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  • Immunocytochemistry  (68)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (53)
  • Wheat
  • Springer  (158)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (158)
  • 1984  (91)
  • 1981  (67)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (158)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (158)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of a plant globin gene family (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 21 (1984), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Leghemoglobin ; Gene duplication ; Gene linkage ; Concerted evolution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed the sequences of soybean leghemoglobin genes as an initial step toward understanding their mode of evolution. Alignment of the sequences of plant globin genes with those of animals reveals that (i) based on the proportion of nucleotide substitutions that have occurred at the first, second, and third codon positions, the time of divergence of plant and animal globin gene families appears to be extremely remote (between 900 million and 1.4 billion years ago, if one assumes constancy of evolutionary rate in both the plant and animal lineages) and (ii) in addition to the normal regulatory sequences on the 5′ end, an approximately 30-base-pair sequence, specific to globin genes, that surrounds the cap site is conserved between the plant and animal globin genes. Comparison of the leghemoglobin sequences with one another shows that (i) the relative amount of sequence divergence in various coding and noncoding regions is roughly similar to that found for animal globin genes and (ii) as in animal globin genes, the positions of insertions and deletions in the intervening sequences often coincide with the locations of direct repeats. Thus, the mode of evolution of the plant globin genes appears to resemble, in many ways, that of their animal counterparts. We contrast the overall intergenic organization of the plant globin genes with that of animal genes, and discuss the possibility of the concerted evolution of the leghemoglobin genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100624
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and electrophoretic studies on the localization of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata during development (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Major haemolymph proteins ; Development ; Cuticle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ceratitis capitata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental profile of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata was studied. Ceratitin concentration in the haemolymph decreases dramatically during the last days of pupal life, while the amounts of ceratitins in whole organism extracts remain unchanged. By electrophoretic, immunological and immunofluorescence techniques it was revealed that ceratitins are reabsorbed by the fat body and a fraction of them is deposited in the cuticle. The possible role of ceratitins is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848952
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen nutrition and the development of biochemical functions associated with nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation of nodules on cowpea seedlings (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule ; Senescence (root nodules) ; Ureide ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During early development (up to 18 d after sowing) of nodules of an “effective” cowpea symbiosis (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3: Rhizobium strain CB756), rapidly increasing nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activity and leghaemoglobin content were accompanied by rapid increases in activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), enzymes of denovo purine synthesis (forming inosine monophosphate) xanthine oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.3.2), urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and led to increased export of ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid) to the shoot of the host plant in the xylem. Culturing plants with the nodulated root systems maintained in the absence of N2 (in 80 Ar: 20 O2, v/v) had little effect on the rates of induction and increase in nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin content but, in the absence of N2 fixation and consequent ammonia production by bacteroids, there was no stimulation of activity of enzymes of ammonia assimilation or of the synthesis of purines or ureides. Addition of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) relieved host-plant nitrogen deficiency caused by the Ar: O2 treatment but failed to increase levels of enzymes of N metabolism in either the bacteroid or the plant-cell fractions of the nodule. Premature senescence in Ar: O2-grown nodules occurred at 18–20 d after sowing, and resulted in reduced levels of nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin but increased the activity of hydroxybutyrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.30).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396744
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of phytohemagglutinin in the embryonic axis of Phaseolus vulgaris with ultra-thin cryosections embedded in plastic after indirect immunolabeling (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 548-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin (localization) ; Phaseolus (lectin) ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Seed (lectin)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the properties and subcellular localization of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the major lectin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris.), in the axis cells of nearly mature and imbibed mature seeds. On a protein basis the axis contained about 15% as much PHA as the cotyledons. Localization of PHA was done with an indirect immunolabeling method (rabbit antibodies against PHA, followed by colloidal gold particles coated with goat antibodies against rabbit immunoglobulins) on ultra-thin cryosections which were embedded in plastic on the grids after the immunolabeling procedure. The embedding greatly improved the visualization of the subcellular structures. The small (4 nm) collodial gold particles, localized with the electron microscope, were found exclusively over small vacuoles or protein bodies in all the cell types examined (cortical parenchyma cells, vascular-bundle cells, epidermal cells). The matrix of these vacuoles-protein bodies appears considerably less dense than that of the protein bodies in the cotyledons, but the results confirm that in all parts of the embryo PHA is localized in similar structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399921
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the cellular localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Sorghum leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; (PEP carboxylase) ; PEP carboxylase ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The localization of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.3.1.) in the leaf cells of Sorghum vulgare was investigated by using three techniques: the conventional aqueous and non aqueous methods gave conflicting results; the immunocytochemical techniques clearly showed that the enzyme is predominantly located in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395173
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    15N2 Incorporation and metabolism in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 152 (1981), S. 544-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Lichens ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peltigera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Nostoc in the cephalodia of the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. fixed 15N2 and the bulk of the nitrogen fixed was continuously transferred from it to its eukaryotic partners (a fungus and a green alga, Coccomyxa sp.). Kinetic studies carried out over the first 30 min, after exposure of isolated cephalodia to 15N2, showed that highest initial 15N2-labelling was into NH 4 + . After 12 min little further increase in the NH 4 + label occurred while that in the amide group of glutamine and in glutamate continued to increase. The 15N-labelling of the amino group of glutamine and of aspartate increased more slowly, followed by an increase in the labelling of alanine. When total incorporation of 15N-label was calculated, the overall pattern was found to be rather similar except that, throughout the experiment, the total 15N incorporated into glutamate was about six times greater than that into the amide group of glutamine. Pulse chase experiments, in which 14N2 was added to cephalodia previously exposed to 15N2, showed that the NH 4 + pool rapidly became depleted of 15N-label, followed by decreases in the labelling of glutamate, the amide group of glutamine and aspartate. The 15N-labelling of alanine, however, continued to increase for a period. When isolated cephalodia were treated with L-methionine-SR-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), and azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), there was no detectable labelling in glutamine although the 15N-labelling of glutamate increased unimpaired. On treating the cephalodia with amino-oxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferase activity, the alanine pool decreased. Evidence was obtained that glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were located in the Nostoc, and that glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) and various amino-transferases were located in the cephalodial fungus. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380825
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) in some N2 fixing bacteria during derepression and repression of nitrogenase (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 341-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of ammonium to N2 fixing cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum rapidly reduced the intracellular levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) by 70–90%. This change might reflect a regulatory role of ppGpp in nitrogen metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422542
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between the state of adenylylation of glutamine synthetase I and the export of ammonium in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 26-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonium export ; Ammonium assimilation ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium sp. 32H1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between ammonium assimilation and ammonium export has been studied in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1. After 55 to 67 h of microaerobic growth under a gas phase of 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% Ar high levels of nitrogenase were observed concomitant with a slightly adenylylated glutamine synthetase (GSI) and some glutamine synthetase (GSII) activity. However, after growth of 89 h, or longer, GSI became adenylylated and the level of GSII had decreased. When the gas phase was shifted to 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% N2, a lag was observed before ammonium export could be detected in the 55 to 67 h cultures. No lag in ammonium export was observed in the cultures previously grown for 89 h. The onset of ammonium export in the 55 to 67 h cultures was found to correlate with the adenylylation state of GSI. There appeared to be no correlation between the level of GSII and the export of ammonium. Neither an increase in the adenylylation level of GSI nor ammonium export was observed when the 55 to 67 h cultures were maintained under the Ar gas mixture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The uptake and hydrolysis of disaccharides by fast-and slow-growing species of Rhizobium (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 238-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Disaccharide ; Bacteroid ; Transport ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Slow growing strains of rhizobia appear to lack both uptake systems and catabolic enzymes for disaccharides. In the fast-growing strains of rhizobia there are uptake mechanisms and catabolic enzymes for disaccharide metabolism. In Rhizobium leguminosarum WU 163 and WU235 and R. trifolii WU290, sucrose and maltose uptake appears to be constitutive whereas in R. meliloti WU60 and in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 uptake of these disaccharides is inducible. There is evidence that there are at least two distinct disaccharide uptake systems in fast-growing rhizobia, one transporting sucrose, maltose and trehalose and the other, lactose. Disaccharide uptake is via an active process since uptake is inhibited by azide, dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone but not by arsenate. Bacteroids of R. leguminosarum WU235 and R. lupini WU8 are unable to accumulate disaccharides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425257
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of nitrogenase messenger RNA synthesis and stability in Klebsiella pneumoniae (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Gene expression ; Regulation ; Messenger RNA ; Transcription ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogenase messenger RNA synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined by labelling cells with (3H)uracil and isolating total RnA, which was then hybridized to filterbound recombinant plasmid pSA30 DNA carrying the nitrogenase structural genes nifH, D, and K. Derepression of nitrogenase mRNA starts 1.5 h before the onset of nitrogenase activity (as measured by acetylene reduction). Exposure of nif-derepressed cultures to either NH 4 + , air, or high temperatures (39° C) results in a rapid decrease of the synthesis rates both of nitrogenase mRNA and nitrogenase polypeptides. Nitrogenase mRNA is remarkably stable. After blocking transcription with rifampicin, hybridizable and actively translatable nitrogenase mRNA survives with an average half-life of 18 min. Half-lives are considerably shorter when rifampicin-inhibited cultures are simultaneously shifted to conditions which are non-permissive for nitrogenase synthesis, pointing to some posttranscriptional influence on nitrogenase mRNA stability. In all experiments performed there was no evidence for uncoupling of nitrogenase mRNA synthesis from nitrogenase mRNA translation, indicating that nitrogenase synthesis is regulated solely by transcriptional control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00527069
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  • 11
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    Organisation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes on a Rhizobium trifolii symbiotic plasmid (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium trifolii ; Symbiosis ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiotic genes ; Reiterated sequences ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Rhizobium trifolii symbiotic plasmid specific gene library was constructed and the physical organisation of regions homologous to nifHDK, nifA and nod genes was determined. These symbiotic gene regions were localised to u 25 kb region on the sym-plasmid, pPN1. In addition four copies of a reiterated sequence were identified on this plasmid, with one copy adjacent to nifH. No rearrangement of these reiterated sequences was observed between R. trifolii bacterial and bacteroid DNA. Analysis of a deletion derivative of pPN1 showed that these sequences were spread over a 110 kb region to the left of nifA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401991
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification by Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 212-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrous oxide reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide reduction can consistently be demonstrated with high activities in cells of Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 which are grown anaerobically in the presence of low amounts of nitrite. Azospirillum can even grow anaerobically with nitrous oxide in the absence of any other respiratory electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum is inhibited by acetylene, amytal and weakly by carbon monoxide. Azospirillum converts nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen without the formation of ammonia. The cells must, therefore, be supplied with ammonia from nitrogen fixation during anaerobic growth with nitrous oxide. When no other nitrogen compound besides nitrous oxide is available in the medium, the bacteria synthesize nitrogenase from protein reserves in about 2 h. Nitrogenase synthesis is blocked by chloramphenicol under these conditions. In contrast, the addition of nitrate or nitrite to the medium represses the synthesis of nitrogenase. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum and other microorganisms is possibly of ecological significance, because the reaction performed by the bacteria may remove nitrous oxide from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402122
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations of inorganic nitrogen by Azospirillum spp. (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 96-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrate respiration ; Denitrification ; Assimilatory nitrate reduction ; Dissimilatory nitrate reduction ; Acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azospirillum spp. participate in all steps of the nitrogen cycle except nitrification. They can fix molecular nitrogen and perform assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate respiration. Culture conditions have been defined under which nitrate is used both as terminal respiratory electron acceptor and as nitrogen source for growth. Nitrate and, possibly to a very limited extent, nitrite, but not sulfate, iron or fumarate support anaerobic respiration. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate can also supply energy for nitrogen fixation but without supporting growth. Nitrate-dependent nitrogenase activity lasts only for 3–4 h until the enzymes of assimilatory nitrate reduction are synthesized. Nitrite accumulates during this period and inhibits nitrogenase activity at concentrations of about 1 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411058
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  • 14
