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  • AERODYNAMICS  (342)
  • ASTRONOMY
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984  (863)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (863)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1980-1984  (863)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Application of a snowmelt-runoff model using LANDSAT data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The snowmelt-runoff model developed for two small central European watersheds simulate daily streamflow on the 228 sq km Dinwoody Creek basin in Wyoming, using snowcover extent for LANDSAT and conventionally measured temperature and precipitation. For the six-month snowmelt seasons of 1976 and 1974, the simulated seasonal runoff volumes were within 5 and 1%, respectively, of the measured runoff. Also the daily fluctuations of discharge were simulated to a high degree by the model. Thus far the limiting basin size for applying the model has not been reached, and improvements can be expected if the hydrometeorological data can be obtained from a station inside the basin. LANDSAT provides an efficient way to obtain the critical snowcover input parameter required by the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 2
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    The utilization of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snowpack properties (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 electrically scanning microwave radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains, significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 3
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    Seasonal and daily snowmelt runoff estimates utilizing satellite data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Methods using snowcovered area to update seasonal forecasts as snowmelt progresses are also being used in quasi-operational situations. The input of snowcovered area to snowmelt models for short term perdictions was attempted in two ways; namely, the modification of existing hydrologic models and/or the use of models that were specifically designed to use snowcovered area. A daily snowmelt runoff model was used with LANDSAT data to simulate discharge on remote basins in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Daily predicted and actual flows compare closely, and, summarized over the entire snowmelt season (April 1 - September 30), the average difference is only three percent. The model and snowcovered area data are currently being tested on additional watersheds to determine the method's transferability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci. Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 742
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  • 4
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    The program of the Techniques Development Laboratory in aviation weather forecasting (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some operational and experimental products developed for aviation weather forecasting are briefly described. Experimental products include surface dew point, obstructions to vision, boundary layer model, computer-worded terminal forecasts, terminal alerting procedure, generalized equivalent Markov, and radar forecasts (0-2 hours).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 209-212
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  • 5
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    Doctor Fujita's microburst analysis at Chicago (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler radar measurements of an intense wind shear occurance are discussed. The data suggest the presence of an incredibly strong low level jet outflow component of the microburst event, reaching 60 knots only 50 meters above the surface. Evidence also suggests that microbursts more typically occur in very weak thunderstorms that have hardly reached thunderstorm stage.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 201-202
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  • 6
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    The microburst: Common factor in recent aircraft accidents (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of one class of strong thunderstorm downdrafts, microbursts, is described. Several aircraft accidents are analyzed in which a microburst was involved and a concept for an early warning wind shear sensor is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 186-200
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  • 7
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    Clear air turbulence forecasting techniques (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method to improve clear air turbulence (CAT) forecasting by more effectively using the currently operational rawinsonde (RW) system is discussed. The method is called the Diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency (DRT) technique. The technique does not attempt to use the RW as a direct detector of the turbulent motion or even of the CAT mechanism structure but rather senses the synoptic scale centers of action which provide the energy to the CAT mechanism at the mesoscale level. The DRT algorithm is deterministic rather than statistical in nature, using the hydrodynamic equations (equations of motion) relevant to the synoptic scale. However, interpretation, by necessity, is probabilistic. What is most important with respect to its operational implementation is that this method uses the same input data as currently used by the operational National Meteorological Center prognostic models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-208
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  • 8
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    The 1979 clear air turbulence flight test program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A clear air turbulence (CAT) flight test to evaluate and test four different sensors in the detection and measuring of CAT and other meteorological targets that relate to turbulence is discussed. The primary types of CAT investigated were mountain wave CAT, jetstream CAT, CAT in cirrus clouds, and CAT in frontal wind shears, troughs, and ridges. The sensors included the CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar and three radiometers. One of the radiometers, at a frequency of 55.5 GHz, looked at atmospheric temperature structure. Another, at a frequency of 180.1 GHz, looked at atmospheric water vapor and investigated the feasibility of measuring at the microwave frequency the turbulence features seen in the infrared (IR) frequencies. An IR radiometer at 27 to 33 microns was the fourth sensor. This last device and the temperature structure radiometer worked well at all flight levels.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 171-179
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  • 9
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    Very short range forecasts of visibility and ceiling (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of methods for the short range forecasting of visibility and ceiling conditions is discussed. Short range forecasts of one hour or less (5 or 30 minutes), immediately after a series of local observations can be expected to be more accurate and reliable than any forecast of more than one hour. These forecasts can be accomplished by the operational implementation of fully automated aviation observation systems and the utilization of statistical techniques such as the Generalized Equivalent Markov model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 180-185
