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  • Articles  (282)
  • Engineering General  (241)
  • Kinetics
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (282)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1981  (282)
Collection
  • Articles  (282)
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (282)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: Benzodiazepines inhibit Ca2+-calmodulin-stimulated membrane protein phosphorylation. The effects of the benzodiazepines on protein phosphorylation are stereospecific and produced by membrane-bound benzodiazepine. The potency of benzodiazepine kinase inhibition is correlated with the ability of the benzodiazepines to inhibit electric shock-induced convulsions. These findings provide evidence that some of the anticonvulsant and neuronal stabilizing effects of benzodiazepines may be modulated by the Ca2+-calmodulin protein kinase system and indicate that this calmodulin-kinase system represents an identifiable benzodiazepine receptor in brain that is distinquishable by several criteria from the previously described high affinity benzodiazepine receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeLorenzo, R J -- Burdette, S -- Holderness, J -- NS 1352/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NSI-EA-1-K04-NS245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):546-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6264605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzodiazepines/metabolism ; Brain/*enzymology ; Calcium/*pharmacology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*pharmacology ; Calmodulin/*pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Chlordiazepoxide/*pharmacology ; Diazepam/*pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Kinetics ; Molecular Weight ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Drug/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-A
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, C H -- Tew, W P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Aug 7;213(4508):653-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7256262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cations ; *Erbium ; Kinetics ; *Magnetics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gonzalez, M F -- Deutsch, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 12;212(4500):1283-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Kinetics ; Male ; Rats ; *Satiation ; *Satiety Response ; Stomach/*physiology ; *Vagotomy
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1981-12-04
    Description: The persistence of synthetic herbicides such as 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and its release in massive amounts as a herbicide (Agent Orange) have created toxicological problems in many countries. In nature, 2,4,5-T is slowly degraded by cooxidation and is not utilized as a sole source of carbon and energy. The technique of plasmid-assisted molecular breeding has led to the development of bacterial strains capable of totally degrading 2,4,5-T by using it as their sole source of carbon at high concentrations (greater than 1 mg/ml). Spectrophotometry and gas chromatography reveal various intermediates during growth of the culture with 2,4,5-T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kellogg, S T -- Chatterjee, D K -- Chakrabarty, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 4;214(4525):1133-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7302584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Cell Division ; Kinetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Plasmids
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1981-06-05
    Description: Two divalent cation ionophores, A23187 and Ionomycin, which are selective for calcium, stimulated the resorption of fetal rat long bones in organ culture at 0.1 to 1 micromolar but not at higher concentrations. Both agents inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations that stimulated resorption. These results might explain the differences in ionophore effects on bone previously reported, and they imply that cell replication is not required for osteoclast formation in fetal rat long bone cultures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenzo, J A -- Raisz, L G -- AM 07290/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 18063/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 5;212(4499):1157-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6785885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bone Resorption/*drug effects ; Bone and Bones/drug effects/*metabolism ; Calcimycin/*pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Radioisotopes ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/*biosynthesis ; DNA Replication/*drug effects ; Ethers/pharmacology ; Fetus ; Ionomycin ; Ionophores/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: A loss in the number of functional, sodium ion-dependent, high-affinity choline transport sites was observed in the cortex and hippocampus of mice given an intracerebroventricular injection of 65 nanomoles of AF64A (ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion) 3 days earlier. Such an effect was not observed in the striatum. This effect of AF64A represents a long-term neurochemical deficit at cholinergic nerve terminals in some brain regions which can lead to a persistent deficiency in central cholinergic transmission. The AF64A-treated animal may thus be a model for certain psychiatric or neurological disorders that appear to involve central cholinergic hypofunction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mantione, C R -- Fisher, A -- Hanin, I -- MH 26320/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH/AG 34893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):579-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6894649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aziridines/*pharmacology ; Azirines/*pharmacology ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Choline/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Sodium/pharmacology ; Synaptosomes/drug effects/*metabolism
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: During normal development of the hamster eye, there is a substantial loss of cells from the retinal ganglion cell layer in the first two postnatal weeks. If one eye is lost at birth, this cell death is reduced in the remaining eye. This may account for the increased ipsilateral projection from this eye to the thalamus and midbrain observed in these animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sengelaub, D R -- Finlay, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):573-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7244655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Survival ; Cricetinae ; Kinetics ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Retina/cytology/*physiology
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-07-17
    Description: Bee venom and phospholipase A2 extracted from bee venom enhanced guanylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.2) activity two- to threefold in rat liver, lung, heart, kidney, ileum, and cerebellum. Dose-response relationships revealed that bee venom at concentrations as low as 1 microgram per milliliter and phospholipase A2 at 1 microunit per milliliter caused a maximal enhancement of guanylate cyclase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vesely, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 17;213(4505):359-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6113689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bee Venoms/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; Guanylate Cyclase/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Organ Specificity ; Phospholipases/*pharmacology ; Phospholipases A/*pharmacology ; Phospholipases A2 ; Rats
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1981-07-17
    Description: Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, the enzyme that is apparently rate-limiting in biopterin biosynthesis, is increased in adrenal cortex and medulla of rats treated with insulin or reserpine. Denervation and hypophysectomy block the increase in medullary and cortical enzyme activity, respectively, whereas cycloheximide presents the increase in both tissues. These results provide evidence for induction and regulation of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Viveros, O H -- Lee, C L -- Abou-Donia, M M -- Nixon, J C -- Nichol, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 17;213(4505):349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex/drug effects/*enzymology ; Adrenal Glands/innervation ; Adrenal Medulla/drug effects/*enzymology ; Aminohydrolases/*metabolism ; Animals ; Biopterin/*biosynthesis ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Denervation ; GTP Cyclohydrolase/*metabolism ; Hypophysectomy ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Organ Specificity ; Pteridines/*biosynthesis ; Rats ; Reserpine/pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1981-03-06