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    Glutathione reductase activity in heterocysts and vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 215-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glutathione reductase ; Cyanobacteria ; Nostoc muscorum ; O2 protection ; Glutathione ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutathione reductase activity was detected and characterized in heterocysts and vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The activity of the enzyme varied between 50 and 150 nmol reduced glutathione· min-1·mg protein-1, and the apparent Km for NADPH was 0.125 and 0.200 mM for heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. The enzyme was found to be sensitive to Zn+2 ions, however, preincubation with oxidized glutathione rendered its resistance to Zn+2 inhibition. Nostoc muscorum filaments were found to contain 0.6–0.7mM glutathione, and it is suggested that glutathione reductase can regenerate reduced glutathione in both cell types. The combined activity of glutathione reductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in heterocysts was as high as 18 nmol reduced glutathione·min-1·mg protein-1. A relatively high superoxide dismutase activity was found in the two cell types; 34.2 and 64.3 enzyme units·min-1·mg protein-1 in heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. We suggest that glutathione reductase plays a role in the protection mechanism which removes oxygen radicals in the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454930
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  • 15
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    Nitrogen nutrition and the development and senescence of nodules on cowpea seedlings (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 316-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule development ; Senescence (nodules) ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3) seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium strain CB756 were cultured with their root systems maintained in air or in Ar: O2 (80:20, v/v) during early nodule development (up to 24 d after sowing). Compared with those in air, seedlings in Ar:O2 showed progressive N deficiency with inhibited shoot growth, reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and total protein levels and loss of chlorophyll in the leaves. Nodule initiation, differentiation of infected and uninfected nodule tissues and the ultrastructure of bacteriod-containing cells were similar in the air and Ar: O2 treatments up to 16 d after sowing. Thereafter the Ar: O2 treatment caused cessation of growth and development of nodules, reduced protein levels in bacteroids and nodule plant cells, and progressive degeneration of nodule ultrastructure leading to premature senescence of these organs. Provision of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) to Ar: O2-grown seedlings overcame the abovementioned consequences of N2 deficiency on nodule and plant growth, but merely delayed the degenerative effects of Ar: O2 treatment on nodule structure and senescence. Treatment of Ar: O2-grown seedlings with NO 3 - greatly increased the protein level of nodules but the increase was largely restricted to the plant cell fraction as opposed to the bacteroids. By contrast, NO 3 - treatment of air-grown seedlings increased protein of bacteroid and host nodule fractions to the same relative extents when compared with air-grown plants not supplemented with NO 3 - . These findings, taken together with studies of the distribution of N in nodules of symbiotically effective plants grown from 15N-labeled seed, indicate that direct incorporation of fixation products by bacteroids may be a critical feature in the establishment and continued growth of an effective symbiosis in the cowpea seedling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396743
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  • 16
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    Chromosome variation in wheat plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Plant regeneration ; Chromosome variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cytological study has been made of plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42). In total, 29% of the 192 plants examined were aneuploid with a range in chromosome numbers of 38–45. Evidence of chromosome structural changes was also found. This variation occurred in regenerants of all four cultivars, but there were large differences in the proportions of aneuploids arising from individual cultures which meant that no significant differences could be demonstrated between cultivars. Chromosome abnormalities were present in plants regenerated both from embryogenic cultures and from cultures in which the origin of shoots could not be distinctly defined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317047
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  • 17
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    Wheat microspore embryogenesis during in vitro anther culture (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 439-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Multicellular pollen grains ; Embryos ; Cytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytological analysis of microspore embryogenesis during in vitro culture reveals a high mortality in the first week and a latency phase of about one week before the first embryogénic mitosis. Genotypic differences observed during our wheat anther culture do not seem to originate at the induction level but are linked to the different abortion rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263409
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  • 18
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    The regeneration of plants from frozen pollen embryos and zygotic embryos of wheat and rice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cryopreservation ; Embryo culture ; Haploids ; Wheat ; Rice ; Germplasm bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther culture derived pollen embryos and immature zygotic embryos of wheat and rice, frozen in liquid nitrogen in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, sucrose and glycerol, have been revived. The retrieved cultures proliferated and/or regenerated shoots and plantlets. The prospects of the cryopreservation of embryos for the conservation and multiplication of germplasm and the possibility of the establishment of ‘Germplasm Banks’ are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264898
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  • 19
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    The genetic control of grain esterases in hexaploid wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hexaploid genotypes ; Allelic variation ; Esterase ; Isozymes ; Isoelectric focusing ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of grain esterase isozymes in Chinese Spring aneuploid genotypes by IEF confirmed that genes on the long arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D (Est-5) control the production of 19 isozymes. Allelic variants have been found for the isozyme pattern controlled by each chromosome. Segregational data involving null alleles and complex phenotypic differences indicate that the wheat grain esterases are encoded by three compound and probably homoeoallelic loci, each capable of producing at least six different isozymes. In a sample of 138 hexaploid genotypes, seven alleles were distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266893
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  • 20
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    A computer-assisted examination of the storage protein genetic variation in 841 accessions of Triticum dicoccoides (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Emmer ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (wild emmer) is an important genetic resource for increasing the protein content of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Many studies have shown that the presence or absence of bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) electrophoregrams of wheat storage proteins to be of a purely genetic character. A total protein extraction and SDS-PAGE technique was used to estimate the storage protein genetic variability among 841 accessions of wild emmer collected from various ecological regions in the Middle East. In addition, a computer data bank was developed, recording the onedimension electrophoregram bands for each accession by molecular weight (MW) and relative Coomassie Blue staining intensity as determined from densitometer scans. Analyses of this information are being used to identify specific accessions for further study by two dimension electrofocusing-electrophoresis and breeding and genetic analyses. The computer-assisted analyses indicated that the greatest genetic variability occurs for proteins in the high MW region (above 70,000 MW) followed by those in the medium range (70,000 to 33,300 MW). Comparatively little variability was revealed for protein subunits of below 33,300 MW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262545
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    Chromosomal assignment of genes controlling salt-soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) in wheat and related species (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; Genetic control ; Salt soluble proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Salt-soluble proteins from the endosperms of wheat, barley, and rye have been separated by nonequilibrium electrofocusing x electrophoresis. Genes encoding 14 of the 25 components observed in wheat have been unambiguously assigned to 10 different chromosomes (1B, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5B, 6B, 6D, 7B, 7D) by analysis of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic series. Five more wheat proteins seem to be controlled by group 2 chromosomes. Analysis of wheat-barley and wheat-rye addition lines has led to the location of genes for 6 out of 20 barley proteins in 4 different chromosomes (1H, 3H, 4H, 6H; 1H is homoeologous to group 7 chromosomes of wheat) and of genes for 5 out of 20 rye proteins in two different chromosomes (2R, 4R). The relationship between the proteins reported here and previously characterized ones is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272890
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    Evidence for maternal effect in the inheritance of grain protein in crosses between cultivated and wild tetraploid wheats (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum ; Grain protein ; Grain weight ; Maternal effect ; Cytoplasmic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated wheat (Triticum turgidum var. ‘durum’) and a high-protein line of wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var. ‘dicoccoides’). F1 grains (on maternal spikes) were very similar to the selfed grains on the maternal parent in protein percentage, weight and protein content. These traits were also analyzed in F3 grains developed on F2 spikes of segregating populations derived from reciprocal crosses between the same cultivated parent and another high-protein line of var. ‘dicoccoides’. No significant differences in the mean values of these traits were found between the reciprocal crosses, indicating no cytoplasmic effect. It has been concluded that these grain characteristics are largely determined by the maternal plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264897
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    Heritability of grain yield, plant height and test weight of a population of winter wheat adapted to Southwestern Ontario (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Heritability ; Yield ; Height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Grain yield, plant height and test weight were studied in a population of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The population consisted of F2 bulk populations of 42 crosses among 11 genotypes adapted to S. W. Ontario. Heritabilities were: 0.30±0.32 for yield, 0.77±0.15 for height and 0.98±0.08 for test weight. Predicted genetic gain with 10% selection intensity was 0.15 t/ha for yield, 10.1 cm for height and 3.00 kg/hl for test weight. The low heritability for yield indicates that effective selection would require pedigree information and progeny tests, while the high heritabilities for height and test weight indicate that selection for these traits using single plots would be appropriate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252304
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    Genetic studies of frost resistance in wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Frost resistance ; Diallel cross ; F2monosomics ; Substitutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic studies of frost resistance were performed on various wheat varieties using diallel, F2 monosomic and substitution analysis. A six-parental cross including reciprocals was carried out, and F1 hybrids and their parents were used for the freezing tests under controlled conditions. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, indicating additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of frost resistance. The high GCA∶SCA ratio revealed a preponderance of additive genetic variance. No significant reciprocal differences were found between the reciprocal crosses. The variance/covariance graphical analysis indicated the partial dominance of frost sensitivity. Frost sensitive varieties had the largest number of dominant genes, while frost resistant varieties had the highest proportion of recessive genes. The magnitude of the additive component of variation was higher than that of the dominance component, and the overall measure of the degree of dominance was smaller than one, so average dominance is incomplete. The increasing and decreasing alleles are not equally frequent at all loci. In this set of wheat varieties the values of narrow and broad heritability are relatively high. F2 monosomic analysis of the winter wheat variety ‘Arthur’ crossed with the monosomics of ‘Chinese Spring’ revealed that the average frost resistance of all the 21 monosomics was lower than that of the disomic. F2 monosomic hybrids 5A, 2B, 4B and 5D proved to be relatively frost resistant, while monosomics 3A, 3B and 6D were the most sensitive. The control of frost resistance in the set of chromosome substitution lines of the variety ‘Cheyenne’ into ‘Chinese Spring’ (with the exception of 2B) indicated that the genes responsible for the frost resistance of ‘Cheyenne’ are localised in chromosomes 5A, 7A, 4B, 5B, 4D and 5D. The genetic basis of frost resistance and problems of analysis are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264968
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    Monosomic analysis of genes for resistance against stem rust races in bread wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264984
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    Analysing environments for plant breeding purposes as exemplified by multivariate analyses of long term wheat yields (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 317-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Environmental evaluation ; Plant breeding ; Multivariate analysis ; Wheat ; Climatic variable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A previous attempt to relate long term yields from the Western Australian wheat belt to climatic factors proved only partially successful. Here, principal component analysis has been used to examine the patterns of variability created by those socio-economic factors which may have obscured any underlying relationship which existed between yield and climate. In fact, these analyses revealed the existence of variation peculiar to particular groups of years, a result which could explain why many attempts to relate crop yields directly to climatic factors have proved unsuccessful. The plant breeding implications of these genotype x environment interactions are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264985
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    Genetic variation in wheat endosperm proteins: an analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis using intervarietal chromosomal substitution lines (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Electro phoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The major endosperm proteins in a range of genotypes of hexaploid wheat have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The genotypes included nine varieties and forty four intervarietal substitution lines in which chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 6A, 6B or 6D from eight of the varieties have been introduced one at a time into a common genetic background. The appearance of different protein subunits was often correlated with a chromosome substitution. This showed that many of the genes for the high molecular weight protein subunits (molecular weight range 55,000 to 140,000 determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are specified by chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D while many of the lower molecular weight subunits (molecular weight range 30,000 to 45,000) are specified by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D. The different protein subunits correlated with chromosome substitution could not always be recognised in the varietal source of the substituted chromosome. The different subunits specified by homologous chromosomes in different wheat varieties may differ in isoelectric point and/or molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276450
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    Biochemical markers associated with two Mv chromosomes from Aegilops ventricosa in wheat-Aegilops addition lines (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Aegilops ventricosa ; Addition lines ; Biochemical markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of three biochemical markers, U-1, CM-4 and Aphv-a, -b, among wheat-Aegilops addition lines carrying Mv chromosomes from Aegilops ventricosa (genomes DvMv) has been investigated. Addition lines which had been previously grouped together on the basis of common non-biochemical characters carried marker U-1, a protein component from the 2M urea extract. The added chromosome, in the appropriate genetic background, seems to confer a high level of resistance to the eyespot disease, caused by the fungus Cercosporella herpotrichoides. The other two markers were concomitantly associated with another similarly formed group of addition lines. Both CM-4, a protein component from the chloroform:methanol extract, and Aphv-a, -b, alkaline phosphate isozymes, have been previously shown to be associated with homoeologous chromosome group 4, which suggests that the added chromosome in the second group of addition lines is 4Mv.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275171
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    The role of ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes in photosynthetic and respiratory activity of wheat leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparative analysis of eight cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) classified by height as tall (T), semi-dwarf (D1), dwarf (D2) and very dwarf (D3) was conducted to study their efficiency of oxygen exchange during photosynthesis and dark respiration. Two cultivars were included in each height group. Cultivars carrying ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes (D1, D2 and D3) were found to have a significantly higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area than talls (T) that lack these genes. Among the ‘Norin’ gene carriers, dwarf group (D2) was most efficient, followed by very dwarf (D3) and semi-dwarf (D1). Photosynthetic rate and respiratory rate were found to have a positive relationship.