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  • 10
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    Measuring weather for aviation safety in the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Requirements for an improved aviation weather system are defined and specifically include the need for (1) weather observations at all airports with instrument approaches, (2) more accurate and timely radar detection of weather elements hazardous to aviation, and (3) better methods of timely distribution of both pilot reports and ground weather data. The development of the discrete address beacon system data link, Doppler weather radar network, and various information processing techniques are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 162-167
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  • 11
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    Observing lightning from ground-based and airborne stations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The operational designs and performance capabilities of ground-based and airborne lightning detection systems are reviewed. The airborne Stormscope system is described and compared with onboard radar and the lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR). Two examples of difference-in-time-of-arrival systems for detecting spherics from discharges in electrified clouds are described: (1) The LDAR system and (2) Taylor's lightning mapping system. Next, an interferometric system adapted to lightning location is discussed. Finally, systems that are based upon crossed-loop magnetic direction finding principles but which have been refined and improved to accurately locate lightning discharges to ground are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 130-139
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  • 12
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    Aeronautical concerns and National Aeronautics and Space Administration atmospheric electricity projects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
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  • 13
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    Remote probing of wind and wind shears (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability of various types of remote probes to measure wind is discussed. Two important advantages over in-situ sensors are reported: (1) their ability to measure atmospheric parameters without disturbing the air flow; (2) their ability to scan through large volumes of the atmosphere with relative ease. Direct measurement sensors such as anemometers and wind vanes are categorized into two groups; active and passive. Acoustic radar, microwave radar, and lidar are included in the first group and the latter group is typified by the infrared radiometers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 109-124
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  • 14
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    Winds and wind shear in-situ sensors (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem of development of instrumentation for providing wind speed and direction information directly or indirectly to a pilot in the cockpit is considered. The pilots need for horizontal wind information at various stages of flight (i.e., at liftoff, in approach and departure corridors, and even in flight outside the terminal area) are emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 82-108
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  • 15
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    Clear air turbulence: Historical comments (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The basic reference material for gust design criteria are cited. The status of clear air turbulence meteorology (forecasting and detection) is discussed. The directions of further research technology is indicated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meterol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 71-81
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  • 16
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    Aircraft icing instrumentation: Unfilled needs (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A list of icing instrumentation requirements are presented. Because of the Army's helicopter orientation, many of the suggestions are specific to rotary wing aircraft; however, some of the instrumentation are also suitable for general aviation aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-65
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  • 17
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    Icing instrumentation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The types and usage categories of icing instrumentation are discussed. The state-of-the-art for the technology governing the use of icing instrumentation is reported with particular emphasis on ground based facilities for icing tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 49-60
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  • 18
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    Turbulence: From a pilot's viewpoint (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The measurement of atmospheric turbulence is discussed in terms of a pilots viewpoint. Two areas of measurement are considered: frequency and severity of turbulence. Suggestions are given for helping the pilot solve the turbulence problem.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-70
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  • 19
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    Federal Aviation Administration and National Weather Service Aviation Research and Development (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An overview is given of the developmental status of aviation weather services. Particular attention is given to justifying the need for better, more reliable service. The accomplishments of several automatic weather stations are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 45-48
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  • 20
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    Aviation meteorology research and development: A status report (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The dynamic and rapid growth of technology in the area of aviation meteorology research and development are described with emphasis on the measurement of hazardous weather phenomena. Aspects of both onboard instrumentation and ground based facilities are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness of in avoiding hazards due to atmospheric electricity and lightning. Methods of alleviating terminal are hazards such as fog, low visibility and ceilings are also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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  • 21
