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  • GEOPHYSICS  (734)
  • ASTRONOMY  (384)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (1,118)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1981  (1,118)
Collection
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (1,118)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    The tectonics of anorthosite massifs (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Anorthosite massifs developed approximately 1.4 to 1.5 billion years ago along an arch which developed parallel to a zone of continental separation as a block which included North America, Europe, and probably Asia separated from a block which included parts of South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Anorthosite massifs also developed at the same time along a belt which runs through the continents which comprise Gondwanaland (South America), Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. This was a zone of continental separation which subsequently became a zone of continental collision about 1.2 billion years ago. The northern anorthosite belt also parallels an orogenic belt which was active between 1.8 and 1.7 billion years ago. Heat generated during this mountain building period helped in the formation of the anorthosites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 29 p
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  • 2
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    Spectroscopy in X-ray astronomy (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Detailed features in cosmic X-ray sources and their associated temporal variation over a wide energy range were studied. Excess emission and absorption at approximately 6 to 7 kiloelectron volts in the spectra of supernova remnants, binary X-ray sources, and clusters of galaxies were observed. A gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) will be used as the detector system. In the gas scintillator the principal limitation is due to the statistics of the initial ionization process only.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 3
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    Far ultraviolet astronomy using the FAUST telescope (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST) a compact, wide field-of-view, far ultraviolet instrument designed for astronomical observations of extended and point sources is discussed. The design and application of the instrument are described. The prime objective is to observe faint astronomical sources with sensitivities higher than previously available. Scientific programs will include: (1) a search for ultraviolet stars which are predicted to exist at the stage of evolution prior to the final death of a star; (2) observations of galaxies and quasars; and (3) joint programs with other Spacelab 1 experiments. The secondary objective is to verify the suitability of the Spacelab as a platform for far ultraviolet astronomy: data will be provided on the ultraviolet background levels due to astronomical, terrestrial, and spacecraft generated sources; the levels of contaminants which affect ultraviolet instruments; and the capability of the Orbiter for stable pointing at celestial sources for useful periods of time.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 4
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    Low-energy electron flux and its reaction to active experimentation of Spacelab (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: An instrument capable of observing the natural electron flux in the energy range from 0.1 to 12.0 kiloelectron volts is discussed for use in an experiment intended as a forerunner of a method that will utilize artificially accelerated electrons as tracer particles for electron fields parallel to the magnetic field. Effects that are of importance either as means of detecting the echo beam or as causes of beam perturbations (e.g., spacecraft charging effects and electron background) are to be studied. The use of electron accelerators as a tool to probe magnetospheric processes rather than to modify them is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 5
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    Atmospheric emission photometric imaging (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A dual-channel video system mounted on a stabilized two-axis gimbal system (mounted on the pallet) with associated optics and data handling electronics described the low light flux observations are required for: (1) investigating ionospheric transport processes by observing Mg+ ions; (2) supporting magnetospheric electron bounce experiments; (3) measuring electron cross sections for selected atmospheric species; (4) detecting small particle contamination; and (5) studying natural auroras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 6
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    DC-magnetic field vector measurement (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A magnetometer experiment was designed to determine the local magnetic field by measuring the total of the Earth's magnetic field and that of an unknown spacecraft. The measured field vector components are available to all onboard experiments via the Spacelab command and data management system. The experiment consists of two parts, an electronic box and the magnetic field sensor. The sensor includes three independent measuring flux-gate magnetometers, each measuring one component. The physical background is the nonlinearity of the B-H curve of a ferrite material. Two coils wound around a ferrite rod are necessary. One of them, a tank coil, pumps the ferrite rod at approximately 20 kilohertz. As a consequence of the nonlinearity, many harmonics can be produced. The second coil (i.e., the detection coil) resonates to the first harmonic. If an unknown dc or low-frequency magnetic field exists, the amplitude of the first harmonic is a measure for the unknown magnetic field. The voltages detected by the sensors are to be digitized and transferred to the command and data management system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 7
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    Investigation on Atmospheric H and D through the measurement of their Lyman-alpha emissions (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Study of sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and perhaps in the galactic medium is planned. Sources of Lyman-alpha emission are described and a schematic of the instrument presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 8
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    Space experiments with particle accelerators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The purpose of space experiments with particle accelerators (SEPAC) is to carry out active and interactive experiments on and in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is also intended to make an initial performance test for an overall program of Spacelab/SEPAC experiments. The instruments to be used are an electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, and associated diagnostic equipment. The accelerators are installed on the pallet, with monitoring and diagnostic observations being made by the gas plume release, beam-monitor TV, and particle-wave measuring instruments also mounted on the pallet. Command and display systems are installed in the module. Three major classes of investigations to be performed are vehicle charge neutralization, beam plasma physics, and beam atmosphere interactions. The first two are mainly onboard plasma physics experiments to measure the effect of phenomena in the vicinity of Spacelab. The last one is concerned with atmospheric modification and is supported by other Spacelab 1 investigations as well as by ground-based, remote sensing observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 9
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    Ozone and aircraft operations (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The cabin ozone problem is discussed. Cabin ozone in terms of health effects, the characteristics of ozone encounters by aircraft, a brief history of studies to define the problem, corrective actions taken, and possible future courses of action are examined. It is suggested that such actions include avoiding high ozone concentrations by applying ozone forecasting in flight planning procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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  • 10
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    Comparisons of global ozone trends inferred from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the ground-based network (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Preliminary comparisons between global ozone burdens derived from the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on Nimbus 4 and those inferred from an analysis of ground-based network data seem to indicate significant differences in the inter-annual variability of ozone. Some of the observed differences may be due to improper weighting of the ground-based network data, slowly changing planetary wave structure over the fixed station, of small inter-annual changes in meridional transport parameters. There is also some evidence which indicates that the polar stratosphere at high latitudes may represent an important ozone storage resevoir which tends to compensate for large scale changes observed in the regions outside of the polar stratosphere. Possible consequences of this are that the global trends derived from ground based ozone measurements may not be valid and furthermore that the current satellite techniques by themselves may be sufficient. An ozone monitoring system which includes observations from satellites, ground-based stations, balloons and rockets may be necessary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 279
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  • 11
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    Measurement of trace levels of chlorine in the stratosphere (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Mathematical models of stratospheric ozone have predicted a reduction in the total ozone due to chlorofluoromethanes released into the atmosphere. Analytical procedures for the collection of air in the stratosphere and for analysis of these air samples for trace levels of chlorine, regardless of the state of chemical composition were developed. Calibration experiments are conducted in order to validate all methods and procedures. Results of neutron activation analysis calibration procedures using standard chlorine gases are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 12
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    Atmospheric density, temperature and wind measurement techniques during the 1980 Energy Budget Campaign (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-30
    Description: Super Loki rocketsonde systems are described. The datasonde telemeters data to a ground station where ambient temperatures are calculated between 20 and 70 km. The sphere is a passive, radar tracked system which allows density to be calculated between 30 and 90 km. When flown simultaneously the systems give redundant data in the altitudes between 30 and 70 km. The datasonde has a balloon parachute that descends more slowly than a conventional parachute and is more stable. Because of launch constraints the datasondes reached very high apogees, leading to very fast descent velocities. Aerodynamic heating reduced thermistor sensitivity. Anomalous parachute behavior influenced wind sensing until a denser layer was reached. The spheres collapsed above 60 km altitude, but their data, combined with dropsonde data give significant results for 21 flights. These show that the stratosphere is colder than Cospar 72 model predictions and the mesosphere is warmer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wuppertal Univ. Sounding Rocket Program Aeronomy Project: Energy Budget Campaign 1980. Expt. Summary; p 382-396
