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  • Articles  (404)
  • Chemistry  (404)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (404)
  • 1984  (184)
  • 1981  (220)
  • Medicine  (404)
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  • Articles  (404)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (404)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guest Editorial (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The editor comments (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. ix 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gelatin-based sprayable foam as a skin substitute (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Physical and antimicrobial properties of a newly developed gelatin based spray-on foam bandage for use on skin wounds have been evaluated. The aqueous foam is sprayed from aerosol containers and effectively covers and washes uneven wound surfaces. The foam dries to form an adherent and stable three-dimensional matrix which diminishes evaporative water losses. The foam possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal contaminants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of roughness on the thrombogenicity of a plastic (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubings extruded from one batch of polyvinylchloride resin at five temperatures ranging from 110 to 205°C were tested for thrombogenicity in the saphenous vein and aorta of sheep. There was more thrombus in both the vein and aorta on tubings extruded at lower temperatures. The surface areas of renal infarction were smaller when lower temperature tubings were inserted into the aorta. Scanning electron microscopy showed that lower extrusion temperatures caused greater roughness on the tubings. This greater roughness was confirmed by roughness measurements. It is suggested that the association which has been demonstrated between roughness and thrombus formation might be due to the degree of adhesion of the thrombus to the surface rather than to differences in thrombogenicity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An in-vitro study of the effect of buffer on the degradation of poly(glycolic acid) sutures (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tensile strengths of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) sutures immersed in buffered and unbuffered aqueous media were compared. The media used were an unbuffered physiological saline solution (pH = 5.0) and a phosphate-buffered physiological saline solution (pH = 7.4). PGA samples were immersed for various periods in each medium, and kept at 37 ± 1°C in a constant temperature oven. The tensile strengths of the specimens were tested immediately after removal from the medium. Stress-strain curves of the specimens were expressed in terms of the stress unit “tenacity,” commonly used in the study of fibrous polymers; it is an appropriate unit for materials of fibrous nature. These stress-strain curves were investigated as functions of buffering and duration of immersion. Degradation reduced the tensile strength of PGA more in the buffered saline solution than in the unbuffered. This higher rate of degradation in the buffered solution might be due to the presence of Na2HPO4, which removed the degradation products, shifted the reaction toward increased hydrolosis, and accelerated the loss of tensile strength in the PGA. A continuous decrease in the pH of the unbuffered solution supports this explanation. Tied-chain segments of macromolecules, a theory widely used in the study of mechanical strength of fibrous polymer may be the key to a comprehensive description of the degradation phenomenon of PGA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical characterization of microporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) gels (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-(PHEMA) has been prepared by polymerizing in presence of different types of water-soluble additives, at various amounts, which were removed by swelling in water. Mechanical properties of swollen samples have been measured and analyzed by using the classical theory of rubber elasticity. Water permeability measurements were also performed to detect the presence of micropores and to determine the type of water transport. It has been shown that it's possible, using different types and amounts of additives, to obtain a wide range of physical properties of swollen PHEMA as required for various biomedical applications.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150303
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of the interface between a glass ceramic and bone (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 291-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The interface of alkali-poor glass ceramic implanted in femora of male Sprague-Dawley rats shows soft tissue, chondroid, osteoid, and bone in connection with the implant. The ultrastructure of the interface with soft tissue mainly exhibits a corrosion process, during which the dissolution of the crystalline phase of the glass ceramic precedes the dissolution of the glassy phase. Macrophages are involved in this process phagocytosing debris of the glassy phase and removing as well as dissolving the remainders of the glass ceramic. Under circumstances not yet fully understood, the corrosion stops, and ground substance like material is deposited, which can be, at least partially, mineralized. After the disappearance of macrophages, chondroblasts, and/or osteoblasts lay down collagen fibrils and ground substance in which matrix vesicles are discernible, representing initial foci of mineralization. Areas with bone connection display collagen fibers and deposits of apatite crystals in close relationship to the bulk glass ceramic as well as small particles mainly derived from the glassy phase of the implant, providing the micromorphological substrate for the shearing and tensile strength of the interface between glass ceramic and bone.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical experience with the NCGT graft (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A comparison of 130 grafts done in 101 patients included 47 veins, 25 Johnson & Johnson dialdehyde-starch-tanned collagen prostheses, and 58 NCGT grafts that had been followed for a 40-month period. This study had documented the fact that in spite of frequent poor runoff, a useful result is provided by the NCGT graft apparently due in part to its built-in nonthrombogenic structure providing a cumulative patency of 73%. The patency rate was even superior with venous bypasses. Therefore, we still feel that the autogenous vein provides the most useful bypass conduit available in vascular reconstruction. In situations where a vein could not be used or was not available the NCGT graft offers an equally useful nonthrombogenic surface to maintain prolonged patency. Thus, collagen appropriately modified can provide a useful prosthesis in vascular reconstruction.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological and mechanical behavior of autologous pericardium used for tricuspid valvular replacement in dogs (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 319-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The fate of autologous pericardium when used to replace a tricuspid valve leaflet has been investigated in dogs. Changes have been studied by means of macroscopic, mechanical, histological, scanning electron microscopy, and in vitro culture techniques. In each of nine experiments the valve failed and death occurred within the first 15 post-operative days. Retraction, thickening of the cusp, fibrinous deposition and/or tissue rupture were associated with a decrease of resistance to traction tests, decrease of elasticity and increase of viscosity of the implanted tissue. The early behavior of autologous pericardium was characterized by precocious inflammatory reaction on the valve leaflets, focal disruption of the collagenous structure of the leaflets, absence of fibroblastic cell infiltration as confirmed by in vitro culture of implanted pericardium and the lack of endothelial-like cell surface at the 10th-15th postoperative day.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150304
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A silver staining technique for investigating wear of restorative dental composites (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A silver staining technique was developed to demonstrate microdefects in dental restorative composites. Fine silver particles were preferentially introduced into the damaged region to provide optical contrast between the damaged and the undamaged regions. The amount of silver deposition determined with an electron probe microanalyzer, provided an indication of the extent of damage within the dental composites. Examples to demonstrate this technique were given with one clinically worn dental composite restoration and one in vitro worn composite sample.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150306
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface spectroscopic studies of avcothane (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Avcothane is a commercially available copolymer of polyether, polyurethane, and polydimethylsiloxane; it is used primarily in aortic balloon pumps. The pumps consist of three segments which are cemented or fused together to form the balloon. The objective of this work is to characterize the surfaces, inside and outside, of the three balloon pump sections. By using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) a detailed analysis of the Avcothane surfaces can be performed and comparisons between various surfaces made. Previous workers have reported ESCA and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements of Avcothane and comparisons with their results will be presented. SIMS and ISS are useful analytical tools for studying polymeric biomaterials because these techniques are usually more surface sensitive than either ESCA or AES. SIMS and ISS data indicate that a thin fluorine-rich film (probably a fluorocarbon polymer) is present on the Avcothane surface. Signals from the fluorine-rich layer are more intense from the inside of the balloon pump and the intensity generally decreases from top to bottom. The outside sections of the aortic balloon pump also show the presence of fluorine, but the signals are far less intense than from the inside. One possible explanation for the fluorine-rich layer is that a fluorine-containing compound is deposited on the balloon pump during molding and preparation. Another possibility is that the layer is deposited during preparation of the Avcothane itself, but is essentially removed from the outside during sterilization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150307
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains on mode of interaction between block polymer and blood platelets (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: ABA-type block copolymers composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a hydrophilic monomer, and styrene (St), a hydrophobic monomer, were synthesized by the coupling reaction of telechelic oligomers used as prepolymers. These block copolymers may be represented as microphase-separated structures. It is therefore possible to change the balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity in the level of an assembled order of macromolecules. In response to the relative composition of the copolymers, three typical morphological patterns were observed in electron microscopic photographs: dispersed domains of continuous St chains in the region of HEMA chains, alternate HEMA and St lamellae and finally, dispersed phases of continuous HEMA chains in the region of St chains. The effect of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains of the copolymers on the mode of interaction between polymers and platelets was studied by the microsphere column method. In the case of homopolymers and random copolymers, a significant degree of platelet adhesion and aggregation was observed. However, the degree of platelet adhesion and deformation was suppressed on the surfaces of the block copolymers containing 0.608 and 0.347 mole fractions of HEMA whose microdomains were hydrophilic-hydrophobic lamellae and isolated hydrophilic islands in hydrophobic areas, respectively. These results show that the microphase-separated structures were antithrombogenic and prevented platelet adhesion and deformation. On the basis of the results obtained, the interaction between platelets and polymer surfaces was described in terms of the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150310