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    Survey of Workshops on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Various aspects of aviation meteorology are discussed with respect to their relative effects on aircraft terminal operations. Existing data on turbulence and wind shear from aircraft and towers are summarized. The significance of obtaining more real time wind and temperature information is emphasized. The application and testing of various radiometer devices are also described. Airborne methods to indicate wind differences at flight altitude and at touchdown are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 23-39
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  • 22
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix J (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three projects are suggested which could be done using the Doppler lidar. The first is a cooperative effort at BAO, the purpose of which is to check out instrumentation and contribute to boundary layer investigations at BAO. The second concerns unintended weather modification. Its purpose is to detect mechanisms by which regions of industry and urbanization modify weather. The cirrus cloud study proposes to characterize cirrus clouds by their lidar signal and to compare lidar and visually observed characteristics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 5 p
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  • 23
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    Report of secondary flows, boundary layers, turbulence and wave team, report 1 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: General criteria for a flight test option are that: (1) there be a good opportunity for comparison with other measurement techniques; (2) the flow to be measured is of considerable scientific or practical interest; and (3) the airborne laser Doppler system is well suited to measure the required quantities. The requirement for comparison, i.e., ground truth, is particularly important because this is the first year of operation for the system. It is necessary to demonstrate that the system does actually measure the winds and compare the results with other methods to provide a check on the system error analysis. The uniqueness of the laser Doppler system precludes any direct comparison, but point measurements from tower mounted wind sensors and two dimensional fields obtained from radars with substantially different sampling volumes are quite useful.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 24
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    Cooperative convective precipitation experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The experiment strives to improve understanding of the physics of convective precipitation. Major emphasis is placed on obtaining a good description of the whole convective precipitation system. A framework is presented within which single, significant, tractable problems are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 25 p
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  • 25
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    Severe storms measurement system real time data processing and displays (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The objectives of the system are to provide the system operator with real time system performance check and to provide data recording of all SSMS data. Meteorologists are provided with real time indication of meteorological data measurements including aid for directing flight profiles in real time and aid for directing SSMS operations. A day-to-day feedback is provided to meteorologists, system operators, and flight crews for flight planning on subsequent flight tests days.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 15 p
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  • 26
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    First Scientific Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement Program, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem is to operate on two scalar fields to produce a vector field, to produce user products from the vector field, and to establish reliability of results. Data problems encountered include sparse measurements, irregular distribution, varying quality, imperfect orthogonality, aliasing due to sampling volume, and measurements not simultaneous. Desired algorithm characteristics, solution elements, and characteristics of the model are listed. The seven simulation elements, eight algorithm steps and the required user inputs are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 27
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    Report of convective phenomena team (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A group meeting was assembled to focus on the planning of specific experiments, to establish some priorities, identify interested scientists who would like to participate, establish any special requirements, make recommendations on data processing, and to prepare flight plan outlines. Since the number of convective storms in the CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment) field experiment area are limited to only a few days during the operational time period the flight plans must be designed with a hierarchy of abort experiments so that the easily identified and lowest probability events should take priority until their quota is filled.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 10 p
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  • 28
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    The MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix B (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of pulsed and continuous wave Doppler lidars for atmospheric measurement is discussed. A description of how the lidar systems operate is presented. The scanning mode is also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 40-42
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  • 29
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    Possible applications of MSFC Doppler lidar system, appendix C (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An interpretation of the Doppler lidar return is presented. Possible applications of the system to severe storm research are discussed. The present project schedule of the Doppler lidar system is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 43-46
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  • 30
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    Wind field measurement in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding storms by an airborne pulsed Doppler lidar system, appendix A (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 31-39
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  • 31
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    Application of the Doppler lidar system to agricultural burning and air-sea interactions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Doppler lidar system is potentially a very powerful measurement system. Three areas concerning the system are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system to verify the results; (2) application of the system to agricultural burning in California central valley; and (3) oceanographic possibilities of the system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 25
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  • 32
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    Measurement of phenomena associated with water clouds using Doppler lidar (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler lidar measurements of phenomena associated with water clouds (such as aerosols) are discussed. The purpose of the measurements and details of executing the experiment are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 20-24