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  • 13
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    Comets (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nature and origin of comets is discussed. Observations of the principal parts of comets, the dust and plasma tails, the hydrogen cloud, the coma and the cometary nucleus, are presented, and the icy conglomerate model of Whipple as extended by Delsemme accounting for the observed properties and their variation with heliocentric distance is examined. The origin of comets is considered in relation to the orbital statistics of the long-period comets and the existence of the Oort cloud on the edge of the solar system, and possible roles for comets in the solar nebula and the evolution of the solar system are indicated. Particular attention is then given to the discovery and properties of Halley's Comet, which is expected to reach perihelion in 1986, and to possible flyby and rendezvous missions to Halley's Comet and others.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 14
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    Electron densities for 10 planetary nebulae derived from the semiforbidden C III lambda 1907/1909 ratio. II (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electron densities for IC 351, IC 2165, J900, IC 3568, NGC 6644, NGC 6891, IC 4997, NGC 7009, Hu 1-2, and IC 5217 are derived from high-dispersion semiforbidden C III spectrograms. For seven of these nebulae, the derived electron density is larger than the values derived from either surface brightness measurements or forbidden line ratios. Only one object, Hu 1-2, shows pronounced splitting of the semiforbidden C III emission lines due to a large expansion velocity.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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  • 15
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    Radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere to dynamical forcing (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Combination of the chemical continuity equation for odd oxygen with the second law of thermodynamics yields analytic solutions which describe the coupled behavior of temperature and ozone perturbations in response to an externally specified forcing. The results appear in a form which allows easy physical interpretation of the coupling between radiative and photochemical processes. When the forcing is chosen to mimic a planetary scale wave, the theory shows that photochemical acceleration of radiative damping reduces the amplitude of the temperature perturbation by an amount which increases with the wave period. Although ozone fluctuations are anti-correlated with those in temperature, minima in ozone do not coincide exactly in longitude with temperature maxima. The percentage variation in ozone increases upward and is always larger than that in temperature at the same pressure. This demonstrates that variations in ozone on constant pressure surfaces may serve as a sensitive indicator of wave activity in the mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 16
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    Particles above the tropopause - Measurements and models of stratospheric aerosols, meteoric debris, nacreous clouds, and noctilucent clouds (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An outline is presented of the present status of knowledge of stratospheric aerosols, meteoric debris, nacreous clouds, and noctilucent clouds. Considerable progress has been made in studies of these particles during the previous decade and it is appropriate to synthesize the information to provide a background for studies planned for the 1980s. Numerical models of the formation, growth, and evolution are considered and a description is given of the physical processes involved, taking into account aspects of nucleation, coagulation, condensational growth, sedimentation, and questions of dynamical transport. A schematic outline of the physical and chemical processes included in a model of stratospheric aerosols is provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 17
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    Medium energy gamma ray astronomy with transpacific balloon flights (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Transpacific balloon flights with the University of California, Riverside (UCR) double scatter telescope are discussed. With flight durations from 5 days up to perhaps 15 days the long observation times necessary for medium energy (1-30 MeV) gamma ray astronomy can be obtained. These flights would be made under the auspices of the Joint U.S.-Japan Balloon Flight Program at NASA. It is proposed that flights can provide at least 30 hours of observation time per flight for many discrete source candidates and 120 hours for detecting low intensity cosmic gamma ray bursts.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 18
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    The CAMEO barium release - E/parallel/ fields over the polar cap (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Four successive thermite barium releases at an altitude of 965 km over polar cap invariant latitudes 84 to 76 deg near magnetic midnight were conducted from the orbiting second stage of the vehicle that launched Nimbus 7; the releases were made as part of the CAMEO (Chemically Active Material Ejected in Orbit) program. This was the first opportunity to observe the behavior of conventional barium release when conducted at orbital velocity in the near-earth magnetic field. The principal unexpected characteristic in the release dynamics was the high, 1.4 to 2.6 km/s, initial Ba(+) expansion velocity relative to an expected velocity of 0.9 km/s. Attention is also given to neutral cloud expansion, initial ion cloud expansion, convective motion, and the characteristics of field-aligned motion. The possibility of measuring parallel electric fields over the polar cap by observing perturbations in the motion of the visible ions is assessed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 19
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    Very low frequency waves stimulated by an electron accelerator in the auroral ionosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sounding rocket, Polar 5, carrying a 10 keV electron accelerator in a mother-daughter configuration and other diagnostic instruments, was launched into a slightly disturbed ionosphere with weak auroral activity on February 1, 1976 from Northern Norway to study VLF wave phenomena. The rocket trajectory crossed two auroral regions: one, between 86 and 111 s flight time, and a secondary region between 230 and 330 s. The daughter, carrying the accelerator, was separated axially from the mother in a forward direction at an altitude of 90 km. The VLF experiment, carried by the mother payload, recorded both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves. The receiving antenna was an electric dipole, 0.3 m tip-to-tip, oriented 90 degrees to the rocket spin axis. The onboard particle detector recorded increased electron fluxes in the two auroral regions. A double peaked structure was observed in the fluxes of 4-5 and 12-27 keV electrons within the northern auroral form. The number density of thermal plasma varied during the flight, with maximum density within the main auroral region. To the north of this aurora a slow, steady decrease in the density was observed, with no enhancement in the region of the second aurora.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 20
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    An analytic formulation for heating source memory in the thermospheric composition (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical calculations from a spectral circulation model are utilized to construct an analytic Green's function formulation describing the meridional, time-dependent thermospheric composition and temperature response during magnetic storms. The purpose is to develop a formulation that embodies source memory while being sufficiently simple to serve as a heuristic guide for empirical modeling. By passing from the discrete Fourier series representation, utilized for the numerical circulation model, to a continuous Fourier integral representation, explicit waves are obtained for the thermospheric response times. The response times are altitude and species dependent and can exceed two days below 200 km. Thus, for certain storm scenarios, pronounced source memory signatures for the composition and temperature are predicted. Response times obtained from the formulation are shown to give a response consistent with previously published neutral composition data from AE-C for the February 1974 storm when an ap dependent heat source is employed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 21
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    Semiempirical modeling of thermospheric magnetic storms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An improved formulation for empirical modeling of magnetic storm effects in neutral thermospheric composition and temperature is utilized in a study of two disturbed periods. The formulation, which incorporates the prior history of the heat input rather than a single phase delay, is based on a Fourier integral representation of an existing theoretical model. This results in an improved representation of the detailed time variations and a better carry-over of model parameters from one storm to the other and provides a basis for theoretical interpretation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 22
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    Inference of the ring current ion composition by means of charge exchange decay (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analysis of data from the Explorer 45 (S3-A) electrostatic analyzer in the energy range 5-30 keV has provided some new results on the ring current ion composition. It has been well established that the storm time ring current has a decay time of several days, during which the particle fluxes decrease nearly monotonically. By analyzing the measured ion fluxes during the several day storm recovery period and assuming that beside hydrogen other ions were present and that the decays were exponential in nature, three separate lifetimes for the ions were established. These fitted decay lifetimes are in excellent agreement with the expected charge exchange decay lifetimes for H(+), O(+) and He(+) in the energy and L value range of the data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 23
