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  • Articles  (218)
  • Physics  (173)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (45)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (218)
  • 1981  (218)
  • Physics  (218)
  • Medicine  (1)
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  • Articles  (218)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (218)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental results contradicting claimed 1009-MHz influence on erythrocyte mobility (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; electrophoretic mobility ; UHF radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to detect the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation (1009 MHz) on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes. Ines. In contradiction to an earlier report by Ismailov no effect was observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity of mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave pulse ; motor activity ; brain acetylcholine ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed to a single 15-ms or 25-ms pulse of 2,450-MHz microwaves which increased brain temperature by 2 °C or 4 °C, respectively. Immediately after exposure, the mice became hypokinetic but began recovering within 5 minutes. The 25-ms pulse (18.7 j deposited in the brain) caused a significant decrease in acetylcholine content of the whole brain, probably owing to increased permeability of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; quantitative autoradiography ; ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been devised whereby both the thermal and possible athermal biological effects resulting from microwave radiation can be assessed. Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed directly on the open end of a wave guide, and irradiated for 1 hour. In experiments seeking athermal biological effects of millimeter waves, culture medium was continuously recirculated over the cells to prevent temperature increases greater than 0.1 °C. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-methionine into protein was quantified by measurement of optical densities of the autoradiographs in contiguous rectangular regions corresponding to portions of the cell monolayer immediately above the wave guide aperture and lying along its longer axis. Since power density was shown to vary with position along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship, it was possible to assess the extent of microwave effects on macromolecular synthesis at power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center of the waveguide.Monolayer cultures maintained at 37.2 °C by recirculation of the medium did not show microwave-induced changes in synthesis of RNA and protein (41.8 or 74.0 GHz at average power densities of 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively). Since macromolecular synthesis was examined both during and after irradiation, our results exclude both transient and persistent athermal biological effects of acute exposure to millimeter waves. In contrast, irradiation of cultures incubated in a small volume of nonrecirculated medium resulted in 1) marked heating of the monolayer, 2) a graded decline in macromolecular synthesis with increasing incident power, and 3), in some cases, destruction of the cell monolayer in the region immediately above the center of the waveguide aperture.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: protein synthesis ; quantitative autoradiography ; BHK-21/C13 cells ; millimeter-wave radiation ; frequency-specific biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (≤ 0.1 °C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 °C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or “power windows.” Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific “power windows”.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave effects on CNS ; pulsed microwaves ; brain calcium efflux ; 1 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigated the prospect of microwave-induced alteration of 45Ca2+ efflux from rat neural tissue at low pulse repetition frequencies and low power densities under in vitro conditions. Rat cerebral tissue, preloaded with 45Ca2+, was exposed to pulsed-microwave radiation (1-GHz carrier frequency) according to one of several PRF-power density exposure schemes: 16 Hz at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15 mW/cm2, or 32 Hz at 1.0 or 2.0 mW/cm2 average power density. Measurements of radioactivity in the efflux medium and in the tissue sample were used to calculate an efflux value for each sample. The results indicate that the radiation conditions used did not alter calcium efflux in rat brain tissue.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult japanese quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; radiation ; Japanese quail ; immunity ; leukocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell-mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020308
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Inhibition and recovery of growth processes in roots of pisum sativum L. Exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biologic effects ; membrane potentials ; recovery ; Pisum sativum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Roots of Pisum sativum L. were chronically exposed in aqueous inorganic nutrient medium to 60-Hz electric fields between 140 and 490 V/m (growth medium conductivity ∼ 0.08 S/m). The growth rate, meristematic mitotic index, and growth rate recovery of the roots were determined. At 140 V/m there was no perturbation in growth rate or mitotic index. At 430 V/m the growth rate and the mitotic index were reduced. The mitotic index had a maximum depression (∼ 55% of control), which occurred at 4 h. The depression in growth rate was immediate and constant over time. When roots were exposed to an electric field at 430 V/m for 2 days, the growth rate was depressed by about 40%. When the field was terminated, the growth rate steadily increased and was almost normal after 5 days. At 490 V/m root growth rate was almost completely arrested. According to these results, there is a narrow range of induced membrane potentials that span the range from slightly altered to almost completely arrested growth rates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; pineal gland ; circadian rhythm ; melatonin ; 5 methoxytryptophol ; acetyl transferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a component of studies to search for effects of 60-Hz electric field exposure on mammalian endocrine function, concentrations of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and serotonin-Nacetyl transferase activity were measured in the pineal glands of rats exposed or sham-exposed at 65 kV/m for 30 days. In two replicate experiments there were statistically significant differences between exposed and control rats in that the normal nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin content was depressed in the exposed animals. Concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were increased in the pineal glands of the exposed groups when compared to shamexposed controls. An alteration was also observed in serotonin-N-acetyl transferase activity, with lower levels measured in pineal glands from exposed animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020408
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Temporal variation of the static electric field inside an animal cage (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Static electric field ; exposure systems ; animal caging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The temporal variation of a static electric field inside an animal cage was investigated with a newly developed small, simple field meter. The field inside the cage was found to be highly dependent on the surface conductivity of the dielectric material. As the surface of the cage became dirty because of animal occupancy, the static electric field inside it became considerably smaller from the moment the field was turned on. Clean cages also modified the static electric field inside them, the field decaying from an initial to a much lower value over several hours. The mechanism of field attenuation for both cases is surface leakage. Surface leakage for a clean cage takes place much more slowly than for a dirty cage. This was confirmed by measuring DC insulation resistance. To examine this phenomenon further, the field in a metal cage with high electrical conductivity was measured. The static electric field inside the metal cage was also found to be reduced. An improved cage design that avoids these problems, is suggested for the study of the biologic effects of static electric fields.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020410
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; concentric spheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020413
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020101
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Small-angle scattering studies of nafion membranes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The physical structure of Nafion membranes has been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Samples in the acid form may exhibit two scattering peaks. The first, observed by SANS at an angle corresponding to a Bragg spacing of 180 Å, is shown to arise from structures in crystalline regions. A second peak at larger scattering angles is shown to arise from ion-containing regions which may be swollen with water. Salt-form samples made by soaking the acid form in an aqueous salt solution can also exhibit the same two scattering signals. But in amorphous salt-form samples produced by quenching from the melt the first peak is absent. This permits a more accurate study of the second peak by SAXS, which shows that the second scattering component is present as a maximum over a wide range of water contents but is absent in a sample dried at 200°C. The position of the peak shifts to lower scattering angles (or larger spacings) at higher water contents. Possible structural models that might give rise to the maximum are discussed. A calculation of the SAX invariant is made and results are consistent with a phase separation of a large fraction of the water.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190101
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Light scattering from polymer films having optically anisotropic rodlike texture. III. Inter-rod interference (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 59-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of interparticle interference on depolarized light scattering from polymer films having nonspherulitic (rodlike, disklike, or fibrous) crystalline superstructures are explored, both theoretically and experimentally. Discrepancies between the observed “rodlike scattering” and the predicted scattering based on “single-rod” theory are pointed out and accounted for in terms of various types of aggregation models for polymeric solids and solutions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190106
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  • 15
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    Infrared spectroscopic study of solvent-induced structural changes in poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 589-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is found from polarized infrared spectroscopy that treatment of oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with strongly interacting solvents such as s-tetrachloroethane, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide, and benzyl alcohol results in disorientation of polymer chains. Partial transformation from trans to gauche conformation takes place on thermal treatment and, to a larger extent, on solvent treatment. Increasing sharpness of the 988 cm-1 band on solvent treatment indicates the formation of regular chain folds. Some new spectral features are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190403
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  • 16
