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1

Electronic Resource

Gravitropic response of primary maize rootlets as influenced by light and temperature (1991)

HORWITZ, B. A. ; ZUR, B.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. The gravitropic curvature of primary maize rootlets was measured as a function of temperature, both in the presence and absence of light. In two different cultivars, light strongly increased the downward curvature of roots developing from horizontally-oriented embryos. At 15–20°C, the bending angle was in the range of 70–80° in the light, and 25–50° in the dark, depending on the cultivar. When the temperature was increased above the 15–20°C range, marked differences were found between the two cultivars in their response to light. In one variety tested, JX180, the effect of light was relatively small at 30–35°C. Gravitropic curvature in another variety, Halamish, depended strongly on light throughout the temperature range tested. In both cultivars, gravitropic curvature was only slightly temperature dependent when germination and growth were in total darkness. In the dark, the extent of gravitropic curvature also depended on whether the kernels were oriented with their embryos facing upwards or downwards. Under continuous light, the gravitropic bending of roots of cultivar Halamish did not show a marked temperature dependence. When the seedlings were subjected to only a 15 min illumination, their gravitropic response was partial, and the dependence on temperature somewhat increased. In cultivar JX180, a combination of temperature and light modulates gravitropism. The gravitropic response of different maize cultivars thus differs considerably in its combined dependence on light and temperature.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01534.x

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2

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Simulation of possible adaptive mechanisms in crops subjected to water stress (1984)

Jones, J. W. ; Zur, B.

Springer

Irrigation science 5 (1984), S. 251-264

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The dynamics of stress development in crops involves a decrease in turgor potential of leaves which causes decreases in leaf expansion, photosynthesis, and transpiration. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three possible adaptive mechanisms in maintaining turgor potential and growth. These mechanisms — osmotic adjustment, increased root growth, and increased stomatal resistance at full turgor — were examined by a simulation experiment using a dynamic model of the soil-crop-atmospheric system. Osmotic adjustment was found to be ineffective in maintaining turgor for crops grown in a sandy soil because of the rapid development of stress. When a ten-day drying cycle was simulated for a clay soil, cumulative transpiration, photosynthesis and growth were increased by osmotic adjustment, indicating an improved ability of the crop to maintain turgor under the simulated conditions for the clay soil. increased stomatal resistance was ineffective for the simulated conditions because of a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic rate. Increased soil volume occupied by roots was found to be the most effective adaptive mechanism for maintaining turgor, transpiration, photosynthesis and growth of crops in both soil types.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258178

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3

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Wetted soil volume as a design objective in trickle irrigation (1996)

Zur, B.

Springer

Irrigation science 16 (1996), S. 101-105

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The restricted volume of wetted soil under trickle irrigation and the depth-width dimensions of this volume are of considerable practical importance. The volume of the wetted soil represents the amount of soil water stored in the root zone, its depth dimension should coincide with the depth of the root system while its width dimension should be related to the spacing between emitters and lines. Thus, the volume and geometry of the wetted soil under an emitter should become an objective rather than an end result of the design process. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and demonstrate an inverse design process, where a management-controlled wetted soil volume, Vm, is estimated first. The parameters which influence the value of Vm are the available water holding capacity of the soil and the peak daily crop water use representing specific field conditions. The irrigation interval and the management-allowed deficit are additional parameters which affect the wetted volume and could be changed depending on crop sensitivity as well as water and irrigation equipment accessibility. A truncated ellipsoid is assumed to best represent the geometry of the wetted soil volume under an emitter. Pairs of possible depth-width dimensions which satisfy the estimated volume of the wetted soil are then computed using the equation of a truncated ellipsoid. Finally, depth-width-discharge combinations which can yield the estimated wetted soil volume are computed using an equation proposed by Schwartzman and Zur (1986). The most suitable combination based on local irrigation practices and available emitters is then selected. Computational examples for three soil types under the same climatic conditions are presented and discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02215617

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4

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Wetted soil volume as a design objective in trickle irrigation (1996)

Zur, B.