    Description: Kinetic analysis of the uptake of carbon-14-labeled oleate in a single-pass perfusion of rat liver and saturable and specific binding of iodine-125-labeled albumin to hepatocytes in suspension suggest the existence of a receptor for albumin on the liver cell surface. The putative receptor appears to mediate uptake of albumin-bound fatty acids by the cell and may account for the efficient hepatic extraction of many other substances tightly bound to albumin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisiger, R -- Gollan, J -- Ockner, R -- AM-07007/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM-13328/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM-21899/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 6;211(4486):1048-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6258226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Female ; Kinetics ; Liver/*metabolism ; Oleic Acids/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Rats ; Receptors, Albumin ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Serum Albumin/*metabolism
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1981-07-24
    Description: Nalidixic acid and novobiocin inhibit the aminoacylation and pyrophosphate exchange activities of glycyl- and leucyl-transfer RNA synthetases from bakers' yeast. Similar types of inhibition are observed for both enzymes, suggesting similar mechanisms. The potency of these inhibitors is comparable to that observed for their inhibition of in vivo DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, H T -- Nurse, K C -- Goldstein, D J -- GM 07654/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 23598/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 24;213(4506):455-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Glycine-tRNA Ligase/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Kinetics ; Leucine-tRNA Ligase/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Nalidixic Acid/*pharmacology ; Novobiocin/*pharmacology ; Oxolinic Acid/*pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: An established line of mesenchymal cells from the human embryonic palate is highly sensitive to the stimulatory effect of epidermal growth factor on growth, labeled thymidine incorporation, and ornithine decarboxylase activity. The results suggest that epidermal growth factor may play a key role in development of various human embryonic and fetal tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoneda, T -- Pratt, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):563-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; DNA Replication/drug effects ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Organ Specificity ; Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism ; Palate/drug effects/*physiology ; Peptides/*pharmacology ; Pregnancy
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: In order to explain the insulin-like effect of exercise, it was proposed in 1951 that contracting muscle fibers liberate creatine, which acts to produce an acceptor effect--later called respiratory control--on the muscle mitochondria. The development of this notion paralleled the controversy between biochemists and physiologists over the delivery of energy for muscle contraction. With the demonstration of functional compartmentation of creatine kinase on the mitochondrion, it became clear that the actual form of energy transport in the muscle fiber is phosphorylcreatine. The finding of an isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase attached to the M-line region of the myofibril revealed the peripheral receptor for the mitochondrially generated phosphorylcreatine. This established a molecular basis for a phosphorylcreatine-creatine shuttle for energy transport in heart and skeletal muscle and provided an explanation for the inability to demonstrate experimentally a direct relation between muscle activity and the concentrations of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bessman, S P -- Geiger, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):448-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6450446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Creatine/metabolism ; Creatine Kinase/metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism ; *Muscle Contraction ; Muscles/*metabolism ; Myosins/metabolism ; Phosphocreatine/*metabolism
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: Oral administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol had a biphasic effect on plasma testosterone concentrations in male mice, causing rapid sustained increases at low doses and subsequent decreases at higher doses. In hypophysectomized and intact mice receiving gonadotropins (human chorionic gonadotropin), treatment with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol maintained higher plasma testosterone concentrations. Thus, this cannabinoid may interact with gonadotropin and directly influence testicular steroidogenesis in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalterio, S -- Bartke, A -- Mayfield, D -- 1R01 DA 02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P 30 HD 10202/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):581-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6264607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/pharmacology ; Dronabinol/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Hypophysectomy ; Kinetics ; Luteinizing Hormone/*blood ; Male ; Mice ; Testosterone/*blood
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-10-23
    Description: Diabetic patients with increased plasma glucose concentrations may develop cerebral symptoms of hypoglycemia when their plasma glucose is rapidly lowered to normal concentrations. The symptoms may indicate insufficient transport of glucose from blood to brain. In rats with chronic hyperglycemia the maximum glucose transport capacity of the blood-brain barrier decreased from 400 to 290 micromoles per 100 grams per minute. When plasma glucose was lowered to normal values, the glucose transport rate into brain was 20 percent below normal. This suggests that repressive changes of the glucose transport mechanism occur in brain endothelial cells in response to increased plasma glucose.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gjedde, A -- Crone, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Oct 23;214(4519):456-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7027439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; *Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/blood supply ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Hyperglycemia/*metabolism ; Insulin/physiology ; Kinetics ; Rats ; Regional Blood Flow
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-02-27
    Description: A new picosecond resonance Raman technique shows that resonance Raman lines characteristic of a distorted all-trans retinal appear within 30 picoseconds after photolysis of rhodopsin or isorhodopsin. This finding suggests that isomerization is nearly complete within picoseconds of the absorption of a photon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayward, G -- Carlsen, W -- Siegman, A -- Stryer, L -- EY-02387/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Feb 27;211(4485):942-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; In Vitro Techniques ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Light ; Retinal Pigments/*radiation effects ; *Retinaldehyde/radiation effects ; Rhodopsin/*radiation effects ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Vitamin A/analogs & derivatives
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1981-07-10
    Description: Biologically active compounds were entrapped in cross-linked serum albumin microbeads. Injection of these drug-impregnated beads into rabbits produced no adverse immunological reactions. Sustained release (20 days) of progesterone was demonstrated in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, T K -- Sokoloski, T D -- Royer, G P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 10;213(4504):233-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6787705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Glutaral ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Kinetics ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Norgestrel/administration & dosage ; Progesterone/*administration & dosage/blood ; Rabbits ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/*administration & dosage
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1981-07-17
