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  • Other Sources  (1,394)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (828)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (347)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (219)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (1,394)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1981  (1,394)
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  • Other Sources  (1,394)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (1,394)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 101
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    Remote sensing at the University of Massachusetts (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The projects, faculty, and computer resources involved in remote sensing research at the University of Massachusetts are discussed. Field instrumentation and technology transfers from other disciplines are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 303-305
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  • 102
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    The integration of a LANDSAT analysis capability with a geographic information system (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The integration of LANDSAT data was achieved through the development of a flexible, compatible analysis tool and using an existing data base to select the usable data from a LANDSAT analysis. The software package allows manipulation of grid cell data plus the flexibility to allow the user to include FORTRAN statements for special functions. Using this combination of capabilities the user can classify a LANDSAT image and then selectivity merge the results with other data that may exist for the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 283-302
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  • 103
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    Fundamental procedures of geographic information analysis (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analytical procedures common to most computer-oriented geographic information systems are composed of fundamental map processing operations. A conceptual framework for such procedures is developed and basic operations common to a broad range of applications are described. Among the major classes of primitive operations identified are those associated with: reclassifying map categories as a function of the initial classification, the shape, the position, or the size of the spatial configuration associated with each category; overlaying maps on a point-by-point, a category-wide, or a map-wide basis; measuring distance; establishing visual or optimal path connectivity; and characterizing cartographic neighborhoods based on the thematic or spatial attributes of the data values within each neighborhood. By organizing such operations in a coherent manner, the basis for a generalized cartographic modeling structure can be developed which accommodates a variety of needs in a common, flexible and intuitive manner. The use of each is limited only by the general thematic and spatial nature of the data to which it is applied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 269-281
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  • 104
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    Monitoring wetlands change using LANDSAT data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A wetlands monitoring study was initiated as part of Delaware's LANDSAT applications demonstration project. Classifications of digital data are conducted in an effort to determine the location and acreage of wetlands loss or gain, species conversion, and application for the inventory and typing of freshwater wetlands. A multi-seasonal approach is employed to compare data from two different years. Unsupervised classifications were conducted for two of the four dates examined. Initial results indicate the multi-seasonal approach allows much better separation of wetland types for both tidal and non-tidal wetlands than either season alone. Change detection is possible but generally misses the small acreages now impacted by man.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 259-267
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  • 105
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    Ground water use inventory in Minnesota using LANDSAT data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An irrigation ground water use inventory in Sherburne County, Minnesota, was attempted by indirectly locating irrigation wells by determining the location of irrigated lands. Digital classification of LANDSAT MSS imagery was employed using the IDIMS at Goddard Space Flight Center. Single-date classification proved moderately successful after accurate ground truth data were obtained. A combination of supervised and unsupervised classification was used. Multitemporal analysis using August 10 and May 21, 1978 imagery was also attempted. This unsupervised classification proved most successful in identifying crops and irrigated fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 237-242
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  • 106
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    Statewide lake classification utilizing LANDSAT imagery for the state of Wisconsin (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A cooperative program between the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the University of Wisconsin-Madison resulted in the assessment of the trophic condition of approximately 3,000 significant inland lakes in Wisconsin. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data for lake classification was investigated. The result was the development of a nearly automated system which, with minimal human interaction, locates and extracts the lake data, then corrects the data for atmospheric effects, and finally classifies all the significant lakes in the state as to trophic condition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 219-236
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  • 107
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    Recent developments with the ORSER system (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Additions to the ORSER remote sensing data processing package are described. The ORSER package consists of about 35 individual programs that are grouped into preprocessing, data analysis, and display subsystems. Additional data formats and data management, data transformation, and geometric correlation programs were supplemented to the preprocessing subsystem. Enhancements to the data analysis techniques include a maximum likelihood classifier (MAXCLASS) and a new version of the STATS program which makes delineation of training areas easier and allows for detection of outlier points. Ongoing developments are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 201-210
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  • 108
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    The use of LANDSAT by the states for water quality assessment (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of LANDSAT for water resources applications in U.S. state demonstration projects is reviewed. The most common single application undertaken between 1976 and 1981 was found to be water condition assessment. The majority of projects, however, fell into the general category of watershed hydrology. Some of the states are attempting to use LANDSAT data in an operational mode for water quality assessment. Two of these state projects from Vermont and Wisconsin are described in brief. The basic information requirements of Section 314 of the U.S. Pollution Control Act are given with the type of input LANDSAT data could potentially provide toward those requirements. Surveys were performed to determine: (1) how its states were responding in 1980 to 1981 to the federal and state water quality laws; and (2) the status of LANDSAT analysis capabilities of each state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2d Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 211-218
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  • 109
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    Mapping sand and gravel pits in the Patuxent River watershed (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: LANDSAT data from July 1973 and June 1978 for the Patuxent River Watershed of Maryland were processed in an effort to devise an economical method of monitoring the reclamation of sand and gravel pits. ASTEP-II and IDIMS software were utilized to derive signatures for sand and gravel pits and other land use/land cover types. Both unsupervised and supervised classifications of the two data sets were produced. Resultant statistics and color output products were compared in order to determine the extent of reclamation and expansion of sand and gravel pits over the five-year time span and to check the locations of more recent sand and gravel pits. Preliminary results indicate that, for a selected northern sub-acre, signatures derived for sand and gravel pits were nearly 90 percent accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 191-200
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  • 110
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    Application of LANDSAT data to monitor land reclamation progress in Belmont County, Ohio (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Strip and contour mining techniques are reviewed as well as some studies conducted to determine the applicability of LANDSAT and associated digital image processing techniques to the surficial problems associated with mining operations. A nontraditional unsupervised classification approach to multispectral data is considered which renders increased classification separability in land cover analysis of surface mined areas. The approach also reduces the dimensionality of the data and requires only minimal analytical skills in digital data processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 167-190
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  • 111
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    Application of remote sensing to land and water resource planning: The Pocomoke River Basin, Maryland (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Because of the size of the Pocomoke River Basin, the inaccessibility of certain areas, and study time constraints, several remote sensing techniques were used to collect base information on the river corridor, (a 23.2 km channel) and on a 1.2 km wooded floodplain. This information provided an adequate understanding of the environment and its resources, thus enabling effective management options to be designed. The remote sensing techniques used for assessment included manual analysis of high altitude color-infrared photography, computer-assisted analysis of LANDSAT-2 imagery, and the application of airborne oceanographic Lidar for topographic mapping. Results show that each techniques was valuable in providing the needed base data necessary for resource planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 157-166
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  • 112
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    Monitoring land conversions from forest/wetland to agriculture (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of LANDSAT data in monitoring largescale land clearance and drainage activities in a forest/wetland environment in northern Minnesota was investigated. LANDSAT tapes from 1973, 1978 and 1980 were used in a multitemporal unsupervised land cover classification of the 9 x 15 mile site. Results show quite clearly and in a cost-effective manner, where the greatest activity occurred. It was also possible to integrate the LANDSAT data with other data available through the Land Management Information Center's geographic information system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 139-146
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  • 113
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    Potential utility of the thematic mapper for surface mine monitoring (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of many potential applications of the thematic mapper (TM) is surface mine monitoring. To assess this potential, data acquired by an aircraft multispectral scanner over Pennsylvania surface mines were preprocessed to simulate the anticipated spectral, spatial, and radiometric characteristics of TM data. False color imagery and thematic maps were derived from the simulated data and compared to imagery and maps derived from LANDSAT multispectral scanner subsystems data. On the basis of this comparison, TM data should definitely increase the detail and accuracy of remotely acquired surface mine information and may enable the remote determination of compliance with reclamation regulations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 129-138
