produced. The pollen grains at the time of anther dehiscence are three-celled inG. nitida andE. sonchifolia;N. grandiflora is male sterile. All the three species have Polygonum type embryo sacs with variable antipodal cells. InG. nitida andE. sonchifolia fertilization is porogamous, endosperm development is of the cellular type, and embryo development closely follows that ofSenecio vulgaris (Souèges 1920a, b).
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    A numerical-taxonomic study of theJuncus bufonius aggregate (Juncaceae) in Slovakia (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juncaceae ; Juncus bufonius ; J. ambiguus ; J. minutulus ; Analysis of variance ; cluster analysis ; chromosome numbers ; karyotaxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; ordination ; Flora of Slovakia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples of 34 populations of theJuncus bufonius aggregate in Slovakia have been submitted to a numerical-taxonomic treatment. Three species corresponding to three known cytodemes, i.e.J. bufonius L. s. str. (2n = c. 100–110),J. ambiguus Guss. (2n = 34) andJ. minutulus (Alb. etJahan.)Prain et al. emend.Snog. (2n = c. 72), have been confirmed for the study area. A survey of quantitative characters by various ordination and cluster techniques reveals that the length of capsules, seeds, inner tepals and anthers as well as the ratio of anther to filament length are significant for the segregation of the cytodemes.
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    Mikromorphologie und Orientierungsmuster epicuticularer Wachs-Kristalloide: Ein neues systematisches Merkmal bei Monokotylen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 171-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Monocotyledonae ; Epicuticular wax ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on SEM examinations of some 1600 species of monocotyledons out of 61 families the characteristics of their epicuticular waxes are described in this preliminary paper and illustrated by 20 SEM micrographs. Four basic types of waxes are recognized. Two of them occur throughout the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous orders of angiosperms; two others are of high systematic significance and restricted to particular orders of the monocotyledons: The “Convallaria-Type” is characterized by fine wax platelets with parallel orientation, forming a pattern around the stomata reminiscent of electromagnetic field lines. This type is restricted to the three liliiflorous ordersAsparagales, Liliales, andBurmanniales. The “Strelitzia-Type” is characterized by massive compound wax rodlets; it is restricted to the superordersAreciflorae, Commeliniflorae, Zingiberiflorae, plus the two liliiflorous ordersBromeliales andVelloziales. The data are compared with the classifications ofDahlgren & Clifford (1982); they tentatively indicate the exclusion ofBromeliales, Velloziales, andTyphales from theLiliiflorae.
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    The nature of polyploidy inReseda sect.Leucoreseda (Resedaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 223-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Resedaceae ; Reseda ; DNA values ; meiotic analysis ; seed protein and esterase isozyme electrophoresis ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have found two chromosome levels (n = 10 and n = 20) in Spanish species ofReseda sect.Leucoreseda, four species on the first (R. undata, R. paui, R. suffruticosa, R. barrelieri), only one on the second level (R. alba). As already the species with n = 10 apparently behave as polyploids, we propose x = 5 as the original basic chromosome number for this section. The seed protein profile ofR. alba (2n = 40) reveals close relationships withR. undata (2n = 20), while the esterase isozymes suggest affinities withR. paui (2n = 20). Thus,R. alba can be regarded either as an autopolyploid fromR. paui or more likely as an allopolyploid fromR. paui andR. undata. Finally, the DNA values suggest a diploidization process inR. alba since its origin.
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    NewLiparis species (Orchidaceae) from South Central and East Africa (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Liparis molendinacea spec. n. ; L. chimanimaniensis spec. n. ; L. nyikana spec. n. ; Flora of Tropical East and South Central Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Liparis molendinacea is related toL. deistelii and known so far only from the type locality in Kawambwa district in the Northern Province of Zambia.L. nyikana likewise is related toL. deistelii, it is distributed in E. and SW. Tanzania and in N. Malawi.L. chimanimaniensis is related toL. nervosa and known so far only from the Chimanimani Mountains in the Eastern Province of Zimbabwe.
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    The impact of copper and cobalt orebodies upon the evolution of some plant species from Upper Shaba, Zaïre (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 207-221 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene burchelli ; Silene cobalticola ; Cobalt uptake ; cobalt tolerance ; copper uptake ; copper tolerance-‚evolution ; flower morphology ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flora of the copper-cobalt ores of Upper Shaba, Zaïre, comprises some 220 taxa including 42 endemics. The origin of this flora is examined and an assessment has been made of its relationship with the flora of the high plateaux steppe-savannah (dilunguan flora). A first group consists of undifferentiated species limited to these two floras. A second group comprises cupriphilous taxa derived from closely-related and widely distributed species observed on the high plateaux and elsewhere. A third group consists of closely-related species or ecotypes confined to the areas. In theSilene burchelli complex (Caryophyllaceae) there is a gradual transition from the widespreadS. burchelli var.angustifolia on the high plateaux to a newly discoveredS. burchelli ecotype from a cupriferous outcrop at Luita, and toS. cobalticola from highly mineralized copper-cobalt deposits at Mindigi. This ecophyletic series provides a gradient of morphological anatomical, and physiological changes whose end members are distinct species. The subject of palaeoendemism and neoendemism in relation to metallophytes of Upper Shaba is also discussed. Colonisation of metalliferous soils by elements of the non-mineralised high plateau is believed to be a neoendemic process.
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    Ultrastructural, micromorphological and phytochemical evidence for a “Central Position” ofMacarthuria (Molluginaceae) within theCaryophyllales (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 151-161 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllales ; Molluginaceae ; Macarthuria ; Sieve-element plastids ; pollen ; ultrastructure of exine ; seed-coat surface ; anthocyanins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Subtype PIII sieve-element plastids, anthocyanins, spinulose, perforate-tectate pollen grains and the specific seed-coat sculpturing found in twoMacarthuria species (M. australis, M. neocambrica) consolidate their placement withinMolluginaceae. The unique form of the sieve-element plastids, i.e. with cubic crystals and starch grains (PIIIc″fs), finds its closest counter-part inLimeum. The multiple intertwinement of different genera of theMolluginaceae with many other centrospermous families led to a consideration of their more central position withinCaryophyllales.
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    Phylogenetic conclusions from Giemsa banding and NOR staining in top onions (Liliaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 245-256 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Alliaceae ; Allium cepa ; Allium fistulosum ; Top onions ; hybrids ; karyotypes ; Giemsa banding ; silver staining ; nucleolus organizing region (NOR) ; satellite chromosomes ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomes of different strains of the top or tree onion, ofAllium cepa andA. fistulosum, as well as of cloned progenies from reciprocal crosses between these two taxa have been studied by application of Feulgen- or aceto carmine-, Giemsa- and silver staining. It was possible to differentiate between the satellite chromosomes and 2–4 other chromosome pairs ofA. cepa andA. fistulosum. The phylogenetic origin of the top onions [A. ×proliferum (Moench)Schrad.] from hybridization ofA. cepa andA. fistulosum is substantiated, taking into consideration the variability in size and position of satellites and of active NORs.
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    Patterns of trait variation in the diploid wheats (Triticum, Aegilops) and the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 257-275 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops ; Triticum ; T. diccocoides ; wheat ; Adaptation ; trait variation ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen earliness and morphological traits were examined in from 2 to 14 lines each of 10 diploid members of the wheat complex,Triticum-Aegilops, and 15 lines of the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides. In general, earliness traits have the greatest relative between line vs. within line variation of all the traits examined. Within species, earliness traits are the principle set of characters around which evolve between line trait differences, one of the most important oich is leaf dimensions. At the genus level, earliness traits are independent of leaf dimensions and plant height characters. Thus, the pattern of evolution at the genus level is different from that exhibited in each of the species. Biological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Ant nests as primary habitats ofSilybum marianum (Compositae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 209-217 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Silybum marianum ; Formicidae ; Messor semirufus ; Myrmecochory ; preadaptations ; synanthropic plant ; grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The common Mediterranean ruderal thistleSilybum marianum is associated with nutrient-rich sites. Its wind-dispersed achenes possess an oily food body, that is attractive to harvester-ants. Following removal of the oily body, the achenes are deposited in the refuse zone together with rich organic material and soil removed from the nest; while in the nest the achenes are partly protected from fires. The thistle grows successfully in the nutrient-enriched refuse zone and thus dominates patches in the grassland. Preadaptations to live in association with harvester-ants enableS. marianum to occur also on marking stations of male gazelle, on cattle dung deposits, and in synanthropic ruderal habitats.