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of erythrocytes from various species to in vitro hemolyzation (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 433-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150313
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular and macroscopic properties of PMMA bone cement: Free-radical generation and temperature change versus mixing ratio (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 425-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The molecular and macroscopic changes occurring during the polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement have been investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to monitor free-radical generation and this was compared to temperature changes occurring in the cement for various ratios of polymer powder to liquid monomer (P/L ratio) used in the sample preparation. Both the concentration and the characteristic growth time of the free radicals associated with the polymerization of the bone cement depended on the P/L ratio used. Larger P/L ratio resulted in shorter characteristic growth time for the free radicals as well as a shorter time for the occurrence of the peak sample temperature. Smaller P/L ratios gave smaller maximum concentrations of free radicals and larger peak temperatures. These results are explained on the basis of (1) more initiators present at higher P/L ratios resulting in faster polymerization and (2) less initiators and more monomers present at smaller P/L ratios resulting in fewer radicals but more exothermic reactions. The free radicals present in the bone cement due to the manufacturer's sterilization process were found to be proportional to the fraction of powder used in the preparation, indicating negligible monomer loss during sample mixing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150312
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180101
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note from the Editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180102
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanical strength of maxillary complete dentures (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A complete study of the static and dynamic strength of complete maxillary dentures was undertaken. First, the denture base material was investigated in its various forms from the point of view of tension, creep, relaxation, fatigue, and the effect of a corrosive environment. Complete dentures were tested under static compression, and the distribution of stresses along the midline of the upper dentures was determined by means of strain rosettes and by reciprocating compression, the determination of their fatigue strength. The results were found to conform with experience as far as lifetime of complete dentures is concerned.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180409
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of bone cement: A review (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 435-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180411
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water sorption and mechanical properties of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate and methylmethacrylate copolymers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Randomly cross-linked copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl-methacrylate (MMA) have been prepared and studied in the dry and swollen state. Tensile and indentation tests indicate that by changing the composition of copolymers, it is possible to obtain materials with a wide range of mechanical properties and corresponding glass transition temperatures. Water diffusion coefficients in sorption and desorption experiments have been calculated and compared.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180204
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critical evaluation of the acute systemic toxicity test for dental alloys using histopathologic criteria (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 565-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The A.D.A. acute systemic test for type II, class 11 materials defines compliance on the basis of fewer than 50% mortality at 2 weeks. Histopathologic criteria were developed from pilot study data to evaluate the effects of these materials. In this double blind study, the frequency of histopathological changes in lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney were rated at 2 and 5 weeks, for six dental crown and bridge alloys ranging from 44% to 97% (Au, Pt, and Pd). Two positive 360 mg/kg and 1 g/kg of cadmium and two negative, a blank capsule and untreated control groups were used. There was significant difference (chi square test, X2 = 0.95) between the positive and negative controls at 2 and 5 weeks. The lung, liver, kidney showed the highest level of histopathological changes. Significant changes occurred in the four tissues for all alloys at two and five weeks. At five weeks, alloys with a lower noble metal content (44-62%, Au, Pd, and Pt) elicited significant chronic changes, while higher noble metal content (78-97%) showed healing and no significant difference from the negative controls. Applying histopathologic criteria and statistical parameters independent examiners can examine experimental animals and arrive at conclusive and reproducible results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150411
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEM analysis of copper-containing intrauterine implants (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 605-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150414
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of a poly-(α-amino acid) hydrogel. II. In vitro (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 591-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Proteolytic enzymes have been employed in an in vitro model to simulate the in vivo degradation of a synthetic poly(amino acid) hydrogel. Trypsin and collagenase had no effect on crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) but pronase and papain dissolved the hydrogel. The initial effect of papain was to decrease the effective cross-link density without producing soluble material. This effect was similar to that observed previously in vivo. Analysis of the papain digestion products showed that oligomers of degree of polymerization 4-9 were the chief products. The rate at which oligomers were formed increased with increasing crosslink density. This phenomenon was attributed to hydrophobic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150413
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of carbon coupling on the in vitro corrosion of cast surgical cobalt-base alloy (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 611-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150415
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Healing pattern of small caliber Dacron grafts in the baboon: An animal model for the study of vascular prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although dogs have been used widely to study the healing of large caliber synthetic grafts, hypercoagulability probably makes the dog a poor model for studies of small caliber vascular prostheses. The baboon's coagulation system is similar to man's, but large caliber baboon grafts were reported to endothelialize rapidly. In this study the healing pattern of 4mm internal diameter Dacron carotid interpositon grafts in baboons was determined using specimens harvested at time points between 2 weeks and 18 months post-implantation and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of baboon grafts in the acute healing phase (〈1 month) was comparable to that reported in the literature for dogs. Baboon grafts did not completely endothelialize until 10-12 weeks post-implantation. For work with small caliber vascular protheses, the dog appears to have no advantage over the baboon as an animal model on the basis of graft healing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180305
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  • 26
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180401
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    An insulin delivery system from oxidized cellulose (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 655-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cellulose oxidized with periodate (OC) has been shown to be a biocompatible, biodegradable matrix suitable for immobilization and sustained release of drugs. In the present work, insulin was immobilized on the OC-matrix and the release profile in vivo and in vitro was examined. The hormone is bound to the matrix by Schiff's bond formation and is released by hydrolysis of this bond as well by degradation of the OC-matrix. The release can be sustained over longer periods by reducing the Schiff's base with NaBH4. The insulin depots could be conveniently injected as suspensions and are able to maintain glucose levels in diabetized rabbits at normal values over several days.
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    Some aspects of macrophage behavior at the implant interface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 395-401 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices. Within twenty-four hours macrophages were found in close contact with the implant surface. Eventually fibroplasts and connective tissue proliferate, and finally the implant will be encapsulated. The presence of macrophages is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts. Implant shape and surface can profoundly affect macrophage behavior. At rough implant surfaces macrophages with giant cells are present for many months with the possibility of chronic granulomatous reactions. Superior tissue compatibility should be associated with smooth, well contoured implants with no acute angles.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180407
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  • 29
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    Casting properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A Ni-45 wt % Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible. The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and-bridge prostheses.
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    Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. I: Acute serum elevationsPresented in part at Society for Biomaterials, 9th Annual Meeting, Birmingham, AL, April 28, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release of corrosion products by implants has become a matter of concern. Using a microsphere model, the release of chromium, cobalt, and nickel, secondary to implantation of various surface area exposures of F-75, a cast cobalt-chromium alloy, was studied over a 30 day period in the rat. Dose related elevations were observed in the serum concentration of chromium and cobalt but not of nickel, with the maxima being achieved at 3 days after metal implantation followed by declines in concentration. The chromium elevation, approximately twelvefold for a surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratio of 300 x is similar to that previously reported in patients receiving total hip replacement arthoplasties. However, the cobalt elevation, twentyfold for a SA/BW ratio of 300 x, has not been previously observed. These serum concentration changes are as yet unexplained, but are probably not due to fibrous capsule maturation or alloy repassivation.