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  • 114
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    ERRSAC contributions to the search for Appalachian hydrocarbons (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of lineaments identified on LANDSAT imagery as an exploration tool in the search for hydrocarbons within three Appalachian test sites were assessed. The optimum LANDSAT imagery enhancement technique for displaying lineaments was identified. The LANDSAT lineament data were analyzed and results were correlated with oil and gas field information for each of three tests sites. Good correlations were found for several states. Successful techniques can be incorporated into a broader exploration model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 125-128
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  • 115
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    LANDSAT applications by the Adirondack Park Agency for land cover analyses and forest cover change (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The New York State Adirondack Park Agency is using LANDSAT imagery to provide current, consistent parkwide data on forest cover, forest change and other land cover characteristics for the Adirondack Park, an area of 9,375 sq. miles (24,280 sq km). Boundaries of the study area were digitized and the data were enhanced and geographically rectified. A classification scheme was devised which emphasized the basic land cover types of the Park: hardwoods, spruce-fir, pine, wet conifer, brushland, grassland, agricultural areas, exposed earth, urban areas, and water bodies. Cover type classifications for disturbed forest land were also chosen: cut hardwoods, regenerating hardwoods, and cut spruce fir. Field verification of 1978 classification revealed an accurate differentiation of forest types within types and between nonforested/forested areas. The classification accurately detects forest land disturbances; however, it is not always descriptive of the level of disturbance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 121-123
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  • 116
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    LANDSAT landcover information applied to regional planning decisions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Land cover information derived from LANDSAT is being utilized by Piedmont Planning District Commission located in the State of Virginia. Progress to date is reported on a level one land cover classification map being produced with nine categories. The nine categories of classification are defined. The computer compatible tape selection is presented. Two unsupervised classifications were done, with 50 and 70 classes respectively. Twenty-eight spectral classes were developed using the supervised technique, employing actual ground truth training sites. The accuracy of the unsupervised classifications are estimated through comparison with local county statistics and with an actual pixel count of LANDSAT information compared to ground truth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 109-120
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  • 117
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    Use of LANDSAT for land use and habitat inventories for the New Jersey Pinelands (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The New Jersey Heritage program surveyed available mapping information on landcover and vegetative communities and found that most commonly used sources, such as local land use maps and aerial photographs, were useful for individual sites, but either varied in their classifications or could not be used over extensive areas. A demonstration project using LANDSAT satellite information for the Great Egg Harbor/Tuckahoe watersheds was initiated with the goals of application (providing an inventory of vegetative communities and land use) flexibility (providing a method of collecting data which can be updated or modified in the future); and efficiency (allowing for an acceptable cost level by having staff undertake the project and avoid the more costly methods from air photo interpretation or on-site surveying. The classification procedure used is described and the spatial distributions of the 10 landcover classes determined are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 101-108
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  • 118
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    Extending the utility of forest cover maps (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer-assisted map analysis system is discussed that characterizes timber supply in terms of standing timber; accessibility considering various harvesting factors; and availability as affected by ownership patterns of timberlands. Factors affecting harvesting include proximity to existing roads and consideration of terrain characteristics. Availability considerations include size of ownership, housing density and excluded areas. The model is demonstrated for a seventy square mile tract in western Massachusetts.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 89-99
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  • 119
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    LACIE and AgRISTARS (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Involvement of the USDA in the development and use of remote sensing in support of major departmental missions began in the 1940's with the use of aerial cameras mounted in fixed wing aircraft to obtain photographs of the country's land area. Cooperation with NOAA and NASA in the large area crop inventory experiment (1974 to 1978) and results from the Illinois crop acreage experiment (1977) led to the establishment in 1978 of the AgRISTARS project program, a six-year effect to determine the usefulness, cost, and extent to which aerospace remote sensing data can be integrated into existing or future USDA systems to improve the objectivity, reliability, timeliness, and adequacy of information required to carry out agency missions. The objectives of the eight technical projects of AgRISTARS are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 47-50
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  • 120
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    Biomass measurement from LANDSAT: Drought and energy applications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theory supporting the use of vegetation indices derived from LANDSAT data for the direct measurement of biomass is reviewed. The use of multispectral data to measure biomass is a natural and viable application since the photosynthetic production of biomass gives vegetation its unique spectral properties. Vegetation indices also perform a normalization function which tends to make them insensitive to atmospheric and soil color variations. Optical and digital LANDSAT products are discussed relative to the use of vegetation indices to monitor drought impact. Based on results obtained in Colorado, operational use of LANDSAT to monitor drought is cost effective, practical and ready for implementation today. The direct measurement of biomass energy resources may also benefit from LANDSAT technology. Measurement of total biomass and annual primary production may be feasible. Identification of that component of biomass resources available for energy use will require other sources of information, however.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 51-72
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  • 121
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    Mapping forest types in Worcester County, Maryland, using LANDSAT data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of mapping Level 2 forest cover types for a county-sized area on Maryland's Eastern Shore was demonstrated. A Level 1 land use/land cover classification was carried out for all of Worcester County as well. A June 1978 LANDSAT scene was utilized in a classification which employed two software packages on different computers (IDIMS on an HP 3000 and ASTEP-II on a Univac 1108). A twelve category classification scheme was devised for the study area. Resulting products include black and white line printer maps, final color coded classification maps, digitally enhanced color imagery and tabulated acreage statistics for all land use and land cover types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 81-87
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  • 122
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    The pacific northwest remote sensing project (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of a 3-year effort in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to establish operational capabilities to analyze LANDSAT digital data and apply the results to natural resources management programs is related. Currently a number of agencies are conduct operational applications projects utilizing the data analysis facilities available and LANDSAT-derived data are being used by these agencies in their day-to-day operations. The image analysis systems and software used in each state are described and the participating state and local agencies are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 43-46
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  • 123
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    State involvement in and use of LANDSAT technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The background of state involvement in LANDSAT systems planning and the status of state LANDSAT use are reviewed. Major recommendations on data continuity; frequency and pattern of observation; state representation in program management; pointable sensors for a fully operational system; data processing systems; data pricing; data copyright; data archival; and technology transfer are highlighted. Plans of the government regarding the LANDSAT system are reflected in the FY-1982 budget process are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 13-42
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  • 124
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    Transferability and data access issues (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evolution and current operational mode of the domestic information display system (DIDS) now known as the decision information display system are described. This minicomputer based system, developed from a NASA-generated image processing system, was designed to display federal statistical data for a variety of geographic areas in the form of choropleth maps. The application of DIDS in South Carolina is discussed as well as the progress made and issues that emerged in using the data base on a state and county level. The hardware base for the system, how this user friendly system works, and the possibility of transferring data to remote systems are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 7-11
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  • 125
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    Georgia resource assessment project: Institutionalizing LANDSAT and geographic data base techniques (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digital data from LANDSAT for each 1.1-acre cell in Georgia were processed and the land cover conditions were categorized. Several test cases were completed and an operational hardware and software processing capability was established at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The operational capability was developed to process the entire state (60,000 sq. miles and 14 LANDSAT scenes) in a cooperative project between eleven divisions and agencies at the regional, state, and federal levels. Products were developed for State agencies such as in both mapped and statistical formats. A computerized geographical data base was developed for management programs. To a large extent the applications of the data base evolved as users of LANDSAT information requested that other data (i.e., soils, slope, land use, etc.) be made compatible with LANDSAT for management programs. To date, geographic data bases incorporating LANDSAT and other spatial data deal with elements of the municipal solid waste management program, and reservoir management for the Corps of Engineers. LANDSAT data are also being used for applications in wetland, wildlife, and forestry management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf. 19-42 (SEE N83-19141 09-43)
