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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 1719-1724 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the structure-property relationship of polybutene-1 films containing needle crystals (shishes) without any epitaxial overgrowth have been carried out with the help of transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and density and mechanical measurements. The lengths of the needle crystals have been varied by changing the preparation conditions. The mechanical responses of these materials are found to be dependent mainly on the needle length (length to diameter ratios), and can be explained with reference to the fibre-reinforced composite theories for discontinuous fibres. The studies indicate that the properties of the material can be described in terms of a composite of hard needle crystals contained in a soft amorphous matrix in which the polymer molecules build up an interconnecting molecular network structure.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 358-366 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die uniaxiale Deformation von Einkristallen und von Mehrschichtkristallen von Polyoxymethylen (POM) wurde ausgeführt und dabei gefunden, daß die Richtung senkrecht zum Zug für eine Rißbildung bevorzugt ist. Die Risse öffnen sich sehr wenig an Kristallen, die gut an der Unterlage haften, dagegen relativ stärker an den oberen Schichten von Mehrschichtkristallen. Mehrschichtkristalle, gebildet entweder aus der Stapelung von Lamellen oder mittels Schraubendislokationswachstum, zeigen einander ähnliches Deformationsverhalten. Aus den verschiedenen Ergebnissen läßt sich erkennen, daß die vorherrschende Art der Deformation von Kristallen eine Kombination umschließt von Mikronecking (Mikroeinschnürungen), Sprödbruch der Lamelle und Bildung von Fasern, Kippen in der Verstreckrichtung und Scherung längs Gleitlinien. Das Auftreten von Mosaikstrukturen bei deformierten Kristallen kann als Ergebnis einem kooperativen Mikronecking und Gleiten zugeschrieben werden. Die Gleitlinien entwickeln sich bei POM-Kristallen immer senkrecht und parallel zu den Wachstumsflächen in Bezug auf die Zugrichtungen. Einige der charakteristischen Züge, die während der Deformation beobachtet werden, sind die Bildung von Falten parallel zur Zugrichtung, zweitens von β-Fasern, welche als hochdeformierte Zustände von Lamellen betrachtet werden können, drittens von Fasern mit einer Perlenstruktur und viertens die Ausbildung einer Faser durch Zusammenfließen von Fasern aus verschiedenen oder auch derselben Lamelle. Ein wahrscheinlicher Mechanismus der Bildung von Artifakten während des Abdruckprozesses, der ein Dünnwerden einer Lamelle durch molekulares Abkippen zu sein scheint, wird vorgeschlagen. Die Verwendung von Natriumcarboxy-methyl-amylose im Abdruckprozeß scheint vorteilhaft zu sein und in der Tat bleiben die Natriumcarboxy-methyl-amylose im Abdruckprozeß scheint vorteilhaft zu sein und in der Tat bleiben die meisten Mikrodetails der deformierten Kristalle sogar bei höherer Vergrößerung erhalten.
    Notes: Summary The uniaxial deformation of single and multilayered crystals of polyoxymethylene was carried out and found that preference direction for crack formation was normal to the direction of drawing. The cracks are found to open very little on crystal well adhering to substrate while relatively more on the upper layer of multilayered crystals. Multilayered crystals, formed either by stacking of lamellae or from screw dislocation mechanism show similar behaviour of deformation. From the various results, it has been revealed that predominant mode of deformation of crystals involve combination of micronecking, “brittle” fracture of lamellae and formation of fibers, buckling in draw direction and shear along slip line. The development of mosaic structure in deformed crystals can be attributed to the result of cooperative micronecking and slip. The slip lines developed over POM crystals are always straight and parallel to growth faces irrespective of draw directions. Some of the characteristic features observed during the deformation are formation of (i) buckles parallel to draw direction, (ii) β-fibers which can be considered as highly deformed stage of lamella, (iii) fibers having “beaded” structure and (iv) a fiber by coalescence of fibers coming from different lamellae or from same lamella. A probable mechanism of formation of an artifact during the replicating process which appears as thinning of lamellae due to molecular tilting is advanced. Utilization of sodium carboxy Methyl Amylose in the replication process proved to be advantageous and in fact, most of the micro details of deformed crystals are retained even at a higher magnification.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 847-853 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Block copolymer ; morphology ; electron microscopy ; temperature dependence of phase mixing ; nucleating agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The potential applicability of a “Film Formation Method of Crystal Growth” to the study of morphological aspects of amorphous polymers was investigated using transmission electron microscopic techniques. A wide variety of morphologies of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer can be achieved by varying the solvent power and film preparation temperatures. The effect of film preparation temperature indicates that below 100 °C (the glass transition temperature of polystyrene), there is very little change in the size of domains; above 100 °C a drastic change in morphology is observed. Not only is there rapid coarsening of both the constituent phases of the polymer above 100 °C, but also an intermixing of both phase components of the block copolymer. It was demonstrated that some monomeric materials are effective in maintaining the original morphology of the film; i. e. phase mixing is prevented.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Morphology-shrinkage relationship ; epitaxy ; PP/PE blends andlaminates ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for achieving a highly dimensionally stable film of semi-crystalline polymers via blending is demonstrated. To illustrate this approach, a model system, polyethylene-polypropylene is investigated using TEM, TMA, DSC, and DMA. It is shown that epitaxial growth in polymer blends and laminates can induce a cross-hatch morphology which eliminates or reduces the contribution of an oriented amorphous phase. This ultimately leads to greater dimensional stability and synergism in mechanical properties as well. The presence of an appropriate low-melting component can also be used to reduce shrinkage.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 859-867 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kristallisation von Polyacrylnitril und anderen Polymeren wird nach der Methode der Filmbildung ausgeführt. Das Polyacrylnitril war hergestellt durch Polymerisation von Acrylnitril initiiert mit einem Cer-Ionen-Redoxsystem. Die Fraktionierung des Polyacrylnitrils wurde mit der Methode, dieKobayashi undFujisaki beschrieben haben, durchgeführt. Die vorliegende Studie für die Untersuchung der wachsenden Kristalle wurde an einer Probe mit dem mittleren Molekulargewicht $$\bar M_w = 1,2 \times 10^5 $$ durchgeführt. Cellulosetriacetat (CTA) mit dem Molekulargewicht $$\bar M_n = 3,5 \times 10^5 $$ , bestimmt aus Viskositätsmessungen in Chloroform bei 25 °C nach Haward und Parikh, wurde ebenso wie Polydthylen (PE), mit $$\bar M_n = 9,9 \times 10^4 $$ aus Viskositdtsmessungen in Xylol bei 90 °C nach Billmeyer, für die Beobachtung des Kristallwachstums verwendet. PE wurde von den Chemischen Werken Hüls (Deutschland) geliefert, CTA durch Acetylierung von Cellulose mit Essigsdure und Essigsäureanhydrid und Perchlorsäure als Katalysator präpariert. Amyloseacetat wurde aus Amylose extrahiert, aus Kartoffelstärke gewonnen.