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  • 31
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    In situ immunoradiometric assay of fibrinogen adsorbed to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 547-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in situ immunoradiometric assay was devised to quantitate human fibrinogen deposited on hemodialysis membrane, Cuprophane, from in vitro exposure to fibrinogen solution and from ex vivo extracorporally clinical use. The method requires a monospecific 125I-labeled antifibrinogen-IgG purified by DEAE chromatography and immunoadsorption. The labeled antifibrinogen IgG was shown to react specifically with fibrinogen adsorbed and immobilized (by glutaraldehyde) on Cuprophane. Other plasma proteins such as human albumin, IgG, or α-thrombin, adsorbed singly or coadsorbed with fibrinogen on the surface did not seem to affect the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen reaction. The presence of blood cells such as platelets and granulocytes with fibrinogen on Cuprophane reduced only slightly the uptake of 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG. The examination of fibrinogen-fibrin deposition on clinically used Cuprophane by this technique and by autoradiography of the same material following 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG conjugation indicated that the deposition of fibrinogen was heavy and heterogeneous. We concluded that this in situ method may be useful to monitor fibrinogen-fibrin deposition and adsorption of other plasma proteins that occur under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions.
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  • 32
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    The healing of hamster skin ulcers treated with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blue) (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 601-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blueTri-Hawk International, 1570 Barré, Montréal, H4L 4M6 Quebec.) as a local treatment for cutaneous ulcers. Two ulcers, approximately 0.5 cm2 each, were made on the backs of 30 hamsters. The right side was covered with a thin film of tissue adhesive, while the left side was left untreated as a control. Animals were sacrificed at various times post-operatively, the tissue excised, processed, and examined with the light microscope. Results showed that cyanoacrylate decreased the inflammatory exudate early in the experiment, and epithelial migration occurred slightly earlier in experimental tissue. Scab formation was absent in experimental sites until the layer of adhesive was lost. After 2 days, healing was comparable in both experimental and control, and the sites were indistinguishable histologically at day 5.
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  • 33
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180601
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  • 34
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    Cytocompatibility of albuminated polyester fabrics (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 895-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternative to the usual technique of preclotting porous textile vascular prostheses prior to surgical implantation is to render them impermeable to blood by impregnation with a cross-linked albumin filler matrix. This material subsequently becomes the foundation for cellular development. The compatibility of such impregnated fabrics with newly formed endothelial cells has been evaluated by an in vitro organotypic culture method. This technique enables the characterization and numeration of cells that develop on blood contact surfaces and enables determination of their rate of development. Woven, knitted, and velour fabrics were evaluated folllowing coating with albumin and either storage in Tyrode solution or 40% ethanol or desiccation by critical point drying. Preclotted cardiovascular repair fabrics prepared according to conventional surgical protocol served as controls. The identification of the newly formed cells was confirmed histologically. The most extensive and rapid cellular development was observed on the woven fabric and is believed may have resulted from the smoother surface topography of this substrate. Good cellular development was noted particularly on fabrics which had been stored in Tyrode solution. Ethanol had a deleterious effect on the apparent compatibility.
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  • 35
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    Adsorption and reactivity of human prothrombin to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 695-705 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Human prothrombin in Tyrode's solution, in mock plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG mixture), and in citrated plasma adsorbs to Cuprophane, polyvinylchloride, and polyacrylonitrile surfaces. The adsorption of prothrombin is maximal in Tyrode's solution and minimal in plasma. The surface concentrations of prothrombin are highest on polyacrylonitrile, second on polyvinylchloride, and lowest on Cuprophane at all prothrombin concentrations tested in the bulk solution. Qualitative tests show that prothrombin adsorbed to polyvinylchloride can be activated by Taipan snake venom to generate thrombin that clots fibrinogen. However, more quantitative tests indicate that only part of the adsorbed prothrombin on all three materials can be activated to form thrombin exhibiting amidolytic activity. The partial reactivity of adsorbed prothrombin is further confirmed by release of 125I-peptide from surface bound 125I-prothrombin after treatment with Australian Taipan snake venom. Prothrombin bound to Cuprophane seems to promote granulocyte adhesion, but has no effect on platelet adhesion.
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  • 36
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    Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 727-736 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bovine pericardial tissue and tissue-derived bioprosthesis fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde can induce cytotoxic reactions even after prolonged washing due to the slow leaching of the chemicals used for crosslinking and sterilizing. Sequential rinsing for up to 60 min was still not sufficient to eliminate cytotoxic effects. On the other hand, satisfactory results were obtained when cardiac valves made from glutaraldehyde fixed pericardium were stored in a solution containing 0.02% of propyl-hydroxy-benzoate and 0.18% methyl-hydroxy-benzoate. The valves stored in this solution and rinsed three times for 1 min in normal saline showed few signs of residual cytotoxicity. Rinsing in a solution containing glycine was partially effective in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect, and this or similar approaches offer good possibilities. The use of Chang cells grown in culture provides an excellent quantitative assay for the assessment of residual cytotoxicity and for evaluating the host response to different methods of fixation, storage, and rinsing of tissue derived bioprosthesis.
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    The influence of dentine on the in vitro cytotoxicity testing of dental restorative materials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 771-779 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Few in vitro systems for testing dental restorative materials have taken into account the protection afforded by the residual dentine in vivo. In turn opinions differ as to whether an increase in residual dentine thickness increases this protection. In this study an increase in the depth of dentine powder beneath zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) reduced its toxicity, while this was not the case with the glass ionomer cement. Compaction of the powder had no effect, suggesting that protection was due to binding of the toxicant to the dentine rather than it acting as a physical barrier. Protein was shown to be very important in moderating the cytotoxicity of ZOE. These results suggest that in vivo the irritancy of some materials may be related to the depth of residual dentine but not others. The effect of exposure period and volume of these materials on their cytotoxicity was also investigated. Increasing the volume of ZOE while retaining the same surface area increased the toxicity of ZOE, while with the glass ionomer it had no effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180707
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    Announcement (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 785-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150514
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    The tensile creep characteristics of dental amalgam. I. Stress dependence (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 769-780 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Equipment is described which enables the determination of the creep behavior of small specimens of dental amalgam under tensile stresses. The apparatus has been used to measure the creep strain of both low and high copper dental amalgams at 34°C, in the stress range 9.4 to 38.8 MNm-2, for time periods of up to 24 h. Significant differences were found in the controlling creep mechanisms for the various amalgam types. Conventional amalgam displayed classical steady-state creep. The high copper amalgams, however, were best represented by transient creep equations implying interference to the motion of dislocations by the presence of hardening precipitates.