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    Identification of a 4A/7R and a 7B/4R wheat-rye chromosome translocation (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Gene transfer ; Translocations ; Homoeologous genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By producing chromosome substitutions with ‘Imperial rye’ chromosomes 4R (C) and 7R (D) in the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ two spontaneous translocation lines were obtained. One involves segments of wheat chromosome 4A and rye chromosome 7R, the other involves portions of wheat chromosome 7B and rye chromosome 4R
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275773
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling seed proteins in species related to wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Seed proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye ; Ae. umbellulata ; Ag. elongatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed proteins of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat stocks which possess single chromosomes from other plant species related to wheat have been separated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Marker protein bands have been detected for both arms of barley chromosome 5, chromosome E (= 1R) and B (= 2R) of rye, chromosomes A,B (= 1Cu) and C (= 5Cu) of Aegilops umbellulata and chromosomes I and III of Agropyron elongatum. These studies, and previous findings, indicate that chromosome 5 of barley, chromosome 1R of rye, chromosome I of Ag. elongatum and possibly chromosome 1Cu of Ae. umbellulata are similar to chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D in hexaploid wheat in that they carry genes controlling prolamins on their short arms and genes controlling high-molecular-weight (apparent molecular weight greater than 86,000) seed protein species on their long arms. These findings support the idea that all these chromosomes are derived from a common ancestral chromosome and that they have maintained their integrity since their derivation from that ancestral chromosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275771
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    Observed and hypothetical leaf rust progress curves of some genotypes of wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Leaf rust ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hypothetical leaf rust progress curves of 15 genotypes of wheat were generated by integrating the components of slow rusting resistance determined in the glasshouse. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) from the hypothetical and observed leaf rust progress curves were compared. It was found that the hypothetical AUDPC values of all the genotypes studied were smaller than their respective observed AUDPC values. Possible causes for the discrepancies in the observed and hypothetical values are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282422
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    Race-specific interactions between wheat genotypes and Indian cultures of stem rust (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 161-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Resistance ; Local virulence ; Stem rust ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Near isogenic/substitution lines of stem rust resistance genes in different backgrounds of ‘Marquis’, ‘Chinese Spring’ and W 2691 and certain varieties with known genes for stem rust resistance were tested against each of 19 Indian cultures of stem rust races/biotypes (14, 15, 17, 21, 21A-1, 24, 34, 40, 40A, 42, 42B, 117, 117A, 117A-1, 122, 184, 194, 222 and 295). Sr 24 (‘Sear's 3D/Ag’), Sr 24 (TR 380-27 4/3 Ag 14-White seeded recombinant with ‘Agent’ type resistance), Sr 25 (‘Sear's 7D/Ag’), Sr 26 (‘Eagle’), Sr 26 (Knott's 6A/Ag translocation), Sr 27 (WRT 238-5), Combination line (Sr Tt1 + Sr 9b) were observed to be completely effective against all the 19 cultures tested. In addition, a number of lines, such as TAF2d (Sr Agi), Line W(Sr Tt2) and Combination III (Sr Tt1 + Sr 9e), were found to be effective against at least three of the most prevalent races (21, 40A and 117A-1) and a virulent race 122 in Indian natural population. Lines carrying genes other than Sr 2, Sr 9a, Sr 9f (‘Chinese Spring’) and Sr 15 (‘Norka’), and Line E were found to be resistant to one or more cultures of stem rust. The background effect upon the expression of a gene was observed by comparing the range of infection on single gene host lines in either different backgrounds and/or in cultivars with known genes for stem rust resistance against the 12 cultures of stem rust races found in India.
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    An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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    Inheritance of glutenin protein subunits of wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 333-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Seed proteins ; Glutenin protein ; subunits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin protein subunits in hexaploid wheat has been investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to examine the segregation of these subunits in 496 test-cross seeds. The parents of the f1 hybrid were chosen so that the test-cross seeds segregated for all the HMW glutenin bands. Two glutenin subunits from one parent, believed to be controlled by genes on chromosome 1D, segregated as alternatives to two glutenin subunits from the other parent, a result that supports the assumption that these subunits are controlled by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. Similar results were obtained for glutenin subunits believed to be controlled by chromosome IB, which suggests that these subunits are controlled also by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. A single glutenin subunit band, believed to be controlled by chromosome 1A, segregated as an alternative to a single glutenin band from the other parent, except that one seed did not possess either band. It was concluded that these bands are controlled either by allelic genes or by nonallelic genes that are very closely linked.
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    Fine-structural heterogeneity and morphologic changes in rat pituitary prolactin cells after estrogen and testosterone treatment (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Prolactin cells ; Estrogen ; Heterogeneity ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to determine the functional and/or developmental relationships among three heterogeneous types of prolactin cells (I, II and III) in rats. Rats were injected subcutaneously daily with estradiol or testosterone propionate on days 10–20 after birth. Estradiol increased the proportion of cell types II and III, increased serum PRL levels 12-fold in males and 15-fold in females, and increased pituitary levels of prolactin 12-fold in males and 5-fold in females. Testosterone mainly increased the proportion of the Type-II cells, decreased serum levels of prolactin in males only, and did not change pituitary levels of prolactin. In a second experiment, treatment of rats with nafoxidine for five days after E2 treatment (days 10–20 after birth) increased the proportion of Type-I cells and decreased the proportion of Type-III cells and decreased serum and pituitary levels of prolactin by 50% in females and by 15 and 45% in males. In a third experiment utilizing adult male rats, estradiol and testosterone were found to modulate the relative ratios of the different types of PRL cells as they did in immature animals. The data taken as a whole suggest the possibility of an estrogen-stimulated conversion of one cell type to another, which may be a reflection of prolactin secretory activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217136
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    Glial cells in the pineal gland of mice and rats (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Interstitial cells ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antigenic markers characteristic of astrocytes and their differentiative states (i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and M1 and C1 antigens) were investigated in the pineal gland of mouse and rat using double immunolabeling techniques. In both species the socalled interstitial cells as characterized by TEM were shown to be astrocytes, since they expressed vimentin, but neither fibronectin (a marker for fibroblasts and endothelial cells) nor the neuron-specific L1 antigen or tetanus toxin receptors. Subpopulations of vimentin-positive pineal astrocytes were also GFAP- and C1- antigen-positive. M1- antigenpositive cells were not detected. It is concluded that a considerable proportion of interstitial cells in the pineal gland of rat and mouse are immature astrocytes which, in contrast to other parts of the central nervous system, persist into adulthood.
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    Comparative immunocytochemical study of the subcommissural organ (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 427-441 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner's fiber ; Ependyma ; Secretory process ; Comparative analysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organs (SCO) of 76 specimens belonging to 25 vertebrate species (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) were studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. The primary antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with bovine Reissner's fiber (RF) extracted in a medium containing EDTA, DTT and urea. Antiserum against an aqueous extract of RF was also produced. The presence of immunoreactive material in cell processes and endings was regarded as an indication of a possible route of passage. Special attention was paid to the relative development of the ventricular, leptomeningeal and vascular pathways established by immunoreactive structures. The SCO of submammalian species is characterized by (i) a conspicuous leptomeningeal connection established by ependymal cells, (ii) scarce or missing hypendymal cells, and (iii) a population of ependymal cells establishing close spatial contacts with blood vessels. The SCO of most mammalian species displays the following features: (i) ependymal cells lacking immunoreactive long basal processes, (ii) hypendymal secretory cells occurring either in a scattered arrangement or forming clusters, (iii) an occasional leptomeningeal connection provided by hypendymal cells, and (iv) in certain species numerous contacts of secretory cells with blood vessels. In the hedgehog immunoreactive material was missing in the ependymal formation of the SCO, but present in hypendymal cells and in the choroid plexuses. The SCO of several species of New-and Old-World monkeys displayed immunoreactive material, whereas that of anthropoid apes (chimpanzee, orangutan) and man was completely negative with the antisera used.