    Description: Pancreatic amylase messenger RNA progressively decreases in rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Insulin reverses this effect, inducing a selective decrease in amylase messenger RNA in the pancreas. Parotid amylase messenger RNA is not significantly affected by either diabetes or insulin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korc, M -- Owerbach, D -- Quinto, C -- Rutter, W J -- AM 21344/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 17;213(4505):351-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6166044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amylases/*genetics ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*enzymology ; Insulin/pharmacology/*physiology ; Islets of Langerhans/*physiology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Pancreas/drug effects/*enzymology ; Pancreatic Elastase/genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Trypsinogen/genetics
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-11-27
    Description: The binding of [3H]spiperone, a dopamine receptor ligand, to striatal membranes was increased 30 to 35 percent in rats made diabetic with alloxan or streptozotocin. Binding of [3H]spiperone was normal in rats made diabetic with alloxan but treated with insulin. Thus the number of dopamine receptors and central dopaminergic transmission may be altered in diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lozovsky, D -- Saller, C F -- Kopin, I J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Nov 27;214(4524):1031-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6458088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alloxan/pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Insulin/therapeutic use ; Kinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects/*metabolism ; Spiperone/metabolism ; Streptozocin/pharmacology
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1981-12-04
    Description: Leucine catabolism is regulated by either of the first two degradative steps: (reversible) transamination to the keto acid or subsequent decarboxylation. A method is described to measure rates of leucine transamination, reamination, and keto acid oxidation. The method is applied directly to humans by infusing the nonradioactive tracer, L-[15N,1-13C]leucine. Leucine transamination was found to be operating several times faster than the keto acid decarboxylation and to be of equal magnitude in adult human males under two different dietary conditions, postabsorptive and fed. These results indicate that decarboxylation, not transamination, is the rate-limiting step in normal human leucine metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matthews, D E -- Bier, D M -- Rennie, M J -- Edwards, R H -- Halliday, D -- Millward, D J -- Clugston, G A -- AM-25994/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- HD-10667/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR-00954/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 4;214(4525):1129-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7302583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Carbon Isotopes ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Leucine/*metabolism ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Oxidation-Reduction
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1981-06-12
    Description: Somatomedin-C stimulates somatostatin release to a maximum of 390 percent of basal release during short-term (20-minute) incubation of rat hypothalamus. It has no effect on basal or stimulated growth hormone release from primary cultures of rat adenohypophyseal cells during a 4-hour incubation, but inhibits stimulated release by more that 90 percent after 24 hours. These findings suggest that somatomedin-C participates in the growth hormone negative feedback loop with an immediate effect on hypothalamic somatostatin and a delayed effect on the anterior pituitary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berelowitz, M -- Szabo, M -- Frohman, L A -- Firestone, S -- Chu, L -- Hintz, R L -- AM 18722/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 24085/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 12;212(4500):1279-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6262917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Feedback ; Growth Hormone/pharmacology/*secretion ; Hypothalamus/drug effects/*physiology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Kinetics ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects/*secretion ; Rats ; Somatomedins/*pharmacology
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: An animal model of tardive dyskinesia was used to evaluate the potential antidyskinetic properties of the neuropeptide L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG). In rats, PLG administered concurrently with the neuroleptic drug haloperidol or chlorpromazine antagonized the enhancement of specific [3H]spiroperidol binding in the striatum that is associated with long-term neuroleptic treatment. The results are discussed in relation to a possible functional coupling of the putative PLG receptor with neuroleptic-dopamine receptor complex and clinical implications for tardive dyskinesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chiu, S -- Paulose, C S -- Mishra, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1261-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6117947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Butyrophenones/*metabolism ; Chlorpromazine/*pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Haloperidol/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/*pharmacology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects/*metabolism ; Spiperone/*metabolism
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 1981-06-05
    Description: Long-term potentiation of the hippocampal slice preparation results in an increase in the incorporation of labeled valine into the proteins destined for secretion into the extracellular medium. Double-labeling methods established that the increased secretion of the labeled proteins was limited to the potentiated region of a slice; incorporation of labeled valine was increased in the hippocampus if potentiation was through the Schaffer collaterals and in the dentate if potentiation was through the perforant path. Controls for nonspecific stimulation showed no changes. There appears to be a link between long-term potentiation and the metabolic processes that lead to protein synthesis in the hippocampal slice system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duffy, C -- Teyler, T J -- Shashoua, V E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 5;212(4499):1148-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus/*metabolism/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*biosynthesis/secretion ; Rats ; Tritium ; Valine
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  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-01-02
    Description: Iontophoretic injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH into single neurons of guinea pig neocortical slices resulted in the staining of more than one cell. Dye-coupled neuronal aggregates were found only in the superficial cortical layers and were often organized in vertical columns. Antidromic stimuli evoked all-or-none, subthreshold depolarizations in some superficial cells. These potentials were not eliminated by manganese and did not collide with spikes originating in the soma, suggesting that they arose from electrotonic interaction between superficial cortical neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gutnick, M J -- Prince, D A -- NS 06477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 12151/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 2;211(4477):67-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7444449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Cell Communication ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/physiology ; Evoked Potentials ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Guinea Pigs ; In Vitro Techniques ; Intercellular Junctions/physiology ; Kinetics ; Manganese/pharmacology
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1981-12-04
    Description: The guanosine analog 8-aminoguanosine is an effective inhibitor of the purine degradative enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase, both in vitro and in intact lymphoid cells. In a human lymphoblast tissue culture system, 8-aminoguanosine, in combination with low concentrations of 2'-deoxyguanosine, causes toxicity toward T cells but not B cells. The selective T cell toxicity correlates with increased accumulation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate in the treated T lymphoblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazmers, I S -- Mitchell, B S -- Dadonna, P E -- Wotring, L L -- Townsend, L B -- Kelley, W N -- AM 19045/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- CA 26032/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 26284/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 4;214(4525):1137-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6795718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: B-Lymphocytes/enzymology ; Cell Line ; Deoxyguanosine/pharmacology ; Guanosine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Pentosyltransferases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase/*antagonists & inhibitors ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/*enzymology