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    Molecular weight characterization of virgin and explanted polyester arterial prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 881-894 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macromolecular properties of 17 virgin commercial arterial prostheses and a series of explanted prostheses, both manufactured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns, have been studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only small differences were found between the average molecular weights and the degree of crystallinity of the unused reference grafts. A broadening of the DSC curves was observed for the prostheses containing texturized yarns compared with those made solely from flat, untexturized yarns. This broadening may be due to greater heterogeneity of the crystal sizes caused by the texturizing process and to the use of two or more different yarns with dissimilar thermal histories in the same prosthesis. Average molecular weights of the explant series were significantly lower than those of the corresponding reference grafts but almost time independent. The polydispersity index and the degree of crystallinity of the explants remained constant as a function of time. These results are discussed in regard to others available in the literature.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. V. In vivo leukocyte interactions with biomerR. E. Marchant received the Student's Award for this manuscript from the Society for Biomaterials, 1984, Washington, DC. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1169-1190 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A cage implant system was utilized to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize in vivo leukocyte interactions with cast Biomer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with cytochemical staining procedures were used to investigate the cellular events at the leukocyte/Biomer interface as well as in the inflammatory exudate over a 21-day implantation period. SEM was used to characterize leukocyte morphology on the Biomer surface and the cytochemical stains were used to differentially count leukocytes and to demonstrate intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that the population density of leukocytes on the Biomer surface diminished with implantation time. The population density of multinucleated foreign body giant cells remained constant with time, while the numbers of nuclei per giant cell increased. The differential analysis revealed that macrophages preferentially adhered to the Biomer surface compared to other leukocytes in the exudate. The phagocytic capability of all adherent leukocytes, including giant cells, decreased with time and this corresponded to changes in leukocyte morphology observed with SEM.
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  • 42
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    Materials, clinical and morphological evaluation of custom-made bioreactive-glass-coated canine hip prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1017-1030 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioreactive-glass-coated hip prostheses were implanted in dogs for periods of time ranging from 3 to 17 months. The prostheses were tailor-made for each animal through the use of standard radiographs. However, such a procedure does not necessarily yield a close apposition between the glass layer and bone. As a result, the initial stability of the component can be lost before bone bonding is established. Secondary to this phenomenon, the micromotion can lead to a continuous disruption of the top film on the glass despite the evidence of various reaction layers on the glass surface.
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    Effect of age on the creep of a high-copper amalgam (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 829-833 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A previous study of the effect of final Hg content on the static creep of a single-composition high-Cu amalgam alloy showed a sudden increase or jump in creep at a specific Hg content, and the presence of the Sn—Hg phase (γ2) at final Hg contents subsequent to this creep jump. This observation is consistent with the less-than-optimum clinical performance reported for this alloy. A repetition of these tests conducted on test specimens 3 months and 6 months of age showed the creep jump to shift to higher Hg contents. However, even at 6 months of age, the final Hg content to be expected in clinical restorations was still positioned after the initiation of the creep jump where a small amount of γ2 is known to be present.
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    Organic surface film contamination of Vitallium implants (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 843-851 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Conventional finishing and polishing techniques used to prepare Vitallium subperiosteal dental implant castings were found to produce low energy surfaces as measured by critical surface tension. Standard metallographic preparation gave slightly higher values. Glow discharge cleaning of both types of polished surface gave much higher critical surface tension values. This suggests the presence of an organic film after surface polishing of the implant which may later affect tissue reaction, in particular attachment, as has been noticed in related animal studies.
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    A study of bone remodeling using metal-polymer laminates (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 853-865 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bone remodeling due to stress-shielding has been studied using a model system consisting of metal-polymer laminated fixation plates securely fixed to canine femurs. The plate stiffness was controlled by varying the ratio of metal facing to polymer core thickness in the laminate design while secure fixation to bone was achieved by providing a porous bone interfacing surface for the ingrowth of bone from the periosteal surface. Observations of laterally and medially placed plates indicated resorption in the area of the periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces respectively, for the higher stiffness composite plates used. The results indicate that plate stiffness greater than approximately 70 GPa (axial) and 6 N m2 (flexural) will result in extensive bone remodeling in the canine femur after a six month implantation period.
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    Crevice and fretting corrosion of stainless-steel plates and screws (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 867-878 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mechanisms of corrosion at the areas of contact between screw heads and plate holes were investigated using electrochemical potential recording techniques. Static crevice corrosion was studied with plates and screws in isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions (0.9 to 7.2% NaCl). Fretting corrosion was studied in vitro with plates screwed to tubular bone analogs which were subjected to cyclic axial loads, and was studied in vivo with plates screwed on the tibia of sheep. Static tests showed that crevice corrosion does not occur in isotonic saline for periods up to one year, but can occur in hypertonic saline solutions. Dynamic loading tests demonstrated immediate potential changes which were related to the magnitude of the applied load, indicating fretting corrosion due to motion between screw head and plate, both in vitro and in vivo. A mechanism for screw-plate relative motion is proposed. It is hypothesized that corrosion seen in clinically retrieved implants due to fretting corrosion which predisposes the contact area to crevice corrosion attack.
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    The influence of implant elastic modulus on the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 879-887 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to determine the effect of implant elastic modulus on stresses in tissues around LTI carbon and aluminium oxide dental implants. The finite element model was constructed to represent a baboon mandible containing a blade type dental implant. A three unit fixed bridge was modeled connecting the dental implant to a natural molar. The results of the study indicate that stress levels of approximately a factor of 3 lower in the crestal region can be expected for aluminum oxide implants when compared to the LTI carbon implants. It was also observed that the use of LTI carbon and aluminium oxide dental implants as an abutment in a fixed bridge results in a reduction of stresses in tissues around the natural tooth when compared to normal physiological stress levels.
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    Surface roughness and edge geometries in hemolysis with rotating disk flowSupported by NIH Grant 1-R01-HL23274 and, previously, by NIH Contract N01-HV32952 from the division of Heart and Vascular Disease of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 923-939 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Judging biocompatibility of materials with blood includes assessment of hemolysis resulting from flow in contact with those materials. Such hemolysis is influenced in part by the surface roughness and specific hydrodynamic features of the device used. Using a rotating-disk device, with polyethylene disks and human blood, it was shown that roughness under 4 μm has negligible effect and that hemolysis increases sharply for roughness above about 11 μm. Gross roughness (65 μm) causes qualitatively different hemolysis kinetics but not as severe hemolysis as extrapolated from low-roughness data. In the disk geometry, the corner is a key region which generates high hemolysis and thus minor alterations cause hemolytic variations which may tend to obscure materials influences. A series of corner-beveled polycarbonate disks were tested in comparison with the normal square corner and were found always to cause greater hemolysis. Tapering the bevel inward, so the taper angle was on the order of 2°-4°, reduced hemolysis relative to the 45° bevel but still was more hemolytic than the flat disk. Evidence suggests that glassy plastics can be machined with more reproducibility at the corners than plastics above their Tg such as polyethylene. General device design problems regarding hemolysis are discussed.
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    Determination of extractable methylene dianiline in thermoplastic polyurethanes by HPLC (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 961-968 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyurethanes are finding increasing utilization in biomedical applications. Recently, the reported finding of methylene dianiline (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, MDA) in the aqueous extracts of autoclaved 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanatebased polyurethanes promoted our investigation of the origin and extent of extractable methylene dianiline in polyurethanes. A high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure using precolumn derivatization is utilized to selectively monitor the appearance of this diamine in the aqueous extracts of polyurethanes subjected to water immersion, heat aging, and various sterilization techniques. No MDA was found in the aqueous extracts of the treated polyurethane except for the case of prolonged steam autoclaving. The appearance of 3-5 ppb MDA in the extract under these conditions is attributed to hydrolysis of the polymer. The stability of the polyurethanes under most conditions renders these materials useful in biomedical applications.