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    Spatial and structural interrelationships between secretory cells of the subcommissural organ and blood vessels (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 443-449 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Comparative aspects ; Immunocytochemistry ; Secretory process ; Blood vessels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 76 specimens (amphibians, reptilians, mammals) belonging to 25 different vertebrate species, the region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) was investigated with the use of a primary antiserum raised against an extract of bovine Reissner's fiber+the immunoperoxidase procedure according to Sternberger et al. (1970). In the SCO of a toad (Bufo arenarum) and several species of reptiles (lacertilians, ophidians, crocodilians), the ependymal cells were the only type of secretory cell displaying vascular contacts, whereas in mammals ependymal and hypendymal cells established intimate spatial contacts with blood vessels. In Bufo arenarum, but especially in the reptilian species examined, the ependymo-vascular relationship was exerted by a population of ependymal cells having a rather constant location within the SCO and projecting to capillaries that showed a remarkably constant pattern of anatomical distribution. In the SCO of mammals the modality and degree of the structural relationships between secretory cells and blood vessels varied greatly from species to species. In the SCO of the armadillo and dog the secretory tissue was organized as a thick, highly vascularized layer with most of the cells oriented toward the capillaries. A rather opposite situation was found in the SCO of New-and Old-World monkeys, where vascular contacts were restricted to a few ependymal cells.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the brain of the lizard, Lacerta muralis (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone ; α-MSH-like peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Lizard (Lacerta muralis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was studied in the brain of the lizard Lacerta muralis by means of immunocytochemical staining methods. α-MSH-like containing cells were found in the ventro-lateral preoptic area and the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Some scattered cells staining for α-MSH were also detected in the mesencephalo-diencephalic boundary region, while numerous α-MSH-like nerve fibres were localized in the medial eminence. No reaction was observed after the use of antiserum preabsorbed with synthetic antigen. These findings suggest that an α-MSH-like peptidergic system could possibly be involved in the hypothalamo-hypophysial regulation and/or play a role as neurotransmitter in this animal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228436
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the human hypothalamus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 203-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Hypothalamus, human ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary stalk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus, an immunocytochemical localization of this peptide was performed. Using antibodies developed against synthetic porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), we have been able to localize immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies located exclusively in the infundibular nucleus. Immunostained fibers were found in several regions in the hypothalamus with a high concentration in the periventricular areas. Fibers were also found in the neurovascular zone of the median eminence, the pituitary stalk and the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that immunoreactive material related to porcine NPY is present in the human hypothalamus, with a distribution similar to that observed in the rat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215163
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical evidence for peptidergic neurotransmission in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic neurotransmission ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three neuronal systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were immunocytochemically investigated at the ultrastructural level with the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Preliminary electrophysiological and cell-filling investigations have shown that a cluster of neurons which reacts positively with an antiserum against the molluscan cardio-active peptide FMRFamide, sends axons to the penis retractor muscle. In this muscle anti-FMRF-amide (aFM) positive axons form neuro-muscular synapses with (smooth) muscle fibers. The morphological observations suggest the aFM immunoreactive system to be involved in peptidergic neurotransmission. In the right parietal ganglion a large neuron (LYAC) is penetrated by aFM positive axons which form synapse-like structures (SLS) with the LYAC. The assumption that the SLS represent the morphological basis for peptidergic transmission is sustained by the observation that iontophoretical application of synthetic FMRFamide depolarizes the LYAC. The axons of a group of pedal anti-vasopressin (aVP) positive cells run in close vicinity to the cerebral ovulation (neuro-)-hormone producing cell system (CDC system) Synapses or SLS between the two systems were not observed. The fact that (bath) application of arg-vasopressin induces bursting in the CDC, may indicate that the vasopressin-like substance of the aVP cells is released non-synaptically.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical demonstration of D2-protein in adrenal medulla (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 497-502 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: D2 glycoprotein ; Adrenal gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult bovine chromaffin cells was studied by immunofluorescence. D2 was found to be situated on nerve fibers passing through the adrenal cortex and in the medulla zone, and also on the surface of all chromaffin cells. In addition, it was strongly expressed on the surface of glial (Schwann) cells. Cortical cells were unreactive to the antiserum. In cultures, all adrenalin and noradrenalin [dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] cells were surface labelled for D2. A less frequent second cell type was recognized in vitro which was DBH negative but D2 positive. Such cells were presumed to be Schwann cells. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental origin of the cells and with regard to the putative functional rôle of D2 in cell adhesion phenomena.
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    Cytological localization of α-MSH, ACTH and β-endorphin in the pars intermedia of the cichlid teleost Sarotherodon mossambicus (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 625-633 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost ; Pars intermedia ; Immunocytochemistry ; PAP-technique ; MSH ; ACTH ; Endorphin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars intermedia of S. mossambicus contains two different endocrine-cell types. The predominant cell type is lead-haematoxyline-positive and assumed to synthesize MSH and related peptides. The second cell type is PAS positive and its function and product(s) are unknown. Staining of light-microscopic and ultrathin sections with antisera against α-MSH, ACTH 1–24 and human β-endorphin revealed that only the lead-haematoxyline-positive cells of the pars intermedia react with these antisera, and that the secretory granules of these cells contain compounds that were immunoreactive to all three antisera. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that α-MSH, ACTH and endorphins are derived from the same precursor molecule. No specific reaction with one of the antisera could be detected in the PAS positive cells.
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    Evidence for somatostatin, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide-like substances in the mucosa cells of the gut in fishes with and without stomach (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Digestive tract ; Fish ; Gastrin-immunoreactive cells ; Pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells ; Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactive cells in the gut of two fish with stomachs (perch and catfish) and a stomachless fish (carp) were studied by immunocytochemistry. In the gastric mucosa of perch and catfish, cells showing gastrin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity are found, scattered among the surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells. No pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) immunoreactive cells are detected in the gastric mucosa. Cells showing gastrin and P.P.-like immunoreactivity are observed in the intestinal mucosa of perch, catfish and carp. In this location no somatostatin immunoreactive cells are found.
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  • 46
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    Immunohistochemical localisation of substances reactive to antisera against α-and β-endorphin and met-enkephalin in the brain of Rana temporaria L. (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 79-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α- and β-Endorphins ; Met-enkephalin ; Brain ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rana temporaria (Amphibia, Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of Rana temporaria, two distinct systems reactive with α- and β-endorphin antisera, respectively, and with a met-enkephalin antiserum, have been detected immunohistochemically. Neurons reacting with α- and β-endorphin antisera are located (1) in the preoptic nucleus, and (2) in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. Immunoreactive nerve fibres of both groups of perikarya end in the infundibular floor near the capillaries and the preoptico-hypophysial tract. Control reactions have shown that the immunoreactivity is suppressed by the corresponding antigens, but also by β-LPH. In view of these results the immunoreactive systems examined correspond to an α/β-endorphin system or a lipotropinergic system. Neurons reacting with the met-enkephalin antiserum are located in the paraventricular organ. Intense immunofluorescence was observed in the infundibular floor. Controls show that the labelling by met-enkephalin antiserum is exclusively suppressed by met-enkephalin. In the pituitary gland, on the other hand, α- and β-endorphin antisera reveal: 1) the MSH/ACTH-like cells of the pars intermedia and 2) the ACTH-like cells of the pars distalis.
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    Immunohistochemical study of the adenohypophysis of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars distalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Amphibia ; Gymnophiona
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The indirect immunofluorescence method was used to identify and locate LTH-, STH-, LH-, TSH-, ACTH- and MSH-immunoreactive cells in the pituitary of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Gymnophiona). The present study defines the histological and histochemical staining properties of each cell type identified.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) in smooth muscle fibers and absorptive epithelial cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 207-209 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caldesmon ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small intestine ; Smooth muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) (Sobue et al. 1982) and of actin was studied in the rat's small intestine by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Positive immunostaining for caldesmon was seen in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal wall, and of blood vessels, and in the apical portion of the absorptive epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity in goblet cells was difficult to recognize. The positive reaction to immunostaining for actin showed almost the same pattern as that for caldesmon. These results suggest that this calmodulin-binding protein may play an important role in the control of actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle cells and in non-muscle cells.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neurons in the nervous system of the Colorado potato beetle with antisera against FMRFamide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 303-308 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic neurons ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Particular neurons in the nervous system of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, are recognized by antisera against bovine pancreatic polypeptide and FMRFamide. Both antisera react with the same neurons. Solid phase absorptions showed that antiserum against bovine pancreatic polypeptide cross-reacts with FMRFamide, whereas antiserum against FMRFamide cross-reacts with bovine pancreatic polypeptide. Some of the immunoreactive neurons have axons branching extensively within the neuropile, which suggests that the peptide is used as transmitter. In the corpus cardiacum, a neurohaemal organ in insects, numerous immunoreactive axon terminals are present. Here, the peptide material is presumably released as a hormone.
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    Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the brain of the domestic fowl (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 245-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons were investigated in the brain of the domestic fowl by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique at the light-microscopic level. The detection of CRF-immunoreactivity was facilitated by silver intensification. CRF-containing perikarya were found in the paraventricular, preoptic and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and in some extrahypothalamic areas (nuclei dorsomedialis and dorsolateralis thalami, nucleus accumbens septi, lobus parolfactorius, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon, nucleus oculomotorius ventralis). Immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were demonstrated in the external zone of the median eminence and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. These results indicate that an immunologically demonstrable CRF-neurosecretory system also exists in the avian central nervous system.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon and actin in thyroid glands of rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 375-377 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Immunocytochemistry ; Caldesmon ; Actin ; Endocytosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin interacting protein; Sobue et al. 1982) and actin was studied in the rat thyroid gland by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, and the fine-structural distribution of actin filaments was examined by use of heavy meromyosin (HMM). Caldesmon and actin were demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of almost all the follicle epithelial cells in normal as well as TSH-treated animals. Immunoreactivities for both caldesmon and actin showed almost the same pattern in localization. The smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels were also positive for caldesmon and actin. By electron microscopy, numerous actin filaments decorated by HMM and running perpendicularly or randomly to the apical surface were recognized in the apical cytoplasm of the follicle epithelial cell. These results suggest that caldesmon and actin, in conjugation with calmodulin, play a role in the regulation of cellular activity such as exocytosis and endocytosis in the apical portion of the follicle epithelial cell.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of peptidergic neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis with antisera raised to biologically active peptides of vertebrates (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 273-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Biologically active peptides ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perikarya and nerve fibers were immunocytochemically identified in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method with antisera to 15 biologically active peptides of vertebrates: vasopressin, vasotocin, oxytocin, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), met-enkephalin, somatostatin, glucagon, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Substance P, calcitonin. No immunostaining was obtained with antisera to β-endorphin, cholecystokinin (CCK), neurophysin I and II. Particular neurons could be identified with two antisera (anti-vasopressin/vasotocin, anti-α-MSH/metenkephalin, anti-substance P/PP, anti-PP/gastrin). Apparently this indicates that populations of cells identified with a given antiserum may consist of more than one cell type. Only a few of the new peptidergic cells appeared to be identical with classical neurosecretory cells. Thus the growth hormone producing Light Green Cells stained with anti-somatostatin and the axon terminals of the ovulation hormone producing Caudo-Dorsal Cells with anti-met-enkephalin. Whether this indicates structural identity of the growth hormone with somatostatin and of the ovulation hormone with met-enkephalin remains to be investigated. Just like the classical neurosecretory cells a number of the new peptidergic cells (anti-glucagon, -insulin, -met-enkephalin, -somatostatin, and -PP positive cells) send their axons to the peripheries of commissures, connectives or nerves. Thus these cells can be considered as probably neuroendocrine. The classical neurosecretory cells release their products into the haemolymph from these sites. Other new peptidergic cells (e.g., anti-vasopressin, -vasotocin, -oxytocin and -GIP positive cells) have axons that terminate, probably synaptically, on other neurons, indicating that they are “more conventional” neurons, their products being neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. It can also not be excluded that some cells of a population containing a given peptide are neuroendocrine and others make contact with other neurons.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of urotensin I neurons in the caudal neurosecretory system of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urotensin ; Caudal neurosecretory system ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of urotensin I has been investigated in the caudal neurosecretory system of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). The peptide is present in all the cells of the system both large and small, in the large axons passing to the urophysis, and in fine beaded fibres not only within the urophysis but also in a fine plexus lateral to the large cells in the spinal cord proper. The possibility that the caudal neurosecretory system is not a functionally uniform system but rather a collection of dissimilar cells of different synaptic inputs with a common entity, urotensin I, is discussed. Moreover, the feasibility of a urotensin I feedback loop is described.