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 1981-01-02
    Description: A fluorescent derivative of the thyroid hormone 3,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine binds to cultured mouse fibroblasts; such binding is saturable. Video intensification fluorescence microscopy indicates that binding occurs at the plasma membrane. Diffusion coefficients, obtained by fluorescence photobleaching recovery, are consistent with binding to a protein receptor on the cell surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maxfield, F R -- Willingham, M C -- Pastan, I -- Dragsten, P -- Cheng, S Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 2;211(4477):63-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6255563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Endocytosis ; Kinetics ; Membrane Fluidity ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone ; Triiodothyronine/*metabolism
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1981-07-31
    Description: Pineal N-acetyltransferase can be inactivated in broken cell preparations by cystamine through a mechanism of thiol-disulfide exchange. Some, but not all, disulfide-containing peptides can inactivate this enzyme; the most potent inactivator is insulin. These findings suggest that a disulfide-containing peptide with high reactivity toward N-acetyltransferase may participate in the intracellular regulation of this enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Namboodiri, M A -- Favilla, J T -- Klein, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jul 31;213(4507):571-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Animals ; Disulfides/pharmacology ; Dithiothreitol/pharmacology ; Hormones/pharmacology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Insulin/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Peptides/*pharmacology ; Pineal Gland/*enzymology ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1981-06-05
    Description: Corticosterone increased the amount of the neuron-specific phosphoprotein protein 1 in the hippocampus, a brain region rich in corticosterone receptors, but not in several brain regions that contain relatively few corticosterone receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nestler, E J -- Rainbow, T C -- McEwen, B S -- Greengard, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 5;212(4499):1162-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6785886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Corticosterone/*pharmacology ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; Female ; Hippocampus/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Organ Specificity ; Rats ; Receptors, Steroid/metabolism ; Synapsins
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 1981-11-27
    Description: A simple quantitative autoradiographic technique for the study of neurotransmitter receptors that includes the use of a tritium-sensitive film permits saturation, kinetic, and competition studies of brain samples as small as 0.01 cubic millimeter. This technique was used to study [3H]muscimol binding in rat brain. Unilateral gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor supersensitivity was observed in the substantia nigra pars reticulata after production of localized lesions of the ipsilateral corpus striatum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penney, J B Jr -- Pan, H S -- Young, A B -- Frey, K A -- Dauth, G W -- NS00420-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS00464-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS15140-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Nov 27;214(4524):1036-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6272394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoradiography ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kainic Acid/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Muscimol/*metabolism ; Oxazoles/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Drug/*metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-A ; Tritium
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  • 30
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1981-11-27
    Description: Synchronized HeLa cell populations were exposed to Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii, obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause Chagas' disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively, in humans. The ability of the two parasites to infect HeLa cells increased as the HeLa cells proceeded from the G1 phase to the S phase of their growth cycle and decreased as the cells entered G2-M. Characterization of the S-phase cell surface components responsible for this phenomenon could be beneficial in the development of vaccines against these parasitic diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dvorak, J A -- Crane, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Nov 27;214(4524):1034-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7029713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Cycle ; HeLa Cells/physiology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Toxoplasma/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Trypanosoma cruzi/pathogenicity/*physiology
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 1981-02-06
    Description: Metkephamid is an analog of methionine enkephalin that retains high affinity for the delta receptor and is a systemically active analgesic. Since it is at least 100 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic when placed directly into the lateral ventricles, and is 30 to 100 times more potent on the delta receptor and yet is roughly equipotent on the mu receptor in vitro, it is concluded that it probably produces analgesia by action on delta receptors as well as, or rather than, on mu receptors. It has less tendency to produce respiratory depression, tolerance, and physical dependence than standard analgesics, and it is presently undergoing clinical trial.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frederickson, R C -- Smithwick, E L -- Shuman, R -- Bemis, K G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Feb 6;211(4482):603-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6256856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Analgesics ; Animals ; Brain/*drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endorphins/*pharmacology ; *Enkephalin, Methionine/*analogs & derivatives ; Enkephalins/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Male ; Mice ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid/*drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 1981-06-05
    Description: Simultaneous recordings of calcium action potentials directly from growth cones and from somata of neuroblastoma cells indicated that they could be generated in the neurites at or near growth cones. Growth cone responses were measured with a fluorescent voltage-sensitive dye and a 5-milliwatt helium-neon laser microbeam as a monitoring light source.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grinvald, A -- Farber, I C -- NS14716/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jun 5;212(4499):1164-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Calcium/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chickens ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 1981-05-15
    Description: Two distinct serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors designated serotonin 1 and serotonin 2 bind tritium-labeled serotonin and tritium-labeled spiroperidol, respectively. Drug potencies at serotonin 2 sites, but not at serotonin 1 sites, predict their effects on the "serotonin behavioral syndrome," indicating that serotonin 2 sites mediate these behaviors. The limited correlation of drug effects with regulation by guanine nucleotides suggests that serotonin 1 sites might be linked to adenylate cyclase. Drug specificities of serotonin-elicited synaptic inhibition and excitation may reflect serotonin 1 and serotonin 2 receptor interactions, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peroutka, S J -- Lebovitz, R M -- Snyder, S H -- DA-00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):827-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7221567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; Guanine Nucleotides/physiology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Receptors, Serotonin/*physiology ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Spiperone/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 1981-12-11