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    Studies in astronomical time series analysis. I - Modeling random processes in the time domain (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several random process models in the time domain are defined and discussed. Attention is given to the moving average model, the autoregressive model, and relationships between and combinations of these models. Consideration is then given to methods for investigating pulse structure, procedures of model construction, computational methods, and numerical experiments. A FORTRAN algorithm of time series analysis has been developed which is relatively stable numerically. Results of test cases are given to study the effect of adding noise and of different distributions for the pulse amplitudes. A preliminary analysis of the light curve of the quasar 3C 272 is considered as an example.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 45; Jan. 198
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  • 24
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    Three new 'nonterrestrial' molecules (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Eight new interstellar lines have been detected from three molecules not previously observed spectroscopically in space or in the laboratory. One is a linear or nearly linear molecule with microwave constants B0 equals 21,337.15 plus or minus 0.06 MHz, D0 equals 21.4 plus or minus 1.5 kHz. This is the thioformyl ion HCS(plus), first identified because B0 and D0 are close to those calculated, and now confirmed by laboratory detection of one of the present lines (Gudeman et al.). The second molecule, also linear or nearly so, has microwave constants B0 equals 10,691,406 plus or minus 0.043 MHz, D0 equals 1.84 plus or minus 0.91 kHz close to those expected for the isoelectronic systems HOCO(plus) and HOCN; a choice between the two cannot be made on the basis of the available astronomical data. The existence of a third molecule is deduced from an unidentified line at 85,338 MHz that has been found in many sources, is fairly intense in several, and may be self-absorbed in Sgr B2.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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  • 25
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    Discovery of phase-locked variable polarization in an RS Canum Venaticorum-like star, HR 5110 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using measurements on 79 nights in 1980 January-August, it is established that the polarization in the ultraviolet (U band) varies synchronously on the known binary period of 2.6132 days, with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.03%. The pattern is mainly second harmonic in character, as typical of binary star examples such as Algol and Upsilon Her. Reflection by the cooler star, by a plasma concentration, or both, is suggested. The scale of the polarization seems to be consistent with Rayleigh scattering by neutral hydrogen on the cooler star, and a roughly lambda to the -4th wavelength dependence should be searched for. The QU curve suggests a sizeable inclination for the system, of about 45 deg, but this is preliminary. Separately, a possible weak periodicity might be present on a subsidiary period, conceivably related to a rotating star spot.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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  • 26
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    The 45 micron H2O ice band in the Kleinmann-Low Nebula (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 245
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  • 27
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    Concerning the Wolf-Rayet and other luminous early-type stars (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Effective temperatures, radii, and luminosities were determined from S2/68, ANS, UBV, and uvby photometry for four B0/B1 supergiants, four O4 stars, and four WN7/WN8 stars as well as for four test stars having spectral types between B1.5 V and 09 V and five stars with known angular diameters and effective temperatures. The effective temperatures of B1 Ia+ stars are found to be near 17,000 K, those of O4 stars near 45,000, and those of WN7/WN8 stars near 26,000 K. The question of modeling the atmospheres of hot luminous stars is examined, and it is noted that the photosphere can be modeled adequately using a classical plane-parallel layer model atmosphere. In addition, it is found that the Wolf-Rayet stars of types WN7/WN8 fall in the H-R diagram near the B0 Ia stars, while the others fall near B0.5 III stars. The evolutionary relationship between the Wolf-Rayet and O stars is considered; it is suggested that a Wolf-Rayet spectrum is a short-lived phase in the life of a massive star.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 244
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  • 28
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    Observation of the core of the Perseus cluster with the Einstein solid state spectrometer - Cooling gas and elemental abundances (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Solid State Spectrometer observations of the core of the Perseus cluster have resulted in the detection of X-ray emission lines due to Si, S, and Fe. Analysis of the spectrum indicates that the X-ray emission has at least two characteristic temperatures. This is interpreted in the framework of radiative accretion in the core of the cluster. The derived parameters are a cooling time less than or approximately equal to 2 x 10 to the ninth years for the low-temperature gas, a mass accretion rate of approximately 300 solar masses per year, and a characteristic size of 10-20 kpc for the cool gas. The Fe abundance in the core (approximately 0.4) is similar to the Fe abundance averaged over the whole cluster, indicating that Fe emission is not strongly concentrated about NGC 1275. The Si and S abundances are consistent with solar values.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 244
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  • 29
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    Non-linear stability around the triangular libration points (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The configuration space around the triangular libration points in the Earth-Moon system is partitioned according to the stability of the motion. The regions around L4 and L5 are established where particles placed with zero initial velocity will librate. The complexity of the partitioning is revealed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 23; Mar. 198
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  • 30
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    SAS 2 observations of the earth albedo gamma radiation above 35 MeV (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The earth albedo gamma radiation above 35 MeV in the equatorial region is investigated using observations from the second Small Astronomy Satellite. The zenith angle distribution of the gamma radiation has a peak toward the horizon which is about an order of magnitude more intense than the radiation coming from the nadir, and nearly two orders of magnitude more intense than the gamma radiation from most parts of the sky. The gamma radiation originating from the western horizon is a factor of four more intense than the radiation from the eastern horizon and a factor of three more intense than that from the northern and southern directions. This reflects the geomagnetic effects on the incident cosmic rays whose interactions produce the albedo gamma rays. The variation of the upcoming gamma ray intensity with vertical cutoff rigidity is consistent with the empirical relationship found by Gur'yan et al. (1979).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Mar. 1
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  • 31
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    High-resolution observations of the QSO 3C 345 at 1.3 centimeters (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High-resolution VLBI observations made at a frequency of 22.235 GHz of the quasar 3C 345 are discussed. Antennas located at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, USSR; Onsala, Sweden; Effelsberg, West Germany; and the Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts were employed at 4-min integration times to provide baselines ranging up to 5.5 x 10 to the 8th wavelengths. About 40% of the total flux density of 7.85 Jy, observed in November 1977, and 8.05 Jy, observed in October 1978, is found to originate in an unresolved component of the quasar core in a region less than 0.1 milliarcsec in diameter. The elongated jet-like component of the quasar is observed to contain several peaks of emission extending up to 6 milliarsec from the core which decreased in extent between the two observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 243
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  • 32
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    Coherent- and incoherent-scatter radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ionized regions of the atmosphere were studied using high power backscatter radars at VHF and UHF frequencies were studied. The first year of data from the Urbana coherent-scatter radar were analyzed. It is suggested that the VHF scattered power profile from the mesosphere over Urbana depends on the existence of short vertical wave length tidal components to generate turbulence. Short period altitude and amplitude variations are believed to be due to gravity wave interacting with the tidal components.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 47-81
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  • 33
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    Partial reflection (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Differential-absorption electron concentration and drifts wind data were collected on a daily basis along with daily winds data. The daily winds data are compared with the daily electron concentration data on the meridional prevailing wind are compared with the electron concentration. Results are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 24-29
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  • 34
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    Laser radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A laser radar system to measure the altitude distribution of atmospheric sodium in the 80 to 100 km altitude region was constructed. The system consists of a high power pulsed dye laser, large aperture receiving telescope, and photon counting and signal processing equipment. The receiving system development, and the construction and development of the dye laser are discussed. Spatial and temporal filtering of the data to enhance the resolution of the sodium lidar profiles is described as well as computer model studies of the sodium density response to gravity wave perturbations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 82-94
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  • 35
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    Meteor radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies of the dynamics of the meteor region (75-105 km) were conducted using a meteor radar system. The radar was operated for approximately 700 hours. The data were fully analyzed to yield the north/south and east/west horizontal wind components, and curve fitting routines are used to yield the daily mean winds, and the diurnal and semidiurnal tides.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 30-46
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  • 36