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    Ordering phenomena in thin polystyrene films (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 599-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ordering of polystyrene (PS) molecules in thin films collapsed from toluene solutions onto a glass substrate by dip coating is studied in relation to the polymer molecular weight and its distribution. The degree of ordering of chain elements is deduced from measurements of film birefringence, between the normal and parallel directions to the film surface, as a function of film thickness. A technique has been developed for measuring this birefringence by monitoring the intensity of laser light passing through the film, as a function of the angle of incidence. Films of monodisperse low-molecular-weight PS exhibit high ordering very close to the substrate, but this ordering decays within 1 μm from the glass surface. Films of monodisperse high-molecular-weight PS, on the other hand, exhibit a much smaller, but very long-range degree of order. In a blend of PS of these two molecular weights, as well as in a polydisperse sample, these effects appear in tandem. The long-range ordering effect, evident in the 100,000 molecular weight polystyrene films, is much smaller in magnitude in lower-molecular-weight films, reflecting probably the importance of chain entanglements.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190404
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  • 17
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    Morphology and structure of heavily deformed single crystals of a polydiacetylene. II. Resonance raman and optical spectroscopy (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 677-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Resonance Raman and optical spectroscopy have been used to study foils having a metallic appearance which were produced by the hammering or rolling of single crystals of toluene sulfonate diacetylene polymer. The spectroscopic properties of the bulk material in the foils were found to be almost indistinguishable from those of underformed crystals. In contrast, the blue-green surface skin of the foils appeared to consist of intact polymer chains without significant crystalline order.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190410
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Computer simulation of two-dimensional spherulite growth (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 721-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The two-dimensional growth of spherulites with impingement was simulated by a computer for athermal, thermal, and combined primary nucleation mechanisms. The simulation provided data on the spherulite size distributions and spherulite shapes. The results of the computer simulation were compared with experimental data on poly(methylene oxide) films.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190501
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  • 19
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    Metal-containing coordination polymers. XI. Crystallization and melting behavior of a semicrystalline polyester and its Mg (II) complexes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 703-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of metal ion content and thermal history on the crystallization and melting behavior of a semicrystalline low-molecular-weight poly(butylene adipate) and its Mg complexes was studied by wide-angle x-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both the polyester and the metal-containing derivatives are dimorphous, and a β to α transformation takes place as the annealing temperature is increased. The dependence of the degree of crystallinity on the thermal history is more pronounced at higher Mg contents because of the effect of metal ions on the rate of crystallization. Melting of specimens with nonequilibrium structure is accompanied by simultaneous recrystallization processes such as perfection of crystallites and transformation of the crystal forms. The rates of these processes decrease with increasing metal content. The crystallizability is also reduced in the presence of Mg. Above the stoichiometrically equivalent Mg content, an abrupt change in the percentage of crystallinity accompanied by a considerable alteration in the microstructure of the crystalline phase occurs.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190412
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  • 20
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    Intrinsic viscosities of four homopolymers and one copolymer in nonpolar solvents. II. Effect of solvent steric hindrance (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 773-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Intrinsic viscosities at 25°C of an ethylene-propylene copolymer containing 81% ethylene (81% E) of polypentenamer (PPmer), polyisobutylene (PIB), polypentene-1 (PP-1), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been measured in n-C9 and three branched nonanes and n-C7 and five branched heptanes. The effect of the solvent steric hindrance on the free energy, i.e., on the χ parameter was investigated. The highly sterically hindered, cruciform molecules 3,3-dimethylpentane and 3,3-diethylpentane are the best solvents for four of the five polymers. The enhancement of solvent quality due to the steric hindrance diminishes when the polymer free volume increases. The difference in [η] between 2,4-dimethylpentane and 2,3-dimethylpentane is -50%, -35%, -2% for PPmer, PIB, PDMS, and can be correlated to a measure of the polymer free volume, i.e., the lower critical solubility temperature. The χ, χH, and χS are calculated from [η] using the Stockmayer-Fixman relation and from h∞E, the heat of mixing at infinite dilution of the polymer, obtained previously. With each polymer, a good correlation is found between h∞E and [η] obtained with the six heptanes and four nonanes. The correlation points to the same effect being at the origin of χH and χS but of different magnitude. In cases showing the steric hindrance effect, a negative contribution occurs in h∞E (or χH) which is larger in magnitude than the corresponding negative entropic contribution leaving a net negative effect in χ itself. Probably due to their very compact shape and fewer degrees of freedom, the cruciform solvents lose less entropy than the chain solvents in mixing.
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    Conformation of linear polyethylene in 1-chloronaphthalene: Light scattering characterization of polymers. IV (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering measurements were carried out on a linear polyethylene sample NBS 1475 in 1-chloronaphthalene at 135 and 115°C to determine the weight-average molecular weight, the second virial coefficient A2, and the z-average mean-square radius of gyration. By use of these results, the system is analyzed in terms of the interpenetration function Ψ for A2. Observed values of A2 are rather large but the excluded volume is nevertheless relatively small. Such behavior seem to be similar to that of semiflexible polymers. The characteristic ratio Cn,LS as determined by light scattering is found to be almost twice the literature value of 6.7, which was obtained from viscosity measurements. This discrepancy is explained by comparing the theoretical value of the Flory viscosity parameter Φ at the nondraining limit with values calculated from the light scattering results.
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    Molecular dynamics and rheological properties of concentrated solutions of rodlike polymers in isotropic and liquid crystalline phases (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 229-243 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A molecular theory is presented for the dynamics of rodlike polymers in concentrated solutions. The theory describes the rotational motion of rods in both the isotropic phase and the liquid crystalline phase. Combined with the molecular expression of the stress tensor, it also gives a unified rheological constitutive equation which predicts the nonlinear viscoelasticity in both phases. As an illustrative example, the steady-state viscosity η at zero-shear-rate is calculated. The predicted dependence of η on molecular weight and concentration agrees fairly well with experiments.
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    Measurements of light scattering changes induced by a strong optical field in solutions of tRNA (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 273-280 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Changes in light scattering induced by a strong laser beam, as predicted theoretically by Kielich, were measured for unfractionated yeast transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) solutions. The vertically polarized electric field of a strong laser pulse (λ = 1060nm) amounted to 4.5 × 103 esu cgs; its duration was 10 nsec. A weak incident laser beam (λ = 630nm) was also polarized vertically and the vertical and horizontal intensity components of the light scattered through 90° at the latter wavelength were measured. These measurements together with previous results from measurements of Rayleigh light scattering and light scattering in a magnetic field permitted evaluation of the tensor of third-order polarizability (c = 3 × 10-30 esu cgs, c = -373 × 10-30 esu cgs) and the anisotropy of the third-order polarizability components with its sign (δc = +56 × 10-2, δc = +0.25 × 10-2 for tRNA monomer and aggregate, respectively). The new method described may be useful for studies of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes of biological importance.
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    Sorption of organic vapors by polystyrene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 307-320 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Activity coefficients of benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane in binary solutions with polystyrene at 23.5°C have been determined using a piezo-electric sorption apparatus. The investigated solvent concentration ranges were 15 to 39 wt % for benzene, 14 to 29 wt % for toluene, 15 to 28 wt % for cyclohexane, 26 to 38 wt % for carbon tetrachloride, 24 to 46 wt % for chloroform, and 21 to 41 wt % for dichloromethane. The polystyrene (weight-averaged) molecular weights were 1.1 × 105 and 6.0 × 105 g/gmole. The weight-fraction activity coefficients (Ω1 = a1/w1) of cyclohexane, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride in polystyrene solutions determined in this work agree within experimental error with previously published values determined by measurement of vapor pressure lowering and vapor absorption by thin films. We find disagreement, at low solvent concentrations, between our results for benzene and chloroform and previously published results. We have analyzed our results using Flory's version of corresponding-states polymer solution theory. The theory can account, qualitatively, for the cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride results. It cannot account for the toluene, benzene, dichloromethane, or chloroform results.
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    Conformational properties of polar polymers. II. Poly(vinylidene chloride) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A recently developed polarization model for representing polar bond effects in conformational energy calculations is applied to poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC). The geometries and conformational energies of a number of conformers of 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexachloroheptane were calculated. The geometries were found to be similar to the hydrocarbon analog polyisobutylene (PIB) in that steric crowding results in the usual T, G, G′ states being split into + or - distortions of the torsional angles away from the traditional values. Only distortions of the same sign occur in the same pair of bonds interior to CCl2 groups. Distortions of G states towards eclipsed were found to be much more stable than those away. The interior skeletal valence angle is also distorted to an unusually large value, ca. 121°. The calculated dipole moments were used to infer a group moment for CCl2 of 1.56 D. The calculated conformational energies were fitted by linear combinations of interaction parameters representing the stabilities of G+, G- bonds (relative to T+, T-) and the interactions between bonds across intervening CCl2 groups. These parameters were used in statistical mechanical calculations of the characteristic and dipole-moment ratios. In order to make comparison with experiment, the dipole-moment/repeat unit of a 90% (by weight) PVDC copolymer with PVC was measured and found to be 1.42 ± 0.05 D. From this, the dipole-moment ratio for PVDC homopolymer is inferred to be ca. 0.8. The characteristic and dipole-moment ratios calculated from the interaction parameter set were somewhat too high but adjustment of the gauche energies downward brings the calculated ratios into agreement with experiment. The same statistical model along with energy parameters previously calculated also gives agreement with experiment for the characteristic ratio of PIB. The calculated geometries are in agreement with the conformation in the crystal being —(T+G′+T-G-)—.