    Description: The dimensions of the small intestinal diffusion barrier interposed between luminal nutrients and their membrane receptors were determined from kinetic analysis of substrate hydrolysis by integral surface membrane enzymes. The calculated equivalent thickness of the unstirred water layer was too large to be compatible with the known dimensions of rat intestine. The discrepancy could be reconciled by consideration of the mucous coat overlying the intestinal surface membrane. Integral surface membrane proteins could not be labeled by an iodine-125 probe unless the surface coat was first removed. The mucoprotein surface coat appears to constitute an important diffusion barrier for nutrients seeking their digestive and transport sites on the outer intestinal membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smithson, K W -- Millar, D B -- Jacobs, L R -- Gray, G M -- AM 05418/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 11270/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM 15802/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Dec 11;214(4526):1241-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7302593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Diffusion ; Disaccharides/metabolism ; *Intestinal Absorption ; Jejunum/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Kinetics ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microvilli/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Bromination ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the bromination of acetanilide has been studied with the diffusion layer titration method. The results have been obtained using the apparatus which consists of the ring-disc electrode and an amperostat-potentiostat system. Dependence of the ring current on the disc current has been determined as a function of rotation speeds of the electrode, of the solution concentration and temperature. It has been shown the bromination reaction of acetanilide exhibits by first order kinetics. In that case Br2 and Br3 − are the brominating species. The rate of bromination changes with the concentration of the Br− ions. This reaction rate depends on reactions of molecular bromine with acetanilide. For 0.033〈[Br−]〈0.173M the rate constant changes in the following range: $$17530M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}〈 k〈 6400M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} ([H + ] = 1,34;T = 298K)$$
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Mononitrosopiperazine ; N-Nitrosation ; Piperazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Bildung vonN-Nitroso-Verbindungen, die als potentielle carcinogene Substanzen gelten, wurde untersucht. Die Kinetik der Nitrosierung von Piperazin (PIP) in wäßriger Perchlorsäurelösung wurde mittels einer differentiellen spektrophotometrischen Methode verfolgt. Es ergab sich für denpH-Bereich 0,85–4,36 folgendes Zeitgesetz: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ wobei [Nitrit]0 und [PIP]0 die anfänglichen stöchiometrischen Konzentrationen bedeuten. Bei 298,2 K und μ=1,0M,f=(1,17±0,11) 10−3 M,g=(3,5±0,7)·10−2 M s,h=2,6·10−6 M 2 s andj=(0,95±0,04)M s. Bei Erhöhung der Acidität ([HClO4]≥1M) tritt ein neuer kinetischer Term auf: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {Nitrit} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ Bei 298,2 K und μ=3,0M,p=(1,9±0,2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. Es wird ein genereller Mechanismus für die Nitrosierung jedesN-nitrosierbaren Substrates in wäßriger Perchloratlösung vorgeschlagen, wobei als nitrosierende Agentien ausschließlich N2O3 und H2NO2 +/NO+ auftreten. Es werden die Besonderheiten dieses Mechanismus bezüglich derpK-Werte derN-nitrosierbaren Substrate diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of formation ofN-nitroso compounds, which are considered as potential chemical carcinogens was studied. The kinetics of nitrosation of piperazine (PIP) in aqueous solution of perchloric acid have been investigated using a differential spectrophotometric technique. Based on our experimental results, the following rate law, in thepH-range 0.85 4.36, is proposed: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ where [nitrite]0 and [PIP]0 represent initial stoichiometric concentrations. At 298.2K and μ=1.0M,f=(1.17±0.11) 10−3 M,g=(3.5±0.7) 10−2 M s,h=2.6×10−6 M 2 s andj=(0.95±0.04)M s. When the acidity is increased ([HClO4]≥1M), a new kinetic term comes into play: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ At 298.2 K and μ=3.0M,p=(1.9±0.2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. A general mechanism for the nitrosation of anyN-nitrosable substrate in aqueous perchloric solution in which the only nitrosating agents are N2O3 and H2NO2 +/NO+ is proposed. Also, the various particularities of this mechanism, according to thepK of theN-nitrosable substrate, are discussed.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Galactitol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Reduction ; Xylitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz der Titelreaktion ist in beiden Fällen erster Ordnung bezüglich Hexacyanoferrat(III). Die Oxidation ist erster Ordnung bei niedrigen Konzentrationen von Xylit und Galaktit und geht bei Erhöhung der Konzentration gegen null. In gleicher Weise wurde eine Kinetik erster Ordnung bezüglich Hydroxyl bei niedrigen Konzentrationen und eine erniedrigte Ordnung bei höheren Konzentrationen für die Oxidation von Xylit beobachtet; bei Galaktit bleibt die Oxidation auch bei höheren Hydroxyl-Konzentrationen erster Ordnung. Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion über einen aktivierten Komplex zwischen [KFe(CN)6]2− und dem Substrat-Anion verläuft; dieser Komplex zerfällt in [KFe(CN)6]3− und ein Substrat-Radikal. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium is reported. The reaction rate is of first order with respect to hexacyanoferrate(III) in each substrate. The reaction is first order at lower concentrations of xylitol and galactitol and tends towards zero order as the concentration increases. Similarly first order kinetics was obtained with respect to hydroxide ion at lower concentrations and tends to lower order at higher concentration in the oxidation of xylitol; in the oxidation of galactitol the reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion even up to manyfold variation. The course of reaction has been considered to proceed through the formation of an activated complex between [K Fe(CN)6]2− and substrate anion which decomposes slowly into radical and [K Fe(CN)6]3−. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Activation energy ; Kinetics ; Methyl-vinyl ketone ; Polarography ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneous polymerization of methyl-vinyl ketone in diluted methanol solutions in presence of proton donors is studied using the polarographic method. The effect of the cation of the indifferent electrolyte is investigated as well as the influence of small quantities of H2O. Suggestions were made about the possible mechanisms of these influences in the general scheme of the process proposed byHolleck et al.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 431-439 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Fluorhydroxyapatite ; Crystal growth ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of seeded crystal growth of calcium apatites were studied in dilute supersaturated solutions at various levels of fluoride concentrations. Initial precipitation rates were enhanced by fluoride concentrations higher than 0.05 ppm. The analytical results are consistent with the precipitation of fluoridated hydroxyapatites, Ca5Fx-(OH)1−x(PO4)3, FHA. The degree of fluoridation, X, appears to be determined by the activity of HF in solution, which varies for the various initial fluoride levels but remains fairly constant during precipitation. Thus the composition of the precipitating phase was the same for a given solution whether 25 or 10 mg of hydroxyapatite was added as seeds. All the experimental results are consistent with the BCF theory, which relates the mean linear rate of growth, RL, to the supersaturation, DS, by the expression RL=C1T(DS-1)1n(DS)tanh(C2/T 1n DS), in which DS is the supersaturation defined by mean molar activities with respect to the precipitating FHA, T the absolute temperature, and C1 and C2 are constants calculated from the experimental results. Consequently, the crystal growth appears to take place in surface kinks and to be controlled by surface diffusion. Since crystal growth in most biological systems takes place at fluoride concentrations within the experimental range used, it seems probable that it occurs along the model advanced in the present investigation.