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    Systematics ofJusticia sect.Pentaloba (Acanthaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 219-235 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia ; Siphonoglossa ; Cytology ; flavonoids ; systematics ; taxonomy ; generic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.
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    A redescription ofPotamogeton distinctus including remarks on the taxonomy of thePotamogeton nodosus group (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 245-259 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Potamogetonaceae ; Potamogeton distinctus ; P. indicus ; P. nodosus ; P. tepperi ; Taxonomy ; distribution ; description
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potamogeton distinctus has an E. Asian distribution and is closely related toP. nodosus. P. tepperi seems to be a synonym ofP. tricarinatus, even though the name has frequently been applied to other species likeP. distinctus. P. indicus is a synonym ofP. nodosus notwithstanding the fact that not all Indian broad-leaved pondweeds belong to that taxon.
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    Surface features of the leaves ofBalanophoraceae — A family without stomata? (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Balanophoraceae ; Balanophora ; Hachettea ; Langsdorffia ; Lophophytum ; Scybalium ; Thonningia ; Stomata ; epidermal surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were searched for stomata inBalanophora elongata, B. fungosa, Hachettea austro-caledonica, Langsdorffia hypogaea, Lophophytum mirabile subsp.mirabile, Scybalium jamaicense, andThonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae). Neither stomata nor guard cells were observed. The epidermal surfaces of these species are extremely diverse with respect to cell shape, cell size, and surface ornamentation, these features providing valuable systematic criteria.
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    Distribution of diploid sexual plants ofTaraxacum sect.Ruderalia in east-Central Europe, with special reference to Czechoslovakia (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Taraxacum sect.Ruderalia ; Sexual diploids ; mixed populations ; distribution pattern ; ecogeographical relations ; taxonomical problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herbarium specimens (c. 1 000) and population samples (76) have been screened for the occurrence of diploid representatives ofTaraxacum sect.Ruderalia (T. sect.Vulgaria, nom. illeg.). The area studied comprises German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and parts of Austria, Yugoslavia, and Rumania. Diploids are common from the Valley of the Moravia river on southwards. Isolated outpost localities are found in S. Poland and extend far to the north: neighbourhood of Berlin. Based on the pattern of distribution in Czechoslovakia, the Pannonian (thermophilous) phytogeographical character of the diploids is discussed. Special attention has been paid to morphological differences between di- and triploids in Czechoslovakia. The study provides a basis for further biosystematical and taxonomic studies in the relationships between diploids and polyploids as well as in the stability of agamospecies.
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    Pollination ofOphrys (Orchidaceae) in Cyprus (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 177-207 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; bees ; Melecta ; Eucera ; Anthophora ; Andrena ; Pollination ; pseudocopulation ; Flora of Cyprus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the southern part of Cyprus the pollinator —Ophrys (Orchidaceae) relationships and its specifity have been investigated from the end of February until the middle of March 1986. 12Ophrys spp. were found. To date, only a single pollinator reference has been reported from this island. We found the following pollinators:Melecta tuberculata (Ophrys kotschyi),Eucera dimidiata (Ophrys flavomarginata),Eucera gaullei (Ophrys umbilicata),Eucera paulusi (Ophrys bornmuelleri),Anthophora erschowi (Ophrys elegans),Andrena torda (Ophrys sicula =O. lutea subsp.minor),Andrena cinereophila (Ophrys fusca, small-flowered),Andrena flavipes (Ophrys israelitica),Andrena morio (Ophrys iricolor andOphrys transhyrcana),Andrena bimaculata (Ophrys sphegodes aggr., probably formerly confused withO. transhyrcana). Most interestingly, it could be verified thatO. flavomarginata/O. umbilicata, O. bornmuelleri/O. levantina andO. transhyrcana/O. sphegodes aggr. (possiblyO. sintenisii) are different biospecies. This is a result of genetic isolation due to varying pollinators, and of differences in flower morphology.
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    Hair morphology and systematics ofPhysalis (Solanaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 193-204 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Physalis ; Hair morphology ; systematics ; hair development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hair morphology was exammed on developing seedlings and mature plants of ten species from five of seven series inPhysalis. The taxonomic importance of hair development and the distribution of hair types then was evaluated with respect to other comparative data. Two classes of hair types were observed, as found in earlier investigations ofSolanum andRhododendron. The first hair class comprises a sequence from unbranched hairs to dendroid-stelliform hairs. Hairs of this class show considerable variability among taxa in size, presence or absence of glandular tips, and presence and degree of branching, and so were useful in making taxonomic comparisons. The second hair class consists of short hairs, each tipped with a multicellular gland. This second hair class was not useful taxonomically because of its lack of variability in morphology and its often rare occurrence on a plant. The taxa studied exhibit distinctive trichome features which serve to distinguish series and, in some cases together with other data, provided new insight into previously enigmatic species relationships.
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    The cytotaxonomy ofEmilia spp. (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) occurring in Brazil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Emilia ; Chromosome numbers ; C-banding ; cytogeography ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of several populations in a large part of the distribution area of the genusEmilia in Brazil has revealed only two species: the diploidE. sonchifolia and the tetraploidE. fosbergii. The more widely reportedE. coccinea was not found. They show a karyotype constancy in morphology and chromosome number (2n = 10 and 2n = 20, respectively), C-banding pattern and number of secondary constrictions. Some indications were found thatE. fosbergii may be an allopolyploid and that its ancestors had different genome sizes.
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    Reproductive biology ofPolyalthia littoralis (Annonaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 237-245 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Polyalthia littoralis ; Extended spiral thickenings ; flowering phenology ; reproductive biology ; self-pollination ; Malesian tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowering phenology of some annonaceous trees and reproductive biology ofPolyalthia littoralis (Annonaceae) were studied. The trees showed various types of flowering phenology within the family. Among them,P. littoralis had hermaphroditic and protogynous flowers, and exhibited continuous flowering throughout the year. Bagged flowers set fruits and seeds comparable to the control. The observations of meiotic stages and the results of castrated tests indicated no possibility of apomictic reproduction. The abscised anthers attached to torus by the extended spiral thickenings, and accomplished self-pollination. Outbreeding possibly occurs, but the following self-pollination guarantees seed set.
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    Pattern analysis in pseudanthia (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 57-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Inflorescence ; pseudanthium ; pseudocorolla ; flower symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudanthia occur in more than 40 angiosperm families. With regard to the underlying inflorescence structure they can be classified into the following groups: (a) floral and (b) hyperfloral pseudanthia, each with (c) or without (d) pseudocorollas. Pseudanthia have developed along independent evolutionary lines and are not bound to a particular inflorescence structure. They are the result of (a) the specific morphological predisposition of the taxon concerned, (b) aggregation and diminution of the flowers, giving rise to the formation of an attraction unit (for animal pollination), (c) variation, and (d) selection. Ontogenetical abbreviation is regarded to play an essential role in the origin and elaboration of pseudanthia.
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    Systematics and evolution within theCompositae, seen with the eyes of a chemist (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Chemistry ; systematics ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The broad knowledge of the chemistry of theCompositae allows the discussion of its relevance for the systematics and evolution within the family. Furthermore a separation into subfamilies can be supported by the observed differences in the distribution of the main constituents in the tribes.
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    Anthecology ofSchrankia nuttallii (Mimosaceae) on the tallgrass prairie (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 247-255 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Mimosaceae ; Schrankia nuttallii ; Halictidae ; Bee-pollination ; anthecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Schrankia nuttalii flowers through late spring on the tallgrass prairie. Although each stem produces an average of 26 capitate inflorescences only 12% of those inflorescences will open each day to disperse and receive polyads. Each inflorescence may live up to 48 hours but anthers abscise by late afternoon on the first day and the filaments change color and lose their scent. The 78–93 florets comprising each inflorescence open synchronously before dawn or during early morning hours. First day inflorescences ofS. nuttallii are herkogamous and fragrant. They are nectarless. Bombyliid flies and male bees are infrequent floral foragers so the major pollinators include female bees representing five families;Anthophoridae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, andMegachilidae. All foraging insects ignore second day inflorescences although stigmas are still receptive. Although 97% of all bees collected onS. nuttallii carrySchrankia polyads in their scopae or corbiculae 59% also carry the pollen/pollinaria of one or more coblooming angiosperms. At least 98% of all bees carrying mixed pollen loads incorporate the pollen/pollinaria of one or more nectariferous taxa (e.g.Asclepias spp.,Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Delphinium spec., etc.). Species of halictid bees are more likely to carry pure loads ofS. nuttallii polyads (70%) than bees of the four remaining families. Due to the nectarless florets and high degree of polylectic foraging bee-pollination inS. nuttallii converges more closely with the pollination systems of some AustralianAcacia spp. than with most other xeric/tropical genera of mimosoids studied in the western hemisphere.