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    Cellulose-hydrazine complexes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 459-465 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cellulose-hydrazine complexes have been prepared by soaking cellulose fibers in anhydrous hydrazine, and their structures have been investigated by x-ray diffraction. The unit cells for the complexes formed by native ramie (cellulose I) and by Mercerized ramie and Fortisan (both cellulose II) have different dimensions, but all contain sections of four chains; and the x-ray patterns suggest significant changes in the chain stagger, as compared with the uncomplexed structures. The differences between the Mercerized ramie and Fortisan complexes may reflect the differences in morphology and crystallinity of these materials. Reconversion to cellulose is effected by soaking in water. For the cellulose II complexes a hydrate intermediate is observed in this process. The hydrate is a two-chain unit cell and contains approximately one water molecule per glucose residue.
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    Time-dependent step-step correlations in a self-avoiding random walk (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 499-506 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The space-time step-step correlations of a polymer chain, described by a self-avoiding random walk on a cubic lattice, are studied by simulating its behavior on a computer. Chains of N = 16 and N = 32 beads are studied. The short-time behavior of the correlations is characterized by peaks, which become depressed and broadened with increasing interstep distance. The long-time behavior is characterized by extremely slow decay, which goes to zero in about the same time for all interstep distances. The short-time behavior is a consequence of the rotation of parts of the chain smaller than or equal to the static coherence length ζ. These short-time processes also seem to be responsible for the relaxation of the square of the end-to-end distance, since in both cases the relaxation is of the order of 6N2. The long-time behavior of the correlations is a consequence of the rotations of parts of the chain greater than the coherence length. The correlations vanish when the entire chain has had time to rotate in space. Our results suggest that this corresponds to the relaxation of the end-to-end vector.
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    Application of scaling concepts to sedimentation phenomena in semidilute macromolecular solutions (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 479-486 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sedimentation velocity data on polystyrene in a good solvent (toluene) and in a theta solvent (cyclopentane), over a large concentration range are reported. Under good-solvent conditions the exponent β in the apparent scaling law describing the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient (s ∝ cβ) in the semidiiute region is found to be concentration dependent. However, a power law fit to data for the highest molecular weight (M = 20.6 × 106) in the concentration region (c 〈 2 kg m-3) yields a value β = -0.59, somewhat smaller than that (-0.54) predicted theoretically. This discrepancy and the observed curvature in logs vs. logc at higher concentrations are discussed. Under theta-solvent conditions, on the other hand, the concentration dependence of s in the semidilute regime can be represented by a simple power law, with β = -1.0, in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction. The crossover concentration c*, separating the dilute and semidilute concentration regimes, was found to be well defined and located at c = 1/[η]. c* varies with molecular weight as M-0.73 and M-0.50 under good-solvent and theta-solvent conditions, respectively.
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    Annealing of polypropylene films crystallized from a highly extended meltResearch sponsored by the Army Research Office (Durham) under Grant No. DAAG29-77-G-0201, by the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 with Union Carbide Corporation, and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 609-620 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of isotactic polypropylene were drawn from the melt at a very high rate of extension. Transmission electron micrographs of this material reveal fibrous crystals lying along the draw direction. The chain axis and fiber axis are identical. Dark field micrographs show a dark/light modulation along the fiber axis. Annealing at temperatures below 110°C produces no qualitative change in the electron microscope observations. Annealing between 110 and 150°C produces gradual dominance of lamellar crystals, oriented normal to the draw direction. Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) data exhibit a strong streaking normal to the fiber axis, in broad agreement with the observed fibrosity. A Bragg peak along the draw directions shows that the modulation observed microscopically is a density modulation. The absence of second-order maxima and the dependence of the SAXS peak on treatment temperature strongly suggest that the axial modulation is a spinodal decomposition of the material into crystalline and amorphous regions.
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    Polarization studies by the TSC technique on a blend of cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1461-1470 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique has been used to study solvent-cast blends of a cellulose derivative with a vinyl polymer. TSC peaks are observed at 56, 80, and 120°C. Their origin is investigated because the TSC spectra of the blends differ from the spectra of the individual components. Data on blends with components in the weight ratios 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 indicate that the 50:50 blend shows the greatest polarization. The enhancement of depolarization currents observed on blending is explained on the basis of a Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization due to increased heterogeneity in the structure. Effects of forming conditions (time, temperature, field) on polarization have been investigated. Activation energies and relaxation times are calculated; there is good agreement between the values obtained from the initial-rise and the full-curve methods.
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    Morphology of oriented linear polyethylene: A study by Raman spectroscopy (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1489-1504 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the low-frequency Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) vibration in oriented linear polyethylenes. The oriented samples were prepared by tensile drawing of both slow-cooled and quenched sheets, and included ultrahigh-modulus materials from draw ratios up to 30. A LAM line is observed clearly in samples of low and intermediate molecular weight up to draw ratios of ca. 15. In all these cases the Raman spectrum has been used to calculate the whole distribution of crystal sizes. This procedure leads to values of the number-average and weight-average crystal size which are in good agreement with crystal size determinations by x-ray diffractometry and gel permeation chromatography on etched samples. At higher draw ratios the peak intensity of the LAM line is diminished. This can be attributed to a change in the distribution of crystal thicknesses, consistent with data from x-ray diffraction and nitric acid etching. Effects due to initial morphology, sample molecular weight, and draw temperature have also been examined.
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    A light-scattering study of deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) in an electric fieldPresented in part at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Polymer Science, Tokyo, Japan, 1979. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1531-1547 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in an electric field was investigated by light scattering, polarized-light microscopy, and birefringence measurements. Under the polarizing microscope, the deformation was found to be dependent upon the field strength. The spherulites deformed perpendicular to the field. Above 75 V/cm in N,N-dimethylformamide or 120 V/cm in 1,1,2-trichloroethane, the deformed spherulites were transformed to rodlike textures. With increasing voltage, the rods gradually oriented parallel to the electric field. On the basis of the experimental results, models for affine deformation are proposed. With these models, light-scattering patterns are calculated. The calculated and experimental patterns agree semiquantitatively.
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    Carbon-13 NMR of poly(vinyl acetate) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1593-1602 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of atactic poly(vinyl acetate) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers are reported and analyzed. Carbon spectra at 22.6 and 62.9 MHz together with use of shift reagents have permitted a more complete assignment than previously reported; in some cases the published assignments are found to be in error.
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    Effect of interfacial bonding on the strength of adhesion of elastomers. II. Dissimilar adherends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1635-1640 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two elastomer layers, differing either in initial degree of crosslinking or in chemical reactivity, were bonded together by a free-radical crosslinking process. The elastomers employed were polybutadiene (BR) and an ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR) differing in the efficiency of crosslinking by dicumyl peroxide by a factor of about 20. When a fully crosslinked sheet of either elastomer was pressed into contact with a partially crosslinked sheet of the same elastomer and the crosslinking then taken to completion, the strength of adhesion under threshold conditions was found to be qualitatively in accord with the predictions of a simple theoretical treatment for the degree of interlinking in terms of the corresponding homogeneous crosslinking reaction. Whereas the theory suggests that the effective degree of interlinking will be one-half of that generated in a homogeneous system, the experimental results were in accord with a figure of about 70%. When a layer of one elastomer was bonded to a layer of the other in a similar way, the strength of adhesion was found to be relatively high when the initial fully crosslinked layer was BR and relatively low when it was EPR. These results were also in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions for the degree of chemical interlinking developed between layers differing in chemical reactivity. Thus a general correlation appears to hold between the threshold strength of adhesion and the amount of interlinking.
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    The temperature dependence of the langmuir capacity factor in glassy polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1657-1658 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Analysis of the products of copolymerization with chain branching in the pregelation stagePreliminary results were presented at the 14th IUPAC Prague Microsymposium on Macromolecules, 1974. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1675-1686 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with small amounts (0.25-1 mol %) of bis (4-methacryloxybenzilidene)-1,2-diaminoethane in the pregelation stage was investigated. The mole fractions in the copolymers of the divinyl monomer, of the reacted vinyl groups of divinyl monomer, and of the totally reacted divinyl monomer units forming intermolecular crosslinks were determined experimentally and some other parameters were calculated from these quantities. The amount of intramolecular crosslinks, forming closed rings, has been shown to predominate over the amount of intermolecular crosslinks. The comparison of the experimental data with values calculated from Wesslau's theory, based on the classical concepts of copolymerization, reveals differences increasing up to an order of magnitude with rising content of the divinyl monomer. A major reason for this divergence appears to be the intramolecular crosslinking.