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  • 126
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    The heat capacity mapping mission (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first in a series of low cost Atmospheric Explorer Satellites, the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) was designed to evaluate the utility of thermal inertial and other thermal and reflectance data for: (1) discriminating bedrock and unconsolidated regolith types; (2) mapping soil moisture; (3) measuring plant canopy temperatures; (4) examining thermal circulation in large bodies of water; and (5) monitoring urban heat islands. Final reports from the HCMM investigator's program are beginning to define the utility of day/the night thermal data. Under favorable circumstances, some major rock types can be identified, soil moisture in extensive agricultural and alluvial terrains can be detected and at least semiqualitatively assessed; and circulation of currents in large bodies of water can be followed by noting thermal patterns.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: 2nd Eastern Reg. Remote Sensing Appl. Conf.; p 1-5
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  • 127
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    The outlook for the NOAA Operational LANDSAT Program (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The impact of the current federal budget on the establishment of an operational LANDSAT system is examined with particular emphasis on NOAA responsibilities and efforts to transfer operation of the land satellite system to the private sector. In order to recover the cost of maintenance and operations, the price of system data and products must be raised. Cooperative efforts needed for NASA, EDC, and NOAA to implement the operational system are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 343-346
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  • 128
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    Sources of support for remote sensing education (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Past financial support for educational programs in remote sensing came largely in the form of short courses funded by the National Science Foundation. Later NASA began to fund such courses for local and state government and for some university participants in its regional programs. The greater impact came from the funding by a variety of federal agencies for remote sensing research projects at educational institutions throughout the country. Probably the best and most significant example of these programs, from the university standpoint is, and should continue to be, the NASA university affairs programs, which with its long term step funding of a number of institutions has probably done more for remote sensing education than any other federal program in this country. An incomplete listing of federal agencies that support remote sensing research at the university level is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 336-339
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  • 129
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    Oregon trails revisted (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oregon State University's Environmental Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory (ERSAL) has six full-time researchers with expertise in a variety of biological, Earth, atmospheric and computer sciences as well as image interpretation and statistical techniques. The primary emphasis of the ERSAL research and demonstration program is the development and application of remote sensing technology in operational resource management programs. LANDSAT multi-spectral, multi-date digital data and imagery are utilized in concert with high altitude NASA-acquired photography, low altitude ERSAL-acquired photography, and field observations and data to provide customized, inexpensive and useful final products. Synopses are given of 9 applications projects conducted in Oregon.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 328-335
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    The University of Kansas Applied Sensing Program: An operational perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Kansas applied remote sensing (KARS) program conducts demonstration projects and applied research on remote sensing techniques which enable local, regional, state and federal agency personnel to better utilize available satellite and airborne remote sensing systems. As liason with Kansas agencies for the Earth Resources Laboratory (ERL), Kansas demonstration project, KARS coordinated interagency communication, field data collection, hands-on training, and follow-on technical assistance and worked with Kansas agency personnel in evaluating land cover maps provided by ERL. Short courses are being conducted to provide training in state-of-the-art remote sensing technology for university faculty, state personnel, and persons from private industry and federal government. Topics are listed which were considered in intensive five-day courses covering the acquisition, interpretation, and application of information derived through remote sensing with specific training and hands-on experience in image interpretation and the analysis of LANDSAT data are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 325-327
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    Development of the University of Massachusetts Remote Sensing Program: A grass-roots approach (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The early stages of development of a remote sensing center at a state land grant university are considered. Several critical strategies adopted early in the planning process which may be useful to other programs or institutions are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 321-324
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    The Earth Resources Laboratory Applications Software (ELAS) in university research and education: An operator oriented geobased information system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Created for analyzing and processing digital data such as that collected by multispectral scanners or digitized from maps, ELAS is designed for ease of user operation and includes its own FORTRAN operating monitor and an expandable set of application modules which are FORTRAN overlays. On those machines that do not support FORTRAN overlaying, the modules exist as subprograms. The subsystem can be implemented on most 16-bit or 32-bit machines and is capable of, but not limited to, operating on low-cost minicomputer systems. The recommended hardware configuration for ELAS and a representative listing of some operating and application modules are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 298-303
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    Development and implementation of a low cost micro computer system for LANDSAT analysis and geographic data base applications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Since the implementation of the GRID and IMGRID computer programs for multivariate spatial analysis in the early 1970's, geographic data analysis subsequently moved from large computers to minicomputers and now to microcomputers with radical reduction in the costs associated with planning analyses. Programs designed to process LANDSAT data to be used as one element in a geographic data base were used once NIMGRID (new IMGRID), a raster oriented geographic information system, was implemented on the microcomputer. Programs for training field selection, supervised and unsupervised classification, and image enhancement were added. Enhancements to the color graphics capabilities of the microsystem allow display of three channels of LANDSAT data in color infrared format. The basic microcomputer hardware needed to perform NIMGRID and most LANDSAT analyses is listed as well as the software available for LANDSAT processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 309-314
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    Interactive capabilities: Between unacceptable and unnecessary (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A very low cost interactive image analysis computer system suitable for use in education, research, or operational remote sensing applications system should be centered around a high quality image display through which the analyst can use photointerpretation skills to evaluate and alter computer mapping or classification calculations. The definition of acceptable capabilities for such a system must take into account the needs of the image analyst balanced with current state-of-the-art technology and cost. A range of acceptable capabilities is defined based primarily on image analysis requirements, but tempered occassionally by cost and technology constraints. Desirable parameters are also listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 285-290
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    Selecting an image analysis minicomputer system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Factors to be weighed when selecting a minicomputer system as the basis for an image analysis computer facility vary depending on whether the user organization procures a new computer or selects an existing facility to serve as an image analysis host. Some conditions not directly related to hardware or software should be considered such as the flexibility of the computer center staff, their encouragement of innovation, and the availability of the host processor to a broad spectrum of potential user organizations. Particular attention must be given to: image analysis software capability; the facilities of a potential host installation; the central processing unit; the operating system and languages; main memory; disk storage; tape drives; hardcopy output; and other peripherals. The operational environment, accessibility; resource limitations; and operational supports are important. Charges made for program execution and data storage must also be examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 293-296
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  • 136
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    Apple Image Processing Educator (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A software system design is proposed and demonstrated with pilot-project software. The system permits the Apple II microcomputer to be used for personalized computer-assisted instruction in the digital image processing of LANDSAT images. The programs provide data input, menu selection, graphic and hard-copy displays, and both general and detailed instructions. The pilot-project results are considered to be successful indicators of the capabilities and limits of microcomputers for digital image processing education.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 277-281
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    The Remote Analysis Station (RAS) as an instructional system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: "Hands-on" training in LANDSAT data analysis techniques can be obtained using a desk-top, interactive remote analysis station (RAS) which consists of a color CRT imagery display, with alphanumeric overwrite and keyboard, as well as a cursor controller and modem. This portable station can communicate via modem and dial-up telephone with a host computer at 1200 baud or it can be hardwired to a host computer at 9600 baud. A Z80 microcomputer controls the display refresh memory and remote station processing. LANDSAT data is displayed as three-band false-color imagery, one-band color-sliced imagery, or color-coded processed imagery. Although the display memory routinely operates at 256 x 256 picture elements, a display resolution of 128 x 128 can be selected to fill the display faster. In the false color mode the computer packs the data into one 8-bit character. When the host is not sending pictorial information the characters sent are in ordinary ASCII code. System capabilities are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 269-275