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    The morphology and relationships ofMedusagyne (Medusagynaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 27-55 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theales ; Medusagynaceae ; Medusagyne ; Systematics ; anatomy ; pollen ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The comparative vegetative and reproductive morphology and anatomy of the endangered, monotypic, dicotyledonous genusMedusagyne was studied, and detailed descriptions of leaf, axis, nodal, wood, floral, pollen, fruit, and seed structure are presented. Overall, the genus has many specialized features, including the possession of extreme, habitat-related specializations. Flowers are either bisexual or staminate, and are interpreted as retaining some primitive aspects, such as many free parts spirally arranged on an elongate floral axis. One of the most salient structural features of the plant is the massive development of ensheathing fibrous elements around the vascular system of both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Diffuse foliar sclereids are absent. Particular attention is paid to the unusual multicarpellate, synovarial gynoecium and comparisons are made with theCaryocaraceae. The totality of morphological and anatomical evidence confirms the view thatMedusagyne is a very distinct and evolutionarily isolated genus, best treated as forming the monotypic familyMedusagynaceae. Observations are presented, including the occurrence of stamen fascicle traces, that link the family to the dillenialean and thealean assemblage. Like other isolated thealean taxa,Medusagyne shows affinities to several different families, without having especially close relationships with any particular extant taxon.
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    Life cycle and adaptive strategies of three non-annual, ruderalCardueae: Onopordum nervosum, Carthamus arborescens, andCirsium scabrum (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 117-128 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Cardueae ; Onopordum nervosum ; Carthamus arborescens ; Cirsium scabrum ; Life cycle ; adaptive strategies ; autoecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and autoecology of three Mediterranean thorny species,Onopordum nervosum (Iberian endemic),Cirsium scabrum (Western Mediterranean) andCarthamus arborescens (Iberian-North African), of potential use in agriculture as bioenergetic, forage or oil producing plants were studied. These threeCardueae spp. are good examples of ways in which Mediterranean plants adapt their typical annual cycle to avoid summer droughts.O. nervosum is a perennial, monocarpic, heliophilous species which flowers in early summer and grows even under the extreme xeric conditions of the Mediterranean summers. It is a basiphilous plant usually found in sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey-loamy soils with a marked geographical variability in its seed germination.C. scabrum is a perennial, monocarpic species which has a long life cycle, flowering in summer and growing only during the wet months. It is not well-adapted to droughts and is usually restricted to acid soils.C. arborescens is a perennial, polycarpic species which flowers in spring and dries up in summer. It is usually found in basic loamy-sandy or sandy-loamy soils poor in organic matter.
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    Phenotypic plasticity and character differentiation in a subdivided population ofIris pumila (Iridaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Iris pumila ; Phenotypic plasticity ; morphological variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation patterns in phenotypic plasticity and broad sense heritability of 26 characters were examined within and among closely adjacent habitats of the bearded iris,Iris pumila. It was found thatI. pumila has considerable differentiation for phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation over short distances. An analysis of relationships between character differentiation and phenotypic plasticity suggests that they could have evolved independently. Possible mechanisms for maintaining local differentiation of the observed plastic and genetic variation are also discussed.
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    A redescription ofPotamogeton wrightii (Potamogetonaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 53-70 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Potamogetonaceae ; Potamogeton malaianus ; P. sumatranus ; P. wrightii ; Description ; distribution ; taxonomic evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The type specimens ofP. malaianus Miquel collected byTeijsman are not identical withP. wrightii Morong, a species calledP. “malaianus” in Japan and elsewhere; they belong toP. nodosus. As a possible candidate for the correct name,P. sumatranus Miquel was studied: its exact identity, however, cannot be proved beyond doubt, even though the name refers at least partly toP. wrightii. That is whyPotamogeton wrightii Morong is proposed as the valid name of the species. A thorough description is provided including data on anatomy, morphology, life history, variability and ecology. A complete list of specimens, of synonyms and of misidentifications is given as well. The species shows a fuzzy structure with several special forms, intergrading hybrids; it is closely related with other taxa likeP. sumatranus. Still a great number of specimens cannot be assigned with certainty to any taxon.
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    Ribosomal DNA variation within and among individuals ofLisianthius (Gentianaceae) populations (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 97-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Lisianthius ; Population variation ; ribosomal DNA ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was completed on 25 individuals each from seven populations of theLisianthius skinneri (Gentianaceae) species complex in Panama. Seven restriction enzymes were used to determine the amount and type of rDNA variation within and among individuals of the populations. No restriction site variation was seen within populations or individuals although site differences were seen among populations. Spacer length variation within and among individuals of populations was mapped to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, a region inLisianthius rDNA that previously was shown to exhibit length differences among populations. This is the first reported case of such variation within and among individuals of populations for the ITS region. Presence or absence of ITS spacer length variation is not correlated with levels of isozymic heterozygosity within populations. No detectable length variation within individuals or populations was seen in the larger intergenic spacer (IGS). Although populations varied with respect to IGS length, all individuals of a given population had a single and equivalent IGS length.
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    Chloroplast DNA diversity in the genusRubus (Rosaceae) revealed by Southern hybridization (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 65-75 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Rubus ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; cladistic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability in chloroplast DNA type of 20Rubus genotypes was examined by Southern hybridization. DNA extracted from theRubus accessions was digested with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and EcoRV) and heterologous chloroplast DNA sequences from barley and pea were used as probes to detectRubus chloroplast DNA sequences on Southern blots ofRubus total DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was detected and a total of 92 restriction fragments were generated by the probe/enzyme combinations examined. Cladistic principles based on the parsimony assumption were used to assemble a phylogenetic tree based on chloroplast restriction fragment length data. The phylogenetic tree grouped the taxonomically defined species and is in general agreement with information based on morphological criteria. However, the Japanese red raspberryR. illecebrosus was shown to have diverged considerably in terms of evolutionary time from other species in subg.Idaeobatus. Furthermore, the molecular approach provides a quantitative estimate of the relationship between species that is difficult to obtain from morphological data. In order to complement the chloroplast DNA information a ribosomal DNA probe was also included in the analysis and provided further information on the phylogenetic relationships withinRubus.
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    Intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism ofTriticum araraticum (Poaceae) detected by C-banding technique (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 13-24 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum araraticum ; Karyotype ; C-banding ; intraspecific divergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DifferentTriticum araraticum lines were studied by C-banding method. The intraspecific divergence ofT. araraticum was shown to be caused mainly by large chromosomal rearrangements. Two main chromosomal types were distinguished among the studied lines: (1) a karyotype similar to that ofT. timopheevii and (2) different one. The first type includes some lines ofT. araraticum subspp.kurdistanicum andararaticum; the second comprises most lines ofT. araraticum subsp.araraticum. The lines of the first type can give fertile F1 hybrids withT. timopheevii.
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    A natural hybrid ofMonophyllaea (Gesneriaceae) in the tropical rain forests of West Sumatra (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Monophyllaea ; M. hirtella ; M. horsfieldii ; Chromosome number ; hybridization ; fertility ; tropical rain forest ; habitat segregation ; Flora of Indonesia ; Sumatra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A natural hybrid (2n = 21) between the parapatric rain forest speciesMonophyllaea hirtella (2n = 20) andM. horsfieldii (2n = 22) (Gesneriaceae) has been observed at Sg. Lubuk Paraku, Padang, W. Sumatra. The hybrids showed intermediary characters between the parental species in the inflorescence structure, flower size and colour, indumentum, chromosome numbers, and habitat. The 29% pollen fertility of a single hybrid specimen suggests that the genetical isolation between the parental species may break down and reproduction over subsequent generations may occur.
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    Cytogenetic investigations onOenothera nutans (Onagraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 69-80 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera sect.Oenothera subsect.Oenothera ; O. nutans ; Chromosomal analysis ; complex analysis ; structural heterozygosity ; complex heterozygosity ; taxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; factor analysis ; reciprocal translocations ; Sifactors ; lethal factors ; sublethal factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oenothera nutans, common to the Appalachian Mts between 650 and 1 700 m altitude, was investigated cytogenetically and taxonomically. The species is permanently structurally heterozygous. It consists of two genomes of the B-type which are more or less indistinguishable phenotypically. Nearly all of the strains investigated possess a self-incompatibility factor in one of the two complexes. Both complexes show a close relationship to the predominantly homozygousO. grandiflora, a native of the southern lowlands.O. nutans andO. grandiflora possess the same plastid type, plastome III. Probably,O. nutans evolved by an accumulation of reciprocal translocations within an originally structurally homozygous population, which must be regarded ancestral to the present forms ofO. grandiflora.