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    Accordion-type laser-Raman scattering by drawn linear polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1727-1737 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: One can reproduce the observed accordion-type laser-Raman (ALR) scattering of highly drawn linear polyethylene if one assums that any gauche defect in the crystal lattice which interrupts the all-trans conformation sequence of the molecular chain completely decouples the accordion-type longitudinal oscillations of the two sections on both sides of the defect. Each oscillates independently of the rest. The length of the section, smaller than the full length of the straight chain between the crystal surfaces, determines the frequency of the ALR absorption. One such defect per five chain stems of the ideal crystal yields a straight-length distribution which agrees sufficiently well with that derived from the ALR spectrum. Small-angle x-ray scattering very generally registers the resulting decrease of the electron density of the crystalline component without yielding more detailed information about the location and frequency of such gauche defects.
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    Stress relaxation and dynamic viscoelastic properties of end-linked poly(dimethyl siloxane) networks containing unattached poly(dimethyl siloxane)This work was part of the research program of the Rheology Research Center, University of Wisconsin. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1745-1757 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stress relaxation in uniaxial extension and dynamic shear moduli G′ and G″ have been studied in networks of vinyl-terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) of five different molecular weights (Mn from 1800 to 29,200) crosslinked with cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) and containing 10 and 15 wt % of two samples of high-molecular-weight unattached linear hydroxyl-terminated PDMS (Mw 700,000 and 950,000). The Mw/Mn ratio of both the network prepolymers and the unattached linear species was approximately 2. In stress relaxation the stretch ratio was 1.25 or less and the shear relaxation modulus was calculated from the neo-Hookean stress-strain relation. In the dynamic measurements, the strain amplitude was 15% or less; after conversion to the timedependent shear relaxation modulus G(t) the two sets of measurements were combined and the contribution of the unattached species G1(t) was calculated by difference. After multiplication by (1 - v22)-1G0N/Ge, where v2 is the volume fraction of network, G0N is the plateau modulus of the uncrosslinked polymer, and Ge is the equilibrium modulus of the network containing unattached molecules, G1(t) was compared with G11(t), the relaxation modulus was essentially the same in both environments. The relaxation was slower in the networks than in the uncrosslinked polymer by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, and it increased gradually with increasing Ge, which is a measure of total to pological obstacles represented by crosslinks plus trapped entanglements. A similar but less striking difference between relaxation in a network and in the homologous environment of a linear polymer was previously observed in end-linked polybutadiene networks and the butadiene phase of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer. It appears that, in these systems where the topology of the obstacles is fixed, the reptation is severely restricted or else alternative modes of configurational rearrangement which contribute to relaxation in the uncrosslinked polymer are suppressed.
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    Comments on the interpretation of kinetic parameters from dynamic thermogravimetric experiments (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1799-1800 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191111
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    Crystalline stoichiometric adducts of polyamides with phosphoric acid (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1827-1836 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown the crystalline stoichiometric adducts of phosphoric acid with polyamides such as nylon 6 and poly-p-benzamide, and probably nylon 66, nylon 69, nylon 11, and nylon 12, can be prepared. These adducts are characterized by their unique wide-angle x-ray diffraction patterns and by rather low melting or decomposition temperatures. The thermal behavior and infrared data, indicate that interactions between the acid and the polymeric amide residues are weak.
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    Structural study of conformational phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride) by far-infrared spectroscopy (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1121-1129 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polarized and unpolarized far-infrared transmission spectra of poly(vinylidene fluoride) powders and films in the range 40-400 cm-1 are examined in terms of the α, β, and γ forms of this polymer. The bands which appear allow us to discuss various theoretical models. An interpretation of the polymer's configuration along and between chains including defects is proposed. Relations between the crystal form and treatments applied to the sample during its manufacture are demonstrated. In the same way the tttgtttg′ conformation previously reported by some authors for the γ form is corroborated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    An apparatus for kinetic-mechanistic studies of polymer burning and regression rates: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1131-1139 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus for determination of regression (weight-loss) rates before, at, and after ignition as a function of oxidant gas flow rates has been constructed and successfully operated with poly(methyl methacrylate). In addition, flame temperatures, gas evolution kinetics and composition can be ascertained. The apparatus allows a proper evaluation of diffusion processes and chemically controlled processes. The regression rate for PMMA is directly proportional to the air flow rate. At low air flow rates the process is diffusion controlled and the energy of activation is identical with the heat of vaporization of the monomer. There is a liquid monomer layer and on top of it a stagnant vapor layer having the equilibrium vapor pressure of the monomer. At higher flow rates the energy of activation increases steeply. The layers become thin and defective and eventually thermal depolymerization becomes rate determining. This depolymerization has an energy of activation between 30 to 40 kcal mol-1. Experiments have also been carried out in closed quartz tubes. Explosion limits, ignition lags and energies of activation have been determined. The latter were evaluated by the method of Semenoff.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Pressure-induced freezing of conformational states of poly(vinyl chloride) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1187-1198 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The pressure-induced freezing of high-energy conformations (trans-gauche) of poly(vinyl chloride) has been measured by FTIR absorbance spectroscopy. The conformational change predicted from the increase in Tg with pressure and the change in population (absorbance) with temperature is larger than the observed change in population (absorbance). This difference is of the right order of magnitude as that predicted from the volume difference between conformers which favors the trans isomer at high pressure. Samples prepared at high pressure recover to their equilibrium population at the normal zero-pressure glass temperature when heated with no applied pressure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    SAXS determination of the amorphous surface layer thickness of polymer single crystals (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1237-1243 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene single crystals were grown from 0.1% solutions in xylene at 80 and 87°C. Oriented mats were made from each preparation and the small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles obtained. Following treatment of the raw data for main-beam position and width, background scatter, and the Lorentz factor, five Bragg reflections were resolved. A one-dimensional lattice was used as a model for the oriented mats of single crystals. This model contains three parameters. An additional parameter Gx was also introduced to demonstrate the general effect of a broadening factor on the model. The effect of each parameter on the calculated diffraction pattern was examined. From this examination it was found that by assuming that the broadening functions are zero we can determine directly from the number of observable peaks the maximum possible thickness of the amorphous surface. Further, we find that the thickness of the amorphous layer must be less than the maximum value calculated if Gx is assigned values greater than zero. A “best-fit” diffraction pattern was generated in order to estimate how much smaller the surface thickness can be such that one can still resolve five diffraction maxima. The range of amorphous surface thicknesses found from the calculated diffraction profile is 12-20 Å. This is in good agreement with complementary studies performed on the same crystal preparations.
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    Phase separation of polymer blends in thin filmsCorrected proofs received June 22, 1981 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1255-1267 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Films of polystyrene-poly(vinylmethyl ether) blends of various compositions are formed by a dip-coating procedure, the thickness of the film being controlled by the concentration of the solution. The substrates used are glass and gold. The phase separation process is followed by a laser light scattering experiment in which the total forward scattering intensity is monitored as a function of temperature. Morphological examination shows that phase separation occurs by a spinodal decomposition mechanism. A thickness effect on the phase separation temperature is noticeable when film thickness is smaller than 1 μm. This effect is substrate dependent. In all films formed on gold the spinodal temperature increases as film thickness decreases. Films formed on glass exhibit a destabilizing effect on decreasing film thickness. This effect is slight in films of composition poorer in polystyrene than the critical composition, and is enhanced in films richer in polystyrene. The stabilizing effect of decreasing the thickness of films formed on the gold substrate is considered to reflect mainly a purely geometrical effect. The decreasing dimensionality is shown by simple theoretical considerations to increase the phase-separation temperature. However, the phase separation behavior of thin films on glass appears to be the result of two kinds of substrate-polymer interactions in addition to the geometrical effect: (a) electrostatic interaction of the charged glass surface (a destabilizing effect at all film compositions) and (b) selective adsorption of polystyrene on glass.