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    Comparative immunocytochemical demonstration of ACTH-, LH and FSH-containing cells in the pituitary of neonatal, immature and adult rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 71-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary rat ; LH cells ; FSH cells ; ACTH cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of immunocytochemistry, the development of ACTH-, LH- and FSH cells was examined in the anterior pituitary of 5-day-old neonatal, 15-day-old immature and adult rats. ACTH-positive cells are angular and the periphery of these cells is strongly reactive with anti-ACTH serum. In contrast, LH- and FSH-immunopositive cells are ovoid elements, ranging in cell size and intensity of staining. Angular cells, in which only the cell periphery reacted with anti-LHβ serum, were observed in neonatal and immature rats; however, these cells were not stained with either anti-FSHβ serum or anti-ACTH serum. Observation of serial semithin sections revealed that ACTH-immunopositive cells do not react with either anti-LHβ or anti-FSHβ serum. Finally, it was observed that ACTH cells and LH cells are both functionally differentiated already in 5-day-old neonatal rats.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of LH and FSH in the pituitary of the untreated male rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary (rat) ; LH cells ; FSH cells ; Rapid freeze-substitution ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ferritin antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rapid freeze-substitution fixation was employed in immunocytochemical studies on the localization of LH and FSH in the typical gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary in the untreated male rat; a modification of a recently described ferritin antibody method (Inoue et al. 1982) was used in these studies. It was shown that rapid freeze-substitution fixation provides good preservation not only of the ultrastructure but also of the antigenicity. Both LH and FSH were clearly demonstrated in the same gonadotrophic cells, but the subcellular localization of these gonadotrophins differed: (i) LH was mainly located in small secretory granules, 250–300 nm in diameter; (ii) FSH was mainly present in large secretory granules, up to 500 nm in diameter. In the pituitary gland of the adult male rat, all gonadotrophs that react to antibodies against gonadotrophins are characterized by small and large secretory granules. Other types of cells of the anterior pituitary containing either small secretory granules or resembling corticotrophs with secretory granules assembled at cell periphery did not react to either anti-LH beta or anti-FSH beta serum. For light microscopy, the peroxidase antibody method was used. All of the gonadotrophin-positive cells contain both LH and FSH. None of the pituitary cells reacted to antibody against only one gonadotrophin. However, some cells are “LH-rich” while other cells are “FSH-rich”.
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    Ultrastructural evidence for endogenous testosterone immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland of the rat (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Gonadotropic cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Testosterone binding ; Cryo-ultramicrotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several attempts have been made to localize steroids by means of immunocytological techniques. However, these methods were found inadequate for detecting steroids bound to their receptors. To localize endogenous testosterone (T) in its target cells at the ultrastructural level, an immunocytological technique was performed on ultrathin sections obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy. T was detected in the pituitary glands obtained from intact male or female rats and castrated rats, but not in castrated + adrenalectomized rats. Animals were also injected either with testosterone, with other steroids (estradiol, progesterone, corticosterone) or with an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate). In addition, some ultrathin sections were preincubated either with phosphate buffers of various pH, corticosterone, cyproterone acetate solution, or with T solution. The content of T in the pituitary before and after fixation was measured by radioimmunoassay; it decreased after fixation. T immunoreactivity was localized in the gonadotropic cells only, both in the male and female rats. At the subcellular level, the immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the nucleus. Immunoreactive T disappeared 1) in rats after castration+adrenalectomy; by means of radioimmunoassay no T was measured in these pituitary glands; 2) in rats injected with 25 (μg/rat of cyproterone acetate; 3) after preincubation of pituitary sections on a drop of cyproterone acetate (1 × 10-6 M). The immunocytological reaction was not modified when the rats were injected with estradiol, progesterone or corticosterone (1 mg/rat), or after preincubation of the sections with corticosterone (1 × 10-3 M), or a buffer solution at pH 7.6. Lower or higher pH values led to a strong decrease in the immunoreactivity. After injection of T (15 μg/rat) the immunocytological reaction was more abundant in the nucleus and less in the cytoplasm. The immunoreactivity was again observed when the sections were preincubated with cyproterone acetate solution and then with T solution. These data suggest that T can be detected by means of immunocytochemistry. It is probably bound to a specific binding site.
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    Evidence that oxytocin-secreting neurones are involved in the ultrastructural reorganisation of the rat supraoptic nucleus apparent at lactation (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 217-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Supraoptic nucleus (SON) ; Oxytocin neurones ; Neuronal appositions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pre-embedding immunocytochemistry was performed on vibratome sections of the hypothalamus of lactating rats using antiserum directed against oxytocin. Electron microscopy revealed that numerous immunopositive somata and dendrites in the supraoptic nucleus were in direct apposition, without glial interposition; a number of them were also bridged by “double” synapses. The observations support the contention that the ultrastructural reorganisation of the nucleus apparent at lactation affects the magnocellular neurones secreting oxytocin.
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    Ultrastructural localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in rat salivary glands by immunocytochemistry (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: DPP IV ; Salivary glands ; Ultrastructural localization ; Immunocytochemistry ; PAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) (EC 3.4.14.5) in rat submandibular and parotid glands was studied immunocytochemically by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, using a monospecific antiserum against rat kidney DPP IV. There were no differences in the immunocytochemical localization of DPP IV between submandibular and parotid glands. In these glands, DPP IV was primarily found to be associated with the luminal and intercellular canalicular plasma membranes of acinar cells and with the luminal plasma membranes of intercalated and striated duct cells. Occasionally, immunoreaction of DPP IV was detected in cytoplasmic vesicles (vacuoles), lysosomes, and multivesicular bodies in some acinar cells as well as in ductal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the reaction product was also found within the lumina of peri-acinar and peri-ductal capillaries and in the cytoplasm of some fibroblasts in the interstitial connective tissue. These data suggest that DPP IV in the submandibular and parotid glands may play some role in the secretion or reabsorption processes of secretory proteins and peptides in these glands.
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    Distribution and ultrastructure of S-100-immunoreactive cells in the human thymus (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 509-514 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Thymus ; Interdigitating cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the localization and ultrastructure of S-100-immunoreactive cells in the human thymus. These immunoreactive cells are distributed mainly in the medulla with some scattered elements in the cortex. Electron-microscopic observation revealed that the cells are characterized by an irregularly shaped nucleus, tubulovesicular structures in the cytoplasm and characteristic interdigitations of the plasma membrane. The cells often embrace lymphocytes with their branched processes. On the basis of these morphological features, the immunostained elements were identified as interdigitating cells (IDCs). The immunocytochemistry for S-100 visualizes the precise distribution and extension of the IDCs under the light microscope and indicates that the IDCs form no structural networks such as those established by the thymic epithelial cells. Since the IDCs in human lymph nodes have also been reported to contain S-100-like immunoreactivity, S-100 protein can be regarded as a useful marker for identifying the IDCs in the human thymus and other lymphoid organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226947
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a substance in the eyestalk of the prawn, Palaemon serratus, reactive with an anti-FMRF-amide rabbit serum (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 601-605 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; FMRF-amide ; Neurotransmitter ; Palaemon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of a specific antiserum against the molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide FMRF-amide in combination with the PAP-method it was possible to obtain positive immunocytochemical reactions in several neurosecretory regions of the eyestalk of the prawn Palaemon serratus. FMRF-amide-like material was found in perikarya and nerve fibers of the medulla terminalis and in neurons in the lamina ganglionaris. The immunoreactivity observed in the glandular tissue located at the basal insertion of the eyestalk muscles must be ascribed to a non-specific reaction. The identification of immunopositive nerve fibers, ending on a nerve bundle in the medulla terminalis, and the fact that immunoreactive material was absent in the neurohemal sinus gland seem to indicate a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226958
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    Differentiation of cells producing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, α- and β-endorphin, GH and PRL) in the fetal porcine anterior pituitary (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 615-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal porcine pituitary ; ACTH, MSH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin, GH, PRL ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study on the fetal porcine pituitary was (1) to detect by means of the immunoperoxidase technique the earliest stages of cells producing polypeptide hormones: β-MSH, ACTH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), (2) to study the development of the synthesis and the storage of these hormones during fetal life, and (3) to detect whether several hormones can be located in one and the same cell. The corticotropic cells were revealed as the earliest functional elements of the fetal anterior pituitary. Our results indicate clearly that ACTH, β-MSH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin appear at 34 days in the same regular, round or ovoid cells; no differences in the time of their appearance could be observed. The ACTH-cells, irregular or angular in shape and endowed with cytoplasmic processes such as described in the adult pituitary, were not seen until day 50. The first GH-cells were detected between 40 to 45 days of fetal life. From day 45 to 90, the GH-cells greatly increased in number and in staining intensity of their progressively extending cytoplasmic area, but they displayed the same regular and round shape. The PRL-cells were the last cell type to appear in the fetal pituitary. The first PRL-cells, small in size and round or ovoid in shape with a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, were detected at day 70. At day 80, the PRL-cells increased in size and staining intensity. They displayed an irregular elongated or stellated shape and cytoplasmic processes resembling those characteristic of the adult pituitary. These data suggest that in the fetal porcine pituitary: (1) ACTH, β-LPH and related peptides are synthesized and stored in the same cells, and (2) PRL and GH appear in individual cellular elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226960
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    Subcellular localization of gonadotropic hormones in pituitary cells of the castrated pig with the use of pre-and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 153-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary, porcine ; Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cellular compartments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pre- and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods based on the use of specific antibodies against β-subunits of porcine LH and FSH were applied to determine the changes occurring in the anterior pituitary of the pig after gonadectomy. The results showed that (1) the total number of immunoreactive gonadotropes increased from 21–25% in control animals to 24–37% in castrated animals; (2) all gonadotropes contained both LH and FSH; (3) several types of immunoreactive LH/FSH cells were revealed; and (4) the two immunocytochemical methods used with dispersed cells localized the hormones in the same subcellular sites. However, the staining intensity in the different locations varied depending on the method applied. With the post-embedding method, a dense reaction product was found in the secretory granules but the cisternae of RER and the Golgi saccules were always slightly reactive. After the pre-embedding method, the staining intensity in the RER-cisternae and in the Golgi saccules was greatly increased. Thus, the two methodological approaches used in this study have permitted to visualize immunocytochemically the gonadotropic hormones not only at the sites of their storage but also along the intracellular pathway of the secretory material, i.e., at the site of its synthesis and during its passage via the Golgi zone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216525
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    Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure of the neuropil located ventral to the rat supraoptic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropil located ventral to the SON was investigated by the use of immunoperoxidase staining for neurophysins, oxytocin and vasopressin, and electron miroscopy. The study was performed in six groups of rats: 1) control; 2) infusion of isotonic saline into the CSF; 3) infusion of hypertonic saline into the CSF; 4) drinking hypertonic saline for 4 days; 5) same as group 4 but injection of colchicine into the CSF on second day of dehydration; 6) salt loading for 3 months. In the control rats the ventral neuropil contained a few immunoreactive processes, the general morphology of which was completely different from that of the neurosecretory axons emerging from the SON at its dorsal aspect. In rats of groups 3 to 6 the ventral processes (VP) became loaded with neurosecretory granules, whereas the perikarya and axons were depleted. Based on their general morphology and reactivity pattern it is suggested that the VP are dendrites. Most of these “dendrites” were embedded in a glial cushion formed by the processes of a particular type of marginal glia. Some of these “dendrites” enveloped an arteriole penetrating the optic tract. All VP were rich in synaptic contacts. The possibility that the VP of neurosecretory cells may be functionally related to the subarachnoid CSF and the arteriolar blood flow is discussed.