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    Pollen amino acids—an additional diet for a nectar feeding butterfly? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aesculus californica ; Amsinckia lunaris ; Brodiaea pulchella ; Carduus pycnocephalus ; butterflies ; Battus philenor ; Heliconius ; Pollen amino acids ; diffusion ; nectar ; butterfly-feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The increase of the amino acid concentration over different time intervals in artificial nectar (i.e., a sucrose solution) due to pollen contamination was investigated in four Californian plant species (Aesculus californica, Amsinckia lunaris, Brodiaea pulchella, Carduus pycnocephalus), which are important nectar resources for a Californian colony of the butterflyBattus philenor as well as for other insects. The increase of the amino acid concentration in the medium is different in all four species and seems to be determined by a variety of factors including permeability of the pollen grain wall and presence or absence of pores. The results suggest a passive diffusion process of the free pollen amino acids into the medium rather than an active release. Implications from the experiments forBattus philenor and for other nectar feeding pollinators are discussed. A possible complementary effect of free pollen and nectar amino acids is proposed for plant species in which pollen is likely to be knocked into nectar by their flower visitors. A possible evolutionary pathway from nectar feeding butterflies such asBattus philenor to the complex derived pollen feeding habit in theHeliconius butterflies is proposed.
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    The floral biology ofThelymitra epipactoides (Orchidaceae), and the implications of pollination by deceit on the survival of this rare orchid (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 11-27 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Thelymitra epipactoides ; bees ; Nomia ; Lasioglossum ; Pollination ; deceit ; floral mimicry ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thelymitra epipactoides has a highly variable visual display achieved through polychromatic flowers and variable inflorescence size, bearing between 7 and 31 flowers, which attract foraging polylectic bees. Only bees of the genusNomia were observed carrying pollinia and successfully pollinating the orchid. The genusNomia contains polylectic, pollen gathering species that store pollen in both the crop and scopa on the hind legs. The absence of a reward for the bees indicates the orchid is relying on deception to attract visitors. The relationship of deception to mimicry is discussed. Once on the flower, tactile, visual and possibly olfactory stimuli direct bees to the false anther formed by the voluminous column wings, where morphological adaptations of the flower ensure that the pollinarium is deposited on the gaster of the bee to effect pollination. — The lack of seed set observed on the Victorian coast appears to be due to the absence of pollinators from the heath and grassland communities in which the orchid grows. This may well be a consequence of the reduced number of plants flowering in the community (a result of the elimination of fire at these sites), thus not maintaining a floral community attractive to potential pollinators.
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    Pollination ofDianthus gratianopolitanus (Caryophyllaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Dianthus gratianopolitanus ; Pollination ; psychophily ; phalaenophily ; nectar composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollination ofDianthus gratianopolitanus was studied in a population of the Swiss Jura mountains. Pollinators of this plant species are reported here for the first time. The flowers were not only visited by butterflies as postulated in the literature, but also by diurnal hawkmoths (Macroglossum stellatarum) and by diurnal and nocturnal noctuid moths. — Nectar is sucrose-dominant, the sugar concentration is moderate but the amino acid concentration is high. Nectar characteristics correspond well with the syndrome ofLepidoptera-pollinated flowers. — Field observations and flower characters (colour, range of the calyx length) suggest thatDianthus gratianopolitanus is an intermediate species in the transition of butterfly to moth pollination. — Lack of reproductive success inDianthus gratianopolitanus can not be attributed to lack of suitable pollinators.
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    “Ixoroid” secondary pollen presentation and pollination by small moths in the Malagasy treeletIxora platythyrsa (Rubiaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Ixora ; I. platythyrsa ; Moth-pollination ; secondary pollen presentation ; Flora of Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology ofIxora platythyrsa (Rubiaceae) was studied in NW. Madagascar. The plant displayed cream-yellow, nocturnally fragrant, nectariferous, tubular and strongly protandrous flowers. These had an “ixoroid” secondary pollen presentation mechanism: prior to anthesis, anthers exhausted their pollen onto unripe stylar heads. From this position pollen of male-stage flowers later adhered to primarily the probosces of small visiting nocturnal noctuid and geometrid moths. — Pollen was subsequently raked off moths' probosces by receptive, copiously papillose stigmas of female-stage flowers. Principal pollination adaptation was probably to the noctuid moth subfam.Sarrothripinae.
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    The systematic significance of surface features of theBalanophora tuber (Balanophoraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Balanophoraceae ; Balanophora ; Tuber surface morphology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The surface ofBalanophora tubers consists of a nonepidermal layer made up of two distinctive types of cells, armature cells and stellate wart cells. Both cell types are provided with a heavy wall, and are dead at maturity. Stellate warts in the three species investigated,B. elongata, B. fungosa, andB. hansenii, séem to be uniform in appearance, but armature cells are extremely distinctive for each species. They are present in large, agglomerate masses in the first, singly or in very small clusters in the second, and as completely free, individual, acicular cells in the third species. Such differences are believed to be significant systematically, and the separation ofB. hansenii is thus probably justified. Notwithstanding superficial similarities, stellate warts do not seem to be comparable to the lenticels of other plants.
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    Ribosomal DNA spacer-length variation inSecale spp. (Poaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 205-220 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Secale ; Ribosomal DNA ; spacer subrepeats ; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ; phenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in ribosomal DNA spacer length was analysed in 23 populations of 12Secale spp. by restriction enzyme analysis. Digestion of rDNA with Taq I endonuclease enzyme yields spacer fragments that include the subrepeat array and the non-repetitive region downstream of the array. Extensive spacer length variation existed in most species with Taq I fragment lengths ranging from 0.9–3.1 kb. These length variants have been attributed to the differences in number of 134 bp spacer subrepeats within rDNA arrays.S. silvestre was the only species to exhibit a unique spacer length variant of 0.9 kb and this was shown to result from the presence of an extra Taq I site in the spacer. rDNA spacer length frequencies were determined for the species. These frequencies were used to derive phenetic relationships between the species by numerical taxonomic methods. In plots constructed fromGower's distance matrices,S. silvestre appeared well separated from the major cluster consisting of the other species. On the basis of morphological and cytogenetic criteria,S. silvestre is considered the most ancient species. The rDNA data is consistent with this interpretation as it shows a clear differentiation ofS. silvestre from all the other species based on length and nucleotide sequence composition of the spacer region.
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    Identification and partial characterization of two species-specific repeat families in the great millet (Sorghum vulgare, Poaceae) genome (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 249-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Sorghum vulgare ; great millet ; DNA hybridization ; repetitive DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 1.4 kbp Xba I and the 1.3 kbp EcoRI repeat families in great millet were partially characterized with respect to their genomic distribution and their homology with the EcoRI and Xba I families of five other millet DNAs. The digestions of great millet DNA using increasing amounts of the two enzymes show that these two families are disperse in nature. The hybridization of these two families to the genomic digests of great millet indicates that they are arranged in a clustered and scrambled manner. Similarly, the hybridization with the EcoRI and Xba I digests of five other millet DNAs reveals the speciesspecific nature of these two repeat families. The latter also hybridize to the total repetitive fraction of great millet isolated at a highly stringent temperature of 75°C suggesting that the members of these two families are probably largely homogeneous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940609
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    Pollination ecology ofOxalis violacea (Oxalidaceae) following a controlled grass fire (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis violacea ; Andrenidae ; Bombyliidae ; Halictidae ; Megachilidae ; Pollination ecology ; heterostyly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vernal grass fires may encourage profuse flowering in clonal, colonies ofOxalis violacea. Long-styled colonies appear to be more floriferous than short-styled colonies and set a greater number of capsules. Individual flowers of both morphs live one or two days, change position on their respective pedicels and advertise nectar concealed at the base of the floral throat. AlthoughDiptera, Hymenoptera, andLepidoptera forage for nectar, bees (Andrenidae,Anthophoridae, Halictidae, andMegachilidae) probably make the only effective pollen transfers between the two morphs. Both male and female bees may transport pollen of both morphs and short-tongued bees (e.g.,Augochlorella spp.,Dialictus spp.) may be more common but as effective as pollinators as long-tongued bees (e.g.,Calliopsis andreniformis andHoplitis spp.). The conversion rate of flowers into capsules is only 13–17%. The spreading style in the short-styled morph is interpreted as an adaptation restricting insect-mediated, self-pollination but encouraging bee-stigma contact during nectar foraging.