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    Molecular aggregation of solid aromatic polymers. I. Small-angle x-ray scattering from aromatic polyimide film (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1293-1312 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular aggregation in a commercial polyimide film, Du Pont Kapton, was investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). From the analysis of the desmeared SAXS curve, it is concluded that aggregation in the Kapton film can be elucidated in terms of a two-phase structure having electron density fluctuations within the phases. For comparison with the molecular aggregation in Kapton, molecular aggregation in polyimides synthesized in our laboratory was also investigated. It was found in this case that molecular aggregation is controlled by the initial imidization temperature. Molecular aggregation of polyamic acid and polyimide cyclized at a low temperature gives amorphous structures. On the other hand, molecular aggregation of polyimide cyclized at high temperatures gives two-phase structures like that of Kapton film. The SAXS curve for a polyimide having the two-phase structure shows a peak due to interference between ordered regions. The two-phase structure of the polyimide can be explained in terms of a one-dimensional model. The more ordered phase is produced at the higher initial imidization temperature. The relative density difference between two phases is only a few percent for polyimide films cyclized at high temperatures. This result shows that the two-phase structure of aromatic polyimide differs essentially from that of ordinary crystalline polymers.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Comments on a paper by Axelson and Mandelkern concerning 13C NMR spectra of polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the 13C NMR spectral collapse temperatures Tc reported by Axelson and Mandelkern tend to give a constant ratio of Tc/Tg averaging 1.21 ± 0.05 and independent of Tg or of polymer structure. It is further shown that Tc is not a high-frequency value for Tg because this would require Tc/Tg to decline with increasing Tg. Tc/Tg agrees in numerical value with Tu/Tg, where Tll is the liquid-liquid transition lying above Tg. Direct comparison of Tc and Tu for four polymers PIB, PnBA, atactic PP, and isotactic PMMA shows very close agreement. The various results suggest, but do not prove, that Tc from 13C NMR spectroscopy may be a new, direct measure for Tll. A measured Tc of 233K for linear PE is compatible with a Tg near 195 K (233/195 = 1.19), whereas a Tg of 148 K gives the ratio 233/148 = 1.57, which is outside any value shown in tabulated form.
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    Small-angle light scattering by random assemblies of incomplete spherulites. Systems with partial degree of volume filling (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented to account for the effect of the impingement of growing spherulites on their Hv small-angle light scattering patterns. The theory is developed on the basis of results of computer-simulated two-dimensional spherulite growth and calculated scattered intensities. The impingement produces a lowering of the intensity of the scattering maximum and the diminishing of the overall sharpness of the scattering peak. The extent of these effects increases with area fraction of spherulites. A procedure is suggested for determining correction factors that may be applied to intensity data obtained during the course of spherulite crystallization. An interpretation is made of the type of average spherulite size determined from the scattering angle of maximum intensity.
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    Component analysis of proton NMR spectra of linear polyethylene in the α-transition temperature range and phase distribution (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 109-120 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Broad-line 1H NMR spectra of linear polyethylene at temperatures in the α-transition range can be analyzed in terms of contributions from the crystalline and noncrystalline components provided molecular motion in the crystalline region is adequately considered. The spectrum of solid n-C32H66 or n-C44H90 prior to melting is used to take account of the contribution of the crystalline region of the polymer to molecular motions. The temperature dependence of the component distribution in the polymer is briefly discussed for a wide range of temperatures, together with previously reported results at low temperatures. The noncrystalline component is in a rigid glassy state at very low temperatures but with rising temperature it transforms to a mobile glassy state with restricted molecular motion, and transforms partially to the rubbery state at high temperature. The crystalline component remains rigid at low temperature, but some molecular motion is associated with it at higher temperatures in the α-transition range.
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    Characterization of Ziegler-Natta catalyst by ESCA (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The surface composition of TiCl3-based Ziegler - Natta catalysts prepared by various methods was analyzed by ESCA to correlate the total amount of surface titanium with the catalyst activity in propylene polymerization. The ESCA peak ratio (Ti 2P3/2/Cl 2P) of the catalysts was measured to estimate the surface composition. The titanium index defined as the product of the (Ti/Cl peak ratio and surface area) was closely correlated with the catalyst activity in polymerization. This indicates that surface titanium concentration and surface area determine the catalyst activity. It was also found that removal of surface aluminum and chlorine at the catalyst preparation stage results in concentration of titanium at the surface and an increase in surface area.
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    The effect of polydispersity on the intrinsic viscosity and sedimentation coefficient of stiff chains (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 181-184 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190116
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    Physical properties and structure of silk. VII. Crystallization of amorphous silk fibroin induced by immersion in methanol (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 185-186 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190117
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    Molecular design of multicomponent polymer systems. II. Emulsifying effect of a poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-styrene) copolymer in high-density polyethylene/polystyrene blends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1269-1272 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190810
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    Piezoelectricity of uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) corona poled at elevated temperature (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1365-1369 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction, thermally stimulated depolarization, and piezoelectric current measurements have been carried out on uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) film, corona poled both negatively and positively at room temperature and at 90°C. Corona poling at elevated temperature considerably enhances the piezoelectric constant and is a more efficient way of charging the film than conventional thermal poling. Advantages over the latter are discussed.
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    Production and properties of fibers spun from nylon 6/lithium chloride mixtures (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1549-1565 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of producing high-modulus nylon 6 fibers by incorporation of lithium chloride (LiCl) in the polymer prior to spinning and drawing has been examined. Samples containing 2% and 4% LiCl (w/w) together with an unsalted control were studied. Particular attention was given to optimizing the spinning process by varying the melt temperature and the draw-down. The spun fibers were subsequently drawn in a tensile testing machine at 135°C, preliminary studies having established that this was desirable for the production of high-modulus material. The influence of annealing after drawing was also examined. Drawn fiber moduli in the range 8-9 GPa were obtained, compared with ca. 5-6 GPa for unsalted material. Limited structural studies (birefringence and wide-angle x-ray diffraction) suggest that the enhancement of modulus is due to an increase in the stiffening effect of extended molecules in the noncrystalline regions. Dynamic mechanical measurements show that there is reduced chain mobility in the disordered regions of the polymer, suggesting strong polymer-ion interactions. The salt can be readily removed by washing the fibers in boiling water, with significant reduction in moduli. This militates against commercial application of the salted fibers.
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    Brillouin scattering studies of the effect of orientation on mechanically deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1911-1921 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Brillouin scattering is used to study the internal structure of oriented films of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Splitting in the longitudinal spectrum is observed as the film is stretched, indicating that the crystalline region is developed gradually from the amorphous region. The hypersonic velocity data obtained from these two regions are used to draw directional maps of sound velocity propagation in different directions of the film. The results are discussed and correlated with a recently proposed model. The orientational parameter in the amorphous phase is calculated from the hypersonic velocity data as a function of stretch ratio. The results are found to be in good agreement with published values obtained by a different technique.
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    Anisotropy of NMR relaxation, and diffusion, of penetrants in stretched cis-polyisopreneSupported in part by the Faculty Research Committee of The University of Akron, under Grant Nos. RG 559 and RG 629. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 77-92 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have measured 1H and 19F NMR relaxation times T1, T1ρ, and T2, and diffusion constants, in trace penetrants hexafluorobenzene and n-hexadecane dissolved in stretched cis-polyisoprene, as function of temperature, rubber elongation, and angle with respect to the stretch direction. Values of T1 and T2 in the rubber were also measured. At all temperatures ( - 40 ≤ T ≤ 85°C), T1 in rubber and penetrants is isotropic and independent of elongation; the differences between rubber and penetrants are related to penetrant diffusion. All T2 above - 15°C are anisotropic and elongation dependent, and follow a motional narrowing model. For the penetrants, averaging the dipolar interactions implies averaging over a diffusion path; this correctly reproduces the observed much higher T2 anisotropy in the penetrants. Penetrant diffusion rates, however, are essentially isotropic and elongation independent. These effects depend only weakly on the shape of the penetrant molecules.
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    Five-line model for the description of radial x-ray diffractometer scans of nylon 6 yarns (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 121-134 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Types of nylon 6 yarn which contain large γ crystals cannot be described by a model comprising three Pearson VII curves, as we formerly proposed. Hence, a new extended computer program has been developed containing five Pearson VII lines. Two lines are related to the α phase, two to γ-phase crystals, and the fifth describes the amorphous contribution. Some physical relations between parameters could be derived and were incorporated into the computer program. This program provides extremely good fits to all equatorial diffractometer scans which can be obtained from nylon 6 yarns, including those containing large γ crystals. The parameter accuracy is quite satisfactory for diffractometer traces with well-resolved peaks from both α and γ crystals. However, if the traces are poorly resolved or the samples do not contain a sufficient amount of the γ modification, resulting in a lack of detailed information, the parameter accuracy can be rather poor. For those cases special versions of the computer program were developed which contain further empirical interrelations between parameters. With these programs crystal sizes and molecular distances within the crystals of both the α and β modifications can be determined. The method has also been applied to radial scans at various small azimuthal angles with respect to the equator. In that way the relative amounts of the α and γ crystals as well as their orientation factors could be determined. Various aspects of this investigation are illustrated by some examples.