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    The binding of metal salts and corrosion products to cells and proteins in vitroThis paper was presented in part at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1981. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1005-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The binding of metal ions from salts and from corrosion products of 316 LVM stainless steel and MP-35 to blood cells and serum proteins was studied in vitro. In the first series of experiments, metal salts were added to whole blood and then the blood separated into red cells, white cells, and serum. Nickel from nickel chloride or corrosion products of stainless steel bound in very small quantities to blood cells. Cobalt from cobalt chloride bound to both red cells and white cells. Chromium from chromic chloride (Cr3+) bound to cells in very small quantities whereas chromium from potassium dichromate (Cr6+) and corrosion products showed very high to binding to red cells and some binding to white cells. In a second series of experiments the blood was separated into its components and then the metal salts were added and the binding pattern was identical. In a third series of experiments serum which had interacted with the metal salts or corrosion products was separated into its components by isolectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Almost all of the metal, whatever the source, was detected in the albumin region of the gels indicating strong binding to albumin. These studies on the cell and protein binding of the metals help to explain the dissemination of corrosion products from the site of the implant and subsequent systemic responses by some individuals.
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    Polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. II. Evaluation of albuminated polyester grafts stored in ethanol (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1059-1072 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an attempt to find an alternative procedure to the preclotting of porous textile vascular prostheses, the feasibility of an albumin coating and ethanol preservation technique has been evaluated by implanting albuminated polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. Nine different grafts representing woven, knitted, and velour constructions were implanted for periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. At the sacrifice, the grafts were excized for measurement of the thrombogenicity of the flow surface, for pathological examination by light microscopy and SEM, and for quantifying the changes in the textile structure during implantation. Also the kidneys were removed and examined for infarcts caused by trapped circulating emboli. The healing characteristics of the nine different grafts proved similar and followed the same sequence of events as preclotted control grafts. The albumin coating and ethanol preservation resulted in a somewhat slower rate of healing. Yet, given sufficient time, a more completely healed graft was achieved as evidenced by the presence of endothelial-like cells throughout the length of the graft. In addition, the albumin is believed to reinforce the textile structure by reducing the tendency to stretch and dilate in vivo.
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    The antithrombotic effect of prostaglandin E1 immobilized on albuminated polymer matrix (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1115-1124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For intravascular implantation, a biofunctional surface seems to retard surface thrombosis upon synthetic materials. Prostaglandins, like PGI2, PGE1, and PGD2, etc., are believed to stimulate membrane-bound adenyl cyclase and thereby raise intracellular levels of c-AMP within platelets, which inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation. A new procedure is suggested for the immobilization of prostaglandin E1 on an albuminated polymer matrix, through glutaraldehyde coupling. Materials thus prepared show dramatic antiplatelet effects, with regard to platelet adhesion, when compared with albumin-immobilized surfaces. The affinity of various modified surfaces toward platelet adhesion is studied, using washed platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. Octane contact angle studies are used to develop an understanding of the varied nature of bound substrates at equilibrium on polymer surfaces. These are studied at the solid/liquid interface, which is closest to in vivo conditions. The plasma recalcification time demonstrates the anticoagulant properties of various surfaces. A possible role of PGE1 in reducing platelet activity in the presence and absence of vitamin C is discussed. This technique may be used in the development of nonthrombogenic surfaces on existing biomedical polymers. Simultaneous pharmaceutical modification of the blood with vitamin C may enhance the blood compatibility of the surface.
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    Effect of radiation sterilization and aging on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 209-230 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The mechanical properties of polyethylene components used in prosthesis are altered after fabrication by the sterilization procedure and by the environmental and mechanical aging which occurs after implantation. To assess the importance and extent of these alterations, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes from two sources, Hercules 1900 and RCH 1000C, were subjected to gamma-ray irradiation and aging in serum and argon environments. Changes induced by these treatments in the structural and mechanical parameters have been determined by a variety of experimental techniques. The effect of irradiation is to introduce crosslinks and to increase the degree of crystallinity resulting in changes in the tensile properties in the direction of higher stiffness and reduced ductility. Aging for six months produced similar changes with subtle differences. The results suggest that the initially low degree of crystallinity which results from the sluggish mobility of the very long chain molecules offers the opportunity for significant changes in the properties during use in the long run.
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    Biocompatibility of polymeric delivery systems for macromolecules (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 267-277 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We previously reported the use of polymeric delivery systems capable of sustained release of substances with molecular weights up to 2 × 106. The current study examined the tissue compatibilities of these slow-release agents and of other polymeric materials. To observe in vivo host responses to specific implants, tests were conducted in the rabbit cornea. The cornea as an implant site has several advantages compared to other organs including its clarity, avascularity, sensitivity, and convenient access to view. Corneas were examined using stereomicroscopy and histology. Two polymers suitable for sustained macromolecular release, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and alcohol-washed ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, were noninflammatory. Other polymers considered for sustained macromolecular release, such as polyacrylamide and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), produced significant inflammation.
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    Announcements (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 289-290 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150214
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    Dense alumina aged in vivoFrom a thesis submitted by H. H. Osterholm for the M.S. degree in Ceramic Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, May 1980. (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Auger electron spectroscopy was used to investigate the relative concentration of the calcium impurity at the external and fracture surfaces of a dense alumina after in vivo exposure for 6, 12, and 23 weeks. The Ca concentration at the external surface initially decreased, reached a minimum at 12 weeks, and increased thereafter. These results were compared with the flexural strength, which decreased nearly linearly from 6 to 23 weeks.
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    Platelet adhesion onto sulfonated artificial red blood cells (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 383-392 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rabbit hemolysate-loaded microcapsules having sulfonic acid groups on their surface were prepared and rabbit platelet adhesion onto the sulfonated surface was examined kinetically. Rabbit platelets adhered more markedly onto the surface of a higher charge density than that of a lower one, indicating a trend similar to that found in the case of the surface having carboxyl groups. Moreover, the platelets were found to be stickier in the buffer solution than in the plasma, though the dependence of platelet adhesion in the buffer solution on the magnitude of surface charge of the sulfonated artificial red blood cells was still recognized.
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    Adsorption characteristics of plasma fibronectin in relationship to biological activity (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 363-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We studied the adsorption properties of plasma fibronectin (pFN) on wettable tissue culture (TC) dishes and nonwettable bacteriological (BAC-T) dishes in relationship to its biological activity of promoting fibroblast spreading. The binding of pFN to the dish surfaces was found to be very tight and partially resistant to treatments with 1M NaOH, 2% SDS, 8M urea, or 6M guanidine HCl. Only the combination of trypsin (1 mg/ml) followed by 1M NaOH resulted in complete recovery of surface bound material. The amount of surface bound pFN did not directly correlate with its activity when comparing TC and BAC-T dishes. At low concentrations, more pFN adsorbed onto the surfaces of BAC-T dishes than TC dishes, but the adsorbed material was biologically less active on BAC-T dishes. At high concentrations, pFN adsorbed similarly on both dish surfaces reaching a maximum level of 320 ng/cm2 or 4.4 X 1011 molecules/cm2. The possibility was considered that pFN unfolded into an inactive conformation when adsorbed on BAC-T dishes at a low concentration but that at high concentrations, molecular packing requirements prevented unfolding. Evidence in favor of this hypothesis was the observation that addition of 50 μg/ml of serum albumin simultaneously with low pFN concentrations resulted in adsorption of pFN on BAC-T dishes in an active conformation even though the amount of adsorbed pFN decreased. Competition experiments between pFN and other proteins were carried out, and it was found that pFN has a much higher affinity for BAC-T or TC dish surfaces than albumin or fibrinogen. It was also found that mild heat denaturation of albumin increased its affinity for the surface by an order of magnitude.
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    Compressive strength of implanted porous replamineform hydroxyapatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous replamineform hydroxyapatite is a nontoxic, nonallergenic synthetic ceramic currently under investigation as an implant for restoration of atrophic edentulous ridges. Previous studies have demonstrated its capacity to permit the ingrowth of bone into its pores. Evaluation of the material was carried out to determine its eventual compressive strength following implantation. Bony penetration results in a significant increase in strength, judged to be sufficient for support of dentures.