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    Quantitative analysis of ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary of young spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Spontaneous hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary of 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied with immunocytochemical and morphometric techniques. The results were compared with data from age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). No significant differences were found in volume density and average size of ACTH-immunoreactive cells between these two strains. However, SHR showed a significantly larger anterior lobe (2 P 〈 0.01) than WKY, indicating that the total number of ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary is greater in SHR than in WKY. These data are in agreement with radioimmunological determinations showing a significantly elevated content (2 P 〈 0.01) but only a moderately higher concentration (0.05 〈 2 P 〈 0.10) of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of SHR as compared to WKY. The present results suggest an enhanced availability of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of 4-week-old SHR, a fact which could explain the markedly enhanced stress-induced release of ACTH previously found in these animals. This study further supports the hypothesis that, among other factors, an instability of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis may contribute to the development of genetically programmed hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216535
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    Distribution of actin in migrating leukocytes in vivo (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 517-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Actin ; Cell motility ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood cells proliferate extravascularly in the bone marrow and enter the circulation by migrating through endothelial cells of venous blood sinuses. This migration, or diapedesis, was suspected to involve actin. To test for the presence and distribution of actin, sections of rat bone marrow were examined by indirect immunocytochemistry. Affinity purified rabbit antichicken gizzard actin antibody, and goat-antirabbit IgG-FITC, or goat antirabbit IgG colloidal gold probes were used. The migrating cell contacts the endothelial cell and forms a podosome (a cortical bleb). Immunocytochemistry shows this region to contain actin. As diapedesis proceeds the podosome deforms, then breaches the endothelial cell. At this time the anterior portion of the leukocyte shows heavy labeling for actin. When the migratory cell traverses approximately half of its length through the endothelial cell, actin appears prominent in the caudal region of the cell. The immunocytochemical data suggest that actin is nonrandomly distributed in leukocytes undergoing diapedesis and may be a component of the force-generating mechanism responsible for this transcellular migratory event.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217218
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    Granulated folliculo-stellate cells and growth hormone cells immunostained with anti-S 100 protein serum in the pituitary glands of the goat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Goat ; Folliculo-stellate cell ; GH cell ; S-100 protein ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Goat pituitary glands were immunohistochemically studied with antisera for bovine S-100 protein, rat LHβ, FSH, TSHβ, prolactin, ovine GH, and porcine ACTH1–39 by use of the superimposition technique on adjacent sections. Folliculo-stellate (F-S) cells were divided into two categories on the basis of ultrastructural properties: One consisted of a mass of agranular cells in which the pseudolumina were equipped with microvilli and cilia. Elongate gap junctions were often observed among these cells. The other was a group of granulated cells with or without pseudolumina. In this group the gap junctions were shown to be disintegrated. The dense granules 150–250 nm in diameter began to accumulate in the cells. However, neither type of these F-S cells was immunostained for S-100 protein. On the other hand, numerous polygonal, elongate, irregular or stellate cells containing S-100 protein were distributed throughout the gland. Most of them were immunohistochemically identical with the GH cells laden with the secretory granules 250–450 nm in diameter, but some of them were identical to TSH and prolactin cells which immunostained faintly for S-100 protein. This appears to be the first demonstration of GH cells intensely immunostained for S-100 protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229194
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    FMRF -amide-like immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hagfish ; Brain ; Pituitary ; FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraffin sections of brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were immunostained with an antiserum to FMRF-amide. Immunoreactivity was visible in a large number of neurons in the posterior part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and in long neuronal processes extending cranially from the hypothalamus to the olfactory system and caudally to the medulla oblongata. FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity was also found in cells of the adenohypophysis. These observations suggest that the hagfish possesses a brain FMRF-amide-like transmitter system and pituitary cells containing FMRF-amide-like material. Antisera to ACTH, α-MSH and pancreatic polypeptide gave no immunoreaction in hagfish brain or pituitary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217158
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    Secretory stages of individual CHH-producing cells in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus, determined by means of immunocytochemistry (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone ; Astacus leptodactylus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Quantitative electron microscopy ; Secretory cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical staining demonstrates striking differences in staining intensity among individual crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-producing cells in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Based on these differences we arbitrarily subdivided the CHH-cells into three categories representing increasing immunoreactivity respectively: + cells, + + cells, and + + + cells. Electron microscopic investigations reveal that these differences in immunostaining are correlated with differences in the numerical density of the neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm and that these may reflect differences in activity among the CHH-cells. Morphometric analyses at the light- and electron-microscopic levels indicate that the three distinguished categories of immunopositive cells represent different stages in the CHH-synthesizing process of the cells. The results of the present study demonstrate the application of the PAP-technique at the light-microscopic level as a method to obtain information pertaining to the dynamics of secretory activity of the CHH-cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217148
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    Occurrence and distribution of neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive nerves in the respiratory tract and middle ear (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 321-327 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Respiratory tract ; Ear, middle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres displaying neuropeptide-Y (NPY) immunoreactivity are abundantly distributed in the respiratory tract of cats, guinea-pigs, rats and mice. Fine beaded NPY fibres were seen in whole-mount spreads of the middle-ear mucosa. In the nasal mucosa and in the wall of the Eustachian tube NPY fibres were numerous around arteries and arterioles but sparse in the vicinity of veins; single fibres were found close to the acini of seromucous glands. In the tracheobronchial wall NPY fibres occurred in the proximity of blood vessels, in the subepithelial layer and in the smooth muscle. Surgical and chemical (6-hydroxydopamine treatment) sympathectomy resulted in disappearance of adrenergic and NPY-containing nerve fibres in the nasal mucosa. Sequential staining with antibodies against dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and NPY revealed that DBH and NPY occur in the same perivascular nerve fibres in the nasal mucosa. The distribution of NPY fibres in the respiratory tract suggests multiple functions of NPY, such as regulation of local blood flow, glandular secretion and smooth muscle activity.
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    Co-existence of immunoreactivity to anti-dopamine, anti-serotonin and anti-vasotocin in the cerebral giant neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 411-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Biogenic amines ; Vasotocin ; Lymnaea stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Consecutive sections of certain neurons in the central ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis appear to be immunoreactive to anti-dopamine and anti-serotonin. The Cerebral Giant Neurons stain in addition with antivasotocin. The observations indicate the presence of two biogenic amines within the same neuron and in addition their co-existence with a biologically active peptide.
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    Opsin-immunoreactive outer segments of photoreceptors in the eye and in the lumen of the optic nerve of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 515-522 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal photoreceptors ; Opsin ; Optic nerve ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cyclostome, Myxine glutinosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Opsin-immunoreactive sites in the eye and optic nerve of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, were studied by use of light-microscopic pre- and postembedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase or avidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques, and the immuno-electron-microscopic protein A-gold method. At the light-microscopic level, a strong opsin immuno-reaction was obtained on the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells with sheep and rat antibodies against bovine (rhod)opsin. These outer segments were located in the marginal photoreceptor space and in follicles of the retina, as well as in the tubular lumen of the optic nerve. Ultrastructurally, two classes of outer segments can be distinguished; most of them exhibited a strong antiopsin reaction, while certain elements lacked immunoreactivity with the antisera employed. The protein A-gold particles marked opsin-immunoreactive sites on the photoreceptor membranes. The presence of opsin-immunoreactive material in the retina and optic nerve of the hagfish strengthens the view that this primitive eye lacking a cornea, lens and vitreous body is engaged in light perception. The morphological similarity between the eye and pineal tissue is discussed in connection with the absence of a pineal organ in this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219867
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    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in anuran intestine (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 413-422 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Radioimmunoassay ; Gut hormones ; Anura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical and radioimmunological techniques with region specific antisera have been used to identify a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like material in the anuran intestine. Seven species of Anura were investigated: Bombina bombina, Alytes obstetricans, Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta, Hyla arborea, Hyla crepitans and Bufo bufo. In five of the species (A. obstetricans, R. temporaria, H. arborea, H. crepitans and B. bufo) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive mucosal endocrine cells and nerve fibres in all layers of the gut wall, were detected by both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In the other two species, R. esculenta and B. bombina, no mucosal endocrine cells were detected although the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibres were plentiful. Radioimmunoassay showed the presence of significant amounts of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactivity in intestinal extracts from all species. The highest quantities were present in those anurans with both immunostained cells and nerves. Gel permeation chromatography showed that most of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like peptide eluted in a position identical to that of natural mammalian (porcine) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The results indicate that a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like peptide is well represented in the Anura and that it is immunologically very similar to the mammalian peptide.
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    Localization of a peptide identified by antibodies to gastrin/CCK in the gut of Cancer magister (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cuticle ; Cancer magister
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A gastric peptide from the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), extracted and characterized previously (Larson and Vigna 1983b), was localized in the foregut (stomach) of this species by immunocytochemistry using antisera specific for the bioactive carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence common to gastrins and cholecystokinins (CCKs). Immunoreactivity was found in all gastric epithelial cells and in the procuticle. Electron microscopy revealed an absence of peptidergic secretory granules in the gastric epithelial cells. The pattern of immunostaining suggests that the gastric epithelial cells secrete this peptide apically where it is incorporated into the cuticle lining the lumen. Specific immunostaining could not be demonstrated in various neural ganglia or in the hypodermis. The distribution of this peptide is different from that of gastrin/CCK in vertebrates and other invertebrates. This suggests that the crab gastric peptide is sufficiently similar to gastrin/CCK to react with C-terminal specific antisera, but may be anatomically, functionally, and possibly phylogenetically otherwise unrelated.
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    Somatostatin in the brain and the pituitary of some teleosts (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Brain ; Pituitary gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical investigations show that somatostatin (SRIF)-like immunoreactive material is present in the brain and the pituitary of nine different species of teleosts. In the brain, immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are observed in the preoptic periventricular nucleus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the anterior periventricular nucleus, and the nucleus lateralis tuberis. In the pituitary, SRIF-like-immunoreactive fibers occur in the proximal pars distalis (PPD), which contains the growth hormone (GH)-secreting cells. Nerve fibers are scattered among GH cells (cyprinids), or end on the basal lamina at the neuroglandular interface of the PPD (eel, salmonids). In the eel, the proximal neurohypophysis does not penetrate deeply into the PPD that is very poorly vascularized. In some species, e.g. Myoxocephalus, SRIF-like immunoreactive fibers are also observed in the caudal neurohypophysis, and even among MSH cells of the pars intermedia. In long-term starved carps and eels, the amount of SRIF-like material in the pituitary is clearly reduced. A possible role of SRIF in the concomitant stimulation of GH cells is discussed.