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    Sympodial and monopodial branching inAcer (Aceraceae): Evolutionary trend and ecological implications (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 187-197 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer ; Sympodial and monopodial branching ; evolution ; adaptive strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary trend and its ecological implications in sympodial and monopodial branching patterns has been investigated in 20 JapaneseAcer spp. through comparison of shoot tip abortion and terminal bud formation. The genus is divided into two species groups according to its branching pattern, one (6 species) predominantly exhibiting sympodial branching with frequent monopodial branching in short shoots (sympodial species), and the other (14 species) exhibiting only monopodial branching (monopodial species). The early ontogeny of leaf and bud scales is described. Despite the difference in branching patterns, the bud scales of terminal buds are essentially the same in having a leaf base developed to function as a protecting organ. In all the sympodial species, during the abortion of a sympodium shoot tip, one or two pairs of primordia were found to occur on the apex, and later wither. These primordia resemble bud scales of terminal buds in their ontogeny and morphology, and appear to be rudimentary. It is suggested that a rudimentary terminal bud develops together with the establishment of sympodial branching, and that sympodial branching has originated from monopodial branching. Based on this proposed evolutionary trend, it is suggested thatAcer has moved from less shady habitats into shady habitats with monopodial branching (advantageous for vertical growth) changing into sympodial branching (advantageous for lateral spread).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940604
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    Crossing experiments of lettuce cultivars and species (Lactuca sect.Lactuca, Compositae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuca sativa ; L. serriola ; L. saligna ; L. virosa ; Hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The degree of relationships withinLactuca sativa and three wild relativesL. serriola, L. saligna, andL. virosa was studied by observing the performance, vigour and fertility of the F 1 hybrids obtained from crosses made in and between the four species. The crosses ofL. saligna ×L. virosa and the reciprocal crosses produced no hybrids.L. saligna andL. virosa are the least related of the four species.L. sativa ×L. serriola and the reciprocal crosses were successful and produced fertile hybrids These two species are genetically very closely related.L. saligna is known to produce, as a female parent, hybrids withL. sativa andL. serriola. Now the reciprocal cross was successful for the first time, so the unability to obtain hybrids in the past was based on the choice of accessions and not caused by unilateral incompatibility.L. virosa ×L. sativa and the reciprocal combination produced hybrids. The combinationL. serriola ×L. virosa produced hybrids with very limited fertility. In contrast to earlier reports (sterile hybrids) one combination of the reciprocal cross too produced hybrids with very limited fertility.—Some of theL. saligna ×L. sativa (and reciprocal) hybrids were found to look strikingly likeL. serriola. This adds evidence for the descent ofL. serriola andL. sativa:L. saligna also made part of the ancestral complex of the cultivated lettuce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940608
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    Genetic divergence and introgressive hybridization betweenAlnus sinuata andA. crispa (Betulaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 107-124 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Alnus ; Isozymes ; population genetics ; hybridization ; genetic distance ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The actinorhizal genusAlnus contains numerous taxa that have been morphologically classified into different subgenera, species and subspecies. The genetic divergence has been evaluated within subg.Alnobetula between the parapatric taxaAlnus sinuata andA. crispa, using diversity of allozyme markers at 15 structural loci among 20 populations. Evidence for introgressive hybridization at the overlap of their ranges was noted in three populations. However, the width of the hybrid zone appeared tenuous. The average genetic distance derived from the comparisons of conspecific populations was much smaller than the interspecific distance (D = 0.047). This allelic divergence was also paralleled with larger amounts of allelic and genotypic diversity within and among populations ofA. sinuata, which are occupying a more heterogenous ecological niche. It is proposed that the repeated advances and retreats of the ice sheet during the Pleistocene may have promoted the divergence and allopatric evolution of these subspecies, and that secondary contact may have occurred repeatedly during the interglacial periods. The dynamic-equilibrium model would predict in such cases that narrow hybrid zones, formed at the contact of parapatric ranges, would impede gene exchange between parental taxa by selection against hybrids. The results obtained in this study seemed concordant with this hypothesis, as they were also in agreement with the existent taxonomical treatment of these taxa based on morphology.
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    Karyological studies inPelargonium sectt.Ciconium, Dibrachya, andJenkinsonia (Geraniaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 151-159 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyotype evolution ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium sect.Ciconium and sect.Dibrachya have a basic chromosome number of x = 9, whereas sect.Jenkinsonia has x = 9, 11, and 17.
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    SEM observations on seeds ofStriga spp. andBuchnera americana (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga ; Buchnera ; Seed coat morphology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of the root parasitesStriga (several spp.) andBuchnera americana were examined by means of SEM. The surface patterns of the seeds in both genera resemble each other closely, especially those ofS. angustifolia andB. americana. SomeStriga spp. can be clearly distinguished by their surface characteristics, while this is quite difficult in others. The taxonomic value of the seed surface features ofStriga andBuchnera is discussed.
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    Delimitation ofPelargonium sect.Glaucophyllum (Geraniaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium sect.Glaucophyllum ; Morphology ; pollen ; chromosome numbers ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium otaviense Knuth andP. spinosum Willd. are excluded from sect.Glaucophyllum, whileP. grandiflorum (Andr.)Willd.,P. patulum Jacq. andP. tabulare (Burm. f.)L'Hérit. of sect.Eumorpha are included. Sect.Glaucophyllum is characterized by green to glaucous vegetative organs and zygomorphic white to pink corolla with five narrow petals. All the species have an identical pollen and chromosome morphology, the same basic chromosome number (x = 11) and similar flavonoid patterns. A close relationship between sect.Glaucophyllum and sect.Pelargonium is indicated by the occurrence of natural hybrids and concordant characters. Isorhamnetin and luteolin have been detected in the genus for the first time.
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    Molecular divergence in the Galapagos Islands—Baja California species pair,Gossypium klotzschianum andG. davidsonii (Malvaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 99-115 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Malvaceae ; Gossypium ; Chloroplast DNA ; allozymes ; isozymes ; molecular evolution ; long-distance dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular divergence betweenGossypium klotzschianum andG. davidsonii was studied. The former is endemic to five of the larger islands of the Galapagos, whileG. davidsonii is restricted to the southern half of Baja California, approximately 2 500 km distant. A substantial body of genetic and taxonomic data suggests that these two species are related as progenitor and derivative. Interspecific hybrids are fully fertile, with no evidence of F2 breakdown and normal segregation of genetic markers. Allozyme analysis of 33 populations for 41 loci indicated that the allelic composition ofG. klotzschianum represents a subset ofG. davidsonii. Although genetic diversity is relatively restricted in both species, calculated measures demonstrate higher levels of genetic variability and greater population structuring inG. davidsonii than inG. klotzschianum. The interspecific genetic identity of 0.87 is typical for progenitor-derivative species pairs. Chloroplast DNAs were surveyed for variation with 25 restriction enzymes using hybridization probes that cover the entire chloroplast genome. No intraspecific and little interspecific variation was detected among 560 cpDNA restriction sites, representing sequence information for approximately 3200 nucleotides. Only 3 mutational differences distinguished the two species, resulting in a sequence divergence estimate of 0.09%. Divergence times were estimated from both the isozyme data and the cpDNA restriction site data. Although these estimates have several sources of error, both molecular data sets were congruent in suggesting that the two lineages diverged between 250000 and 700000 years ago. Accumulated evidence suggests that dispersal was from Baja California to the Galapagos Islands rather than the reverse, and most likely was mediated by trans-oceanic drift.G. klotzschianum may be the only species of the endemic Galapagos flora to have arisen from a northern Mexican progenitor.
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    The systematic position of theHolarrheninae (Apocynaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 157-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apocynaceae ; Plumerioideae ; Apocynoideae ; Holarrheninae ; Holarrhena ; Carruthersia ; Spirolobium ; Floral structure ; pollen morphology ; indole alkaloids ; steroidal alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusHolarrhena, described byRobert Brown in 1811, has had a problematic taxonomic history, in part due to a suite of characters that does not conform with accepted concepts within theApocynaceae. In a number of important taxonomic charactersHolarrhena is typical of subfam.Apocynoideae. But due to the relatively unspecialized structure of the anthers most recent authors have placedHolarrheng, together withCarruthersia andSpirolobium, as the subtribeHolarrheninae in subfam.Plumerioideae. For the present investigation the floral structure and pollen morphology ofHolarrhena, Carruthersia andSpirolobium were analyzed. From the chemical literature reports of the occurrence of steroidal alkaloids in thePlumerioideae were evaluated. Our results indicate that the three genera belong to subfam.Apocynoideae in the tribeNerieae, but that the “Holarrheninae” is an unnatural group, and that the three genera should be accommodated individually within the tribe.