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    Rocket experiments (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Payloads designed to study the ionization and the ionizing sources (energetic particles) during periods of auroral activity are described. These include a probe experiment to measure the variation in electron concentration, to measure electron temperature, and to measure the vehicle potential; a propagation experiment to obtain the electron concentration and the electron collision frequency; and an energetic particle experiment to measure particle energy spectra.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 6-23
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  • 37
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    X-band atmospheric noise temperature statistics at Goldstone, DSS 13, 1979 and 1980, and clear air noise temperature models for Goldstone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Superhigh frequency (X band) noise temperature data are presented which illustrate the noise temperature increase above quiescent baseline for the years 1979 and 1980. Clear air models are also given which shows the seasonal noise temperature effects of changing surface water vapor densities for a particular atmospheric model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 161-167
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  • 38
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    Radio astronomy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The activities of the Deep Space Network in support of radio astronomy operations during the first quarter of 1981 are reported. Results of the use of a low noise maser are presented, as well as updates in DSN support of experiments sanctioned by the Radio Astronomy Experiment Selection Panel.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-2
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  • 39
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    A frequency and timing subsystem for the ORION mobile unit (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mobile surveying instrument in support of the crustal dynamics program measures the length and direction of the distance between sites on the Earth's surface using VLBI techniques operating at microwave frequencies and extragalactic radio sources. The frequency and timing subsystem uses as a frequency standard the hydrogen maser. An important part of the subsystem is a sophisticated automatic system to monitor frequency stability and accumulated clock error.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 3-10
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  • 40
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    Calculation of atmospheric loss from microwave radiometric noise temperature measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Microwave propagation loss in the atmosphere can be inferred from microwave radiometric noise temperature measurements. The relevant equations are given and a derivation and calculation is made assuming various physical models. Comparison is made with the commonly used lumped element atmospheric model (isothermal and uniform loss) and the model with linear temperature and exponential loss distributions. The results are useful for estimating the integral inversion differences due to the model selection. This indicates that the commonly used lumped element atmospheric model is a very good approximation with judicious choice of the effective physical temperature. For the worst case comparison, the lumped element model agrees with the variable parameter model within 0.2 dB up to a propagation loss of 3 dB.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 73-80
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  • 41
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    High-resolution IUE observations of the 1981 eclipse of 32 CYG (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: 32 Cyg shows a spectacular pure emission line spectrum during eclipse. Six weeks later, most lines, which were observed in emission during eclipse, are seen as P Cygni type profiles with strong absorption components. The lines are formed through line scattering of B star light in the extended atmosphere (wind) of the K supergiant. During eclipse, the emission parts of the P Cyg lines remain visible since the size of the line scattering sphere around the B star is larger than the red giant. Other emission lines are formed in a shock front near the B star (CIV, SiIV, FeIII) and possibly in an accretion disk. The strong FeII UV Mult. 191 lambda lambda 1785-88 A is shown to be formed through optical pumping via FeII UV Mult. 9 photons. The phase dependence of the P Cyg type profiles is modelled by means of line transfer calculations in nonspherical, 3-dimensional geometry with velocity fields.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory 2nd Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Vol. 1; p 245-259
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  • 42
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    Optical photometry of SS 433 - 200 nights of data 1979-1980 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results from over 200 nights of optical photoelectric photometry of SS 433 during the period July 1979-October 1980 are presented. The data, taken in unfiltered light, the V band, an interference filter band centered on stationary H-alpha and a far-red band, provide evidence for an underlying 164-day light variation of peak-to-peak amplitudes 0.50 magnitude in V and 0.7 magnitude at 6567 A, and a binary-like variation with period 13.074 days and peak-to-peak amplitudes 0.50 and 0.60 magnitudes, respectively. The 13-day light curves are found to change slightly as a function of phase in the 164-day cycle, while seemingly erratic light fluctuations of up to 1 magnitude in 1 day and about 2 magnitudes in 3-4 days are imposed on both cyclic variations. It is noted that a conventional close-binary model is incapable of accounting for all the observed features, and alternatives involving some sort of luminous, rapidly changing extended low-mass envelope or screen in the binary system must be sought.
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  • 43
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    Infrared photometry of comets Bowell and P/Stephan-Oterma (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Broadband IR photometry in the 1-20 micron range of the comets P/Stephan-Oterma and Bowell shows JHK colors similar to P/Meier and P/Tuttle, which are compatible with the scattering of sunlight by micron-sized grains. In addition, the P/Stephan-Oterma thermal emission was found to have an effective temperature higher than that expected from a blackbody in equilibrium. It is demonstrated that the thermal emission can be fit by models of the dust coma consisting of micron-sized grains, and that most of the flux at all observed wavelengths comes from the dust grains rather than the nucleus.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 44
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    Influence of gravity field uncertainties on the results from POGO and Magsat geomagnetic surveys (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Errors in the gravity models used in satellite position calculations are examined as a possible source of the 0 to 100% variance found between POGO and Magsat magnetic data and the extrapolations of aerial magnetic survey data to satellite heights. For POGO data obtained over the New York Bight region using a relatively poor gravity field (a hybrid spherical harmonic model of degree 7 and order 6 with three higher order resonance terms), the magnitude of the error in the satellite height component is found to be sufficient to account for the amplitude of the discrepancy, however the frequency of the quasi-periodic orbital error is too large to explain the localized nature of the differences. For the case of the Magsat satellite, in which a more accurate gravity model was used, it is found that a 30 mgal gravitational anomaly distributed over a 5 x 5 deg area will produce insufficiently large position errors to account for the variations. The agreement between the two sets of satellite data in the New York Bight region suggests either a consistent error in satellite measurements, or problems with the reduction and processing of the aeromagnetic data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Dec. 198
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  • 45
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    Stratospheric measurements of continuous absorption near 2400 per cm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of continuous absorption near 2400 per cm by N2 and CO2 over long path lengths in the lower stratosphere are presented. The continua were measured in a stratospheric solar spectrum obtained during sunset with a balloon-borne Michelson interferometer in the 2380-2500 per cm region, and transmittances were calculated by ratioing the amplitudes to those of a high-sun spectrum in order to eliminate the wavelength dependence of the measured flux. Comparison of the measured transmittances with those calculated for a multilayered atmospheric model using laboratory absorption measurements results in a fair agreement, and reveals the primary component of the absorption throughout most of the range to be N2, with the CO2 contribution equal to that of N2 only at the CO2 band head. In this region, the shape of the continuum is very sensitive to the sub-Lorentzian line shape assumed in the calculations, and so, if the shape of the N2 continuum at low temperatures can be determined through laboratory measurements, may be used to infer air-broadened far-wing CO2 line shape.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Dec. 15
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  • 46
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    X-ray and VLBI radio observations of the quasars NRAO 140 and NRAO 530 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Einstein X-ray Observatory has confirmed the HEAO 1 detection of the NRAO 140 and NRAO 530 quasars, and found that the low-energy X-ray flux of NRAO 140 is consistent with the high-energy results from the earlier satellite. It is also determined that the X-ray emission from NRAO 530 has either decreased by an order of magnitude, from 1978.0 to 1979.7, or the HEAO 1 field contained a second bright source. The two sources have been observed at 2.8 cm, using a four-station intercontinental VLB array, to find whether the X-ray emission is caused by Compton scattering within the radio components. Dissection of the NRAO 140 into its separate components shows radio parameters that imply a 'Compton problem', in that X-ray emission three orders of magnitude greater than that observed is predicted in one of the components if the source is static. Because the effect is independent of distance, relativistic motion with a Lorentz factor greater than about 40 is required to bring the predicted X-ray flux down to the observed value.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 249
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  • 47