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    Formation and characterization of polydiacetylene monolayer fibers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Monolayers of certain surface-active diacetylene compounds were polymerized at the gas - water interface and collapsed to self-supporting fibers. The monolayer fibers were found to have an unusual morphology in that while the polymeric backbones have a random orientation, the hydrocarbon side chains are all perpendicular to the fiber axis. The fiber d spacings determined from x-ray diffraction agree well with electron diffraction data from unperturbed polymeric monolayers. Tensile tests of the monolayer fibers indicate average strength and high modulus.
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    Irreversible effects of moisture on the epoxy matrix in glass-reinforced composites (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 197-212 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The irreversible effects of moisture exposure on anhydride-crosslinked epoxy resin films are investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Hydrolytic attack of water at the ester linkages is accelerated in alkaline media and is a mechanically activated process. Matrix hydrolysis is also enhanced in the presence of inorganic fillers.
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    Dielectric loss of polyethylene at very low temperatures in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 100 MHz (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 221-227 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric loss of high-density polyethylene was measured from 1 kHz to 100 MHz with the improved calorimetric method at liquid-helium temperature for samples with different oxidation times t. Two loss peaks, centered at ca. 4 kHz and at 1 MHz, both increase in height with increasing t. On the bases of these results along with previously reported ones, the low-frequency and high-frequency losses are ascribed to the tunneling of protons of OH groups in crystalline and amorphous regions, respectively.
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    Crazing in two polystyrene/polybutadiene block copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 253-272 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crazing was investigated in two commercial polystyrene/polybutadiene block copolymers made by the Phillips Petroleum Co. and marketed under the trade names of KRO-1 and KRO-3 resins. The two block copolymers each with 23% polybutadiene (PB), have radically different microstructure and radically different crazing behavior, leading to strains to fracture of 0.1 and 1.0, respectively. Of these, the KRO-1 Resin has a phase microstructure that consists of randomly wavy and often interconnected rods of PB of 20 nm diameter surrounded by polystyrene (PS). The microstructure of KRO-3 Resin consists of lamellae of PB with 20 nm thickness and large aspect ratio which range in packing from regular aligned lamellar domains with randomly varying misorientation in the annealed material, to randomly corrugated and wavy sheets in the as-received material. Crazes in KRO-1 Resin have well delineated planar shapes with a conventional, tufty craze matter structure which suggests growth by the now well-established meniscus instability mechanism proposed by one of us. In KRO-3 Resin, on the other hand, crazing involves profuse cavitation if the PB lamellae, giving rise to less well delineated zones of cavitational growth dispersed over the volume and suggests a mechanism of craze growth by stable, interfacial cavitational degradation in a process zone ahead of the craze tip. The measured stress and temperature dependences of craze velocities in these two polymers is in partial support of the suggested mechanisms which are also developed in outline.
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    Structure and morphology of heavily deformed single crystals of a polydiacetylene. I. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 293-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure and morphology of heavily deformed single crystals of a diacetylene polymer have been studied using a combination of x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Crystals have been deformed by both rolling and hammering. The crystals remain intact during deformation and can be reduced in thickness by a factor of over 5 in directions perpendicular to their chain axes. It is found that the chain orientation is maintained during both hammering and rolling. A greenish-colored surface skin develops during both types of deformation but the structure of the interior of the crystals depends upon the type of deformation employed. The interior of the hammered crystals consists of crystal blocks ca. 50 μm thick formed by cleavage perpendicular to the chain direction whereas the rolled crystals tend to be fibrous with no evidence of molecular fracture. The possible deformation mechanisms which have given rise to the different structures have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Negative thermal expansion in oriented crystalline polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 335-352 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements on the thermal expansivity α∥ and α⊥ (along and normal to the draw direction, respectively) have been carried out for a series of oriented polymers with widely different crystallinities (0.36-0.81) and draw ratios (1-20) and over large temperature ranges covering the major amorphous transitions in each case. While α⊥ increases with temperature, α∥ tends to decrease sharply above the transition temperature. For highly crystalline polymers, α∥ decreases to values typical of polymer crystals (-1 × 10-5 K-1) and this can be attributed to the constraining effect of the crystalline bridges connecting the crystalline blocks. However, for polymers of lower crystallinity, α∥ may become an order of magnitude more negative and this remarkable phenomenon is attributed to the rubber-elastic contraction of taut tie-moleucles. Since taut tie-molecules and bridges have drastically different effects on α∥ at high temperatures, this allows a rough determination of their relative fractions.
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    Conformational properties of polar polymers. I. Poly(vinyl chloride) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 375-391 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A recently developed method for including polar bonds in conformational energy calculations is applied to poly(vinyl chloride). Inductive effects on dipole moments and the effects of intervening atoms on electrostatic interaction energies are represented by polarizability centers in conjunction with bond centered dipoles. Solvation energies are estimated by means of a continuum dipole-quadrupole electrostatic model. Calculated energies of a number of conformations of meso and racemic 2,4-dichloropentane and the iso, syndio, and hetero forms of 2,4,6-trichloroheptane give satisfactory representations of isomer and conformer populations. Electrostatic effects are found to be quite important. However they appear to be effectively of sufficiently short range that the calculated conformer energies are found to be fit well by a linear combination of interaction parameters (consisting of gauche, skew chlorine, four-bond CH2…CH2, CH2…Cl, and Cl…Cl interactions) conventional to vinyl polymers and a special four-bond interaction that arises when the bond sequence Cl—CH—CH2—CH—Cl is (nearly) coplanar. These interaction parameters when assembled into statistical weight matrices lead to calculated values of both the characteristic ratio and the dipole moment ratio in satisfactory agreement with experiment. Least energy paths for transitions between the most stable conformations are also calculated.
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    Distortion of crystallites caused by heterogeneous chlorosulfonation of polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 23-32 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of a heterogeneous chlorosulfonation on the crystalline regions of high-density polyethylenes are investigated by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The observed changes and their time dependence are discussed in terms of distortion of the crystallites, which is followed by relaxation processes leading to the elimination of the initially induced imperfections.
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    Crystallization of poly(α-methyl-α-N-propyl-β-propiolactones) prepared from homogeneous and heterogeneous initiators (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 33-47 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Half-crystallization times t½, enthalpies of fusion ΔH, melting temperatures Tf glass transition temperatures Tg x-ray patterns, and morphologies were obtained for nine samples of poly(α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β-propiolactones) prepared from different homogeneous or heterogeneous initiators. The bulk of the results indicates that all samples can be classified into two categories: Polymers A having t½≏, 100 min, ΔH ≏ 26 J/g, Tf0 ≏ 376 K, Tg ≏ 275 K, and Polymers B having t½ ≏ 10 min, ΔH ≃ 14.5 J/g Tf0 ≏ 425 K and Tg ≏ 271 K. Polymers A were prepared with homogeneous initiators while polymers B were polymerized with heterogeneous intiators. The difference in crystallization behavior between polymers A and polymers B is certainly due to a difference in microstructure, brought about by the initiators, which has been qualitatively observed by NMR.
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    Orientation distribution functions for uniaxially oriented polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 93-107 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Most methods of studying molecular orientation in polymers can give only limited information about the distribution of molecular orientations, and this is particularly true of methods for studying the noncrystalline material. It is shown, however, that if the mean values P2 and P4 of the second-order and fourth-order Legendre polynomials in cosθ can be determined for the chains in a uniaxially oriented polymer, where - is the angle between the chain axis and the drawing or extrusion direction, some qualitative statements about the form of the distribution can be made with complete certainty for some, but not all, sets of values of P2 and P4. It is shown in addition, that if the distribution is fairly smooth a good estimate of its general form can also be obtained, and that a knowledge of P6 and higher-order means will not improve this estimate appreciably unless they are known with great accuracy.