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    Ultrastructural evidence of endoplasmic reticulum changes during the maturation of the olive pollen grain (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 221-231 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oleaceae ; Olea europaea ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; stacks cisternae ; pollen grain ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characteristic features of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) distribution and proliferation were noted during olive pollen (Olea europaea L.) development, suggesting the physiological significance of this organelle. Initially scarce in the young microspore, ER increases as cytoplasmic vacuoles form. At the vacuolated microspore stage the cytoplasm contains numberous polysomes and elongated rER cisternae arranged preferentially in stacks, with an average intracisternal width of 0.07 µm. Stacks persist in the bicellular pollen grain but consist of fewer, shorter, dilated cisternae (mean intracisternal width 0.1 µm) containing a considerable electron-dense matrix. Cisternae in the mature grain are fragmented, leaving behind an ER of swollen pockets. Pockets of ER containing a material of greater electron density are evenly deposited along the plasmalemma, in close relation with it. A dense material is seen in the tubules of the apertural region, which was lacking in earlier stages. Our results show that ER may be involved in protein transport to the intine.
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    Pollination biology of two species ofKielmeyera (Guttiferae) from Brazilian cerrado vegetation (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 35-49 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Guttiferae ; Kielmeyera coriacea ; K. speciosa ; “Buzz pollination” ; carpenter bees ; breeding system ; andromonoecy ; self-mimicry ; neotropical savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology and breeding systems ofKielmeyera coriacea andK. speciosa, two sympatric woody species common in the cerrado vegetation of C. Brazil, were studied. Both species have similar nectarless, polystemonous “Papaver-type” flowers which are visited by a similar spectrum of insects, though they bloom in different seasons and are thus phenologically isolated. Large carpenter bees seem to be the most important pollinators and these and other bees effect “buzz pollen” retrieval despite the fact that anthers are not poricidal. Both species ofKielmeyera possess strong xenogamous breeding systems. The presence of staminate flowers and andromonoecy inK. coriacea, as well as the longevity ofK. speciosa flowers are discussed as alternative strategies to improve pollination success and reproductive efficacy.
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    Chemotaxonomic study of the genusTabernaemontana (Apocynaceae) based on their indole alkaloid content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 13-34 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apocynaceae ; Tabernaemontana ; Indole alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract According to their alkaloidal products species of the “new” genusTabernaemontana can be partly differentiated. This differentiation is in agreement with the “old” genera classification. From the chemotaxonomic point of view a subdivision of subfam.Plumerioideae of theApocynaceae is proposed.
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    A phenetic comparison of someFumaria spp. (Fumariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 51-63 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fumariaceae ; Papaveraceae ; Fumaria ; Phenetics ; numerical taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of the genusFumaria has not been considered in detail sincePugsley's work in 1919 ff., and few modern methods have been applied to it. In a phenetic study, 33 populations of 11Fumaria spp. were grown in uniform conditions, and seven morphological characters measured. After re-expression and transformation the data were analysed by cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Alternative analyses did not indicate contradictory taxonomic conclusions. Artificial crosses gave some evidence on interfertility, and suggestedF. occidentalis to be an allopolyploid ofF. bastardii ×F. capreolata. Pugsley's subsectional classification is supported within sect.Parviflora, but not within sect.Grandiflora. His two sections are seen to be meaningful, but not discrete.
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    A phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation inPoaceae subfam.Pooideae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 83-97 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Pooideae ; Phylogenetics ; evolution ; chloroplast DNA ; restriction site variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in 34 genera of grasses (familyPoaceae), including 28 genera from subfam.Pooideae (representing tribesAveneae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Meliceae, Poeae, Stipeae, andTriticeae) and representatives of three other subfamilies,Arundinoideae, Oryzoideae, andPanicoideae. Analyses of all 34 genera always distinguishedPooideae as monophyletic, regardless of which nonpooid genus functioned as outgroup; six separate analyses of all 28 pooid genera, each including one of the six nonpooid genera as outgroup, resolved five identically-constituted clades withinPooideae (in four cases), or (in the other two cases) yielded results that were less well resolved, but not in conflict with those of the other four analyses. The four best-resolved analyses distinguishedMeliceae as the earliest diverging lineage withinPooideae, andStipeae as the next. Above the point of divergence ofStipeae is a dichotomy between supertribeTriticodae (including tribesBrachypodieae, Bromeae, andTriticeae), and a clade comprisingPoeae andAveneae. The analysis supports some tribal realignments, specifically the assignment ofBriza, Chascolytrum, Microbriza, andTorreyochloa toAveneae, andArctagrostis, Catabrosa, andSesleria toPoeae. The analysis also suggests that the pooid spikelet (i.e., glumes shorter than lemmas and florets two or more) is plesiomorphic inPooideae, and that spikelets with one floret, and those with glumes longer than the first lemma, each have evolved more than once withinPooideae. Results also indicate that small chromosomes and chromosome numbers based on x=c. 10−12 are plesiomorphic withinPooideae. Alternative states of these characters (chromosomes large, chromosome numbers based on x=7) are interpreted as synapomorphies or parallelisms of clades that includeTriticodae, Aveneae, andPoeae. Lanceolate lodicule shape may be a synapomorphy of the clade that includesStipeae, Triticodae, Aveneae, andPoeae, and loss of lodicule vascularization a synapomorphy of the entirePooideae.
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    A phylogenetic and allozyme approach to understanding rarity in three “green ash” eucalypts (Myrtaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 99-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Rarity ; allozymes ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the 12 species of the “green ash” group of eucalypts were examined using allozyme data, to investigate the causes of rarity in three localized endemics of the group. The relationships suggested by the allozyme data showed both similarities to and differences from those estimated from morphological data byLadiges and coworkers. The phylogenetic relationships suggest that rarity inEucalyptus burgessiana may be related to recent divergence, whileE. paliformis andE. rupicola are relatively old species, more likely to be relicts, and/or restricted to a rare habitat.
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    Self-incompatibility inCrocus vernus subsp.vernus (Iridaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 77-82 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus vernus subsp.vernus ; Embryology ; mentor effect ; pollen tube ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Outcross, self- and mixed pollinations were performed inCrocus vernus subsp.vernus, a species with bicellular pollen, dry stigmas and hollow style. No differences were noted among the above pollinations concerning the germination of pollen and the growth of pollen tubes until the top of ovary. Within 45 min after pollinations 62% of pollen grains germinated. Pollen tubes penetrated the papilla cuticle extending along the papilla wall; on entry into stigmatic lobes they continued growth in the stylar secretion to ovarian locules. Here, however, self-pollen tubes failed to reach or to enter the ovule micropyle; while pollen tubes from either outcross- or mixed pollinations grew until fertilizing ovules. These observations gave evidence of a self-incompatibility system inCrocus, which appeared to be neutralized by mentor effect. The ovary as site of incompatibility response is discussed.
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    Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of diploid and tetraploidHordeum bulbosum (Poaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum bulbosum ; Cytotypes ; chromosome analysis ; Giemsa C-banding patterns ; autopolyploidy ; relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The similar-looking basic genomes ofHordeum bulbosum (2x and 4x) have five rather similar metacentric, one submetacentric, and one satellited choromosome. C-banding patterns are characterized by one or two centromeric, or juxtacentromeric, small to larger bands in most chromosomes, by bands at the nucleolar organizers, by small or very small telomeric bands, and by the nearly complete lack of intercalary bands. Banding pattern polymorphism is widespread. Banding patterns supported by chromosome morphology enable identification of homologues, and discrimination between non-homologues inH. bulbosum (2x). The C-banded karyotype ofH. bulbosum (4x) supports an autopolyploid origin, but it was possible to identify only homologues of submetacentrics and SAT-chromosomes.
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the genusActinidia (Actinidiaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Actinidiaceae ; Actinidia ; Chloroplast genome ; kiwifruit ; molecular evolution ; phylogenetic trees ; restriction fragment length polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of chloroplast and nuclear probes were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and three of its closest relatives. The four species fell into two pairs, withA. chinensis andA. deliciosa closely related but some distance away from the other two species,A. latifolia andA. eriantha. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the diploid species,A. chinensis, is a precursor ofA. deliciosa, which is hexaploid.