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    Evidence for 18.6 year Mn signal in temperature and drought conditions in North America since AD 1800 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is found that, since 1800, the mean discrepancy in epoch between maxima in temperature and maxima in the Drought Area Index (DAI) for the western United States with respect to maxima in the lunar modal tide is 0.9 and 0.1 year, respectively. It is suggested, in light of the fact that a cluster of nine stations in western Canada yields the 18.6-year lunar nodal term out of phase with 30 stations in eastern North America, that (1) enhanced drought conditions in the western United States are neither recurrent nor rhythmic on a time scale of 20 years, but rather periodic with a period of 18.6 years, and (2) the Rocky Mountain system is an influence for atmospheric tidal phenomena at epochs of maximum in the lunar nodal tide as well as for maxima in the temperature records of the DAI.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Nov. 20
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  • 48
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    Atmospheric carbon dioxide and chlorofluoromethanes - Combined effects on stratospheric ozone, temperature, and surface temperature (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of combined CO2 and CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 time-dependent scenarios on atmospheric O3 and temperature are described; the steady-state levels of O3 and surface temperature, to which the chlorofluoromethane scenario tends in the presence of twice and four time ambient CO2, are examined; and surface temperature changes, caused by the combined effects, are established. A description of the model and of the experiments is presented. Results indicate that (1) the total ozone time history is significantly different from that due to the chlorofluoromethane alone; (2) a local ozone minimum occurs in the upper stratosphere about 45 years from the present with a subsequent ozone increase, then decline; and (3) steady-state solutions indicate that tropospheric temperature and water vapor increases, associated with increased infrared opacity, cause significant changes in tropospheric ozone levels for 2 x CO2 and 4 x CO2, without the addition of chlorofluoromethanes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; June 198
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  • 49
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    Deconvolution of wide field-of-view radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation. I - Theory (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field-of-view (WFOV) radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation provides a technique by which the resolution of such measurements can be enhanced to provide radiant exitance at the top of the atmosphere with a finer resolution than the field of view. An analytical solution for the earth-emitted radiant exitance in terms of WFOV radiometer measurements is derived for the nonaxisymmetric (or regional) case, in which the measurements and radiant exitance are considered to be functions of both latitude and longitude. This solution makes it possible to deconvolve a set of WFOV radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation and obtain information with a finer resolution than the instantaneous field of view of the instrument. It is shown that there are tradeoffs involved in the selection between WFOV and scanning radiometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 50
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    Artificial particle and wave stimulation in the Trigger experiment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Trigger experiment, designed to test the response of the auroral ionosphere to an impulsive release of a hot, dense plasma, and consisting of a sounding rocket payload (launched on February 11, 1977) divided into two parts, an instrumented diagnostic section and a cesium-doped high-explosive canister, is described. When the two sections were separated by about 1 km, the cesium high-explosive was ignited and the plasma around the payload was observed to increase briefly by a factor of 4 in density and a factor of 2 in temperature, upon which various particle and field phenomena occurred in rapid succession. A large increase in the field-aligned charged particle flux was observed over the approximate energy range of 10 eV to more than 300 keV, starting about 150 ms after the release and lasting about 1 second. A second particle burst started one second after the release and lasted for tens of seconds. A transient electric field pulse of 200 mV/m appeared just before the particle flux increase began.
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  • 51
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    Deconvolution of wide field-of-view radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation. II - Analysis of first year of Nimbus 6 ERB data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theory of deconvolution considered by Smith and Green (1981) is applied to Nimbus 6 data in order to interpret the data with the maximum obtainable resolution. Attention is given to the data sample, sun-contaminated measurements, the measurement model, the deconvolution, the degree variance, the spherical harmonic coefficients, the geographical distribution of longwave radiation, time histories of zonal coefficients, and the effect of a grid system. Degree variance plots for 12 months of longwave radiation data show that the limit for a spherical harmonic representation of the Nimbus 6 wide field-of-view longwave data is 12th degree. The degree variance plots also reveal that most of the power is in the lower degree terms. Contour maps of the radiation field show the geographical distribution of earth emitted radiant exitance for each month.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 52
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    Water vapor in the stratosphere - Preliminary results of the LIMS experiment aboard Nimbus 7 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 53
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    Observations of SMC X-1 with the monitor proportional counter on the Einstein /HEAO 2/ X-ray Observatory - The pulse period and its history (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of the sixth determination of the pulse period of the X-ray source SMC X-1 are presented. The observations were made in April 1979. The pulse period at this epoch was found to be (0.713683 + or - 0.000032) s referred to phase zero of the binary motion. This result together with all available historical data is utilized to quantify the observed trend toward spin-up. It is found that simple secular trends are not applicable. This finding is interpreted as evidence for additional variations in the pulse period. The obtained results are discussed in the context of present theoretical models for period variations in the binary pulsating X-ray sources. The apparent absence of spin-down episodes in the period history of SMC X-1 is also considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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  • 54
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    Two-component X-ray emission from RS Canum Venaticorum binaries (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A summary is presented of results from the Solid State Spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory for seven RS CVn binaries. The spectra of all require two emission components, evidenced by line emission characteristics of plasma at 4-million to 8-million K and bremsstrahlung characteristic of 20-million to 100-million K. The data are interpreted in terms of magnetic coronal loops similar to those seen on the sun, although with different characteristic parameters. The emission regions could be defined by separate magnetic structures. For pressures less than 10 dynes/sq cm the low temperature plasma would be confined within the stellar radii, while the high temperature plasma would, for the synchronous, close binaries, fill the binary orbits. However, for loop pressures exceeding 100 dynes sq cm, the high temperature components would also be confined to within the stellar radii, in loops covering only small fractions of the stellar surfaces. While the radio properties and the occurrence of X-ray flares suggest the larger emission regions, the observations of time variations leave the ambiguity unresolved.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 246
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  • 55
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    Pulsar gamma-rays - Spectra, luminosities, and efficiencies (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The general characteristics of pulsar gamma-ray spectra are presented for a model in which the gamma rays are produced by curvature radiation from energetic particles above the polar cap and attenuated by pair production. It is found that the shape of the spectrum depends on pulsar period, magnetic field strength, and primary particle energy. Comparing numerically calculated spectra with the observed spectra of the Crab and Vela pulsars, it is determined that primary particles must be accelerated to energies of approximately 3 x 10 to the 7th m c-squared. A general formula is determined for pulsar gamma-ray luminosity; it is found to depend on period and field strength.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 245
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  • 56
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    Simultaneous measurements of NO/x/, NO, and O3 production in a laboratory discharge - Atmospheric implications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of NO(x) (NO + NO2), NO, and O3 production in a laboratory discharge show that within the uncertainties of the experiment, all of the NO(x) produced was NO, and no detectable enhancement of O3 after the discharge was observed. The laboratory experiments described gave an NO production rate of 5 + or - 2 x 10 to the 16th molecules/joule mole for a 100,000-1,000,000 joules/m spark. Assuming that the global dissipation of lightning energy is about 10 to the -8th joules/sq cm per sec (Dawson, 1980; and Hill et al., 1980), the NO production rate results in a global source of NO due to lightning of about 1.8 Mt(N)/yr, which is considerably lower than earlier estimates. This lower value for NO(x) production by lightning suggests that NO(x) emissions from anthropogenic sources, estimated to be at least 20 MT(N)/yr, may be the dominant source of NO(x) to the global troposphere. Furthermore, since most of the anthropogenic sources of NO(x) are located in the Northern Hemisphere, this new interpretation of the relative source strengths of this species favors a highly skewed asymmetric distribution of NO(x).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Apr. 198
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  • 57
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    The Uranus occultation of 10 June 1979. I - The rings (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
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  • 58
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    Infrared observations of AE Aquarii (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Broadband infrared observations of the cataclysmic variable AE Aquarii are reported. The observations were obtained in the J, H, K and L filters with the InSb photometer attached to the 1-m telescope of the European Southern Observatory. The infrared energy distribution observed from 0.35 to 3.5 microns for phase 0.5 suggests a spectral type of K5 V for the secondary and a distance to the system of approximately 70 pc if an absolute magnitude of 7.3 is assumed. Monitoring of the flux at 2.2 microns reveals a variability with an amplitude of approximately 0.3 magnitude over one third of the orbital period, the nature of which is under investigation.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 93