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    Some considerations in low-cost image processing on a university main frame: The Penn State (ORSER) experience (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ORSER System as implemented on the Penn State University Computation Center's IBM main frame is an exceptionally useful mechanism for instructing the present and future remote sensing community in the theory and practice of automated analysis of digitized data. From its beginning, the system was used as the hands-on back-bone of a graduate level "Multispectral Remote Sensing" one-term course taught annually in the School of Forest Resources. It was also used at the end of a senior-level undergraduate "Introduction to Remote Sensing" course, and in teaching a variety of short courses, ranging in length from a few days for small groups of remote sensing consultants with specific application interests, to a 2-week course oganized by NASA for regional and urban planners who had little or no previous exposure to remote sensing. Because of its modular construction, the ORSER is suitable for all classes of remote sensing users. Although in a beginning course only 6 to 10 of the programs are generally used, the researcher has a set of about 35 programs available for his analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 264-267
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    Digital image data sets for remote sensing instruction (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several sets of LANDSAT image segments and a set of simple image processing programs operating in batch mode are being used to teach an introductory course in digital image analysis and classification. The image data sets contain only a small number of pixels and can be run quickly on most university computing systems. A number of image data sets derived from the raw spectral bands (smoothed data sets, band ratios and texture data sets) allows the student to examine and include these extracted variables in the classification process. Another data set consists of three registered LANDSAT image segments for three different dates so that the student may experiment with multitemporal data processing. The three LANDSAT scenes used in the class are described and the image data sets available for class exercises are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 259-262
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    IMAGES: An interactive image processing system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The IMAGES interactive image processing system was created specifically for undergraduate remote sensing education in geography. The system is interactive, relatively inexpensive to operate, almost hardware independent, and responsive to numerous users at one time in a time-sharing mode. Most important, it provides a medium whereby theoretical remote sensing principles discussed in lecture may be reinforced in laboratory as students perform computer-assisted image processing. In addition to its use in academic and short course environments, the system has also been used extensively to conduct basic image processing research. The flow of information through the system is discussed including an overview of the programs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 254-257
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  • 141
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    Instructional image processing on a university mainframe: The Kansas system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An interactive digital image processing program package was developed that runs on the University of Kansas central computer, a Honeywell Level 66 multi-processor system. The module form of the package allows easy and rapid upgrades and extensions of the system and is used in remote sensing courses in the Department of Geography, in regional five-day short courses for academics and professionals, and also in remote sensing projects and research. The package comprises three self-contained modules of processing functions: Subimage extraction and rectification; image enhancement, preprocessing and data reduction; and classification. Its use in a typical course setting is described. Availability and costs are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 249-252
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  • 142
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    Digital image processing on a small computer system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A minicomputer-based image processing facility provides a relatively low-cost entry point for education about image analysis applications in remote sensing. While a minicomputer has sufficient processing power to produce results quite rapidly for low volumes of small images, it does not have sufficient power to perform CPU- or 1/0-bound tasks on large images. A system equipped with a display terminal is ideally suited for interactive tasks. Software procurement is a limiting factor for most end users, and software availability may well be the overriding consideration in selecting a particular hardware configuration. The hardware chosen should be selected to be compatible with the software and with concern for future expansion.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 239-242
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  • 143
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    Considerations in developing geographic informations systems based on low-cost digital image processing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The potential of digital image processing systems costing $20,000 or less for geographic information systems is assessed with the emphasis on the volume of data to be handled, the commercial hardware systems available, and the basic software for: (1) data entry, conversion and digitization; (2) georeferencing and geometric correction; (3) data structuring; (4) editing and updating; (5) analysis and retrieval; (6) output drivers; and (7) data management. Costs must also be considered as tangible and intangible factors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 243-246
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  • 144
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    Low-cost digital image processing on a university mainframe computer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages and limitations of using university mainframe computers in digital image processing instruction are listed. Aspects to be considered when designing software for this purpose include not only two general audience, but also the capabilities of the system regarding the size of the image/subimage, preprocessing and enhancement functions, geometric correction and registration techniques; classification strategy, classification algorithm, multitemporal analysis, and ancilliary data and geographic information systems. The user/software/hardware interaction as well as acquisition and operating costs must also be considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 231-236
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    Remote sensing education for the Earth sciences: The University of Georgia experience (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A prospectus is presented of the following courses offered by the Department of Geography: (1) use and interpretation of aerial photographs; (2) advanced photogrammetry; (3) remote sensing of environment; (4) geographic information systems; and (5) directed problems in the remote sensing of the environment. In addition to the course content and objectives, the various equipments available for student training and use are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 222-227
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  • 146
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    Communicating remote sensing concepts in an interdisciplinary environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Although remote sensing is currently multidisciplinary in its applications, many of its terms come from the engineering sciences, particularly from the field of pattern recognition. Scholars from fields such as the social sciences, botany, and biology, may experience initial difficulty with remote sensing terminology, even though parallel concepts exist in their own fields. Some parallel concepts and terminologies from nonengineering fields, which might enhance the understanding of remote sensing concepts in an interdisciplinary situation are identified. Feedbacks which this analogue strategy might have on remote sensing itself are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 217-220
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    Remote sensing education at the University of British Columbia (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development, current status, and organization of the University of British Columbia's interdisciplinary graduate program in remote sensing are described. Specialized programs are tailored to meet student's needs and interest and can range from the theoretical development of technology (sensor development, modelling, and computer analysis) to specialized application of remote sensing in resource analysis such as the determination of vegetation damage, land classification, and land use. The courses and faculty members are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 207-210
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  • 148
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    Toward multidisciplinary use of LANDSAT: Interfacing computerized LANDSAT analysis systems with geographic information systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The LANDSAT-geographic information system (GIS) interface must summarize the results of the LANDSAT classification over the same cells that serve as geographic referencing units for the GIS, and output these summaries on a cell-by-cell basis in a form that is readable by the input routines of the GIS. The ZONAL interface for cell-oriented systems consists of two primary programs. The PIXCEL program scans the grid of cells and outputs a channel of pixels. Each pixel contains not the reflectance values but the identifier of the cell in which the center of the pixel is located. This file of pixelized cells along with the results of a pixel-by-pixel classification of the scene produced by the LANDSAT analysis system are input to the CELSUM program which then outputs a cell-by-cell summary formatted according to the requirements of the host GIS. Cross-correlation of the LANDSAT layer with the other layers in the data base is accomplished with the analysis and display facilities of the GIS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 212-215
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  • 149
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    Methods of training the graduate level and professional geologist in remote sensing technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Requirements for a basic course in remote sensing to accommodate the needs of the graduate level and professional geologist are described. The course should stress the general topics of basic remote sensing theory, the theory and data types relating to different remote sensing systems, an introduction to the basic concepts of computer image processing and analysis, the characteristics of different data types, the development of methods for geological interpretations, the integration of all scales and data types of remote sensing in a given study, the integration of other data bases (geophysical and geochemical) into a remote sensing study, and geological remote sensing applications. The laboratories should stress hands on experience to reinforce the concepts and procedures presented in the lecture. The geologist should then be encouraged to pursue a second course in computer image processing and analysis of remotely sensed data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 196-203
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    Using LANDSAT imagery as a basis for the understanding of the physiographic regions of the United States (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An undergraduate level course in regional geology is described in which map exercises using LANDSAT composite images are required. From these exercises, students lean to appreciate LANDSAT imagery, learn elementary skills in imagery reading and interpretation, in addition to making the association of geography, geology, maps, and imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 191-194