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    European biophysics journal 8 (1981), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Light-scattering ; Flash photometry ; Kinetics ; Visual transduction ; Biomembranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent development of kinetic light-scattering and -absorption photometry is described. Essential points are: 1) In the scattering experiment, amplitude resolution of 2 · 10−5 (single flash) by application of a differential detector, stability of the same magnitude due to optical compensation, high intensity at the detector due to special optics for the scattered light and semiconductor sources. 2) In the absorption measurement, elimination of scattering contributions by the dual wavelength-method and by high aperture optics. 3) Simultaneous measurement of absorption and scattering. The application of the method is described in using signals from isolated bovine rod outer segments. A reliable procedure is described by the use of which the originally measured light-scattering effects can be split up into single signals. The method allows comparative kinetic analysis of absorption and scattering signals. The possible causal connections between pigment and membrane structure processes can be selected.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 15-41 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The governing equations for large strain analysis of elastic-plastic problems are reconsidered. An improved form of these equations is derived, which is valid for small increments of strain and large increments of rotation. Special attention is paid to the integration procedures for these equations in the deformation history. It is shown that the tangent modulus procedure for integration of the constitutive equations is conditionally stable, and that implicit methods, such as the ‘mean normal’ method, are to be preferred. A novel procedure is introduced for the treatment of nonlinear geometric effects. The performance of various element types is examined, with specific attention to effects of ‘locking’ and distortion. Several applications are discussed to illustrate the various aspects of the formulation developed ein this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we analyse a simple but non-trivial steady-state creeping elasto visco-plastic (Maxwell fluid) radial flow problem, paying particular attention to the effects of the boundary conditions. Solutions are obtained by integration of a governing equation on stress, using the Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems and finite differences for boundary value problems. A more general approach by the finite element method, which solves for the velocity field rather than the stress field, and which is applicable to a wide range of problems, is presented and tested using the radial flow example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some new formulae are presented for numerical integration over triangular regions. These formulae, which are triangularly symmetric, involve four, six, and seven integration points, respectively. They were derived by determining co-ordinates and weight factors for which polynomial functions of up to a certain degree are integrated exactly. The effectiveness of the formulae is demonstrated by applying them to the integration of five non-polynomial functions, two of which are singular within the region of integration. Results obtained with the new formulae are compared with results obtained with other, comparable formulae. It is seen that the new formulae are more accurate than some existing ones with the same numbers of points.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 156-156 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 159-170 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element anaylysis to predict the sloshing dislacements and hydrodynamic pressures in liquid-filled tanks subjected to earthquake ground motions is presented. Finite element equations were derived using the Galerkin formulation, and the predicted results were checked against the test data, showing a good agreement between the test and finite element results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Minimum cost design of a framed structure is considered by using the mini-mas dual method. Stress and/or displacement constraints are imposed as behavioural constraints. The minimum cost design problem has a discrete objective function and discrete design variables. A sequence of approximate optimization problems in created by using the first-order Taylor series expansion for displacements with respect to the reciprocals of cross-sectional areas and moments of inertia. Each approximate problem is solved in the dual space. Two simple structural examples are given to show the appropriateness and efficiency of the proposed procedure. Approximate solutions are obtained within five structural analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A kinematically nonlinear analysis of unbraced, rigid-jointed, portal frames, rotationally restrained at the base and subjected to eccentric concentrated and/or uniformly distributed loads, is presented. Through this analysis the complete behaviour, including the primary path and postbuckling path (whenever it exists), is evaluated. Moreover, through parametric studies, the effects of bar slenderness ratio, load eccentricity and amount of rotational restraint are assessed. Through this method it is also possible to assess the effect of member lengths and member lengths and member bending stiffnesses.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical evaluations of elliptic integral solutions of some large deflection beam and frame problems are presented. The values are given in tabular form with up to six significant figures. The numerical technique used for evaluating the elliptic integrals is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 156-156 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the details of a unified numerical algorithm and the associated computer program developed for the efficient determination of natural frequencies and modes of free vibration of structures. Both spinning and nonspinning structures with or without viscous and/or structural damping may be solved by the current procedure; in a addition, the program is capable of solving static problems with multiple load cases as well as the quadratic matric eigenproblem associated with a finite dynamic element structural discretization. A special symmetric matrix decomposition scheme has been adopted for matrix triangularization, which renders the program rather efficient and economical. Also, a novel bisection scheme is described that further accelerates the solution convergence rate, particularly for the case of repeated roots.The associated computer program adopts and out-of-core solution strategy, thereby enabling effective solutions to be achieved for large, complex, practical structures. A complete listing of the program written in FORTRAN V, for the UNIVAC 1100/82 computer, along with the source deck is available for ready use.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A FORTRAN subroutine is presented to integrate a function given only by a set of tabular values at unequal intervals. It uses the trapezoidal rule and a generalization of Simpson's rule, obtaining a conservative error estimate by comparing the two results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 309-309 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 312-312 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Splitting methods for time-dependent partial differential equations usually exhibit a drop in accuracy if boundary conditions become time-dependent. This phenomenon is investigated for a class of splitting methods for two-space dimensional parabolic partial differential equations. A boundary-value correction discussed in a paper by Fairweather and Mitchell for the Laplace equation with Dirichlet conditions, is generalized for a wide class of initial boundary-value problems. A numerical comparison is made for the ADI method of Peaceman-Rachford and the LOD method of Yanenko applied to problems with Dirichlet boundary conditions and non-Dirichlet boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 357-365 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 445-464 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A singular finite element is developed for direct calculation of combined modes I and II stress intensity factors for planar rectilinear anisotropic structures subject to arbitrary loading. Twelve-node conventional elements are used in conjunction with a linear elastic fracture mechanics enrichment of the same element which is formed into a four-element macro-element. Example problems show this formulation to be exceptionally accurate and results are presented for a variety of modern fibre-reinforced composites in simple mode I extension and in mixed mode I and II situations. In addition, it is shown that the meshes for accurate results are relatively coarse and thus calculations are quite economical.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 477-477 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 527-541 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with conventional and mixed finite element analysis of large deflection bending and free vibration of axisymmetric circular plates including shear deformation. Conventional and mixed finite element formulations are presented. Numerical results are included for isotropic as well as orthotropic, circular and annular plates under various edge conditions and loadings.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 601-613 