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  • 59
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    An X-ray survey of nine historical novae (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Einstein Observatory Imaging Proportional Counter has been used to search for X-ray emission from nine nearby historical novae. Six of the novae have been detected with estimated X-ray intensities between 0.1 and 4 keV of 10 to the -13th to 10 to the -11th erg/sq cm-sec, comparable to the intensities of previously detected cataclysmic variables. The X-ray intensity of one of the novae, V603 Aql, varies over times of several hundred seconds. The data suggest a correlation between the decay rate of the historical outburst and the current X-ray luminosity. Alternatively, the X-ray luminosity may be related to the inclination of the binary system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 244
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    Pulsar and diffuse contributions to observed galactic gamma radiation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first calculation of a gamma-ray production spectrum from pulsars in the Galaxy, along with a statistical analysis of data on 328 known radio pulsars, are presented. The implications of this point source contribution to the general interpretation of the observed galactic gamma-ray spectrum are indicated. The contributions from diffuse interstellar cosmic-ray induced production mechanisms are then re-examined, concluding that pulsars may be contributing significantly to the galactic gamma-ray emission.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 290; Mar. 26
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  • 61
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    Dependence of tropospheric temperature on the parameterization of cumulus convection in the GLAS model of the general circulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of the simulation of seasonal change by the GLAS model of the general circulation reveals deficiencies in the simulation of tropospheric temperature and of convective cloud cover. These interrelated deficiencies are due to a spurious doubling from January to July in the convective cloud cover of the Northern Hemisphere. The spurious doubling, in turn, is due to the oversensitivity of cumulus convection, in the GLAS model, to the specific humidity of the lower atmosphere. The oversensitivity is enhanced by a feedback mechanism which perpetuates the existence of deep, penetrative convective clouds at certain preferred locations. The cumulus parameterization scheme has been modified to more realistically relate the onset of cumulus convection to the relative humidity of the lower atmosphere. The modified parameterization has improved the simulation of tropospheric temperature, planetary albedo and convective cloud cover as well as their seasonal variations. Comparison of this experiment with its control has shown a high degree of interrelation among these fields in the GLAS model and has demonstrated the sensitivity of the atmospheric heat budget to the design of the cumulus parameterization scheme. Also, the modification to the cumulus scheme has demonstrated a plausible mechanism to explain the correlation between convective cloud cover and relative humidity in the real atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Jan. 198
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  • 62
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    Variable X-ray spectra of BL Lacertae objects - HEAO 1 observations of PKS 0548 - 322 and 2A 1219 + 305 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 243
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  • 63
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    Rapid inversion of limb radiance data using an emissivity growth approximation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The time-consuming nature of limb relaxation-type inversion algorithms is due primarily to the numerous integrations over an absorption band to obtain forward radiance values with which to compare measured values. A new method has been devised for the quick and accurate (0.5% error) calculation of single gas broadband (approximately 100 per cm) limb radiance. The method uses a precalculated data base consisting of homogeneous path emissivity vs mass path data for a wide range of temperature and pressure. A 50-km altitude range, 1-km resolution, constituent inversion employing this method requires under 1 sec of computational time when run on modern computer hardware. The method does not rely upon a priori statistical knowledge.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Mar. 1
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  • 64
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    Stratospheric ozone response to a solar proton event - Hemispheric asymmetries (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large-scale stratospheric ozone reduction due to precipitating energetic solar protons is examined, based on the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite during the 1972 solar flare. Some chemical equations for the processes are outlined. Distinct asymmetries in the columnar ozone content, the amount of ozone depression, and their temporal variation above 4 mb level (about 38 km) were observed between the two hemispheres. These asymmetries are ascribed to the differences mainly in dynamics and partly in the solar illumination and the vertical temperature structure between the summer and the winter polar atmospheres.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 119; 1, 19; 1980-81
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  • 65
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    Phase-correlated P Cygni profile variations of the C III multiplet in UW Canis Majoris (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The interacting close binary system UW CMa has been observed, in the wavelength range from 1161 to 1188 A, continuously during a complete orbital cycle in 1979 with the Copernicus (OAO-3) U2 spectrometer. The C III multiplet at 1175 A, observed as a P Cygni feature, exhbits a clear dependence on the orbital phase of the binary; the radial velocity variation of this feature lags behind that of the O7 primary component by 0.1 orbital phase, which agrees with the anticipations in an earlier study by the same authors. The radiation-driven matter, flowing out of the binary, originates in the primary component.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 94; 2, Fe; Feb. 198
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  • 66
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    VRI photometry of selected SAO stars (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Johnson V, R, and I photoelectric photometry has been obtained for 199 SAO stars in support of the Near Infrared Photographic Sky Survey. These data are utilized in the calibration of survey photographs and are presented here to assist other programs reliant upon access to photometry in the photographic infrared.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 67
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    Improved airborne measurements of OH in the atmosphere using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 68
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    The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Plate motion below the seismogenic layer along the San Andreas fault system in California is assumed to form by aseismic slip along a deeper extension of the fault or may result from lateral distribution of deformation below the seismogenic layer. The shallow depth of California earthquakes, the depth of the coseismic slip during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and the presence of widely separated parallel faults indicate that relative motion is distributed below the seismogenic zone, occurring by inelastic flow rather than by aseismic slip on discrete fault planes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 10
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  • 69
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    Deformation of a line-element in the phase space at the triangular libration point (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The flow in the projection of the phase space into the configuration space is presented in the neighborhood of a neutrally (or critically) stable equilibrium point in the restricted problem of three bodies. The projection is a line-element every point of which has zero initial velocity. After the elapse of various times the mapping (the rotations and elongations) of the line-element is described showing chaotic behavior.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 23; Feb. 198
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  • 70
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    Radiative properties of the background stratospheric aerosols and implications for perturbed conditions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of Mie scattering calculations has been performed to define the wavelength-dependent, single scattering properties of aerosols present in the stratosphere during July 1979. Additional radiative transfer computations were conducted to assess the impact of aerosols on the earth's radiation budget. For these purposes, an extensive set of measurements of aerosol characteristics that were obtained in Alaska from aircraft and satellite platforms was used. At that time, the optical depth was too small for aerosols to significantly impact earth's climate. But the optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol layer has been large enough during some volcanically perturbed periods for the aerosols to have caused a noticeable warming of the stratosphere and cooling of the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 71
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    Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of the distribution of stratospheric sulfur gases and of stratospheric aerosols are compared with measurements obtained in Alaska during July 1979. Generally, the measurements are reasonably consistent with the model results. COS is the major sulfur-bearing gas in the stratosphere while CS2 plays a lesser role in the formation of sulfate aerosols. Ammonia, which earlier measurements suggested was a major aerosol constituent, is found to be a contaminant, so models without ammonia chemistry may be justified. The model and the measurements suggest that stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols nucleate just above the tropopause, but they are older and have grown to larger sizes at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 72