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    Dielectric relaxation phenomena in a series of polyhydroxyether copolymers of bisphenol-A - endcapped polyethylene glycol with epichlorohydrin (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation spectra of a series of polyhydroxyether copolymers have been obtained. It has been shown that the systems exhibit very similar relaxation spectra with the α(Tg) process a function of molecular weight. All systems exhibit two secondary relaxations: β (ca. 240 K) and γ (ca. 180 K). These have been assigned as hydroxyl motion and main-chain motion, respectively. The peak positions are not functions of composition in the ranges studied. The effect of sorbed water on the relaxation spectra is discussed.
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    Stress relaxation of polybutadiene at large deformation. Measurements of stress and birefringence in shear and elongation (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 151-163 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rheological behavior of an uncrosslinked polybutadiene on sudden application of finite strain was examined. The shear stress σ, two components of birefringence, and the extinction angle were measured in shear (magnitude of shear γ ≤ 3.5) and tensile stress and the birefringence were measured in uniaxial elongation (elongation ratio λ ≤ 3.8). Measurements were performed at 30°C with a tensile tester equipped with appropriate sample holders. The stress-optical coefficient was 3.01 × 10-9Pa-1. The first and second normal-stress differences v1 and v2 were separately evaluated with the use of stress-optical law. The Lodge - Meissner relation v1 = γσ held good. The ratio v2/v1 was independent of time and varied from about -0.3 to -0.2 with increasing γ in the range of measurements. Each of the stress components was factored into a function of strain and one of time, and the latter was common to all the stress components. Simple formulas were proposed to represent stress components in step deformations.
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    Microwave properties of low-density polyacetylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of an initial study of the microwave properties of low-density foamlike (CH)x are reported for intermediate dopant levels. The electrical conductivity and dielectric constant are obtained at microwave frequencies, and the results are analyzed in terms of effective medium theory. The possibility of utilizing the doped foamlike (CH)x as an efficient microwave absorber is discussed.
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    Electrostatic fiber spinning from polymer melts. III. Electrostatic deformation of a pendant drop of polymer melt (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 933-940 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been previously shown that fine jets can be drawn from polymer melts with the aid of an electric field. In an effort to understand the mechanism of jet formation, preliminary experiments have been carried out on the deformation of pendant drops of molten polymers(nylon 12 and polyethylene) subjected to an electric field. The drop deformation was measured as a function of field intensity and frequency, and the results were interpreted in terms of a theory due to Torza et al. It is shown that there is qualitative agreement between the theory and experimental observations. This permits the identification of the parameters influencing the drop deformation and leads to a qualitative picture of the mechanism of deformation.
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    Mesogenic polymers. III. Thermal properties and synthesis of three homologous series of thermotropic liquid crystalline “backbone” polyestersFor Parts I and II see refs. 1 and 2. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 951-969 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Details of the thermal behavior, including transition temperatures, transition heats and transition entropies, are reported for three series of nematic liquid-crystalline “backbone” polyesters having the general structure All polysters described above were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and were found to have reproducible thermal behavior once the polymer had been annealed by heating to the isotropic phase and then subsequently cooled. Enantiotropic nematic phases were found for all 30 polysters studied. Many polymers showed multiple endotherms on melting to the nematic phase. Plots of solid-nematic and nematic-isotropic transition temperatures versus number of carbon atoms in the diacid segment (x) for each (y) reveal an even-odd alternation reminiscent of trends in homologous series of small-molecule liquid crystals. Enthalpies for the solid → nematic and nematic → isotropic transitions do not show such a precise alternation.
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    Tensile strength of highly oriented polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1007-1009 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Analytical expression for the concentration dependence of the enthalpy of dilution and apparent molal volume in polyelectrolyte solutions (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1015-1018 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of crosslinked polyurethanes containing sodium tetraphenylborate (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1073-1080 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinked polyurethane elastomers consisting of low-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide segments crosslinked with an aromatic triisocyanate have been studied. Networks have been prepared containing different amounts of sodium tetraphenylborate. The effects of temperature and salt concentration on their viscoelastic properties have been investigated by modulus and loss-tangent measurements. Variations of the storage modulus with salt concentration or network chemical structure are directly correlated with variations in the glass transition temperature. In fact, superposition of the various modulus plots on a reduced temperature scale, T-Tg, suggests that there is no dependence on salt concentration or polyether chemical structure.
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    Strain birefringence in ethylene-propylene copolymersPresented in part at a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Detroit, MI, October 7-10, 1980. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1107-1120 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of polymeric networks were prepared by the γ-radiation crosslinking of two ethylene-propylene copolymers containing 62 and 69 mol % ethylene units. The elastomeric materials thus obtained were studied in elongation, both swollen and unswollen, over the temperature range -30 to 95°C. The experiments involved measurements of both the elastic force and birefringence, using primarily changes in temperature at constant length (rather than changes in length at constant temperature). There is evidence for crystallization in these networks, as manifested by marked decreases in force and increases in birefringence at relatively low elongations and at temperatures as high as 70°C. As expected, the birefringence and related quantities were found to be more sensitive to crystallization than the force, with the stress-optical coefficient showing the greatest sensitivity. The results obtained in the elongation-temperature regions presumably free from effects of network crystallization were used to calculate values of the temperature coefficient of the unperturbed dimensions of the chains, and values of the optical-configuration parameter. Both are widely used to characterize (spatial) configurations of chain molecules. Values of the former quantity are in very good agreement with those predicted some years ago using a rotational isomeric state model for ethylene-propylene chains of various chemical and stereochemical compositions. The extension of these theoretical calculations to include the stress-optical coefficient should provide further information on crystallization in ethylene-propylene elastomers and the configurational characteristics of these copolymeric chains.
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    Magic-angle 13C NMR of solid polyphenylacetylenes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1151-1152 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Planar zigzag modification of polyoxacyclobutane (modification IV) and its disordered structure1 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1153-1155 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Concentration and temperature dependence of the helical twisting power of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) liquid crystals in m-cresol (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1167-1169 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Radiothermoluminescence study of low-temperature transitions in polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1177-1186 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular relaxation in a series of polyethylene samples has been investigated by radiothermo-luminescence. Polyethylene structure is discussed in terms of different modes of molecular mobility in different structural regions. Each of the low temperature transitions is assigned to a certain structure region and structural unit(s). The influence of different polyethylene molecular parameters and processing conditions on its structure and mechanical properties is also considered.
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    Aggregation studies of vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile-containing copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1221-1230 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The aggregation properties of two commercially available copolymers of vinyl chloride and acryionitrile are studied using viscometry, membrane osmometry, and low-angle laser light-scattering photometry in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide solvents. Firm evidence of extensive aggregation is found.
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    The effect of water on the secondary dielectric relaxations in nylon 66 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1211-1220 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric data were taken on nylon 66 at several moisture levels at frequencies from 10 to 105 Hz and temperatures from -70°C to room temperature. Moisture increases the frequency and the peak height for the β relaxation and reduces its activation energy. The peak height of the γ relaxation is reduced by moisture and shifts to slightly higher frequencies with little change in activation energy. The β relaxation follows the pattern of Jonscher and Ngai for a cooperative many-body process. The γ relaxation is slightly broader than a Debye relaxation and approaches that model quite closely as the temperature is increased. The high-frequency end of the β relaxation overlaps the γ relaxation.
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    Studies of polylactone/poly(vinyl chloride), polylactone/poly(vinyl fluoride), and polylactone/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1245-1253 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that polyvalerolactone/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVL/PVC) blends are miscible over all compositions since a single glass transition temperature Tg is observed, intermediate between those of pure PVL and pure PVC. Melting points, enthalpies of fusion and morphologies of PVL/PVC blends are also reported. It is also shown that polyvalerolactone, poly(α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β-propiolactone), poly(α-methyl-α-ethyl-β-propiolactone), and poly(caprolactone) are immiscible with poly(vinyl fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride), despite the fact that all these polylactones are miscible with PVC. Differences in electronegativity, in atomic radius, and in molar attraction between the fluoride and the chlorine atoms are probably responsible for this difference in behavior.