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  • 33
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    Potential uses of the airborne Doppler lidar wind velocity measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Four aspects of the Doppler lidar are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system; (2) design of the first field program; (3) potential areas of application; and (4) verification of Doppler lidar data by independent measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 16-17
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  • 34
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    Potential scientific research which will benefit from an airborne Doppler lidar measurement system (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas of research which can be significantly aided by the Doppler lidar airborne system are described. The need for systematic development of the airborne Doppler lidar is discussed. The technology development associated with the systematic development of the system will have direct application to satellite systems for which the lidar also promises to be an effective instrument for atmospheric research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 13-15
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    Potential applications of the Doppler lidar measurements (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The potential application of the Doppler lidar measurements to the determination of material (e.g., water vapor) and energy budgets, momentum transports, etc., in the environment at all stages and in the development of convective clouds are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 18-19
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    Airborne Doppler lidar wind measuring system: Application to atmospheric problems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability to map velocities over a large area on one side of the aircraft flight path offers a number of opportunities to elucidate scientific questions related to atmospheric dynamics. Several types of experiments which are possible are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 11-12
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  • 37
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    Statistical Analysis of daily mean temperatures (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Data of daily mean temperatures recorded at the Kennedy Center during the period of 1957-1977 were analyzed to forecast daily mean temperatures and their thirty-day moving averages for a period of ten to fifteen days in a given month. Since it is found that the standard deviation is linear in the mean, a logarithmic transformation of the data is used for finding an integrated moving average process IMA by the Box-Jenkins aproach. The first differences of the transformed data seem to fit a moving average model with parameter value 2, MA(2). The consideration of seasonality factor makes the fit worse.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 38
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    Theoretical studies: Radiation, clouds, transport (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 161-162
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  • 39
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    Formation of the terrestrial planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two growth mechanisms are identified for the development of the terrestrial planets: (1) gravitational instability leading to a collapse, and (2) gravitational accumulation caused by two-body collisions and coherence. The presence of a dynamically-significant gas phase would not affect either mechanism. Theoretical expressions are presented for the production of giant gaseous protoplanets by gravitational instability within a central dust layer. Gravitational accumulation is discussed with reference to the accumulation of planetesimals from a gas-free circumsolar swarm of bodies. Numerical simulations are given for the early stages of accumulation. The Safronov steady-state velocity is considered, noting that the competition between mutual collisional damping and gravitational acceleration by the members of a solar swarm yields a steady-state velocity distribution where the mean velocity is comparable to the escape velocity of the largest body. A time scale for accumulation is postulated on the basis of the radial distribution of a swarm of non-accreting bodies of equal size. The simultaneous gas-free accumulation of several terrestrial planets is noted. Attention is also given to growth mechanisms in gas-rich interplanetary media.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 40
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    Is the remnant of SN 1006 Crablike (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The solid-state spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory and the GSFC cosmic X-ray spectrometer on OSO 8 have observed the X-ray spectrum of SN 1006. The data can be well represented by a power-law model with alpha = 1.2, similar to the spectrum of the Crab Nebula. This is in contrast to the radio and X-ray maps of SN 1006 which show a shell structure more typical of SNR with thermal X-ray emission. The X-ray spectrum is suggestive of nonthermal synchrotron emission, raising the possibility that the remnant of SN 1006 contains a source of relativistic electrons.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 41
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    Climate sensitivity from fluctuation dissipation - Some simple model tests (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Leith has suggested that climatic response to change in external forcing parameters of the climate system may be estimated via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). The method, which uses the natural fluctuations of the atmosphere to probe its dynamics, is tested here using a twenty-variable truncation model of the barotropic vorticity equation. Dissipative terms are added to the equations, so that the model is pushed away from the region where it is expected to satisfy the FDT. It is found that, even though the FDT is no longer satisfied in every detail, the FDT continues to provide an excellent estimate of the climatic sensitivity of the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Aug. 198
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  • 42
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    Three-layer interactive method for computing supersonic laminar separated flows (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An interactive model for numerical computation of complicated two-dimensional flowfields including regions of reversed flow is proposed. The present approach is one of dividing the flowfield into three regions, in each of which a simplified mathematical model is applied: (1) outer, supersonic flow for which the full potential equation (hyperbolic) is used; (2) viscous, laminar layer in which the compressible boundary-layer model (parabolic) is used; and (3) recirculating flow modeled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (elliptic). For matching of the numerical solutions in the three layers, two interaction models are developed: one for pressure interaction, the other for interaction between the shear layer and the recirculating flow. The uniform solution for the whole flowfield is then obtained by iteration of the local solutions under the constraints imposed by matching. The three-layer interactive model is used for solution of the flowfield past an asymmetric cavity. The method is shown to be capable of dealing with backflow without encountering problems at separation, characteristic to the boundary-layer approach.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 18; Nov. 198