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    Ribosomal RNA genes inQuercus spp. (Fagaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 127-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Quercus ; Gene mapping ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of the genusQuercus is still unclear. In order to elucidate the taxonomy of Mediterranean oaks we have analyzed ribosomal RNA genes ofQuercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. trojana, Q. ilex, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis by means of Southern blot hybridization. Oak nuclear DNA was extracted from root tips of 300 acorns and from catkins of single plants. EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonucleases were used. DNA electrophoresis and rRNA/DNA hybridization were performed usingVicia faba rRNA 18 S and 25 S as probes. The rRNA genes of all the species studied have an identical restriction mapping in the 18 S and 25 S regions, while differences in length are present in the intergenic regions.Q. cerris possesses at least four types of genes of 12.1, 11.5, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. coccifera at least three types of 12.4, 10.4, and 10.1 kb;Q. trojana possesses the same rRNA genes asQ. cerris plus another gene type 12.0 kb long, with EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites in the intergenic spacer;Q. ilex at least three types of 12.4, 10.85, and 9.5 kb;Q. suber at least five types of 11.5, 11.0, 8.6, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. macrolepis, finally, at least seven types of 11.5, 11.0, 10.2, 8.6, 8.5, 8.3, and 8.15 kb.Q. coccifera andQ. ilex rDNA appears quite different respect to other species examined, while high similarity seems to exist betweenQ. cerris, Q. trojana, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis. These results are in agreement with the taxonomic model proposed bySchwarz for the genusQuercus.
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    Evolution of the tetraploidCapsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae): Isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae ; Capsella ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; isoelectric focusing ; evolution ; polyploidization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) and its subunits (large subunits = LSU, small subunits = SSU) were isolated from threeCapsella spp. by gel electrophoresis and polypeptide composition was analyzed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the presence of 8M urea. The described techniques are recommended for large scale systematic studies. Multiple IEF banding patterns of the SSU are probably the outcome of a heterogenous multigene family. The two diploid speciesC. rubella andC. grandiflora show an identical IEF pattern and could be differentiated from the putative allotetraploidC. bursa-pastoris only by the SSU banding pattern. Uniqueness of some SSU bands in the tetraploid and in the two diploid species, respectively, may indicate an ancient alloploid origin of tetraploidC. bursa-pastoris followed by events leading to divergences in the genomes of the allotetraploid and its presumed diploid progenitors after the hybridization event (SSU gene elimination, acquisition of new SSU genes).
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    Heterostyly in species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) andHugonia (Linaceae) and other disputed cases (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 215-227 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Amaryllidaceae ; Narcissus ; Linaceae ; Hugonia ; Bauhinia ; Cleome ; Aneilema ; Agelaea ; Heterostyly ; tristyly ; distyly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis ofHenriques andFernandes that several Iberian species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) are tristylous is reconsidered. Contrary to the opinion ofBateman and most subsequent authors, we believe that the available evidence indicates that some populations ofN. triandrus andN. fernandesii, at least, are tristylous; other populations ofN. triandrus are distylous.Hugonia cf.penicillanthemum (Linaceae) from new Caledonia is distylous, but it remains possible that other species ofHugonia are tristylous. The disputed occurrence of heterostyly in S. African species ofBauhinia (Leguminosae),Cleome (Capparaceae) andAneilema (Commelinaceae), and inAgelaea (Connaraceae) is discussed.
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    Rumex subgen.Rumex sect.Axillares (Polygonaceae) in South America (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 151-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex subg.Rumex sect.Axillares ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; hybridization ; Flora of S. America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Rumex secciónAxillares fue descrito por primera vez por el autor en 1937. Se conoce en América del Norte con 20 especies endémicas. De América del Sur se conocían sólo 5 especies, todas ellas endemicas; este número asciende a 15 en la presente revision. Fuera de las Américas se encuentran pequeños grupos de especies endémicas en Sudáfrica, en las Islas de Hawaii y en Australia; especies aisladas se encuentran en Africa Central, en las lejanas Islas Atlánticas de Tristan de Cunha y Gough Island y en Asia Oriental. La sección no tiene representantes en Europa, con excepción de tres especies americanas introducidas, poco frecuentes. La secciónAxillares se caracteriza bien, tanto morfológicamente por su forma de creciemiento—sin rosetas foliares, período floral prácticamente ilimitado por la formación de inflorescencias axilares parciales, flores a menudo monoicas—como por su estructura genética que se manifiesta en un comportamiento diferente de hibridación. Híbridos son frecuentes en las especies de la secciónRumex (syn.Simplices) y reconocibles por su esterilidad que se expresa en cierta particularidad del habito. Al contrario, no hay seguridad de híbridos espontáneos en la secciónAxillares. La mayor parte de los híbridos artificiales son totalmente fértiles. Hasta ahora se conocían solo tres híbridos entre las especies de ambas secciones. Otros tres han sido encontrados por el autor en Chile. Todos completamente estériles y con las características de hábito típicas resultantes la esterilidad, como ocurre en los híbridos de la secciónRumex.
    Notes: Abstract Rumex sect.Axillares first described by the author in 1937 is known to be represented in N. America by 20 endemic species. From S. America only five species, all endemic, were previously known; this number is raised in the present revision to 15. Outside America there exist small groups of endemic species in S. Africa and in the islands of Hawaii as well as in Australia and scattered single species in C. Africa, on the remote Atlantic islands of Tristan de Cunha and Gough Island, and in eastern Asia.—In Europe the section is completely absent, except for three American species which occur as rare aliens. TheAxillares are not only morphologically well-characterized by their growth—no leaf rosettes, flowering period practically unlimited by formation of later flowering axillary shoots, flowers often monoecious—but also by their genetic structure expressed by a different behaviour in hybridization. Hybrids are frequent between species of sect.Rumex (syn.Simplices) and are easy to recognize by their sterility which results in a certain peculiarity in habit. In contrast, no spontaneous hybrids are known with certainty among species of sect.Axillares. Most artificial hybrids are fairly fertile. So far only three hybrids between species of the two sections have been known. Three more have been found by the author in Chile, all being highly sterile and showing the growth characteristics resulting from sterility as occur in hybrids between species of sect.Rumex.
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    Robertsonian change in allies ofZebrina (Commelinaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Commelinaceae ; Tradescantia soconuscana ; Zebrina ; Chromosome evolution ; Robertsonian change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiotic pairing inTradescantia soconuscana 2n=26 (6M+16A+4T) suggests that it has a tetraploid constitution which is not apparent in its chromosome number. Its “nombre fondamental” of 32 indicates that it could have evolved from an ancestor with x=8 by a combination of Robertsonian fusion, hybridization and polyploidy. The 2n=16 (8A+8T) karyotype of a closely related diploid supports this. The allied genusZebrina may have followed a similar method of chromosome evolution.
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    Aspects of floral structure and phenology in the genusConophytum (Mesembryanthemaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 229-240 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Mesembryanthemaceae ; Conophytum ; Floral morphology ; floral phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complex floral structure in the southern African genusConophytum (Mesembryanthemaceae; 77 spp.) is described in detail and assigned to three basic floral types, two of which can be divided into two subtypes. Correlations between structural features and phenological patterns are demonstrated and discussed in the family context as well as in relation to the systematic subdivision of the genus.
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    The chemotaxonomy ofGeranium (Geraniaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium ; Chemotaxonomy ; seed proteins ; essential oils ; nectar amino acids ; additivity in hybrids and allopolyploids ; chemical divergence and mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relationships amongGeranium species constituting sectt.Anemonifolia, Lucida (monotypic) andRuberta together with representatives of sect.Unguiculata were investigated by gas-chromatographic study of essential oils, electrophoretic comparison of seed proteins and chromatographic separation of nectar amino acids. — Essential oil study gave little information.G. macrorrhizum (sect.Unguiculata) had far greater quantities of essential oils in its foliage than other species and differed from them qualitatively. — Species of sectt.Anemonifolia andRuberta, together withG. cataractarum (sect.Unguiculata), between them yielded 19 seed protein bands; the distribution of these indicated close relationship among the species and was consistent with hypotheses for the origin of certain species by alloand autopolyploidy partly within the group. Involvement of an unknown species in the origin of two allopolyploids was implied. Separate origins for the two octoploid species in this set are also inferred. In two instances there was evidence for the transformation of one band into another subsequent to the separation of related species. The inference of allopolyploidy was supported by the occurrence of additivity of parental bands shown by an artificial hybrid between two of the species. A model for the evolutionary divergence of the seed protein patterns is presented. Two species outside the above set appeared less closely related; they wereG. lucidum andG. macrorrhizum (sect.Unguiculata) and between them they showed 6 additional bands, four of which were shared. — Of 18 nectar amino acids found, 4 to 15 occurred in any one species, with low numbers (4 and 8) occurring in the most extreme inbreeders. The spectra of nectar amino acids of two hybrids showed additivity of those of the respective parents. The results echo rather closely those provided by seed proteins, but in the absence of data from outside the group their taxonomic significance is uncertain. However, the divergence between the two octoploids was again evident.