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    The first year: Development of a LANDSAT capability at Sam Houston State University (1981)
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    Description: Problems encountered in initiating a LANDSAT data processing capability at Sam Houston State University are discussed. Computer requirements, financing, and academic and administrative support are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 179-182
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  • 152
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    Developing an undergraduate geography course on digital image processing of remotely sensed data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems relating to the development of a digital image processing course in an undergraduate geography environment is discussed. Computer resource requirements, course prerequisites, and the size of the study area are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 174-182
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    Remote sensing research in geographic education: An alternative view (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that within many geography departments remote sensing is viewed as a mere technique a student should learn in order to carry out true geographic research. This view inhibits both students and faculty from investigation of remotely sensed data as a new source of geographic knowledge that may alter our understanding of the Earth. The tendency is for geographers to accept these new data and analysis techniques from engineers and mathematicians without questioning the accompanying premises. This black-box approach hinders geographic applications of the new remotely sensed data and limits the geographer's contribution to further development of remote sensing observation systems. It is suggested that geographers contribute to the development of remote sensing through pursuit of basic research. This research can be encouraged, particularly among students, by demonstrating the links between geographic theory and remotely sensed observations, encouraging a healthy skepticism concerning the current understanding of these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 183-188
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  • 154
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    Applications of densitometry in remote sensing learning experiences (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Information on the use of densitometry in remote sensing courses is provided. The use of a densitometer provides the student with a type of hands on experience in which direct manipulation of image products is involved, and the procedures are easily and quickly learned facilitating the collection and analysis of quantitative data on the radiometric properties of aerial photographs and satellite images. These data can then be used for examining relationships between image tones or colors and ground conditions. Suggestions regarding the selection of equipment and imagery are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 169-173
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  • 155
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    The location and scope of geographic remote sensing training in the United States (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Maps displaying the distribution of graduate departments of geography in the United States and enrollments in remote sensing courses in all geography departments during the past two calendar years were compiled. It was anticipated that the two distributions would show a marked similarity since remote sensing is a relatively new geographic tool requiring specialized training to use as well as equipment not normally found in most geography departments. Thus only the larger graduate departments can afford to devote time and resources to this specialty. A broad correspondence does exist between the graduate departments of geography and the courses in remote ensing. However, the correlation is far from complete and the exceptions are frequent and large enough to cast doubt upon the accuracy of the original hypothesis. Whereas many large departments do offer courses in remote sensing, many smaller colleges and universities do also. A number of possible explanations can be offered for the discrepancies: (1) course titles, (2) the liberal arts orientation of geography departments in many universities, (3) job-oriented skills which many smaller departments have emphasized, and (4) in the tight job market many new graduates of even the larger departments have had to accept position in smaller departments and colleges.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 161-166
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  • 156
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    Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery: A low-cost instructional technique (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery is a relatively simple and cost effective method of producing enhanced renditions of the visual LANDSAT products. This technique is capable of producing a variety of image enhancements which have value in a teaching laboratory environment. Additionally, with the appropriate equipment, applications research which relys on accurate and repeatable results is possible. Exposure and development equipment options, diazo materials, and enhancement routines are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 128-136
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  • 157
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    University/industry collaboration in remote sensing education (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A graduate level course covering the development and structure of geographical information systems and the acquisition and processing of LANDSAT data for input to these systems is described. A portion of the course was devoted to hands-on classification of LANDSAT digital tapes utilizing both university and private industry processing systems. This industry/university collaboration was extremely successful and resulted in a high quality course. It gave the students an excellent experience in working in a real-world client/consultant relationship undertaken to accomplish a specific task. There were two key factors in the success of the collaboration. First, there was a very careful product definition and advance meetings between the University faculty and the company personnel to be involved. Second, the students were not taken into the industrial facility until late in the course, after they had a reasonable knowledge of the physical bases of remote sensing, the concept of spectral signatures, and the fundamentals of pattern analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 141-145
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    Laboratory exercises, remote sensing of the environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The exercises are designed to convey principles and theory of remote sensing, and methodologies of its application to civil engineering and environmental concerns, including agronomy, geography, geology, wildlife, forestry, hydrology, and other related fields. During the exercises the student is introduced to several types of remote sensing represented by imagery from conventional format: panchromatic, black-and-white infrared, color, and infrared, 35mm aerial photography, thermal infrared, radar, multispectral scanner, and LANDSAT. Upon completion of the exercises the student is expected to know: (1) the electromagnetic spectrum, its various wavelength sub-sections and their uses as sensors, (2) the limitations of each sensor, (3) the interpretation techniques used for extracting data from the various types of imagery, and (4) the cost effectiveness of remote sensing procedures for acquiring and evaluating data of the natural environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 120-126
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    Ground photography for improvved image interpretation training (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Systematic sets of ground based color and color infrared photography were presented to students in remote sensing classes to enhance their ability to interpret satellite images. Features readily apparent on computer enhanced LANDSAT images were presented simultaneously with ground based photography in the format of slide triplicates. It was hypothesized that this instructional approach would improve the students' abilities to recognize, understand and interpret ground phenomena present on remotely sensed imagery. Tests conducted in undergraduate remote sensing classes substantially upheld this hypothesis. Student image interpretive abilities were tested before and after being exposed to the ground level photography. In general, image interpretive skills of the class improved by 25%. Also, the performance of students having different academic majors varied greatly for differing types of image subjects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 115-119
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    Performing and updating an inventory of Oregon's expanding irrigated agricultural lands utilizing remote sensing technology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An inventory technique based upon using remote sensing technology, interpreting both high altitude aerial photography and LANDSAT multispectral scanner imagery, is discussed. It is noted that once the final land use inventory maps of irrigated agricultural lands are available and approximately scaled they may be overlaid directly onto either multispectral scanner or return beam vidicon prints, thereby providing an inexpensive updating procedure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 103-107
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    Customized remote sensing short courses (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages of customized courses over general purpose courses are outlined. The development of course objectives and content and the incorporation of hands-on exercises are discussed. Criteria for ensuring the quality of the course are also defined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 93-101
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    Remote sensing: Present and future (1981)
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    Description: Satellite remote sensing technology is overviewed with particular emphasis on the present and planned LANDSAT satellite systems. Satellite-borne instrumentation and their capabilities are discussed including multispectral scanners, return beam vidicons, the thermal inertia mapper, and STEREOSAT instrumentation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 87-92
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    The requirements of teaching an interdisciplinary technology from the geographic perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The growth of remote sensing course offerings within geography is reviewed and the impact of remote sensing on the discipline is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 72-76
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    Some characteristics and advantages of LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon images (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One advantage of a LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon (RBV) scene is the synoptic view it provides. A 1:500,000 paper print of the size 19.4 cm x 19.4 cm encompasses an area of about 3,721 square miles (9,637 sq. km.) and this compares very favorably in coverage to small scale aerial photography. A second important advantage is that the ground resolution is 38 by 38 meters. Compared to the resolution of the MSS which is 79 by 79 meters the RBV provides a wealth of detail useful for many purposes. A great variety of man made structures are visible including bridges, roads, docks, and small airfields. Agricultural field patterns are clear and settlements of various sizes can be identified and delineated. A third advantage is related to the approximate panchromatic spectral response displayed in RBV images. Since many aerial photographic interpreters are accustomed to working with panchromatic photographs, they should have no difficulty understanding and putting RBV images immediately into use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 84-85