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    Long-term compressive creep deformation and damage in acrylic bone cements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Compressive creep tests were performed on five commercially available acrylic bone cements under conditions simulating in vivo usage. Measured creep strains are quite large, generally exceeding elastic strains. Large variations in creep response were noted among the various cements, with a carbon-reinforced cement by far the most resistant to creep. The empirical model ∊ = a exp(bσ)tn was found to predict creep strains within about 10% of the measured values. Microscopic examination of some specimens after testing revealed significant cracking, resulting from long-term loading, that could be a contributing cause of time-dependent failure.
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    Isolation of serum protein organometallic corrosion products from 316LSS and HS-21 in vitro and in vivo (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 99-114 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation into blood-borne organometallic compounds that arise from the corrosion of metals used in orthopedic prosthetic devices was conducted using an in vivo rat model with an implantation time of 10 days and an in vitro human serum model with an incubation time of 5 days. Both models involved 316LSS and HS-21Haynes Stellite 21: Stellite Division of Cobalt Corporation, Kokomo, Indiana (An alloy of very similar composition to ASTM F-75) in the spherical powder form of 55 ± 5 μm microns in diameter at three different surface areas to body weight ratios. Gel chromatography on cross-linked dextran (G-200) was used to fractionate the serum proteins which bound the metal ions (chromium, cobalt, and nickel) released and identify them. Atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry analysis measured the concentration of the metal ions in each serum protein peak as well as whole serum from both models, and red cell and tissue from the in vivo model. Within the serum proteins, the metal ions were bound to two of the principal serum protein peaks. Similar distributions of the metals among the serum protein peaks were not noted.
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    Letters to the editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180112
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    Biodegradation of a poly(α-amino acid) hydrogel. I. In vivo (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 577-589 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new hydrogel material has been prepared by crosslinking a hydrophilic, nonionic poly(amino acid), poly(2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine). The material properties of the hydrogel can be controlled by variation in the crosslink density, and the swelling ratio was found to be a sensitive and convenient method for measuring the extent of in vivo biodegradation of implanted specimens. Degradation of the material was observed only during the first 2 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in rats, and is attributed to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes released during the acute and chronic stages of the normal inflammatory response.
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    Histological evaluation of porous titanium cardiac pacemaker electrode tips (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 47-60 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the tissue reaction to five porous titanium alloy pacemaker electrode tips inserted in sheep hearts was made. Attachment of the electrode tips to the endocardial wall was facilitated by fibrous tissue ingrowth into the porous material. Vascularized fibrocollagenous tissue was found within the pores of the tips. One tip was found to be infected. The presence of occasional multinucleated foreign-body giant cells within the porosity was related to the particulate features of the porous tip. The electrode tips had a reduced sensing impedance compared with conventional solid platinum tips. The present findings are consistent with previous observations relating to porous cobalt-chromium alloy and porous platinum-iridium alloy tips and suggest that porous titanium alloy may be a suitable pacemaker electrode tip material.
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. II. Effect of fixation with or without pressure on the tensile viscoelastic properties of the leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 79-98 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have examined the tensile viscoelastic properties of circumferential and radial strips of porcine aortic valve leaflets following fixation in glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, with or without pressure. After aldehyde treatment, the radial strips remained weaker and less stiff than circumferential strips and responded slightly differently to the treatment. After fixation, with or without pressure, the radial strips showed large changes in stress-strain and hysteresis responses due to initial loading, and there was a twofold reduction in tensile strength and final stiffness. For strips in both directions, fixation without pressure produced doubled extensibility and a ramping stress-strain curve. Permanent (plastic) deformation of 5-20% occurred as a result of cyclic loading, stress relaxation, and creep experiments. Pressure fixation, however, produced little change in stress-strain results other than a simple shift to lower strain and produced no plasticity. Both methods of fixation reduced stress relaxation and creep. Mechanical test results are consistent with a loss of ground substance matrix during fixation. Reductions in tensile strength after fixation may be due to “riveting” of collagen geometry, producing local stress concentrations.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180201
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    Editorial (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. iii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180202
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    On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to assess the magnitude of the true wear of the polyethylene components of several total knee replacements. Five different prostheses were tested by total joint simulation for the equivalent of 1 month of use. The true wear rates of the tibial components were measured by quantitative recovery of the polyethylene debris. After testing, the tibial components were examined in the scanning electron microscope, and the molecular weight distributions were analyzed. The wear rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.8 mg per month. The soluble fraction molecular weights ranged from 179,000 to 393,000 with 53-78% soluble. The wear rates, significantly larger than those observed for total hip prostheses, are dominated by the high contact stresses in these prostheses. The wear results in dimensional changes, which are of the same order of magnitude as those due to creep. The debris had two components: fine fibrous particles, found in all cases, and coarse granules, found when the wear rate is relatively high. Evidence for fatigue cracking was found at the surfaces of the tibial component with the highest wear rate. This behavior is consistent with other investigations of the material itself and indicates that continuous deterioration of the polyethylene should be expected in this class of prosthesis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180301
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    Reduction in complement activation from biomaterials by removal of air nuclei from the surface roughness (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 255-269 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the rabbit complement system by each of three different synthetic materials is reported. Samples of each type of material were subjected to one of two different priming procedures. One priming procedure was intended to remove the air nuclei from the surface roughness of the materials; the other procedure was just the normal one. It was found that the removal of the air nuclei during priming reduced the complement activation by each of the two materials of lower surface tension, but not by a statistically significant amount for the material of highest surface tension, cellophane. For the denucleated samples of the three materials, the amount of complement activation was found to correlate with the critical surface tension of the materials; if the samples of the materials were normally primed, there was no correlation of the amount of complement activation with the critical surface tension of the material.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. II. Biomer: Preliminary cell adhesion and surface characterization studies (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 309-315 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Streaming potential and streaming current measurements to estimate surface conduction and electric double layer structure of biomaterials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Design criteria for percutaneous devices (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 357-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of a percutaneous device is described. The model is split into several components, each with its own function. Special structures such as horns, hair, feathers, fingernails, hoofs, teeth, and antlers are taken as examples where nature has solved the problems of “percutaneous devices.” These structures have been regarded in relation to dimensional and structural differences of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Theoretical guidelines are described for the design of a prosthetic percutaneous device.
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    Some factors that influence prolonged interfacial continuity (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bringing a percutaneous implant through the integument with the intentions of leaving it as a functional device for prolonged periods of time has not yet become a reality. If we are ever to achieve prolonged uninfected implants, attention must be directed toward a variety of failure mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have defined our scrutiny, and our awareness of others are poorly understood. Some of the causes for failure of a percutaneous implant are the forces, either extrinsic or intrinsic, that cause shearing and tearing at the skin-implant interface. Extrinsic forces are defined as those forces applied either to the skin or the implant by the external environment. Intrinsic forces are those that have to do directly or indirectly with the body's growth and cell maturation, such as the retraction of maturing scar tissue and the surface migration of squamous epithelium. An intact skin-implant interface is important to attain in order to close the portal which might allow microbial invasion. The integument must remain intact, since a suppurative wound makes the implant's removal mandatory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180406
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    Infection of percutaneous devices: Prevention, monitoring, and treatment (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 403-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices.