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    DNA “fingerprints” detect genetic variation inAcer negundo (Aceraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer negundo ; box elder ; RFLPs ; minisatellite DNA ; M13 probe ; DNA analysis ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA samples from 21 box elder plants collected in Missouri (U.S.A.) were digested with restriction enzyme and southern blot hybridized with the M13 minisatellite probe. Each plant was found to have a unique DNA fragment pattern. Moreover, levels of genetic variation estimated from a similarity index appear to be related to sampling distances. However, size of the fragments utilized in the analysis affects the estimates of genetic variation to a considerable degree.
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    Prolamins in systematics ofPoaceae subfam.Arundinoideae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 57-70 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Arundinoideae ; Protein ; prolamin ; immunology ; immunoblotting ; electrophoresis ; numerical systematics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Circumscription of theArundinoideae and the taxonomic treatments of its tribes have long been disputed. In the present study, 21 species representing the tribesArundineae, Danthonieae, Cortaderieae, andAristideae were examined for prolamin size heterogeneity and immunological cross-reactivities. The immunmological data were analyzed phenetically and cladistically. Prolamins of species examined were similar in size and size diversity except forPhragmites. Structural similarities as measured by ELISA and immunoblotting were very high among all genera exceptAristida andPhragmites. Based on prolamin structure,Aristida is not similar to the core genera of theArundinoideae, the remaining genera could not be distinguished as distinct tribes, and theArundinoideae as represented by the taxa tested appeared monophyletic.
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    A numerical taxonomic study of thePolygonum aviculare complex (Polygonaceae) in Belgium (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 71-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Polygonum aviculare ; Numerical taxonomy ; weeds ; ruderal strategists ; population variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 16 morphological characters were assessed in 300 plants sampled from 27 populations ofPolygonum aviculare sensu lato representative of the whole ecological range of the species in Belgium. The three multivariate treatments performed, namely principal component analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis provide evidence thatP. aviculare can be divided in 4 units, roughly corresponding to the four taxa recognized byChrtek. However, the results point out that subsp.monspeliense and subsp.calcatum should be included at the varietal rank within respectively subsp.aviculare (=P. heterophyllum) and subsp.aequale (=P. arenastrum) as defined byLindman. Fruit dimensions, fruit shape and tepal length are the most discriminant characters for separating the four taxa, while several other characters are discriminant at the population level only. The evolutionary significance of the variation pattern of the whole complex is discussed in terms of life history differentiation and ecological specialization.
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    Flavonoid aglycones from the leaf surfaces of someLabiatae species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Exudate flavonoids ; ecological biochemistry ; biochemical systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of excreted flavonoid aglycones within the familyLabiatae was studied and differences were found, especially in the A-ring substitution patterns. Thus, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavones with substituted B-rings are characteristic of species ofSalvia (sect.Salvia),Rosmarinus andOcimum; 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavones occur only inOcimum and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavones inThymus and related species. Members of the two subfamiliesLamioideae andNepetoideae produce exudate flavonoids, but some genera are devoid of these compounds. There is a correlation between the habitat where the plant grows and production of these compounds, the species from (semi-)arid habitats being those which generally accumulate external flavonoids.
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    Studies on theStellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae): Isozyme variability and the relationship betweenStellaria longipes andS. longifolia (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Stellaria longipes ; S. longifolia ; Isozyme variability ; allozyme analysis ; allopolyploidy ; population differentiation ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation within and the relationship betweenStellaria longipes Goldie andS. longifolia Muhl. were studied. Ten enzyme systems were assessed in eight natural populations ofS. longipes (25 loci) and three ofS. longifolia (20 loci) using starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patterns of population differentiation corresponded to geographic distance. There was no evidence that polyploidS. longipes had greater electrophoretic variability than diploidS. longipes. The isozyme data confirmed extensive population differentiation in these species and, within that context, a relatively close relationship betweenS. longipes andS. longifolia. It was postulated that diploids of these two species might be the progenitors of tetraploidS. longipes.
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    Pollination of New CaledonianWinteraceae: Opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators? (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 143-157 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Zygogynum ; Lepidoptera ; Micropterigidae ; Sabatinca ; Coleoptera ; Pollination biology ; coevolution ; floral volatiles ; parallel radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flower visitors on 12 species of New CaledonianWinteraceae were studied. The visitors were two species of ancestral moths (Sabatinca; Micropterigidae), three species of weevils (Palontus; Curculionidae), and a species of thrips. Behavior observations and pollen records suggest that the beetles and occasionally the moths serve as pollinators ofZygogynum and Exospermum, andBelliolum is pollinated primarily by thrips. The floral volatiles are simple in composition, usually dominated by short esters. Preliminary experiments showed that ethyl acetate elicited alighting, and a distinctive huddling behavior was elicited by artificially mixed fragrance. The host associations of otherSabatinca andPalontus spp. do not support the hypothesis that theWinteraceae have radiated in association with their pollinators. The available evidence supports the notion of opportunistic isolated host colonizations at some point in the radiation of the pollinator groups.
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    Nuclear DNA variability withinPisum sativum (Leguminosae): Cytophotometric analyses (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Pisum sativum ; Cytophotometry ; nuclear DNA content ; DNA variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cultivars or experimental lines ofPisum sativum were analyzed cytophotometrically for nuclear DNA content of early prophases after ethanol-acetic acid fixation. Wide variability was found (from 3.93 to 5.07pg per haploid nucleus). This result was confirmed by the cytophotometric analysis of interphase nuclei isolated from leaf tissues fixed in formalin. Analysis of interphase nuclei at different thresholds of optical density showed that certain chromatin fractions are involved in the variations.
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    The pollen morphology ofOdontites (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 159-178 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Odontites ; Odontitella ; Macrosyringion ; Bornmuellerantha ; Omphalothrix ; Euphrasia ; Bartsia ; Parentucellia ; Pollen morphology ; exine sculpturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen morphology of 29 species ofOdontites and related genera was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Three major pollen types differing fundamentally in exine sculpturing were found. In the parasitic tribePedicularieae retipilate sculpturing is the most widespread type representing a plesiomorphic character state from which the two other types are derived. Of these, reticulate sculpturing is confined toOdontites, whereas a complex retirugulate pattern was found only in the monotypic Near East genusBornmuellerantha. Within the retipilate and the reticulate major types eight minor types were distinguished based on the differential correlation of exine surface morphology, size, shape and amb form. The pollen data are generally well correlated with macromorphological features and furnish important taxonomic characters at the genus—as well as at the specieslevel.
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    Ribosomal RNA genes structure in somePopulus spp. (Salicaceae) and their hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 187-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salicaceae ; Populus ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; restriction enzyme maps ; rDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tandemly repeated multigene families encoding 18S and 25S rRNAs were studied at the restriction enzyme level inPopulus alba L.,Populus deltoides Bartr. exMarsh.,Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray and in the hybrids between the last two mentioned species. The analysis of single and double digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, XbaI, and SstI endonucleases showed the presence of single repetitive unit types of 12.25 and 11.75kb inP. alba andP. trichocarpa, respectively.P. deltoides showed two rDNA gene types having the same length (12.25Kb) but different nucleotide sequence in the IGS. The rDNAs genes ofP. deltoides andP. triochocarpa are inherited codominantly in their hybrids.
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    Morphological and anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta populations (Velloziaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 197-208 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Velloziaceae ; Vellozia hirsuta ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of the campos rupestres ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and leaf anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta is analysed and classified into several types (A1, A2, A4, B3, B5, C3). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The variation of the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.
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    The production of floral oils byMonttea (Scrophulariaceae) and the function of tarsal pads inCentris bees (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 209-222 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Monttea ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil-flowers ; oil-bees ; Flora of Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant species that secrete oil as their primary floral reward are rare and sporadically found in the angiosperms. We report here thatMonttea, a genus previously unsuspected of being an oil-plant, produces lipids from trichome elaiophores on the inside of the lower (anterior) lip. The discovery of the production of oils by species of this S. American genus explains the occurrence of unusual dual-function collecting structures in ArgentineCentris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and explains the presence of oil-collecting bees in regions where oil-secreting flowers were previously thought to be absent. The behavior of these centridine pollinators onMonttea flowers parallels that of oil-collecting bees onDiascia (Scrophulariaceae) in S. Africa.
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