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    Geological applications and training in remote sensing (1981)
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    Description: Some of the experiences, methods, and opinions developed during 15 years of teaching an introductory course in remote sensing at several universities in the Southern California area are related. Although the course is offered in Geology departments, every class includes significant numbers of students from other disciplines including geography, computer science, biology, and environmental science. The instructor or teaching assistant provides a few hours of tutorial lectures (outside of regular class time) on basic geology for these nongeologists. This approach is successful because the grade distribution for nongeologists is similar to that for geologists. The schedule for a typical one-semester course is given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 77-82
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    Remote sensing training needs in professional forest and range resource management curricula (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of remote sensing training in accredited U.S. forestry schools is reviewed. It is noted that there is a serious lack of emphasis on aerial photography and aerial photointerpretation in the current curricula. This lack of training at the professional school limits entering employee capability and necessitates expensive on-the-job training.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 68-71
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    The quantitative methodology of remote sensing: An educator's perspective (1981)
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    Description: Strategies for teaching the fundamentals of quantitative remote sensing to students from diverse disciplines and with a broad range of mathematical backgrounds are described. Because the concepts are fairly abstract and complex, the successful educator must take care to motivate and assist the students in mastering the concepts. He/she should strive to communicate intuitive notions of the concepts couched in settings as familiar as possible and use these settings to illustrate each mathematical or statistical formulation which is introduced. The utilization of laboratory-type experiences and lectures from experts is also suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 65-67
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    Equipment and approaches for teaching visual image interpretation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equipment needs for teaching a visual image interpretation course, and the advantages and limitations of using multimedia and programmed teaching approaches are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 50-55
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    Survey of instructional material for remote sensing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The contents of 17 major textbooks and reference guides on remote sensing technology are listed and compared. As a group, these books concentrate more on principles of the electromagnetic spectrum, sensors and data processing, than on applications. Secondly, it appears that basic photointerpretation receives considerable attention, but that photogrammetry does not. Four texts which provide well-rounded treatments of the systematics of remote sensing are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 45-49
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    Remote sensing programs and courses in engineering and water resources (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The content of typical basic and advanced remote sensing and image interpretation courses are described and typical remote sensing graduate programs of study in civil engineering and in interdisciplinary environmental remote sensing and water resources management programs are outlined. Ideally, graduate programs with an emphasis on remote sensing and image interpretation should be built around a core of five courses: (1) a basic course in fundamentals of remote sensing upon which the more specialized advanced remote sensing courses can build; (2) a course dealing with visual image interpretation; (3) a course dealing with quantitative (computer-based) image interpretation; (4) a basic photogrammetry course; and (5) a basic surveying course. These five courses comprise up to one-half of the course work required for the M.S. degree. The nature of other course work and thesis requirements vary greatly, depending on the department in which the degree is being awarded.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 60-64
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    Dynamical predictability of monthly means (1981)
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    Description: The concept of predictability which is conditioned by synoptic-scale disturbance instabilities is extended to that of time averages, which are determined by low-frequency planetary wave predictability, in an attempt to determine the theoretical upper limit of dynamical predictability of monthly means for prescribed, nonfluctuating external forcings. Sixty-day integrations of a global general circulation model with nine different initial conditions but identical boundary conditions of sea surface temperatures, snow, sea ice and soil moisture are carried out, where the rms vector wind error between the observed initial conditions is greater than 15 m/sec. It is found that while the variances among the first 30-day means, predicted from mostly different initial conditions, are significantly different from the variances due to random perturbations in the initial conditions, variances for days 31-60 are not so distinguishable. These results suggest that the evolution of long waves remains predictable for between one month and 45 days.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Dec. 198
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    Temporal relationships between spectral response and agronomic variables of a corn canopy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to an experiment in which spectral radiance data collected in three spectral regions are related to corn canopy variables. The study extends the work of Tucker et al. (1979) in that more detailed measurements of corn canopy variables were made using quantitative techniques. Wet and dry green leaf biomass is considered along with the green leaf area index, chlorotic leaf biomass, chlorotic leaf area, and leaf water content. In addition, spectral data were collected with a hand-held radiometer having Landsat-D Thematic Mapper (TM) bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 micrometers), TM4 (0.76-0.90 micrometers), and TM5 (1.55-1.75 micrometers). TM3, TM4, and TM5 seem to be well situated spectrally for making remotely sensed measurements related to chlorophyll concentration, leaf density, and leaf water content.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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    Optically processed Seasat radar mosaic of Florida (1981)
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    Description: An uncontrolled mosaic of optically correlated Seasat radar imagery of Florida is presented to illustrate the data and the large area synoptic coverage made possible by combining multiple data sets. The images were taken from a total of 12 passes over 33 days from July 24, 1978 to August 27, 1978. The mosaic is controlled geometrically and with respect to image tone (representing radar backscatter). The SAR data was obtained at an L-band frequency (1.275 GHz, 23.5 cm) and in a horizontal transmit/receive mode, resulting in a 25 m resolution in 100 km swath widths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Sept
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    Weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space and concepts for their realization (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectrum of weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space is discussed. This paper focuses mainly on the requirements for winds, temperature, moisture, and pressure. Special emphasis is given to the need for wind observations, and it is shown that winds are required to depict realistically all atmospheric scales in the tropics and the smaller scales at higher latitudes, where both temperature and wind profiles are necessary. The need for means to estimate air-sea exchanges of sensible and latent heat also is noted. Lidar can aid here by measurement of the slope of the boundary layer. Recent theoretical feasibility studies concerning the profiling of temperature, pressure, and humidity by differential absorption lidar (DIAL) from space and expected accuracies are reviewed. Initial ground-based trials provide support for these approaches and also indicate their direct applicability to path-average temperature measurements near the surface. An alternative approach to Doppler lidar wind measurements also is presented. The concept involves the measurement of the displacement of the aerosol backscatter pattern, at constant height, between two successive scans of the same area, one ahead of the spacecraft and the other behind it, a few minutes later. Finally, an integrated space lidar system capable of measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, and winds which combines the DIAL methods with the aerosol pattern displacement concept is described briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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    Atmospheric neutral points outside of the principal plane (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that the positions in the sky where the skylight is unpolarized, that is, the neutral points, are in most cases located in the vertical plane through the sun (the principal plane). Points have been observed outside the principal plane (Soret, 1888) when the plane intersected a lake or sea. Here, the neutral points were located at an azimuth of about 15 deg from the sun and near the almucantar through the sun. In order to investigate the effects of water surface and aerosols in the neutral point positions, the positions are computed for models of the earth-atmosphere system that simulate the observational conditions. The computed and measured positions are found to agree well. While previous observations provided only qualitative information on the degree of polarization, it is noted that the computations provide details concerning the polarization parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere; 54; May 1981
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    Retrieval of thermodynamic variables with deep convective clouds Experiments in three dimensions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A three-dimensional numerical cloud model has been used to test a method for retrieving temperature and pressure deviation fields from detailed wind and water fields in deep convective clouds. A comparison of the retrieved fields with the output from the numerical model was used to test the validity of the theoretical treatment and accuracy of the programming. The local time derivatives of each of the velocity components are known to be potential problem sources in using Doppler radar data, and a test was done with this derivative estimated over a 4 min time span rather than 30 s, resulting in excellent agreement with the original solution for this data set. When the local derivative was eliminated, the solution was judged useful for general temperature patterns. Errors due to the inability to measure cloudwater mixing ratio and inaccuracies in rainwater mixing ratio were found to be significant, but not so severe as in the turbulence and steady-state sensitivity tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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    Quiet propulsive-lift technology ready for civil and military applications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft (QSRA) was designed as research aircraft for investigating terminal-area operations with an advanced propulsive-lift aircraft. The QSRA is a modified De Havilland C-8 Buffalo. The modification to the C-8 consisted of adding a new swept wing with four top-mounted Lycoming YF-102 turbofan engines to provide high levels of propulsive-lift through upper-surface blowing. The state of the art has reached the point where consideration can be given to various applications, including military transport aircraft, civil transports, and business jets. Attention is also given to a ground attack plane with QSRA, the payload advantage resulting from applying propulsive-life technology, and aspects of takeoff performance