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  • 43
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    Improvements to satellite retrieval systems. The operational perspective (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Operational weather satellites are built as a series of nearly identical instruments which are flown for 5 to 7 years. Minor improvements are made during the life of the series. However, major improvements and changes in design are made with the initiation of a new series of instruments. Similarly, procedures used to process the data are characterized by frequent changes early in the life of a satellite series as user experience is gained with the new instrument. Later the changes become less frequent, both because the processing system becomes well tuned to that particular set of instruments and because, at the end of a series, resources are devoted to generating the processing system for the next set of instruments. Past and present systems are considered with emphasis on the vertical temperature profile radiometer and a procedure for deriving clear radiances in partly cloudy areas.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 11-18
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  • 44
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    Radio observation of comet Meier /1978f/ in 18-cm OH lines (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of 18-cm OH spectral lines in comet Meier (1978f) with the 1000-ft. Arecibo telescope show spatial resolution of the OH coma by the 2.9 arcmin beam (=3.7 x 10 to the 5th km). The data agree with predictions of the solar Fraunhofer spectrum-pumping theory of comet OH excitation. On the assumption that the OH parent molecule (e.g., H2O) has a Haser-model scale length of about 1.0 x 10 to the 5th km at heliocentric distance 1 AU, an OH scale length of less than 10 to the 6th km, and probably near 1.0 x 10 to the 5th km is derived. Assuming a recently calculated value of the OH lifetime and the solar radiative pumping model, the results indicate an OH production rate of 10 to the 29th Kayser at heliocentric distance 2 AU.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 85; 1-2,; Sept
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  • 45
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    Near infrared photographic sky survey - A field index (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The book presents an index of previously cataloged objects located in the fields of the northern sky included in the Steward Observatory Near Infrared Photographic Sky Survey, which was intended to be used for identification purposes in an effort to locate extremely red objects. The objects included in the index were taken from 16 catalogs of bright nebulae, dark nebulae, infrared objects, reflection nebulae, supernova remnants and other objects, and appear with their corresponding field numbers, computed field center coordinates, object name and 1950 epoch equatorial coordinates, as well as supplementary descriptive information as available. An appendix is also provided in which the center coordinates of each field are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    SS 433 - Intensive 4 month light curves (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photometry covering 100 nights during 1979 July-November is reported, in an unfiltered band (effectively 5200-8000 A), in a V band, and with a few measures in B. Correlation with the 13 day period of Crampton, Cowley, and Hutchings is found in the form of a double-peaked light curve. A more tentative connection with the 164 day 'precession' period suggested by a broad light minimum near a critical phase in the long cycle is found.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 47
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    Near infrared photography with a vacuum-cold camera (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Sensitized cooled plates have been obtained of the Orion nebula region and of Sh2-149 in the wavelength ranges 8000 A-9000 A and 9,000 A-11,000 A with a recently designed and constructed vacuum-cold camera. Sensitization procedures are described and the camera design is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 48
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    Accuracies of three computationally efficient algorithms for computing atmospheric transmittances (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three algorithms for calculating polychromatic atmospheric transmittance functions have been tested using a set of eleven distinct temperature profiles in order to compare transmittance accuracies achievable by the three methods. The comparison of rms errors demonstrates that the iterative method of McMillin and Fleming (1976) is the most accurate of the efficient algorithms currently available for gases with constant mixing ratios; its accuracy approaches that of the spectroscopic parameters and the computational approximations used in the ground-truth line-by-line calculations. The method of Arking et al. (1974), while less accurate, has the advantage of being perfectly general and easily adapted to cases where spectral bandwidths are varied
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 15
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  • 49
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    Stability of planetary orbits in binary systems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possible existence of stable orbits is investigated in binary systems using Hill's method. Analytical stability conditions are established for satellites, for inner planets and for outer planets, allowing arbitrary values for the mass-ratio of the binary.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 50
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    On the capture of the Moon (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper studies the possibility of lunar capture depending on variations of the solar mass under certain well specified conditions and assumptions regarding the behaviour of the three-body dynamical system formed by the Sun, Earth and Moon. It is found that a large amount of decrease in the solar mass (approximately 37%) would be required to allow capture if the model of the planar restricted problem of three bodies is assumed, if the masses of the Earth and Moon did not change and if the angular momentum of the Sun-Earth system did not change. Such large mass-changes of the Sun can not be associated with radiation mass losses only with catastrophic events, such as stellar close approaches.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 21; Apr. 198