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    Bond strength and hardness of light-activated composite resins (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 789-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bond strength of visible light-activated composites to etched enamel was measured as a function of exposure time. Studies have shown that the bottom surface may not be as hard as the top after customary cure times. Therefore this study also measured hardness and related it to enamel bonding. Plexiglas molds were used to simulate extracoronal applications where light is not attenuated by enamel. Bond strength and hardness of the bottom surfaces reached maximum values after the same exposure times with two of the three composites. More exposure time than normally recommended by manufacturers was needed to obtain maximum bond strength to enamel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180709
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    Correlation of tissue reaction to corrosion in osteosynthetic devicesThe opinions or assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and are not the official views of the Department of The Air Force. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 817-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study evaluated the interaction of osteosynthetic plates to adjacent tissue. Eleven patients had 13 plates removed with simultaneous biopsies of the adjacent soft tissue. Four patients had pain localized to the area of the plate and 11 patients had routine removal or removal for fracture nonunion. Each plate was graded on a 0-5 point scale for the amount and severity of corrosion present at the screw - plate interface. The adjacent tissue was fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue reaction was graded on a 0-5 point scale based on the inflammatory response. A positive correlation of corrosion and tissue reaction was found that was significant at p ≤ 0.005 in the assymptomatic group. The other good correlation showed that tissue reaction tends to decrease with time at p ≤ 0.005. There was no correlation of corrosion with tissue reaction in the symptomatic removal group. All patients with pain adjacent to the plates were relieved by implant removal. The findings suggest that stainless steel is minimally toxic to human tissue in most circumstances and that the toxic products are well tolerated. There was a significant group (4/11) that showed a different pattern of tissue response which did not appear to be toxic response. We do not recommend routine implant removal to prevent metal toxicity; however, there is a group of patients who have pain in the area of the implant that may be caused by an allergic reaction and is relieved by implant removal.
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    Academic focus: Graduate study in dental materials science at New York university college of dentistry (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 867-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180802
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    Extracorporeal removal of mercury by hemoperfusion through agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 617-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Uniform agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (APMMB) of 1.0-mm diameter were prepared by encapsulating thousands of polymercaptal microspheres of 0.8-μm average diameter within an agarose matrix. Those beads show a high avidity and affinity for mercury and readily remove mercury compounds bound to serum proteins. In vivo detoxification trials in dosed rabbits and dogs showed the effectiveness of the APMMB for removal of mercury compounds by hemoperfusion. The rate for mercury removal is enhanced by addition of cysteine. The biocompatibility of the APMMB, measured by the depletion of the formed elements and various soluble components of the blood, is also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180604
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    Equilibrium adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 685-693 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on flat surfaces was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in UV absorption in the adsorption solution. The applicability of the method is discussed for hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. The values of equilibrium adsorption are presented - albumin on polyethylene, and fibrinogen on polyethylene, carbon, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and cellophane.
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    Investigations on the galvanic corrosion of multialloy total hip prostheses (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 731-747 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Total hip prostheses combining cobalt and titanium alloys in direct physical contact are currently being used. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of an accelerated corrosion occurring due to the coupling of these alloys. Electrochemical corrosion studies based on mixed potential and protection potential theories were used to study the in vitro effects of coupling the titanium and cobalt alloys. Verification of these studies was made by direct coupling experiments. Macroscopic examination of surface features of four retrieved total hip prostheses ranging from 0-6 years implantation were conducted. The electrochemical studies predicted coupled corrosion potentials of -0.22 V and low coupled corrosion rates of 0.02 μA/cm2. Direct coupling experiments verified these results. Cobalt-titanium interfaces on the implants were macroscopically examined, and no instances of extensive corrosion were found. Overall, the in vitro corrosion studies and the examination of retrieved prostheses predicted no exaggerated in vivo corrosion due to the coupling of these cobalt and titanium alloys.
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    An evaluation of ion-textured aluminum oxide dental implantsThis work was supported by NASA Grant No. NSG 3209 and NIH Grants AM 00222 and DE 00041. (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 749-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study was undertaken to evaluate the ion-beam texturing of aluminum oxide as a means of providing a surface which will produce a biological prosthetic attachment. A wafflelike pattern of surface contours 150 × 75 × 35 μm deep was produced on cylindrical dental implants. The textured surfaces were compared to the as received surfaces in adult mongrel dogs. Implants were inserted into surgically modified healed extraction sites and were left in place for six months. Post-sacrifice mechanical testing was used to quantify the displacement response of the implants.The clinical, radiographic and mechanical testing evaluations did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the performance of the dental implants. However, it was observed that anatomical site and mandibular geometry with respect to implant size play a significant role in affecting implant retention.
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    Electrophoretic analysis of protein adsorbed on polymer surfaces (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 781-784 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150513
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    An in vivo method for the biological evaluation of metal implantsPresented in part at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 829-844 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The peritoneal cavity of the rat was used as an implantation site in order to study the quantitative, cellular response and the qualitative, histopathological response to three metals (Ag, Sn, Cu). The effects of the metals on the cells were correlated with the cellular concentrations of the metal as determined by chemical analysis. Small variations in the cell population and a minimal foreign body reaction was observed with an implanted control material (silicone polymer). Large increases in the number of cells and an intense foreign body reaction was observed with Cu implants. Decreases in the number of cells were seen with Sn and Ag implants, but only Sn elicited a foreign body reaction. Implantation of Ag failed to elicit a foreign body reaction. Significant concentrations of all three metals were detected in the retrieved cells.
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    Difference of bond bonding behavior among surface active glasses and sintered apatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 845-859 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three types of surface active glasses and sintered apatite were implanted in femurs of rabbits for 8 and 16 weeks and subjected to the push-out test to measure the bone bonding strength. The apatite surface layers of these materials, which were formed under in vitro treatment, were studied using IR, NMR, and AES. The difference in the bonding strength among these materials was shown statistically. The results of in vitro experiments explained the differences. It was concluded that the crystal chemistry and formation rate of the surface apatite layer significantly influenced the bonding strength. Materials that formed a surface apatite layer having a bone-like crystal chemistry and fast formation rate showed high bone bonding strength.
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    Announcement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1191-1192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180918
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150601
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    The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 969-978 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility. One of the negative effects of the clinical application of various blood-containing biomedical devices is the activation of the complement system induced by a foreign surface. A method of determining the hemolytic activity of human serum complement before and after contact with polymers was chosen in order to elucidate the relationship between polymer surface types and the degree of complement activation. The complement activation of each donor proved to depend both on his own complement reactivity and the type of polymer surface. The role played by each constituent was estimated using the rate constants for spontaneous (ksp) and induced (kind) complement activation. The negative correlation (-0,88, p 〈 0,001) between the degree of irreversible adsorption of 131I-serum albumin and relative kind was determined. Thus, we propose the use of kind for the criterion of conformation alterations of protein macromolecules induced by the adsorption/desorption processes on blood/surface interface, leading to complement activation.
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    Toxicology and biocompatibility of bioglasses (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 805-817 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evidence for the lack of toxicity of various bioglass formulations has been deduced from studies carried out, both in vivo and in vitro, in several different centers. Recent studies of the authors, described here, include testing of solid bioglass implants in the soft tissues of rats and rabbits for time periods of up to eight weeks. Two new techniques are described for the toxicological testing of particulate biomaterials. These tests, which involve rat peritoneal macrophages in culture and a mouse pulmonary biomaterial embolus model, indicate the biocompatibility of bioglass powders. Thus, the surface activity so critical in bone adhesion is without toxic effect in nonosseous tissues in contact with solid bioglass implants. Should wear occur and produce particulate bioglass, the material should be eliminated without consequence.