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    Immimocytological localization of a somatostatin-like substance in the brain of the giant slug, Limax maximus L. (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Slug brain ; Somatostatin-like material ; Maturation hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytological tests reveal the presence of a somatostatin-like substance in perikarya and axons in the brain of the giant slug Limax maximus L. Controls carried out on adjacent sections with absorbed antiserum or different antibodies raised against several biologically active peptides of vertebrates (ACTH-17-39, α- and β endorphin, α- and β MSH, methionin-enkephalin, TRH) demonstrate the specificity of the “staining”. However, some cells are both somatostatin- and FMRF-amide-positive. In the cerebral ganglia, the right Z-area cells, responsible for the synthesis of the maturation hormone (MH) are strongly somatostatin-positive. These results suggest a similarity between the MH and the somatostatin-like material contained in the Z-area cells. The simultaneous presence of two peptides in one and the same cell, the nature (elementary granules or soluble product) of the material, and its site of release are discussed.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of peptidergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the flatworm Microstomum lineare with antiserum to FMRF-amide (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of the flatworm Microstomum lineare were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method, with the use of antisera to the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRF-amide. FMRF-amide immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres are observed in the CNS and the PNS. In the CNS, immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres occur in the brain, in the epithelial lining and the mesenchymal surroundings of the ciliated pits, and positive fibres in the longitudinal nerve cords. In the PNS, immunoreactive fibre bundles with variocosities occur in the pharyngeal nerve ring, in symmetrical groups of perikarya on each side of the pharynx, and in the mouth area. Positive perikarya and meandering nerve fibres appear in the intestinal wall. A few immunoreactive cells and short nerve processes are observed at the male copulatory organ and on both sides of the vagina. Some immunoreactive peptidergic cells do not correspond to cells previously identified by histological techniques for neurosecretory cells. The distribution of immunoreactivity suggests that the FMRF-amide-like substance in CNS and PNS in this worm has roles similar to those of the brain-gut peptides in vertebrates. The status of FMRF-amide-like peptides as representatives of an evolutionarily old family of peptides is confirmed by the positive immunoreaction to anti-FMRF-amide in this primitive microturbellarian.
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    Presence of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the anterior pituitary gland of rat and man and evidence for the differential localization with ACTH (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 577-589 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Corticotrophs ; Immunocytochemistry ; Growth hormone ; Prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two antisera, Y-10 and Y-18 were raised in rabbits against synthetic human β-endorphin conjugated to bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin respectively. Antiserum Y-10 has been shown by radioimmunoassay to be highly specific for human β-endorphin with minimal or no cross-reactivity against other pituitary peptides whilst antiserum Y-18 crossreacted on an equimolar basis against β-endorphin and β-lipotropin. When used in the immunohistochemical procedure, both antisera specifically stained the corticotrophs in human anterior pituitary tissue. A similar effect was observed when antiserum Y-18 was applied to rat anterior pituitary tissue in the immunohistochemical procedure. Y-10 antiserum, on the other hand, stained not only rat corticotrophs but also somatotrophs. The somatotrophin staining could not be attributed to the enkephalins reported to be present in these cells. The non-specific β-endorphin antiserum Y-18 was used to stain anterior pituitaries from dehydrated and adrenalectomized rats as well as rats of the Brattleboro strain. In tissues from the three experimental animals, cells that stained positively for β-endorphin did not give a positive immunoreaction for ACTH and vice versa in some other sections. It is concluded that under the physiological conditions, formalin fixation of the tissue causes the proopiocortin molecule to be “trapped” in a conformation such that either ACTH or β-endorphin-like determinants are available for reacting with the appropriate antiserum.
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    Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: Distribution, development and possible functional significance (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 455-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Chicken gut ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Smooth muscle motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and cellular localization of substance P in the chicken gut was studied by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry. Substance P-containing nerve fibers are numerous in the gut wall. They occur in the smooth muscle layer as well as in the mucosa, where they are associated with blood vessels or surround the intestinal crypts. The fibers are particularly numerous in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, where substance P-containing nerve-cell perikarya are also encountered. Substance P was found also in scattered endocrine cells of the small intestine, caeca and colon. Previously, bombesin-containing cells, which are numerous in the proventriculus, have been mistakenly identified as substance P cells due to crossreactivity of certain antisera against substance P. Immunochemistry revealed the highest concentration of substance P in the duodenum. The gel chromatographic behavior of chicken substance P differs slightly from that of synthetic bovine substance P, suggesting that chicken substance P differs structurally from mammalian substance P. Substance P-containing nerve fibers in the chicken gut develop slowly after hatching, apparently beginning in the duodenum; at approximately 20 weeks after hatching the distribution pattern is fully developed. A functional investigation was performed on the isolated chicken caecum to clarify the role of substance P in the contractile behavior of smooth muscle. Substance P contracted the caecum over a wide dose range; the contractile response was greater in 20 week-old chickens than in 4 and 10 week-old animals. Electrical field stimulation caused a relaxation of the caecum and a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. Neither of these responses, both of which are neurally mediated, were inhibited by adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. It is conceivable that the contractile response following electrical stimulation is caused by substance P released from nerve fibers in the smooth muscle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238643
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    Comparative immunocytochemical localization of prolactin and somatotropin in the pituitaries of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Rana temporaria and Ambystoma mexicanum (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin ; Somatotropin ; Lepidosiren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular binding sites of anti-oPRL IgG and anti-bSTH IgG were demonstrated in the pituitary glands of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Rana temporaria and Ambystoma mexicanum by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method by light and electron microscopy (the latter only in Lepidosiren). With the light microscope PRL or PRL-like substances and STH or STH-like substances were revealed in two different cell types in the distal lobe corresponding to the acidophils. However, as a result of the insufficient differentiation of the acidophils in Lepidosiren after staining with Brookes' procedure it was not possible to distinguish the two types of acidophils in this animal. Treatment with low dilutions of both anti-oPRL and anti-bSTH IgG revealed simultaneous immunocytochemical staining in both types of acidophils in Lepidosiren and in Rana. These results, indicating that there is antigenic cross-reaction between anti-oPRL and anti-bSTH IgG and both PRL and STH in these animals, are discussed. The electron microscopic investigations of Lepidosiren revealed that the specific anti-oPRL IgG reactive cells contain granules ranging in size from 200 to 300 nm, while the specific anti-bSTH IgG reactive cells contain smaller immunoreactive granules ranging from 80 to 160nm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233832
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  • 80
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    Immunocytochemical evidence for the involvement of golgi apparatus in the deposition of seed lectin ofBauhinia purpurea (Leguminosae) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bauhinia purpurea ; Colloidial gold ; Golgi apparatus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin ; Lowicryl K4M ; Protein body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed lectin of the tree legume,Bauhinia purpurea alba, was localized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The pattern of lectin deposition and site of intracellular localization was examined in mid- to late-maturation seeds. The seed tissue was embedded in Lowicryl K4M, the use of which with seed tissues is discussed. Immunocytochemical labeling was accomplished with colloidal gold coupled to a second antibody. The immunocytochemical reaction was specific and sensitive. Protein bodies, Golgi apparatus and Golgi secretion vesicles were densely labeled. Golgi apparatus was oriented such that Golgi secretion vesicles were in close proximity to the protein bodies. The entire Golgi apparatus was labeled with no concentration gradient across the Golgi stack. These observations indicate that the final site of lectin deposition is the protein body, and that the Golgi apparatus plays an essential role in the deposition process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282309
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  • 81
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    Immunocytochemical identification of laticifers (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 122 (1984), S. 86-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Non-articulated laticifers ; Articulated laticifers ; Asclepiadaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sensitive immunocytochemical method for the identification of laticifers has been developed. Frozen sections of various laticifer-bearing plant material, mounted on slides, were first flooded with the IgG fraction of rabbit anti-latex antiserum, prepared using whole latex ofAsclepias syriaca, then flooded with fluorescein-conjugated IgG fraction goat anti-rabbit IgG to visualize laticifers. Positive fluorescence was observed for laticifers in shoots and embryos ofA. syriaca andStapelia bella and embryos ofA. tuberosa. Laticifers did not fluoresce in shoots ofA. tuberosa andEuphorbia tirucalli, in embryos ofE. marginata, or in petioles ofMusa paradisiaca andCichorium intybus. Controls prepared with uninjected rabbit serum were negative (no fluorescence).
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    Immunocytochemistry in plants with colloidal gold conjugates (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Wheat germ agglutinin ; Lectin ; Cryosections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chitin-binding lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is found at the periphery of wheat embryos, and a similar lectin is present at the root tips of older plants (Mishkind et al. 1982). Although a ferritin-conjugated secondary antibody is adequate for localizing WGA in embryos, native electron-opaque particles make the electron microscope identification of added label equivocal in other wheat tissues. As reported here, however, unambiguous ultrastructural localization of WGA-like lectin in adult wheat roots can be obtained with rabbit anti-WGA followed by colloidal gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit (GAR) IgG. Colloidal gold (CG) was prepared by the reduction of gold chloride with citrate, ascorbate or phosphorous. GAR IgG, prepared from serum by antigen affinity chromatograhy, was adsorbed to the gold particles to produce a stabilized suspension of GAR-CG. Localization was performed on 8–12 μM frozen sections of tissue fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.3% glutaraldehyde, and 0.75% acrolein in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1M sucrose. Localization with GAR-CG was first compared to that ascertained in embryos using other probes and was then extended to the roots of adult plants. An advantage of the GARCG method is that it permits the visualization of antigen at both the light and electron microscope levels in the same section. At the light level, the anti-WGA-GAR-CG complex appears as a red stain that is localized in specific tissues of embryos and in the caps and outer layers of adult roots. Sections in which lectin was detected at the light microscope level were embedded in plastic and sectioned for subcellular examination. Electron dense gold particles indicative of WGA are found at the periphery of protein bodies in wheat embryos and in vacuoles of the roots of adult plants. Sections incubated with control IgG lack reaction product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279749
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    Pea seed storage proteins — Immunocytochemical localization with protein a-gold by electron microscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 105 (1981), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Pea seed ; Protein histochemistry ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pea seed storage proteins legumin and vicilin have been localized by electron microscopy using a post-embedding immunocytochemical double-labelling technique. Highly purified antibodies from sheep, specific to legumin and vicilin, were sequentially reacted on sections of pea cotyledon tissue embedded in glycol methacrylate or Spurr's epoxy resin. The sheep antibodies were visualized indirectly by reaction with Staphylococcal Protein A labelled with colloidal gold. Two discrete sizes of colloidal gold particles can be used for simultaneous localization of two antigens. In near mature tissue, the storage proteins are restricted to organelles, called protein bodies. Individual protein bodies contain both legumin and vicilin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279230
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    Resistance to water flow in the intracoleoptile internode of wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intracoleoptile internode ; Water uptake ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurements of xylem vessel number and radii in the seminal roots and intra-coleoptile internode (I.C.I.) of five wheat genotypes showed that the conducting capacity of the I.C.I. was close to the main seminal axis, and would restrict flow when the usual 3–5 seminal axes contributed to uptake. The length and hence resistance of the I.C.I. increased with sowing depth, whilst xylem diameter also fell in two genotypes, which would further restrict flow. The resistance per unit length of I.C.I., assuming Poiseuille flow, was 4×10−4 cm−4 day MPa. A pressure drop of 0.15 MPa along an I.C.I. 5 cm long would be required to maintain transpiration under typical field conditions in southern Australia in spring. In a second study of eleven wheat varieties sown up to 10 cm deep, maximum I.C.I. length ranged from 3.6–6.8 cm amongst varieties with similar maximum coleoptile lengths (6–8 cm). Thus considerable variation in hydraulic resistance may be achieved by the appropriate combination of genotype and planting depth. It was concluded that potentially useful differences in the rate of subsoil water use could result.