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    Noise radiation from the side edges of flaps (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The recently observed phenomenon of high noise radiation from the side edges of flaps in flow is investigated by way of a simple two-dimensional model problem. The model is based upon a physical picture of boundary layer vorticity being swept around the edge by spanwise flow on the flap. The model problem is developed and solved and the resulting noise radiation calculated. Further, a mathematical condition for the vortex to be captured by the potential flow and swept around the edge is derived. The results show that the sound generation depends strongly upon the strength of the vorticity and distance from the edge and that it can be more intense than the more common trailing edge noise source in agreement with the experimental observations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 18; May 1980
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  • 52
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    Stability aspects of diverging subsonic flow (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the computation of two-dimensional, subsonic, diverging internal flows and how they differ from the corresponding converging flows. Such diverging or decelerating flows occur in such obvious places as subsonic diffusers and inlets; however, such flows also occur in supersonic nozzles in the presence of a normal shock. The flow instability and its relation to the numerical method used, boundary conditions, and viscous effects are assessed both analytically and numerically. The inviscid flow is shown to be physically unstable and a poor representation of the true viscous flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 18; May 1980
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  • 53
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    The time-of-flight system on the Goddard medium energy gamma-ray telescope (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A scintillation counter time-of-flight system has been incorporated into the Goddard 50 cm by 50 cm spark chamber gamma-ray telescope. This system, utilizing constant fraction timing and particle position compensation, digitizes up to 10 ns time differences to six bit accuracy in less than 500 ns. Event selection decisions, discriminating against upward-moving particles, are made prior to spark chamber triggering. The performance of this system during a November 1978 balloon flight is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    The applicability of the piecewise linear current profile in the baroclinic instability problem (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The applicability of the piecewise linear function in place of a similar smoothly-varying current profile is examined in the baroclinic context. Within the framework of small-perturbation linearization, the behavior of the vertical velocity and the horizontal divergence is analyzed at the discontinuity of the current shear. In the conventional geostrophic-type instability regime, the discontinuity in the horizontal divergence at the shear discontinuity is suppressed, and, therefore, the piecewise linear profile leads to a useful approximation to the true solution. In the symmetric-type instability regime, however, due to the magnified discontinuity in the horizontal divergence at the shear discontinuity, the solution thus obtained will show a major distortion, rendering the piecewise linear profile inadequate for modeling the smoothly-varying current profile. Using exemplary current profiles, numerical results are presented to demonstrate the behavior of the horizontal divergence near the discontinuity of current shear.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 58
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  • 55
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    Ultraviolet, X-ray, and infrared observations of HDE 226868 equals Cygnus X-1 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During April, May, and July of 1978, HDE 226868, the optical counterpart of Cygnus X-1, was repeatedly observed in the ultraviolet with the IUE satellite. Some X-ray and infrared observations have been made during the same period. The general shape of the spectrum is that expected from a late O supergiant. Strong absorption features are apparent in the ultraviolet, some of which have been identified. The equivalent widths of the most prominent lines appear to be modulated with the orbital phase. This modulation is discussed in terms of the ionization contours calculated by Hatchett and McCray, for a binary X-ray source in the stellar wind of the companion.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 242
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    The necessity of new dynamical theories of the planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    The luminosity functions of the 1969 Perseid and Orionid meteor showers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the 1969 Perseid and Orionid meteor showers are presented and used to derive luminosity functions for the 288 Perseids and 56 Orionids detected. Visual counts were performed under very good to excellent seeing conditions at the times of peak activities, and the brightnesses of the meteors were estimated to the nearest magnitude by comparison with the magnitudes of known objects. Maximum likelihood estimates of the power law index of the luminosity function of 1.56 + or - 0.06 for the Perseids and of 1.85 + or - 0.1 for the Orionids are obtained which are lower than the values found by other investigators. Under the assumption that the luminosity of visual meteors is proportional to their mass, the luminosity function power law may also be used to characterize the mass function.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 43; Sept
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  • 58
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    On the detection of other planetary systems - Detection of intrinsic thermal radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is currently no unambiguous observational evidence for the existence of other planetary systems. One possible way to detect and study such systems is infrared observations of continuum blackbody radiation from planets revolving around other stars. It is shown that the effective temperature of large planets revolving around mid- to late-spectral-type main-sequences stars is set by energy sources internal to the planet rather than by equilibrium with the radiation field of the central star, making them easier to detect than had been previously thought. Consideration is given to the two major observational constraints on detecting planetary companions to nearby stars, namely, angular resolution and sensitivity. A comparison is made between the performance of an ambient (T 200 K), single-aperture telescope and a cooled interferometer. In each case the required aperture (baseline) is large (in the 10-m class), but consistent with Shuttle launch capability.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 43; Sept