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    Determination of partition coefficients of acrylates, methacrylates, and vinyl monomers using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 787-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Retention times (Rt) for acrylates, methacrylates, and vinyl monomers were measured with two different columns (C18 Corasil and C8 LiChrosorb) using reverse-phase HPLC in order to obtain their partition coefficients between 1-octanol and water (log P). The log P values of test compounds were determined from the regression curves between RT and log P values of a number of standards using C8 LiChrosorb. The log P values obtained in this manner agreed closely with the log P values observed in previous studies. However, the peaks of these compounds were not sharp and some compounds were eluted for more than 10 min. Thus, the measurement of accurate Rt values is tedious. C18 Corasil was therefore used for this experiment in a mobile phase (methanol : water = 85 : 15). The Rt of some methacrylates with P values over 4 were delayed due to the hydrophobic interaction between these compounds and the C18 packing material. However, in the measurable region of the log P values (about -1 to +4), log P correlated linearly with log Rt following two different regression curves: one for aliphatic and aromatic compounds with the functional groups (r = 0.92), and the other for compounds without these groups (r = 0.99). It is concluded that log P values of methacrylates widely used in dentistry can be determined easily and accurately by HPLC.
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    Anticoagulant activity of a synthetic heparinoid in relation to molecular weight and N-sulfate content (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 819-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Addition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to C=C bonds in cis-1,4-polyisoprene and reaction of the adduct with NaOH resulted in the formation of a water-soluble polyelectrolyte with N-sulfate and carboxylate groups. The polyelectrolyte showed anticoagulant activity and it was found, just as with heparin, that the activity was related to molecular weight and N-sulfate content.
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    Work hardening and forming behavior of cast dental alloys (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 835-841 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The work hardening characteristics of several casting alloys were determined from true stress-true strain data. A regression technique was used to fit the data to linear or nonlinear mathematical expressions. Manipulation of the expressions made it possible to calculate the work necessary to deform the alloys. Several nonprecious alloys proved to be as easy to cold form as a conventional, high gold containing alloy.
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    Morphological characteristics of tendon cells cultured on synthetic fibers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1073-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Filamentous carbon is currently being used as an implant material for tendon and ligament repair in humans. This material acts as a scaffold for the organization of new fibrous tissue growth. Primary cultures of rat tendon fibroblast cells (1° RTF cells) were grown on carbon, Dacron, polyethylene and Nylon fibers in vitro. The morphological characteristics of these cells were examined. The process of cell migration from tendon explant to fiber substrate was similar for all four materials. Three morphological categories of cells were observed on these materials. (1) spherical dividing cells, (2) spindle-shaped migrating cells, (3) sheath-like migrating or stationary cells. The morphological characteristics and orientational behavior of cultured fibroblasts on these fiber materials were strongly influenced by the diameters of the fibers and by fiber surface characteristics such as longitudinal striations. The possible mechanisms of cell response to substrate geometric configuration are discussed along with the clinical significance of these experiments.
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    In vivo validation of a cell culture test for biocompatibility testing of urinary catheters (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1125-1135 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biocompatibility tests have been compared for their suitability as routine safety tests for urinary catheters. Latex catheters from five manufacturers were tested by each of the following four methods: (1) a cell culture cytotoxicity assay of catheter extracts, (2) intracutaneous injection of the extracts into rabbits, (3) intramuscular implant of catheter pieces into rabbits, (4) catheterization of sheep (mucous membrane irritation). The rabbit intracutaneous and intramuscular tests are both current pharmacopoeial methods for ascertaining the suitability of polymers for medical use. The four tests each showed a cell or tissue response ranging from no detectable change to severe damage, according to the catheter batch or brand, and they each identified the same samples as most toxic and least toxic. However, they differed in sensitivity. The sheep test and the cell culture assay discriminated between catheters of intermediate toxicity and ranked as toxic catheters not identified as such by the two pharmacopoeial tests. The sheep test most closely approximates clinical usage, but is impractical for routine use. The cell culture assay is a suitable alternative. It also has the advantages of a clearly defined endpoint, good sensitivity, reproducibility, speed, and reduced animal usage.
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    Extracorporeal removal of specific antibodies by hemoperfusion through the immunosorbent agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads: Removal of anti-bovine serum albumin in animals (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1153-1167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We describe (1) the production of a unique immunosorbent system, agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads (APAMB) for removal of a specific antibody, anti BSA, and (2) its efficacy in animal trials. This is a model system for hemoperfusive removal of specific antibodies or antigens directly from whole blood. The agarose beads (1.0 mm mean diameter) contain thousands of microspheres of 0.2 m̈m mean diameter. The microspheres which contain the ligand are encapsulated within an agarose matrix to confer physical strength, biocompatibility, spacial configuration, and porosity allowing rapid entry of plasma for reaction. Any antigen may be linked covalently to spacers on the polyacrolein microspheres to remove a specific antibody, or vice versa. Thus the APAMB remove specific molecules in contrast to the charcoal or ion exchange resins currently in use. Removal of antibody is efficient and rapid, therefore, short hemoperfusive times may be used. The beads are biocompatible; there are negligible decreases in RBC, WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and other soluble components also are minimally affected. Therapy, at the least palliative, of autoimmune disorders i.e., multiple myeloma, macroglobinemia, autohemolytic anemias, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis, glomerulonephritis, etc, is potentially available with this or its further improved versions.
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    Academic focus: Graduate study and research in Bioengineering at Clemson University (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150113
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    Finite element temperature analysis of a total hip replacement and measurement of PMMA curing temperatures (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Analytical and experimental studies were performed to examine some characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement in the context of total hip replacement. Proceeding from fundamental principles of balance of energy and heat conduction, three simulation models of total hip replacement, using the finite-element method of numerical analysis, were used to predict the temperature response in the femoral prosthesis, cement, cancellous bone, and bone-cement interface. When cement collars are a centimeter or less in thickness, the models predict little likelihood of permanent bone thermal necrosis. In addition, laboratory experimental results indicate that peak temperatures attained in Simplex-P and Palacos-R cement specimens are nearly identical and that adding 0.5 and 1.0 g of the antibiotic gentamicin to Palacos-R has negligible influence on peak temperature. Experimental results also indicate that cooling cement specimens to 8°C extends the set time, which in turn could significantly increase the likelihood of stemcement loosening during surgery.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150112
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    Creep of conventional and microfilled dental composites (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The creep of microspecimens of two conventional and two microfilled composites was studied using a torsional creep apparatus. Small stresses below the materials' proportional limits were maintained for 3 h and recovery was monitored for 30 h. Creep curves were obtained at 21.5,37, and 50°C, and three torque levels. The composites exhibited linear viscoelastic behavior at low deformations. The magnitude of creep depended on the amount and type of resin in the composites. The materials did not recover their original shape after 30 h after the stress was removed. No transitions were observed in the temperature range employed. The shear moduli decreased with temperature and are in reasonable agreement with literature values obtained with other tests.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180104
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  • 99
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. I. Tensile viscoelastic properties of the fresh leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tensile viscoelastic properties of radial and circumferential strips of fresh porcine aortic valve leaflets have been examined and compared with the fiber architecture of the leaflets as seen in the scannng electron microscope. The leaflet material showed nonlinear viscoelasticity, largely independent of strain rate, and dependent on the degree of preconditioning by cyclic loading. Preconditioning to a stable stress-strain response could only be accomplished on 1-cm-long strips above a minimum width of 4 mm (circumferential) and 6 mm (radial). Preconditioning yielded a more elastic and extensible material with reduced hysteresis. The leaflets were markedly anisotropic. Circumferential strips were up to 8 times stronger and stiffer than radial strips, and displayed greater stress relaxation and less creep. The circumferential mechanical properties were due to well-aligned circumferential collagen bundles reinforcing the composite structure, while radial properties were due to a more random collagenous support throughout the leaflet. Despite the presence of a septal shelf on the right coronary leaflet, no mechanical differences could be discerned between leaflets.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180108
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  • 100
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    Announcements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180113
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