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    A study of stratospheric aerosol maturity (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A sampling and analysis technique that uses the binomial distribution to characterize stratospheric aerosol populations at the 95% level of confidence is described. Particle samples obtained over Alaska during July 15-19, 1979, are used; the results show the presence of more small particles at lower altitude than at high altitudes. Calculations of the surface area and volume distributions for all aerosol samples collected are given. Evidence from these data suggests either that Aitken nuclei are injected or diffused across the tropopause and rise into the stratosphere, where they mature into larger particles, or nuclei form in the lower stratosphere and become mature aerosols at high altitude. Samples obtained at another site give the same results, supporting the view that the process of injection or nucleation and maturing of aerosols with altitude may be global and need not occur only in locations exhibiting unique meteorologic features.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 73
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    Comparison of stratospheric aerosol measurements over Poker Flat, Alaska, July, 1979 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratospheric aerosols were collected at Poker Flat, Alaska, in July, 1979, to determine particle properties, confirm coincident satellite SAGE measurements, and compare similar results obtained with different airborne samplers. Because of the steep slopes in size-distribution curves for larger particles, it is found that properties such as concentrations, aerosol mass, and optical extinction are very sensitive to small errors in radii. It is calculated that the concentration measurements agree with photoelectric particle counter results when a 16% radius change is introduced. An 8% radius change matches our calculated sulfate mass with filter mass measurements. And a 13% radius change results in agreement between the calculated optical extinction and coincident SAGE satellite results. Recognizing that different instruments can produce 10-20% differences in measured sizes, it is believed the results of these comparative measurements of SAGE and in situ instruments are essentially in agreement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 74
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    SAM II aerosol profile measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska; July 16-19, 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: SAM II satellite measurements during the July 1979 Poker Flat mission, yielded an aerosol extinction coefficient of 0.0004/km at 1.0 micron wavelength, in the region of the stratospheric aerosol mixing ratio peak (12-16 km). The stratospheric aerosol optical depth for these data, calculated from the tropopause through 30 km, is approximately 0.001. These results are consistent with the average 1979 summertime values found throughout the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 75
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    Size distributions and mineralogy of ash particles in the stratosphere from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Samples from the stratosphere obtained by U-2 aircraft after the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens contained large globules of liquid acid and ash. Because of their large size, these globules had disappeared from the lower stratosphere by late June 1980, leaving behind only smaller acid droplets. Particle size distributions and mineralogy of the stratospheric ash grains demonstrate inhomogeneity in the eruption clouds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 76
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    Characterization of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens as well as morphological and elemental analyses were obtained between 7 April and 7 August 1980. In situ measurements were made in early phreatic and later, minor phreatomagmatic eruption clouds near the vent of the volcano and in plumes injected into the stratosphere from the major eruptions of 18 and 25 May. The phreatic aerosol was characterized by an essentially monomodal size distribution dominated by silicate particles larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. The phreatomagmatic eruption cloud was multimodal; the large size mode consisted of silicate particles and the small size modes were made up of mixtures of sulfuric acid and silicate particles. The stratospheric aerosol from the main eruption exhibited a characteristic narrow single mode with particles less than 1 micrometer in diameter and nearly all of the mass made up of sulfuric acid droplets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 77
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    Measurements of the volcanic plumes of Mount St. Helens in the stratosphere and troposphere - Introduction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 78
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    Gaseous constituents in the plume from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements in the stratosphere of gaseous constituents in the plume of Mount St. Helens were obtained during five flights of the NASA U-2 aircraft between 19 May and 17 June 1980. Mixing ratios from gas chromatographic measurements on samples acquired about 24 hours after the initial eruption show considerable enhancement over nonvolcanic concentrations for sulfur dioxide (more than 1000 times), methyl chloride (about 10 times), and carbon disulfide (more than 3 times). The mixing ratio of carbonyl sulfide was comparable to nonvolcanic mixing ratios although 3 days later it was enhanced two to three times. Ion chromatography measurements on water-soluble constituents are also reported. Very large concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions were measured, implying large mixing ratios for the water-soluble gaseous constituents from which the anions are derived. Measurements of radon-222 present in the plume are also reported.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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    Trajectories of the Mount St. Helens eruption plume (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plume of the major eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 penetrated 10 to 11 km into the stratosphere, attaining heights of 22 to 23 km. Wind shears rapidly converted the plume from an expanding vertical cone to a thin, slightly inclined lamina. The lamina was extruded zonally in the stratosphere as the lower part moved eastward at jet stream velocities, while the upper part slowly moved westward in the region of nonsteady transition from the westerlies to the summer stratospheric easterlies. Trajectories computed to position the NASA U-2 aircraft for sampling in the plume are described. Plume volume after 8 hours of strong volcanic emission is estimated at 2,000,000 cu km. Only about 1% of this volume is attributed to the volcano; the rest was entrained from the environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 80
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    Stability of outer planetary systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The conditions for stability in the Liapunov-Hill sense of outer planetary systems are given in terms of radii of planetary orbits. The outer planets of the solar system are found stable and the possible existence of other than the presently known planets between Jupiter and Pluto are indicated. The existence of other planetary systems with arbitrary mass ratios of the primaries is suggested, and the stability conditions for such systems are derived.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 23; Jan. 198
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  • 81
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    In quest of telescopes (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This article deals with the author's decision to study star formation and reviews the early days of infrared astronomy at O'Brien Observatory. The infrared equipment used to observe the T Tauri variable class is described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 61; Feb. 198
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  • 82
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    Radio astronomy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The activities of the Deep Space Network in support of Radio Astronomy Operations during April and May 1981 are reported. Work in progres in support of an experiment selected for use of the DSN by the Radio Astronomy Experiment Selection Panel, Twin Quasi-Stellar Object VLBI, is reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 1-9
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    Planetary radar (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radar astronomy activities supported by the Deep Space Network during the first quarter of 1981 are reported. The bodies observed include the asteroids Apollo and Toro, comet Bradfield, and the rings of Saturn.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 226
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    Radio Astronomy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The activities of the DSN in support of Radio and Radar Astronomy Operations during September through December 1980 are described. Emphasis is on a report of an experiment selected for use of the DSN by the radio Astronomy Experiment Selection Panel: that of VLBI observations of the energetic galactic object SS-433.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 1-2
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  • 85
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    Laser remote sensing of atmospheric temperature by observing resonant absorption of oxygen (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dual-frequency system is used to demonstrate the measurement of atmospheric temperature, through laser energy absorption monitoring at the center of an O2 resonant absorption line near 770 nm. It is shown that the average temperature of a 1 km path can be determined within 1.0 C, with a noise level of 0.3 C. An iterative algebraic expression for this method was developed, and is shown to be applicable in the troposphere; the effects of pressure and humidity on temperature determination were made clear by the algorithm and found to be small near the earth's surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; June 1
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  • 86
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    Jikiken /EXOS-B/ observation of Siple transmissions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Preliminary results of observations by the Japanese magnetospheric satellite Jikiken (EXOS-B) of Siple transmissions and VLF emissions triggered by the Siple signals are reviewed. The experiments discussed were carried out in July, August, and September of 1979 and in December 1979 and January 1980. Only four events concentrated within the period from August 14 to 18 were found in which triggered emissions were associated with Siple transmissions. The electron distributions observed on the equatorial crossing passes, when Siple triggered emissions were detected, suggest that the cyclotron resonance condition is satisfied for Siple signals and electrons of energy around 1 keV or less, provided the interaction region is inside the plasmapause. It is noted that if these emissions were generated outside the plasmapause, electron energies much higher than 10 keV would be necessary for the cyclotron interaction, which were above the range of the measurements. For the high latitude passes of August 14 and 17, the electron fluxes were found to be very small.