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    Notes: The general problem of optimum design of trusses composed of tubular elements requires the determination of cross-sectional dimensions for each element which satisfy a set of side constraints on those dimensions as well as Euler and local buckling constraints. A formulation is presented which eliminates the necessity to use mathematical programming methods for the determination of feasible cross-sectional dimensions. The minimization problem is shown to be expressible in terms of area variables only, with each area subject to bounds which are functions of truss stiffness but which may be obtained by explicit analysis of the element ‘desing space’ for any design. This‘direct’ formulation is completely general and compatible with any minimization algorithm. The formulation also leads to a simple and efficient recursive procedure for producing near-optimal fully-constrained designs. Several examples illustrate results obtained by both the direct and recursive procedures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 707-718 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The use of quasi-Newton methods is studied for the solution of the nonlinear finite element equations that arise in the analysis of incompressible fluid flow. An effective procedure for the use of Broyden's method in finite element analysis is presented. The quasi-Newton method is compared with the commonly employed successive substitution and Newton-Raphson procedures, and it is concluded that the use of Broyden's method can constitute an effective solution strategy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 747-771 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper discusses computational strategies for elastic-plastic-creep behaviour. These computational strategies, based on the tangent stiffness and initial strain techniques, include solution algorithms, modelling techniques and constitutive relations.A predictor-corrector iterative and non-iterative scheme is presented for combined plasticity and creep. This scheme has been incorporated into the three-dimensional, isoparametric element, module (HEX) of the Grumman PLANS finite element program for nonlinear analysis and used for the problems presented in this paper.The concept of modelling for inelastic behaviour is demonstrated by introducing a variable set of inelastic integration points within a finite element at which stresses and strains are monitored.In order to perform a meaningful analysis, one must understand and justify the employed constitutive relations. To this end, work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in justifying constitutive relations for high-temperature nuclear reactor components is referred to.An analysis of a test model of a nuclear reactor inlet nozzle operating at high temperatures is presented to demonstrate some of the computational strategies discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1407-1426 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The displacement and strain fields of thin-walled pretwisted beams are prescribed in terms of generalized displacements for extension, bending, torsion and warping. Differential equations and boundary conditions are obtained from the elastic potential energy functional without assuming coincidence of the beam axis with any of the structural axes. This procedure gives a unique consistent definition of sectional moments and generalized forces. Some simple explicit formulae are derived for homogeneous tension-torsion. For the general case a computer code is developed on the basis of discretized generalized displacements and a modified energy functional, devised to obtain consistent lengthwise variation of the stresses and a unique decomposition of the torsional moment. Examples show agreement with analytical results for cylindrical beams and illustrate the various coupling effects for beams with pretwist. They also demonstrate the usefulness of the explicit formulae for homogeneous tension-torsion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1443-1453 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A computationally efficient and accurate solution technique for large-order eigenvalue problems with small to medium bandwidth is presented. The algorithm - called the Sub-Polynomial Iteration (SPI) method - solves for the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors. directly without any transformation to the standard form. The method is an efficient combination of several separate techniques including Sturm sequence, Lagrangian polynomial interpolation, inverse iteration with shift and Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Computer run times for a set of sample solution indicate the efficiency of the SPI method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1647-1657 
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    Notes: A method for solving boundary value problems for thin plate flexure as described by Kirchhoff's theory is proposed. An integral formulation leads to a system of boundary integral equations involving values of deflection, slope, bending moment and transverse shear force along the edge. A discretization leading to a matrix formulation is proposed. To solve problems with inner conditions in the plate domain, an elimination of boundary unknowns proves successful. The degenerate case where the boundary is free (which leads to a non-invertible matrix) is investigated. Three examples illustrate the efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1740-1742 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1743-1748 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1779-1789 
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    Notes: The following work proposes the use of a special description-language for producing input data of finite element programs. The programs now used require a detailed description of the structure to be analysed, and they require it in a form which is unfavourable to the user and which promotes errors. Therefore, a language was designed which allows a short and compact description of the structure. This description is then automatically transformed into the input data. In this paper, the design process and the characteristics of the language are presented. Some comments on its implementation, that is on the development of a special preprocessor, are made. As target system, the finite element program SAP IV has been chosen. Finally, we want to present an example of the improvements achieved by the use of this language and the SAP IV preprocessor, respectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1791-1810 
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    Notes: Two alternative hybrid-stress-based functionals are examined for the incremental elastic-plastic static analysis of single layer plates. Material nonlinear effects are incorporated via the initial-stress approach so that an equivalent nodal force vector is defined and the stiffness remains constant throughout the incremental loading. The alternative functionals differ in the incremental stress which is assumed to satisfy equilibrium; in the first, it is the actual stress increment, and in the second it is the elastic stress increment. Results are presented for two example problems, and comparisons of the alternative functionals and plausible iteration schemes are given. The effects of variation of pertinent solution parameters are also shown. A 4-node hybrid-stress plate element based on a Mindlin-type displacement field is used for most cases; however, limited results are also presented using an 8-node plate element, thus permitting comparisons of the relative efficiencies of the two elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1888-1889 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 43-52 
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    Notes: A parametric element is formulated which enables the economic modelling of ‘infinite domain’ type problmes. A typical problem is an opening in a stress field in an infinite medium, either in two or three dimensions. The strategy is to model around the opening with two or three layers of conventional isoparametric finite elements and surround these with a single layer of ‘infinite domain’ elements.Several sample problems has been analysed for circular, square and spherical openings in infinite media, and the results compared with either theoretical or boundary element solutions which include the ‘infinite’ boundary in their solution technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 113-121 
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    Notes: An approximation method is presented for the analysis for the interaction of a structure with a compressible linear fluid. The method uses the fact that the eigenvalues of the dry structure are higher than the corresponding eigenvalues of a structure in contact with an incompressible fluid, and the corresponding eigenvalues of a structure in contact with a compressible fluid are even lower. The proof of this theorem is given. It is shown that in both the compressible and incompressible cases the number of degress-of-freedom can be reduced to the number of boundary points which results in a substantial saving of core memory space and computing time. A sample problem is given to demonstrate the good results of the approximation methods for a low quotient of the eigenfrequencies divided by the square of the speed of sound.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 81-96 
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    Notes: A number of transport problems are complicated by the presence of physically important transition zones where quantities exhibit steep gradients and special numerical care is required. When the location of such a transition zone changes as the solution evolves through time, use of a deforming numerical mesh is appropriate in order to preserve the proper numerical features both within the transition zone and at its boundaries.A general finite element solution method is described wherein the elements are allowed to deform continuously, and the effects of this deformation are accounted for exactly. The method is based on the Galerkin approximation in space, and uses finite difference approximations for the time derivatives. In the absence of element deformation, the method reduces to the conventional Galerkin formulation.The method is applied to the two-phase Stefan problem associated with the melting and solidification of A substance. The interface between the solid and liquid phase form an internal moving boundary, and latent heat effects are accounted for in the associated boundary condition. By allowing continuous mesh deformation, as dictated by this boundary condition, the moving boundary always lies on element boundaries. This circumvents the difficulties inherent in interpolation of parameters and dependent variables across regions where those quantities change abruptly.Basis functions based on Hermite polynomials are used, to allow exact specification of the flux-latent heat balance condition at the phase boundary. Analytic solutions for special cases provide tests of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 154-155 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 157-158 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 239-253 
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    Notes: A finite element formulation of laminar flow with finite rate chemical reaction and heat release is made. Results are presented for steady flow in a channel, a special case of which is solved analytically, and for transverse flow around a cylinder. These illustrate the power of the finite element method for the calculation of reacting flows in complex geometries.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 291-299 