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    Results from the 10 March 1977 occultation by the Uranus system (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Timings of occultation events observed at Perth, Australia during the appulse of Uranus to SAO 158687 are presented. In addition to pre- and post-appulse observations of the alpha ring, a search of the data confirms events by the '4', '5', and '6' rings on the pre-appulse side of Venus, and the '5' and beta rings on the post-appulse side. A table of other suspected events obtained from a statistical search of the data down to the same level of significance as the '4', '5', and '6' events is presented. A fairly strong 'event', so far unconfirmed, is noted near the 5:1 Miranda resonance orbit. Examination of the light curves at high time resolution indicates that the alpha ring was, during this aspect, about 10 km in radial extent and about 50% transparent.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Dec. 198
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  • 60
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    The hard X-ray pulse profile of GX 1+4 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are reported from 1976 and 1977 observations of the galactic center X-ray source GX 1+4. On these two occasions, epoch folding at twice the previously reported period of about two minutes has resulted in an asymmetry between the shapes of the two resultant peaks in the light curve, indicating that the true period may be about four minutes. Mean intensity is shown to vary from pulse to pulse.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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    The Space Telescope Observatory (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Space Telescope is an international astronomical observatory which will be placed into a low earth orbit in December 1983. The observatory will provide astronomers the opportunity to use five different instruments (wide field/planetary camera, faint object camera, high-resolution spectrograph, faint-object spectrograph, and high speed photometer), and to do astrometry with the use of the fine guidance sensors used primarily for pointing control. These instruments, the spectral range available above the earth's atmosphere, and the spatial resolution available from the combination of a near-diffraction limited 94-in. primary mirror and the stability provided by the Pointing Control System provide a tremendous potential to the astronomical community.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Journal of the Astronautical Sciences; 28; Apr
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  • 62
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    Structural variability of the Sun (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Changes in solar radius and luminosity are discussed as a function of age. Surface and satellite observations showing departures from mean solar irradiance on a time scale of a few days are summarized. The most prominent depressions in these data appear to be correlated with sunspot number, indicating that the activity modulation of solar luminosity may be larger than expected. High activity is correlated with low luminosity, but during the Maunder minimum the mini ice age (presumably low luminosity) was accompanied by a near absence of solar activity. Pulsations driven by sources deep within the Sun are thought to be an unlikely cause of luminosity changes, but causes may be sought in the unstable convective zone. Experiments designed to measure the solar radius are mentioned, along with modelling efforts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: CNES Sun and Climate; p 295-304
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  • 63
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    The GLAS physical inversion method for analysis of TIROS N data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences approach to temperature sounding from satellite observations is fundamentally different from that of NESS in that heavy reliance is placed on the ability to model accurately the instrumental response to atmospheric and surface conditions, while no use is made of statistical relationships between satellite observations and atmospheric temperature profiles. The method involves starting with a guess set of atmospheric and surface conditions from which expected brightness temperatures for the satellite observations are computed. Then, iterative relaxation of atmospheric and surface conditions is performed according to the difference between observed and computed brightness temperatures until sufficient agreement is reached. In the absence of sufficient agreement, no retrieval is produced for that location.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 41-55
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    Operational sounding algorithms (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analytical equations used to interpret TIROS-N sounding radiances for operational applications are presented. Both the National Environmental Satellite System (NESS) Global Operational Synoptic Scale and the NESS/University of Wisconsin (UW) North American Mesoscale Sounding Production Systems are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 1-10
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    Galileo's observations of Neptune (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Galileo's recorded observations of Neptune are examined, including an assessment of the accuracies of the positions of Neptune and those of the Jovian satellites. It is shown that one observation may be of astrometric value. The possible error in the ephemeris of Neptune is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 287; Sept. 25
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  • 66
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    Short-interval SMS wind vector determinations for a severe local storms area (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Short-interval SMS-2 visible digital image data are used to derive wind vectors from cloud tracking on time-lapsed sequences of geosynchronous satellite images. The cloud tracking areas are located in the Central Plains, where on May 6, 1975 hail-producing thunderstorms occurred ahead of a well defined dry line. Cloud tracking is performed on the Goddard Space Flight Center Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System. Lower tropospheric cumulus tracers are selected with the assistance of a cloud-top height algorithm. Divergence is derived from the cloud motions using a modified Cressman (1959) objective analysis technique which is designed to organize irregularly spaced wind vectors into uniformly gridded wind fields. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using satellite-derived wind vectors and their associated divergence fields in describing the conditions preceding severe local storm development. For this case, an area of convergence appeared ahead of the dry line and coincided with the developing area of severe weather. The magnitude of the maximum convergence varied between -10 to the -5th and -10 to the -14th per sec. The number of satellite-derived wind vectors which were required to describe conditions of the low-level atmosphere was adequate before numerous cumulonimbus cells formed. This technique is limited in areas of advanced convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Sept
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  • 67