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  • 85
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    Nodulation and N2-fixation byInga jinicuil, a woody legume in coffee plantations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Coffee plantation ; Inga jinicuil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule biomass ; Woody legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nodule biomass and yearly C2H2 reduction rates are reported forInga jinicuil, a leguminous tree used for shade in Mexican coffee plantations. Annual fixation by this species approximates 35 kg ha−1; which, when compared to nitrogen additions from fertilizers, represents an important nitrogen input to the coffee ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184193
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    Gnotobiotic cultures of rice plants up to ear stage in the absence of combined nitrogen source but in the presence of free living nitrogen fixing bacteriaAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter vinelandii ; Gnotobiotic cultures ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa Rhodopseudomonas capsulata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An all glass tight growth chamber, entirely sterilizable, has been constructed to carry out axenic and gnotobiotic cultures of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). When grown in liquid medium and in the absence of combined nitrogen but in the presence of the diazotrophsAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata, rice plants exhibited a complete biological cycle from germination up to ear stage, during a period of time similar to the one encountered in french paddy soil of Camargue. In one experiment, mannitol was given to rice culture medium together withAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata. In another experiment, mannitol was not given together with Rhodopseudomonas, and still positive nitrogen gain was obtained, although it was less than culture with mannitol. When15N labeled cells of Rhodopseudomonas were added in rice culture medium,15N was partly transferred to rice plant. Among the nitrogen substances excreted from the bacteria in the rhizosphere medium, large organic molecules were shown to be the most abundant in our experimental conditions. Moreover, the concentration of free ammonia or aminoacids present in the rice rhizosphere were always compatible with a bacterial nitrogenase activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377114
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    Natural (non-pathogenic) death of the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots, as evidenced by nuclear staining with acridine orange (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 255-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Barley ; Cerelas ; Microdochium bolleyi ; Nuclear staining ; Phialophora radicicola ; Rhizosphere ; Root cortex death ; Take-all ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear staining with acridine orange was used to assess cell viability in the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots from glasshouse and field experiments. Results from this method correlated well with nuclear assessments made in unstained or Feulgen-stained roots, and other evidence is presented to support the validity of the method. The pattern of root cortex death (RCD) was similar in wheat and barley and consistent over a wide range of conditions. Behind the extending root tip and zone of nucleate root hairs, nuclei disappeared progressively from the outer five (of six) cortical cell layers of the root axes, starting in the epidermis. Stainable nuclei remained in the sixth cell layer, next to the endodermis, and in most cell layers around the bases of root laterals and in a small region immediately below the grain. The onset of cell death was apparently related more to the age of a root region than to its distance behind the root tip, and it was not closely correlated with endodermal or stelar development assessed by staining with phloroglucinol/HCl. The rate of RCD was much faster in wheat than barley in both glasshouse and field conditions, and faster in some spring wheat cultivars than in others in the glasshouse. RCD occurred in sterile vermiculite and perlite and was not enhanced by the presence of soil microorganisms; nor was it enhanced in soil by the addition of the non-pathogenic fungal parasitesPhialophora radicicola var..graminicola orMicrodochium bolleyi. RCD is suggested to be endogenously controlled by the amount of photosynthate reaching the cortex. Its implications for growth of soil microorganisms and especially for growth and biological control of root-infecting fungi are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374110
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    A comparison of nitrogen-fixing ability of peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by different strains of Rhizobium (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteroids ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium ; Siratro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetylene reduction activity and nitrogen accumulation in the plant top per unit nodule mass were compared among peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by six different strains of Rhizobium. Peanut was found to have several fold higher values than cowpea and siratro for both parameters for all strains of Rhizobium which nodulated it effectively, but the bacteroid content of the peanut nodules was similar to those of cowpea and siratro.
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    The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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    A further extension of the method for independently measuring the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 331-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The combination of using15N for determining the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop in field experiments and the labelling of only one treatment at a time in each treatment combination is shown to be conceptually and experimentally valid for determining the effect of cultural practices on the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop.
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  • 91
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    Ectomycorrhizae in coastal miombo woodland of Tanzania (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Afzelia quanzensis ; Brachystegia spiciformis ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Miombo woodland ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ectomycorrhizae were found in root samples of the treesAfzelia quanzensis Welw. andBrachystegia spiciformis Benth. (Caesalpiniaceae), collected in the coastal miombo type woodland 50 km west of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Root nodules with a structure resembling that of nitrogen-fixing root nodules of other leguminous plants were observed in theA. quanzensis material. The climate of the locality is rather dry, and strongly seasonal. In the tropics, ectomycorrhizae have previously been found only in humid or rain forest climate zones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374606
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  • 92
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    A comparison of a tissue solubilization method with a combustion method for liquid scintillation counting of14C-labelled soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14C-labelled plant material ; 14C-labelled soil ; Root exudation ; Sample oxidizer ; Scintillation counting ; Sutton series soil ; Tissue solubilization ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparison between a tissue solubilization method and a sample oxidizer technique to measure14C in plant and soil material is described. The solubilization method although not quantitative gives good recoveries and reproducible values of14C-content with soil samples not exceeding 10 mg and should be of value for estimating the14C-content of soils in laboratories without a sample oxidizer.
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    Morphology, physiology and infectivity of twoFrankia isolates An 1 and An 2 from root nodules ofAlnus nitida (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 45-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
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    The behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cracks ; Crack width ; Lateral roots ; Pea ; Penetration ; Penetrometer ; Rape ; Remoulded soil ; Roots ; Safflower ; Seminal axes ; Soil strength ; Undisturbed soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental methods are described for observing the behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil. The proportions of roots which enter a second soil block after crossing a crack of known width were measured. Soil strength was measured with a penetrometer. Results are presented for the proportions of seminal roots of wheat and primary lateral roots of pea which enter moulded soil of various strengths after crossing cracks. Results are also presented for the proportions of seminal roots of pea, rape and safflower which enter undisturbed soil after crossing cracks. It was found that, in all cases, the proportion of roots penetrating the second soil block decreased with increasing crack width and increasing soil strength. Also, a smaller proportion of thinner roots penetrated the second soil block than thicker roots under similar conditions. Root diameter in the cracks was influenced by both crack width and soil strength, and an empirical equation is presented to describe this effect.
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    Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) associated with leaves of different cultivars of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Beijerinckia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paddy ; Phyllosphere ; Silicification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was conducted to study the levels of nitrogen fixation on the leaf or sheath surfaces of four cultivars of paddy plants by using acetylene reduction technique. Varying levels of positive nitrogenase activity were observed on all the leaf surfaces. Sheath of IET 1991 cultivar showed a higher rate of fixation than the leaf surface. All the nitrogen-fixing organisms on the leaf or sheath surfaces belonged to the genus Beijerinckia. There was no correlation between the bacterial density and the level of fixation. Scanning electron microscopic data revealed that the upper surface of IET 1991 leaf was highly silicified and the microflora was either scanty or nil while the lower surface appeared quite different and harboured more micro-organisms. Similarly, the inner surface of sheath was devoid of silicification and showed the presence of micro-organisms.
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    Heterogeneity withinFrankia sp. LDAgpl studied among clones and reisolates (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Frankia ; Infectivity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sporulation ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Frankia sp. LDAgpl, an isolate from spore positive nodules ofAlnus glutinosa, only slowly infects its host plant. Reisolates obtained from occasional nodules caused by infection with LDAgpl, are capable of infecting the alder much more rapidly. A variability analysis of LDAgpl has been performed to obtain more insight into the question whether these reisolates constitute a different genotype within LDAgpl and if the plant is exerting an influence during plant passage. High dilutions of mildly sonicatedFrankia suspensions were plated to obtain genetically homogeneous colonies. Clones thus generated showed differences in growth pattern, sporulation and C2H2-reduction on media containing propionic acid as sole C-source (P-medium). Differences in sporulation on P-medium indicate that LDAgpl was a highly heterogeneous strain. Comparisons of sporulation on several different media gave evidence that the differences in sporulation between LDAgpl clones are the result of differences in efficiency of propionic acid utilization. The differences observed between the reisolates and LDAgpl clones indicate that the reisolates constitute a different genotype, which could be selected for by the plant during the infection process. Comparison with similar changes in phenotype occuring in a spore negative type strain fromA. glutinosa is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277838
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  • 97
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    Physiological studies on N2-fixing root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. andAlnus nitida Endl. from Himalaya region in Pakistan (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 129-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus nitida ; Amino acid composition ; Datisca cannabina ; Hydrogen uptake ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nodulation and the morphology and physiology of the nodules were studied onDatisca cannabina, a perennial herb from northern Pakistan andAlnus nitida, a nodulated tree in the same locality. Both species bear coralloid clusters of actinorhizal nodules. The main free amino acid inD. cannabina nodules was arginine while the predominant free amino acid inA. nitida nodules was citrulline. The infectivity of crushed nodules of both types of plants on their respective host was about 106 infective particles per gram of nodule fresh wt. In cross-inoculation experiments crushed nodule inoculum fromA. nitida failed to induce nodulation onD. cannabina seedlings but the crushed nodule inoculum fromD. cannabina caused low nodulation on seedlings ofA. nitida (103 infective particles. g. nodule fresh wt.). The activity of nitrogenase, hydrogenase and respiration (O2 uptake) were measured in detached nodules, nodule homogenates and the 20 μm residue and 20 μm filtrate preparations from the nodules of both species. Both species showed similar patterns of activities except that only the nodule homogenate and 20 μm residue preparations fromD. cannabina showed pronounced enhancement of the O2 uptake by succinate which was further stimulated by ADP. This has in part been explained by the presence of mitochondria in close connection with the endophyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277845
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Rice response to inoculation with N2-fixing and P-solubilizing microorganisms (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Inoculation ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate solubilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculation effect ofA. chroococcum, P. striata andA. awamorii on yield and nutrients uptake in rice was studied under green house conditions. The organisms appreciably increased the yield and uptake of nutrients with or without chemical fertilizers. Phosphorussolubilizing microorganisms and a mixture of the three showed better response than the rest of the treatments among single and mixed culture inoculations respectively. Chemical fertilizers further improved the yield and nutrients uptake. The yield response remained unaffected by replacing superphosphate with rock phosphate and microbial inoculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182344
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  • 99
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    Nitrogen fixation efficiency, natural15N abundance, and morphology of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mesquite ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N natural abundance ; Nodule morphology ; Rhizobium bacteria ; Woody legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relative nitrogen fixation efficiencies (RE 1-[H2 evolved÷C2H2 reduced]·100) of four mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.torreyana) rhizobia (Strains WR 1001, WR 1002, L5, L9) and a cowpea rhizobia (Strain 176A32) on mesquite were evaluated in a glasshouse experiment. Plant yield, shoot N accumulation, and the natural15N abundance (δ15N) of nodule tissue were determined. Strain WR 1002 failed to nodulate mesquite and strain L5 produced ineffective nodules. Among the three effective strains (WR 1001, L9, 176A32) the cowpea strain (176A32) and strain L9 had significantly higher RE than strain WR 1001. Differences in RE, however, were not accompanied by significantly higher plant yield and shoot N accumulation. The difference in15N abundance between foliar tissue and nodules (nodules minus leaves) was 0.47 δ15N for the ineffective L5 nodules, while for the effective WR 1001, L9, and 176A32 nodules, respectively, this difference was 8.35, 7.81, and 8.35 δ15N. This indicates a similar relationship between N2-fixing effectiveness and natural15N enrichment of nodules that was previously observed in soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merr.). Strains WR 1001 and L9 produced elongate, indeterminate nodules typical for mesquite. The ineffective L5 nodules had few infected cells and an abundance of cortical amyloplasts. Mesquite nodules produced by the cowpea strain were spherical and were somewhat more similar in internal morphology to determinate nodules typical of cowpea than indeterminate nodules normally associated with mesquite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182350
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the ultrastructure ofFrankia sp. in root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184330
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