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    Notes: The reduction of liner partial differential equations for boundary-value problems to ordinary differential equations by the Lanczos-Chebyshev method is discussed and illustrated by applications to linear stress analysis and heat conduction in axisymmetric cylinders. Numerical examples given include eigenvalues for self-equilibrating end load problems in hollow cylinders, and heat conduction in a semi-infinite cylinder. Heat conduction in an infinite half-space is treated by considering a large multi-annular cylinder. The simplicity of the Lanczos-Chebyshev reduction method and its speed and accuracy are demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 310-311 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 312-314 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 347-355 
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    Notes: This paper presents a method of developing a family of 1/rn type infinite elements for the analysis of problems definite in unbounded media. The proposed method is a direct extension of the conventional finite element method. The resulting improper integrals are integrated exactly over the infinite element domains. Two numerical examples in elastic half-space static problems are investigated to illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the method. The use of the proposed infinite elements yields excellent results and preserves all the advantages of the finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 405-426 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 465-470 
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    Notes: For the general quadrilateral isoparametric elements with 4(n-1) nodes (i.e. n nodes along each side), it is shown that the inverse square root singularity of the strain field at the crack tip can be obtained by a general but simple rule. This amounts to collapsing the quadrilateral elements into triangular elements around the crack tip and placing the (n-2) mid-side nodes at locations γ2/(n-1)2 (γ=1,2,…, n-2) times the length of side emanating from the crack tip. These locations are measured from the crack tip. The known results for n = 3 and n = 4 are thus obtained as special cases.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 478-478 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 503-526 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 557-572 
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    Notes: Singular finite element displacement functions for linear elastic fracture mechanics applications are investigated. The displacement fields are expressed in terms of polynomials. These polynomials are expanded in varying degrees of r and θ in order to examine the effect of the number and type of terms on the solution to various problems with known solutions. Methods of estimating the stress intensity factors for mode 1 and mode 2 are presented. Numerical results evaluating the effect of various r and θ terms on the solutions are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 645-647 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 649-662 
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    Notes: The nature of adaptive processes is reviewed using as an example a specific finite element problem. Several possible formulations for the objective of mesh refinement processes are given. For the most natural of these objectives the A*-algorithms of artificial intelligence turn out to provide a solution process which is known to be optimal in a certain sense. But practically, there is insufficient information and these processes tend to be inefficient. On the other hand, if the objective is replaced by a strictly local objective based on Pareto-optimality, the error estimates of the resulting mesh sequence are shown to exhibit the order of convergence which is known to be best possible for the type of elements used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 735-745 
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    Notes: Recent finite element analysis of adaptive refinement has focused attention on high-order approximation within elements. High-order approximation may be attained over curved elements with either rational basis functions expressed directly in the global co-ordinates or with a particular class of isoparametric basis functions. Theory for construction of high-order rational bases yields modifications to the blending method for a special class of elements in order to achieve higher order approximation within these elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 790-795 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 797-800 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 957-974 
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    Notes: The calculation of the response of rotationally periodic structures to transient forces and prescribed motions is considered. The work extends the work previously described by Thomas1 in which only the free and harmonic forced vibration problems were considered. It is assumed that the finite element method is to be used, so that the equation of motion of the structure contains a finite number of degrees-of-freedom whose responses are governed by mass, stiffness and damping matrices. It is shown that an exact solution to the equation of motion of the idealized full structure can be obtained by solving the equation of motion of a single substructure for a number of different spatial Fourier harmonics of force (and hence response). A modal method of solving this equation is described. a brief description of the implementation of the method in a suite of computer programs, and the application of the programs to a practical problems, is also given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 975-989 
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    Notes: Families of difference schemes are developed for both the linear and nonlinear inviscid Burger's equation and a system of shallow water equations. Single-step and two-step (Lax-Wendroff type) families are described and comparisons are made with other difference schemes.The schemes are developed using a very limited portion of a space-time continua, coupled with Galerkin's method applied over a few triangular elements. The elements are geometrically flexible as a function of a geometry factor α, creating the idea of difference families.Stability is commented on, including the continuous relationship between stability and the families of schemes as a function of α. Numerical results are presented and commented on for the system of shallow water equations and the inviscid Burger's equation. Several areas for future research are described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1069-1079 
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    Notes: This paper presents a series summation computation method for calculating temperatures arising from some geometries which commonly occur in microelectronics. The method, which is suitable for use with pocket calculators, involves an exchange of terms with those of a known series. At each stage of the summation a state of convergence (SOC) is calculated in terms of the maximum possible error, thus enabling the calculation to be terminated as soon as the required accuracy has been obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1103-1117 
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    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm and corresponding FORTRAN program for the solution of unsymmetric banded linear equation systems. The algorithm is based on the Crout method. A special technique, called double windowing, enables the solution of very large equation systems with a total equation number reaching 30,000 and a full bandwidth in excess of 1,000. Special attention was devoted to minimization of peripheral processor time (communication with backing disc memory). An appendix lists the complete program for Cyber series computers (CDC).
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1147-1159 
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    Notes: A triangular element is developed using a complete third-degree polynomial as the interpolation function. The nodal variables include the function and its first-order derivatives. A local continuity condition, which implements the conservation of the normal gradients of the interpolation function along the three boundaries of the element, is provided as a remedy for the nonconformity of the first-order derivatives in conventional C° elements. The element is applied to potential flow problems. Numerical results for the flow over a cylinder and the flow through a draft tube elbow of a hydraulic turbine confirm the validity and the accuracy of this new cubic element. A comparison of this element with a C° triangular element is made by checking their differences from an analytical solution for the flow over the cylinder. This element appears to be more accurate than the C° element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1233-1256 
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    Notes: Numerical integration of the system of governing equations which define a boundary value problem written down in the form of a coupled system of first-order ordinary differential equations is shown to be a powerful technique. After presenting the basic approach the paper critically examines the numerical schemes available for situations when the boundary value problem so defined has boundary layer characteristics. One such method which is originally due to Goldberg, Setlur and Alspaugh3 is described in detail, with documentation in the form of a flow diagram and a FORTRAN listing of a working subroutine. The method is shown to be computationally efficient and reliable for the solution of a class of problems in the field of solid mechanics. Potential use of the method for the solution of magnetostatic problems is indicated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1273-1278 
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    Notes: We present two self-contained programs which have given excellent results for uniform approximation of functions (or discrete data) by generalized rational functions. The first program is an extension of a program published in 1975 which uses a linear programming approach known as the differential correction algorithm. The present version is more robust, and allows for the use of a multiplicative weight function and restrictions on the values of the approximating function. These features make the program more suitable for applications such as digital filter approximation. The second program uses a combination of the Remes and differential correction algorithms which combines some of the good features of both algorithms. Given here is a discussion of the algorithms together with several examples. A FORTRAN listing can be obtained from the first author.
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