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 19; Apr. 198
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    The albedo of snow for partially cloudy skies (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The albedo of snow is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident solar energy, and it is an important parameter in the earth's radiation budget analysis and in the study of snowpack's thermal conditions. An approximate model for calculating the incident spectral flux for partially cloudy skies is presented. The input parameters for the calculation are atmospheric precipitable water, turbidity, ozone content, surface pressure, the optical thickness of clouds, and the grain size of snow crystals. The spectral snow reflectance model considers both specular surface reflection and volumetric multiple scattering. The surface reflection is calculated by using a crystal-shape-dependent bidirectional reflectance distribution function; the volumetric multiple scattering is calculated by using a crystal-size-dependent approximate solution in the radiative transfer equation. The model yields spectral and integrated solar flux and snow reflectance as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloud-cover. The illustrative insolation and albedo values were obtained from spectral reflectance and incident flux for representative parameters of Antarctic coastal regions. A simple relationship between grain size and the overcast albedo was obtained. For a set of grain size and shape, the albedo as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloud cover was tabulated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 20; May 1981
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    Remote sensing of temperature profiles in vegetation canopies using multiple view angles and inversion techniques (1981)
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    Description: A mathematical method is presented which allows the determination of vertical temperature profiles of vegetation canopies from multiple sensor view angles and some knowledge of the vegetation geometric structure. The technique was evaluated with data from several wheat canopies at different stages of development, and shown to be most useful in the separation of vegetation and substrate temperatures with greater accuracy in the case of intermediate and dense vegetation canopies than in sparse ones. The converse is true for substrate temperatures. Root-mean-square prediction accuracies of temperatures for intermediate-density wheat canopies were 1.8 C and 1.4 C for an exact and an overdeterminate system, respectively. The findings have implication for remote sensing research in agriculture, geology or other earth resources disciplines.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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    A seismic signal processor suitable for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Because of the high data-rate requirements, a practical system capable of collecting seismic information in the field and relaying it, via satellite, to a central collection point is not yet available. A seismic signal processor has been developed and tested for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system. Performance tests on recorded, as well as real time, short period signals indicate that the event recognition technique used is nearly perfect in its rejection of environmental noise and other non-seismic signals and that, with the use of solid state buffer memories, data can be acquired in many swarm situations. The design of a complete field data collection platform is discussed based on the prototype evaluation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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    On the angular variation of solar reflectance of snow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectral and integrated solar reflectance of nonhomogeneous snowpacks are derived assuming surface reflection of direct radiation and subsurface multiple scattering. For surface reflection, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function derived for an isotropic Gaussian faceted surface is considered, and for subsurface multiple scattering an approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation is studied. Solar radiation incident on the snowpack is decomposed into direct and atmospherically scattered radiation. Spectral attenuation coefficients of ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aerosol, and molecular scattering are included in the calculation of incident solar radiation. Illustrative numerical results are given for a case of North American winter atmospheric condition. The calculated dependence of spectrally integrated directional reflectance (or albedo) on solar elevation is in qualitative agreement with available observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Jan. 20
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    Spectral characteristics of wetland habitats (1981)
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    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Feb. 198
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    Solar cycle signal in air temperature in North America - Amplitude, gradient, phase and distribution (1981)
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    Description: The considered investigation was motivated by three factors. One is related to an extension of single-channel MESA to multi-channel by Strand (1977), Morf et al. (1978), and Jones (1978). MESA is a high-resolution signal processing and spectrum analysis technique due to Burg (1975). The considered developments resulted in the discovery of the 11-year solar cycle signal in the change of the length of day by Currie (1980, 1981). They also led Currie (1981) to study the phase spectrum of the 11-year term in height H of sea level. The investigation tries to clarify the phase relations among the involved parameters. The second factor is connected with an application of the linear time domain technique used by Currie (1981) to temperature records to obtain more accurate information regarding the signal amplitude. The third factor of motivation is related to increases in the number of stations available for an analysis, the greater average length of the records, and the more accurate data set.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare field at 1.4 GHz frequency (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm for estimating moisture content of a bare soil from the observed brightness temperature at 1.4 GHz is discussed and applied to a limited data base. The method is based on a radiative transfer model calculation, which has been successfully used in the past to account for many observational results, with some modifications to take into account the effect of surface roughness. Besides the measured brightness temperatures, the three additional inputs required by the method are the effective soil thermodynamic temperature, the precise relation between moisture content and the smooth field brightness temperatures and a pair of parameters related to surface roughness. The procedures of estimating surface roughness parameters and of obtaining moisture content from observed brightness temperature are discussed. The algorithm is applied to observations from truck mounted and airborne radiometers. The estimated moisture contents compare favorably with the observations in the top 2 cm layer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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    A stochastic-dynamical approach to the study of the natural variability of the climate (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method, suggested by Leith (1975), which employed stochastic-dynamic forecasts obtained from a general circulation model in such a way as to satisfy the definition of climatic noise, was used to validate assumptions accounting for the effects of external influences in estimating the climatic noise. Two assumptions were investigated: (1) that the weather fluctuations can be represented as a Markov process, and (2) that changing external conditions do not influence the atmosphere's statistical properties on short time scales. The general circulation model's simulation of the daily weather fluctuations was generated by performing integrations with prescribed climatological boundary conditions for random initial atmospheric states, with resulting dynamical forecasts providing an ensemble of simulated data for the autoregressive modeling of weather fluctuations. To estimate the climatic noise from the observational data (consisting of hourly values of sea level pressure and surface temperature at 54 U.S. stations for the month of January for the years 1949-1975) use of the short time-scale assumption is made. The simulated and observed data were found not to be consistent with either white noise or a Markov process of weather fluctuations. Good agreement was found between the results of the hypothetical testing of the simulated and the observed surface temperatures; and only partial support was found for the short time-scale assumption, i.e., for sea level pressure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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    Relation of satellite-based thunderstorm intensity to radar-estimated rainfall (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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    Stereographic observations from geosynchronous satellites - An important new tool for the atmospheric sciences (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of cloud geometry using scan-synchronized stereo geostationary satellites having images with horizontal spatial resolution of approximately 0.5 km, and temporal resolution of up to 3 min are presented. The stereo does not require a cloud with known emissivity to be in equilibrium with an atmosphere with a known vertical temperature profile. It is shown that absolute accuracies of about 0.5 km are possible. Qualitative and quantitative representations of atmospheric dynamics were shown by remapping, display, and stereo image analysis on an interactive computer/imaging system. Applications of stereo observations include: (1) cloud top height contours of severe thunderstorms and hurricanes, (2) cloud top and base height estimates for cloud-wind height assignment, (3) cloud growth measurements for severe thunderstorm over-shooting towers, (4) atmospheric temperature from stereo heights and infrared cloud top temperatures, and (5) cloud emissivity estimation. Recommendations are given for future improvements in stereo observations, including a third GOES satellite, operational scan synchronization of all GOES satellites and better resolution sensors.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 188
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    Cloud retrieval using infrared sounder data - Error analysis (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An error analysis is presented for cloud-top pressure and cloud-amount retrieval using infrared sounder data. Rms and bias errors are determined for instrument noise (typical of the HIRS-2 instrument on Tiros-N) and for uncertainties in the temperature profiles and water vapor profiles used to estimate clear-sky radiances. Errors are determined for a range of test cloud amounts (0.1-1.0) and cloud-top pressures (920-100 mb). Rms errors vary by an order of magnitude depending on the cloud height and cloud amount within the satellite's field of view. Large bias errors are found for low-altitude clouds. These bias errors are shown to result from physical constraints placed on retrieved cloud properties, i.e., cloud amounts between 0.0 and 1.0 and cloud-top pressures between the ground and tropopause levels. Middle-level and high-level clouds (above 3-4 km) are retrieved with low bias and rms errors.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Feb. 198