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  • 87
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    A magnetospheric signature of some F layer positive storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of electron density distributions in the global thermosphere-ionosphere system perturbed by high-latitude thermospheric heating are presented which indicate a link between the heating and magnetospheric plasma disturbances near the equator. The calculations were made using a self-consistent model of the global sunlit thermosphere-ionosphere system describing the evolution of equatorial plasma disturbances. The heat input is found to cause electron density enhancements that propagate along magnetic field lines from the F2 maximum over mid-latitudes to the equator in the magnetosphere and which correspond to the positive phase of an F layer storm. The positive phase is shown to be generated by the induction of equatorward winds that raise the mid-latitude F layer through momentum transfer from neutral atoms to ionospheric ions, which ions pull electrons with them. Model results are used to identify plasma signatures of equatorward winds and an intensified magnetospheric electric field in Explorer 45 and Arial 4 measurements taken during the positive phase of an F layer storm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 88
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    Photochemical processes induced by a major warming of the upper atmosphere - Variations in mesospheric trace constituents (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The temperature rise and enhanced winds during an upper atmospheric warming cause substantial changes in the high level ozone profile of the sunlit winter hemisphere. Calculations based on a photochemical model, using temperatures measured at Fort Churchill during a major warming, predict a factor of 2 variation in the ozone number density near 60 km over a time period of approximately 3 weeks. This temporal variability at a fixed location results from the planetary wave structure of the temperature field and reflects a similar longitudinal behavior at a given time. The ozone number density at fixed altitude is a maximum when the temperature is greatest at and below this level. This is due primarily to thermal expansion of the atmosphere which results in a large increase in pressure at constant altitude. However, chemical activity during a warming decreases the mesospheric ozone mixing ratio at fixed pressure. The ozone mixing ratio at constant pressure during the peak of the event studied is near 75% of its unperturbed value. The predicted variability of ozone in longitude and time demonstrates the need for hemispheric scale information on trace gas abundances, temperature, and winds in order to delineate adequately the response of upper atmospheric composition to a major perturbation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 20
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  • 89
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    Spectroscopy of the B-gamma line in the Galactic center (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectra of the B-gamma recombination line of hydrogen in the Galactic center show that the line has central velocities and shapes similar to those reported previously for the Ne II line. Observations are made at 10 positions within the infrared cluster of the Galactic center with a circular diaphragm of diameter 5 arcsec and with a spectral resolution of approximately 85 km/sec. The spectra confirm that the ionized gas in the Galactic center is distributed in discrete clouds.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
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  • 90
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    Computer simulation of a geomagnetic substorm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A global two-dimensional simulation of a substormlike process occurring in earth's magnetosphere is presented. The results are consistent with an empirical substorm model - the neutral-line model. Specifically, the introduction of a southward interplanetary magnetic field forms an open magnetosphere. Subsequently, a substorm neutral line forms at about 15 earth radii or closer in the magnetotail, and plasma sheet thinning and plasma acceleration occur. Eventually the substorm neutral line moves tailward toward its presubstorm position.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 46; Apr. 13
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  • 91
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    The 1980 June X-ray high state of Cygnus X-1 - Optical changes (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: UBV photometry of Cygnus X-1 is reported from before, during, and after the 1980 June X-ray high state discovered by the Hakucho satellite. A darkening was recorded around orbital phase 0.25, also near phase 0.0, which persisted for over a month after the X-ray episode. The brightness around phase 0.75 remained normal. Light curves from preceding years are compared. Preliminary mention is also made of polarization changes during the high state.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 244
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  • 92
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    The NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center program in gamma-ray burst astronomy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The research program in gamma-ray burst astronomy at the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center is described. Large-area scintillation detector arrays have been flown on high-altitude balloons, and an array is being developed for the Gamma-Ray Observatory. The design of these detectors is described along with results obtained from previous balloon flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 93
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    The Goddard program of gamma-ray transient astronomy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Goddard program of gamma-ray burst studies is briefly reviewed. The past results, present status and future expectations are outlined regarding our endeavors using experiments on balloons. IMP-6 and IMP-7, OGO-3, ISEE-1 and ISEE-3, Helios-2, Solar Maximum Mission, the Einstein Observatory, Solar Polar and the Gamma Ray Observatory, and with the interplanetary gamma-ray burst networks, to which some of these spacecraft sensors contribute. Additional emphasis is given to the recent discovery of a new type of gamma-ray transient, detected on 5 March, 1979.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 94
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    Simultaneous measurements of magnetotail dynamics by IMP spacecraft (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pressure in the magnetotail is investigated using observations obtained by IMP spacecraft. Using combined field and plasma data, the approximate balance of pressure between the high beta plasma sheet and the low beta tail lobes is demonstrated. The changes in this pressure during substorms and the characteristics of the plasma and field that produce it are discussed. A distance of about 15 earth radii separates an inner region where the plasma sheet thins during the hour before substorm onset from an outer region where the plasma sheet thins within 5 or 10 min of the time of onset. Substorm onset and plasma sheet expansion in the inner region are simultaneous if the spacecraft is near the equatorial plane. This expansion may be delayed as much as a few tens of minutes if the spacecraft is at high latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Mar. 1
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  • 95
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    The effect of data analysis techniques on the interpretation of wide-angle longwave radiation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three different data analysis techniques - shape factor, parameter estimation, and deconvolution - have been applied to the same set of satellite radiation measurements to determine their effect on the estimated radiation field. The measurements are from a wide-angle, horizon-to-horizon, nadir-pointing sensor. The shape factor technique reduces each measurement to a radiant exitance at the top of the atmosphere by simple division by a constant. The parameter estimation technique processes all measurements together as a batch and defines the radiant exitance as a least-squares fit to the data. The deconvolution technique takes advantage of the fact that spherical harmonics are the eigenfunctions of the measurement operator. All three techniques are derived, and their assumptions, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Their results are compared globally, zonally, regionally and on a spatial spectrum basis. All three techniques give comparable results for global parameters; however, results on a regional scale were quite different. The standard deviations of the regional differences in radiant exitance varied from 7.4 to 13.5 W/sq m. Of the three techniques, the parameter estimation technique produced the best regional results and is the choice of the author.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Sept
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  • 96
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    A simple model of the Lagrangian-mean flow produced by dissipating planetary waves (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple equation for the Lagrangian-mean flow induced by damped planetary waves is derived. The flow computed for stationary planetary waves of a beta-plane is found to be generally poleward and downward during winter and appears to be about twice as strong as the diabatic circulation in the lower stratosphere. An important factor in determining the high-latitude Lagrangian-mean flow field is the subtropical jet stream which blocks planetary wave propagation toward the equatorial regions. Computations using two types of Lagrangian-mean boundary conditions at the surface show that incorrect orographic forcing distorts the Lagrangian-mean flow up to three scale heights or more above ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Sept
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  • 97
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    Diffusion of cold magnetospheric ions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper investigates conditions under which a diffusion equation is a valid description of the transport across magnetic field lines of low energy magnetospheric plasma. The case in which the guiding center drift and its fluctuating component are comparable in size to the particle thermal speed is considered. It is concluded that a two-dimensional diffusion equation is valid in the alpha-beta space of the Euler potentials, provided that the fluctuations have a short enough correlation time so that the guiding center drifts remain negligible, and ions in Jupiter's Io plasma torus can thus be described by a diffusion equation if the correlation time is no more than a few rotation periods of the planet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 1
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  • 98
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    OCS photolysis and absorption in the 200- to 300-nm region (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A continuum source with three different interference filters and two different monochromatic sources were used to photolyze OCS in the region from 200 nm to 300 nm. The total quantum yield for the production of CO was measured, and the results indicate a primary quantum yield of 0.72 + or - 0.08. Absorption cross sections for OCS measured at 0.5-nm intervals are reported as well as the percent change in absorption upon cooling to 195 K. The structured features in the absorption are reinvestigated and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 99
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    Stratospheric observations of the attenuated solar irradiance in the Schumann-Runge band absorption region of molecular oxygen (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spectrometer flown on the first Solar Absorption Balloon Experiment (SABE-1) observed the attenuated solar irradiance between 184 and 202 nm from an altitude near 40 km. These measurements provide a check on the absorption cross sections of molecular oxygen in the spectral region of the Schumann-Runge bands. Comparison of the measurements with calculations based on cross sections derived from laboratory data shows a general agreement although the irradiance measurements have large error bars near the centers of the absorption bands. The results imply that the 184-200 nm solar irradiance that penetrates to the stratosphere can be computed to an accuracy of + or - 30% or better by using presently available cross sections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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  • 100
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    The solar irradiance from 200 to 330 nm (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The full disk solar spectrum over the wavelength range 200-330 nm is measured with a spectral resolution of 0.12 nm. The measurement is performed by using a double monochromator pointed at the sun from a high altitude parachute. Only small corrections are required to account for atmospheric absorption. Good agreement is obtained with previously reported measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Oct. 20
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