    Notes: Summary Crystallization of polyacrylonitrile has been carried out at different temperatures from fractionated sample, and different morphological growth features obtained are compared with those observed previously from unfractionated sample. Several new growth features like rectangular single crystals, twinned crystals, ovals and spherulites have been observed. The role of different typical growth features for the development of spherulites has been studied. It seems that the proposed growth mechanism for the development of spherulite grown either from the melt or concentrated solution is the same for different polymers. From the observed growth features of dendritic nature in different conditions, a mechanism of development of dendritic spherulite is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 312-318 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymer blends ; morphology ; mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper deals with the studies on the polyethylene-polybutene-1 blend system and characterizes two issues, namely: (i) to present a method for preparing reinforced composite polymeric materials; (ii) to investigate the factors affecting the mechanical properties in the non-compatible crystalline blends. In order to investigate the structure-property relationship of highly oriented thin films of polyblends in the whole range of composition, the morphologies have been characterized using electron microscopy. The corresponding changes in the mechanical and thermal properties have also been studied. It is demonstrated that the observed anomolous behaviour in mechanical properties of the blends with the composition is mainly due to the resulting changes in the type of dispersion of the phases and their morphologies.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 951-964 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cross-linked polyethylene ; morphology ; permanganic acid ; electron microscope ; polymer blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A permanganic acid etching technique was used to characterize the genuine morphologies of bulk crystallized samples of linear, branched, and crosslinked polyethylene. Four different kinds of artifacts as large as 15–20 μm were detected. It was also noted that artifact density could be drastically reduced by proper selection of etching conditions. The morphologies of artifacts were independent of specimen crystallinity and the orientation of lamellar crystals; however, their rate of production was susceptible to the crystallinity of samples. The formation of a fresh surface involved the preferential etching of edge-on and secondary lamellae. As the growth features of cross-linked polyethylene were less than 6 μm and were mainly sheaf-like structures, growth features could be readily distinguished from the artifacts by transmission electron microscopy. Another type of artifact (globules morphology) produced at angstrom scale was found to depend on the crystallinity and the surface structure of lamellar crystals. It is demonstrated that the fine lamellar details of branched and cross-linked polyethylene can be observed using transmission electron microscopy. Increasing the number of cross-links in polyethylene, modifies the size and nature of supermolecular structures, the periodic twisting of lamellar crystals, and the nature of the nucleation process. The study of a blend of branched and cross-linked polyethylene showed that the structurally dissimilar molecules co-crystallized at low crystallization temperatures, while there is a tendency for molecular fractionation at higher crystallization temperatures.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymergemisch ; Mischkristalle ; Gitterstörungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polystyrol ; Nadelkristalle ; Gitterdefekte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lattice defects in polymeric needle crystals (shish) were investigated. The length of the crystals depends on preparation conditions and may vary between 0.1μm and severalμm. Density fluctuations exist along the individual needle crystals. The wave length of the fluctuation is controlled by the chemical nature of the polymer and its amplitude by preparation and annealing conditions. The wave length of the density fluctuations may vary from 90 Å to 300 Å. Needle crystals from isotactic polystyrene additionally exhibit (001) grain boundaries. The orientation relationship of adjacent grains along a needle corresponds to a 180° rotation of the lattice around the molecule axes. The molecular nature of that grain boundary is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gitterdefekte in polymeren Nadelkristallen (shish) werden untersucht. Die Länge eines Nadelkristalles kann je nach Herstellungsart.zwischen 0.1μm und mehrerenμm variieren. In den einzelnen Nadelkristallen bilden sich längs der Nadelrichtung Dichteschwankungen aus. Die Schwankungslängen hängen in der Hauptsache von der Polymerart ab, während die Amplituden der Schwankung von der thermischen Vorgeschichte abhängen. Die Schwankungslängen sind zwischen 90 Å und 300 Å. In Nadelkristallen aus isotaktischem Polystyrol sind zusätzlich (001)-Korngrenzen vorhanden. Die Orientierung beider Kristallgitter entspricht einer Rotation von 180° um die Molekülachse. Ursachen für diesen Typ von Korngren zen werden diskutiert.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1979), S. 2260-2264 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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