Springer

Irrigation science 16 (1996), S. 101-105

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The restricted volume of wetted soil under trickle irrigation and the depth-width dimensions of this volume are of considerable practical importance. The volume of the wetted soil represents the amount of soil water stored in the root zone, its depth dimension should coincide with the depth of the root system while its width dimension should be related to the spacing between emitters and lines. Thus, the volume and geometry of the wetted soil under an emitter should become an objective rather than an end result of the design process. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and demonstrate an inverse design process, where a management-controlled wetted soil volume, Vm, is estimated first. The parameters which influence the value of Vm are the available water holding capacity of the soil and the peak daily crop water use representing specific field conditions. The irrigation interval and the management-allowed deficit are additional parameters which affect the wetted volume and could be changed depending on crop sensitivity as well as water and irrigation equipment accessibility. A truncated ellipsoid is assumed to best represent the geometry of the wetted soil volume under an emitter. Pairs of possible depth-width dimensions which satisfy the estimated volume of the wetted soil are then computed using the equation of a truncated ellipsoid. Finally, depth-width-discharge combinations which can yield the estimated wetted soil volume are computed using an equation proposed by Schwartzman and Zur (1986). The most suitable combination based on local irrigation practices and available emitters is then selected. Computational examples for three soil types under the same climatic conditions are presented and discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002710050008

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5

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Control of irrigation amounts using velocity and position of wetting front (1994)

Zur, B. ; Ben-Hanan, U. ; Rimmer, A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Irrigation science 14 (1994), S. 207-212

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ISSN: 1432-1319

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A new approach for the estimation and control of the quantity of water applied in an irrigation is presented in which irrigation is stopped when the wetting front reaches a critical depth, Z L. An expression for calculating the critical depth Z L was developed. A major parameter in this expression is the velocity of advance of the wetting front, V, which was shown to be directly related to the application rate, IR, and inversely related to the initial soil water content, θ i. A depth probe (patent pending) was designed, constructed and tested for the purpose of monitoring the position of the wetting front during infiltration and redistribution and for computing the value of V. Equations developed for relating the velocity of advance of the wetting front to θ i as well as for estimating the value of the critical depth Z L were successfully tested under conditions of uniform distribution of the initial soil water content. An iterative learning process which utilizes the real time output from the depth probe during each irrigation and is therefore capable of handling realistic field conditions where nonuniformity is the rule is presented. The acquired information is used to estimate a critical depth of the wetting front, Z L, for a planned final wetted depth, Z F, during each irrigation. This process is incorporated in the depth probe and is used to stop irrigation and thus control the quantity of water applied.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190192

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6

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Temperature effects on nodal root development in maize (1992)

Zur, B. ; Hesketh, J. D. ; Reid, J. F.

Springer

Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 151-155

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: adventitious roots ; degree days ; phenology ; Zea mays L.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of temperature on root appearance at successive stalk nodes of a maize (Zea mays L.) plant. Plants were grown in three controlled temperature regimes (30/24, 26/20 and 19/14°C 16-/8-h day/night or 28, 24 and 17.3°C mean), as well as in the field. Three plants were dissected twice a week for morphological observation. A second-degree polynomial, with time as the independent variable and with coefficients linearly related to temperature, was fitted to the controlled-environment data. This equation tested well against two sets of field data. The appearance of newly rooted stalk nodes was related to the appearance of new leaf tips and collars. Such information is urgently needed for predicting leaf, stalk and root growth in maize and other grasses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010186

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7

Electronic Resource

Gelatin-based sprayable foam as a skin substitute (1981)

Neumann, P. M. ; Zur, B. ; Ehrenreich, Y.

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 9-18

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ISSN: 0021-9304

Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Medicine , Technology

Notes: Physical and antimicrobial properties of a newly developed gelatin based spray-on foam bandage for use on skin wounds have been evaluated. The aqueous foam is sprayed from aerosol containers and effectively covers and washes uneven wound surfaces. The foam dries to form an adherent and stable three-dimensional matrix which diminishes evaporative water losses. The foam possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal contaminants.

Additional Material: 2 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150105

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