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  • 189
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    Modeling the effects of various radiant transfers in mountainous terrain on sensor response (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model is developed for the study of remote sensing spectral data problems encountered in mountainous terrain, where slope orientation with respect to sources of incident radiation must be considered for accurate classification of multispectral data. The model simulates the effects of solar, sky and adjacent slope irradiance fluxes and the bidirectional reflectance properties of the target surface on sensor response for various slope orientations. The errors associated with two practical techniques used to account for topographic effects on sensor response were evaluated in light of the model, and it was found that the simple cosine correction of the direct solar source showed reflectance errors greater than 11% while the technique considering both direct solar and diffuse sky sources was 50% more accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 190
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    A method for determining the single scattering albedo of clouds through observation of the internal scattered radiation field (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Sept
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  • 191
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    Numerical prediction of the monsoon depression of 5-7 July 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A well defined monsoon depression was used for two assimilation and forecast experiments: (1) using conventional surface and upper air data, (2) using these data plus Monex data. The data sets were assimilated and used with a general circulation model to make numerical predictions. The model, the analysis and assimilation procedure, the differences in the analyses due to different data inputs, and the differences in the numerical predictions are described. The MONEX data have a positive impact, although the differences after 24 hr are not significant. The MONEX assimilation does not agree with manual analysis location of depression center. The 2.5 x 3 deg horizontal resolution of the prediction model is too coarse. The assimilation of geopotential height data derived from satellite soundings generated gravity waves with amplitudes similar to the meteorologically significant features investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Intern. Conf. on Early Results of FGGE and Large-Scale Aspects of its Monsoon Expt.; 8 p
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  • 192
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    Large amplitude stationary Rossby waves in the Southern Hemisphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large Amplitude stationary waves downstream of South America, and in the lee of Australia were investigated using Tiros N photographs. These waves appear to be Rossby lee waves associated with anomalous poleward flow over the Andes and by continental heating over Australia. The waves have a maximum amplitude near 300 mb between 20 and 40 deg S and correlate well with observed precipitation bands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The orientation of these waves is such that they transfer zonal momentum to the roaring forties latitudes. Stationary Rossby waves, in the Northern Hemisphere, have a characteristic wavelength of the order of 120 deg longitude. In January the observed stationary wavelengths have a wavelength of less than 60 deg longitude with an amplitude in the upper tropospheric meridional wind of more than 15 m sec E-1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Intern. Conf. on Early Results of FGGE and Large-Scale Aspects of its Monsoon Expt.; 11 p
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  • 193
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    Temporal changes of the global reflectance of a wheat field as a function of daily solar irradiance (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Based on in situ measurements of incident and reflected solar irradiation over a wheat field, daily values of the surface reflectance, a scene signature, were determined for a crop year. Diagnoses of these data reveal the character of the signature, and its changes with time, crop stage, and the magnitude of incident irradiance. The latter varies inversely with cloud cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 21 p
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  • 194
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    Mantle convection and subcrustal stresses under Australia - A reply (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Modern Geology; 7; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 195
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    A comparison of radiative transfer models for predicting the microwave emission from soils (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Noncoherent and coherent numerical models for predicting emission from soils are compared. Coherent models use the boundary conditions on the electric fields across the layer boundaries to calculate the radiation intensity, and noncoherent models consider radiation intensities directly. Interference may cause different results in the two approaches when coupling between soil layers in coherent models causes greater soil moisture sampling depths. Calculations performed at frequencies of 1.4 and 19.4 GHz show little difference between the models at 19.4 GHz, although differences are apparent at the lower frequency. A definition for an effective emissivity is also given for when a nonuniform temperature profile is present, and measurements made from a tower show good agreement with calculations from the coherent model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 16; Sept
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  • 196
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    GPS application to mapping, charting and geodesy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: GPSPAC, a receiver being developed for space applications by the Defense Mapping Agency and NASA, will use signals from GPS constellations to generate real-time values of host vehicle position and velocity. The GPSPAC has an L-band antenna and preamp capable of receiving the 1575 MHz and 1227 MHz spread spectrum signals; its stable oscillator at 5.115 MHz provides the basic frequency reference, resulting in a long term drift of less than one part in 10 to the -10th day. The GPSPAC performs many functions on board the spacecraft which were previously relegated to large-scale ground-based computer/receiver systems. A positional accuracy of better than 8 can be achieved for those periods when four or more NAVSTAR satellites are visible to the host satellite. The GPS geodetic receiver development, which will provide prototype receivers for utilization in terrestrial surveying operations, has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of point geodetic surveys over the current user hardware capability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 197
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    A numerical evaluation of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 analyses in a high resolution limited area model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Vertical temperature profiles derived from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 radiance measurements were used to create separate analyses for the period 0000 GMT 6 January to 0000 GMT 7 January 1980. The 0000 GMT 6 January satellite analyses and a conventional analysis were used to initialize and run the University of Wisconsin's version of the Australian Region Primitive Equations model. Forecasts based on conventional analyses were used to evaluate the forecasts based only on satellite upper air data. The forecasts based only on TIROS-N or NOAA-6 data did reasonably well in locating the main trough and ridge positions. The satellite initial analyses and forecasts revealed errors correlated to the synoptic situation. The trough in both TIROS-N and NOAA-6 forecasts which was initially too warm remained too warm as it propagated eastward during the forecast period. Thus, it is unlikely that the operational satellite data will improve forecasts in a data dense region. However, in regions of poor data coverage, the satellite data should have a beneficial effect on numerical forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Optimum Employment of Satellite Indirect Soundings as Numerical Model Input; p 82-108
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  • 198
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    A case study of height and temperature analyses derived from Nimbus-6 satellite soundings (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Height and temperature analyses were constructed on a subset of the LFM grid using only Nimbus-6 satellite temperature profiles from approximately 1800 GMT 22 Feb. 1976. Several experiments were performed to evaluate various features of these satellite derived analyses. Fields derived from the bracketing LFM analyses provide the verification data. The results indicate that Nimbus-6 soundings were able to correctly position the major troughs and ridges, but underestimate gradients in the analyses due primarily to the soundings being too warm in the troughs. No advantage could be found in using a set of satellite soundings with a greater horizontal resolution than the DST soundings.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Optimum Employment of Satellite Indirect Soundings as Numerical Model Input; p 1-50
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  • 199
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    Evaluation of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 satellite data: Comparisons of colocated soundings and analyses for a January case (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An early January 1980 synoptic situation was used in evaluating the performance of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 operational temperature soundings. Visual and statistical comparisons of temperature and thickness fields were employed to determine the effects of manual screening of the satellite soundings and measure the accuracy of both the satellite soundings and analyses derived from them. Comparisons between the performance of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 were emphasized. Both satellites were able to correctly position the major troughs and ridges. Gradients were underestimated though, with troughs markedly too warm and ridges slightly too cold. The poorest data occurred near the surface and tropopause as reflected by larger standard deviations in those layers. The performance of TIROS-N was slightly superior to that of NOAA-6.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Optimum Employment of Satellite Indirect Soundings as Numerical Model Input; p 51-81
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  • 200
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    The role of zonally asymmetric heating in the vertical and temporal structure of the global scale flow fields during FGGE SOP-1 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By examining the vertical structure of the low order spherical harmonics of the divergence and vorticity fields, the relative contribution of tropical and monsoonal circulations upon the global wind fields was estimated. This indicates that the overall flow over North America and the Pacific between January and February is quite distinct both in the lower and upper troposphere. In these longitudes there is a stronger tropical overturning and subtropical jet stream in January than February. The divergent flow reversed between 850 and 200 mb. Poleward rotational flow at upper levels is associated with an equatorward rotational flow at low levels. This suggests that the monsoon and other tropical circulations project more amplitude upon low order (global scale) representations of the flow than do the typical midlatitude circulations and that their structures show conspicuous changes on a time scale of a week or less.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Intern. Conf. on Early Results of FGGE and Large-Scale Aspects of its Monsoon Expt.; 9 p
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