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    Observation of the orientational loss above the glass transition temperature in oriented polyethylene-terephthalate films using brillouin light scattering (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1273-1275 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Effect of orientation and mobility of polymer molecules at surfaces on contact angle and its hysteresis (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1285-1291 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The contact angle of a water droplet on the surface of a solid polymer or hydrogel (water-swollen three-dimensional network) depends on whether a hydrophilic moiety of the polymer molecule is oriented towards the air interface or towards the bulk of the solid, but not on the hydrophilicity of the molecule. Therefore, the short-range rotational mobility of a polymer molecule has a major influence on the apparent hydrophilicity of a polymer surface as measured by the contact angle of water. By the came principle, the abnormally large hysteresis effect observed in advancing and receding contact angles of water on some polymer surfaces can be attributed to the reorientation of hydrophilic moieties of polymer molecules at the surface. These factors are demonstrated by selected polymer surfaces with different degrees of mobility at the polymer-air interface.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190901
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  • 87
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    Direct observation of phase transitions of polyethylene under high pressure by a PSPC x-ray system (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1313-1324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A position-sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) x-ray measuring system is employed to observe directly phase transition processes of polyethylene at high temperature and high pressure. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal important new experimental data. First, an irreversible crystal transition from the hexagonal to the orthorhombic structures occurs in the critical region where the hexagonal structure begins to appear at a pressure of 350 MPa. That is, the (100) hexagonal reflection is observed only on cooling at 350 MPa. At pressures above about 400 MPa, however, the hexagonal phase is stable and the phase transitions melt ↔ hexagonal ↔ orthorhombic occur reversibly. Second, during cooling at pressures above 400 MPa, the (100) hexagonal reflection can be observed at temperatures below the hexagonal ↔ orthorhombic transition temperature. This behavior suggests that all the crystal morphologies of polyethylene, from “highly-extended-chain” crystals to crystals with a low melting point, are formed by the transitions melt → hexagonal → orthorhombic. Third, in heating at elevated pressures above 500 MPa, a shoulder in the peak intensity versus temperature plot for the (100) hexagonal reflection is observed at a higher temperature than the large maximum which occurs immediately after the crystal transition. This behavior indicates melting in two stages of hexagonal structures with different thermal stabilities, and the shoulder at higher temperature may be due to the fusion of the hexagonal phase annealed either below or above the transition point.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190903
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  • 88
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    Dielectric relaxation and glass transition temperature of copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1333-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation measurements were made on methyl methacrylate - styrene and methyl methacrylate-p-chlorostyrene copolymers at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature Tg. It was found that the temperature dependence of the relaxation time can be described satisfactorily by an expression derived recently for chain motion in amorphous polymers. The temperature Tg obtained from the expression agrees well with that determined by differential thermal analysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190905
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  • 89
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    Epitaxial crystallization of aliphatic polyesters on trioxane and various aromatic hydrocarbons (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1853-1864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Linear polyesters of the diacid-dialcohol type are observed to crystallize epitaxially onto substrate crystals of trioxane, condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, and linear polyphenyls. In line with results previously reported for PE, lattice matching requirements for epitaxy lead to a change in the polymer contact plane on the different substrates. The highly oriented, sometimes single-crystal-like polymer films are formed of stacks of lamellae seen edge on which appear well suited to investigations of the lamellar structure.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191205
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  • 90
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    Crystal stability and mechanical properties of drawn polymers: A statistical-mechanical approach (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1873-1893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The partition function is formulated by the generating function method for a stacked lamellar model of alternating crystalline and amorphous layers. The random-walk problem of enumerating statistical weights for conformations of amorphous chains confined by two parallel walls is solved for the body-centered cubic lattice as a generalization of the one-wall model treated by Roe. The mean lengths of loop, tie, and cilia chains and the free energy of the system are calculated for the random-reentry and-bridge model as a function of the distance h of separation between crystal layers and as a function of the number N of loop chains in a crystal block as the basic structural element of the system. The mean length of amorphous chains decreases at a given thickness l of the crystal layers with decreasing h or with increasing N. The free energy of the system exhibits no minimum with respect to N, showing that the folded-chain crystal is thermodynamically stable, especially for relatively small l. Additionally, it is shown that another requirement for stabilizing relatively small crystals (small l) is the formation of an aggregate structure of crystals, whereas a large single-crystal (large l) is relatively stable, irrespective of h and N. Furthermore, a theoretical model is developed to calculate the force and elastic modulus of a highly deformed stacked system, assuming that the only change in the configurations of amorphous chains within the interlamellar regions is due to deformation, except for scission of tie chains having fewer segments than are needed to span the interlamellar distance of the deformed system. It becomes evident that taut tie chains are effective in increasing the modulus of the stacked system.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191207
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  • 91
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    Refractive index-temperature measurements on anionically polymerized polystyrene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1925-1928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191211
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  • 92
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    Structure of chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride). XI. Effect of chlorination conditions on morphology (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1157-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190713
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Additivity rule for Ca2+ ion activity in solutions of maleic acid copolymer (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1171-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190716
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  • 94
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    A site-model theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1371-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The two-site model theory is reexamined taking into account changes in site population, and the differential equation describing deformation behavior is solved without utilizing an approximation normally employed. The result is a nonlinear solution with the many of the characteristics found experimentally with polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190909
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  • 95
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    Determination of the persistence length of an aromatic polyamide-hydrazide by small-angle x-ray diffraction (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1339-1352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray diffraction measurements were performed upon dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) solutions of four samples of X-500, an aromatic polyamide-hydrazide. The solubility improved as the polymer molecular weight increased, the most soluble sample being in the form of a highly oriented, crystalline fiber. Molecular weights determined from the scattering curves indicate that aggregation was present in all solutions. Its extent varied with the solubility of the sample, increased with polymer concentration and, for the lowest concentrations studied, could be reduced by the addition of acetic acid. Radius of gyration values were smaller than those obtained by light scattering, probably because of insufficient resolution of the camera. The mass per unit length along the chain was found to be 18-20 Å, while the radius of gyration of the cross section was 3.5-4.8 Å. Three of the samples gave nearly the same angular intersection for the coil-and rodlike regions of the scattering curve. Two of these were whole polymers and the other a narrow fraction. The fact that essentially the same intercept was found in all three cases indicates the persistence length as measured for linear chain polymers by small-angle x-ray diffraction is independent of the heterogeneity of the sample. The intercepts, after a small correction for excluded volume effects, correspond to persistence lengths in the range 71-88 Å for DMAc solutions, which approximate those determined for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions by light scattering the intrinsic viscosity without correction for excluded volume, but are substantially larger than the DMSO values, corrected for excluded volume of 30-49 Å. We can offer no explanation for this difference.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190906
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  • 96
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    Craze initiation in poly(methyl methacrylate) under biaxial stress (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1423-1433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Criteria for craze initiation in poly(methyl methacrylate) have been investigated under various combined loadings including biaxial tension and torsion-compression at 65°C in air and at room temperature in a crazing agent, kerosene. Environmental crazes are observed even under torsion-compression loading when air crazing does not occur, and the stress locus for environmental crazing is very different from that for air crazing. A theoretical model analogous to the Cottrell model in crystal plasticity is proposed. Theoretical crazing loci derived from the model are compared with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190914
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  • 97
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    Photon correlation spectroscopy of polymer solutions (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1471-1473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190918
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  • 98
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    A model for permeation of mixed gases and vapors in glassy polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1513-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A model is discussed which explains reported complex effects of feed composition and pressure on component permeabilities in high-pressure gas separators based on glassy polymer membranes. A special form of Fick's law which accounts for the fact that penetrants in glassy polymers sorb into and diffuse through two different molecular environments provides the basis for the analysis of gas mixture permeation. Potential deviations from the theory are discussed in terms of separable solubility-and mobility-related effects.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191004
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  • 99
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    Fourier-transform infrared study of the reversible interaction of water and a crosslinked epoxy matrix (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1567-1575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is utilized to characterize the interaction of a crosslinked epoxy matrix with sorbed water vapor. The perturbations of the epoxy vibrational spectrum are evidence for weak H bonding between water molecules and polar groups in the resin. The epoxy-water interactions are reversible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191007
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  • 100
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    Small-angle x-ray scattering studies of isothermally crystallized bulk polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1577-1591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A set of isothermally melt-crystallized polyethylene samples was examined using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Time and temperature of crystallization were the variable parameters used to create the set of samples. Following background subtraction, desmearing, and application of the Lorentz factor to the raw SAXS data it is possible to see many orders of reflection. This suggests that much higher degrees of order are present in isothermally melt-crystallized samples than had previously been thought possible. A combination of SAXS and DSC data indicates that there is no evidence for isothermal thickening in these samples. This study, coupled with data obtained from PE single crystals, produced information concerning the extrapolation of single-crystal data to fit bulk systems. In addition, the equilibrium melting point T0m determined is somewhat lower than previously claimed. This study also suggests that the surface energy of the mature crystals is always lower than that of the nucleated state and/or the nucleation factor Kσen increases with decreasing supercooling.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191008
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