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    A catalog of nonstellar water maser sources (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A list of 195 nonstellar galactic sources of water maser emission has been compiled. This list is not a comprehensive catalog of all the available information; it is intended to be used as an index. As such, it contains only coordinates, velocities, and selected references. The extragalatic sources are listed in a separate table.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Sept
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  • 68
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    Water-ice and water-updraft relationships near -10 C within populations of Florida cumuli (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented for a sequential development of cloud water, rainwater, graupel, and crystalline ice with the aging of the cloud. This evidence is based on in-cloud microphysical data set collected in Florida convective towers that were penetrated close to their tops near -10 C; the very rapid onset of graupel that appears on repeat penetrations of some towers is of particular interest. A separate data set shows a large scatter in the relationship between the maximum value of cloud water and vertical velocity which indicates that measurements of cloud water can be misleading as an indication of growth activity. The sequential pass data showing the evolution of ice and water are consistent with a rime-splintering, secondary ice production hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; May 1980
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  • 69
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    The observation, detection and research on satellites of asteroids (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented for the existence of asteroidal satellites. Instances wherein the occultation of a star occurred when a known asteroid was close to the line of sight of the star are discussed, and the implication that the eclipses were caused by satellites of the asteroids is considered. The role of amateur astronomers in these observations is reviewed, and possible applications of the technique of indirect occultation with regard to the solar system are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: L'Astronomie; 94; July-Aug
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  • 70
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    Effect of solar radiation on a swarm of meteoric particles (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The theory of the Poynting-Robertson effect is used to study the motion of meteors relative to a parent comet describing an undisturbed elliptical orbit. It is shown that any emitted particle proceeds to move retrogressively away from the comet to a certain maximum angular distance (as seen from the sun) depending on its sigma-s value, and then undergoes relative motion in the opposite forward direction. The time taken to reach this greatest elongation behind the comet is the same for all particles, and after twice this time the particles will have returned to zero angular displacement relative to the comet. For comet Encke the time for the elongation to return to zero is about 6600 y; for Halley it is about 200,000 y; for Temple-Tuttle (1965 IV) it is just over 100,000 y.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 23; Aug. 198
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  • 71
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    VLBI observations at 18 and 2.8 cm - 0133 + 47, 0735 + 178, OH 471, OQ 172, 1633 + 38, and NRAO 667 /2147 + 145/ (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; June 198
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  • 72
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    Computational aerodynamics on large computers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three examples of advances in computational aerodynamics; (1) three-dimensional inviscid transonic analysis, (2) design calculations for wings, and (3) the computation of viscous-induced aileron buzz, are reviewed. Attention is given to wing surface pressures, design optimization, computer memory, speed and advanced solution methods on parallel computer architecture. It is determined that many implicit approximate-factorization schemes, that have been developed for Navier-Stokes equations, can be coded to run efficiently on microprocessors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 73
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    Molecular line observations of AFGL sources (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: HCN and (with three exceptions) CH emission lines have been detected from 14 molecular clouds associated with AFGL sources and/or Sharpless regions. Eleven are molecular cloud-H II region complexes. The remaining three appear to be similar (perhaps younger) objects; they are strong in the far infrared, but have no visible H II regions. Enhancement of the lower satellite transition of CH is seen in most cases. CH was also detected in association with the Herbig B8-A2e star V380 Ori. This emission was the most intense of all the CH detections. An effort was made to find a maser transition for a carbon-bearing molecule in late-type stars. A search was made for rotational transitions in the HCN bending mode (first overtone at 89.1 GHz) and stretching mode (fundamental at 88.0 GHz) as well as the CH ground state lambda-doublet in carbon stars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 74
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    Wing flapping with minimum energy (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique employed by Prandtl and Munk is adapted for the case of a wing in flapping motion to determine its lift distribution. The problem may be reduced to one of minimizing induced drag for a specified and periodically varying bending moment at the wing root. It is concluded that two wings in close tandem arrangement, moving in opposite phase, would eliminate the induced aerodynamic losses calculated
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Journal; 84; July 198
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  • 75
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    Low-light-level television measurements of lightning (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nighttime observations of lightning were conducted using a low-light-level television system at the Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research in New Mexico. The number of strokes per flash, the interstroke intervals, and flash durations of cloud-to-ground activity were measured for storms ranging from 50 to 200 km away from the observation site. The flash frequency was also obtained for a severe storm system at a distance of 320 km. Some comparisons of the data are made with results obtained from previous television and photographic lightning observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 61
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  • 76
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    The effect of finite turbulence spatial scale on the amplification of turbulence by a contracting stream (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The turbulence downstream of a rapid contraction is calculated for the case when the turbulence scale can have the same magnitude as the mean-flow spatial scale. The approach used is based on the formulation of Goldstein (1978) for turbulence downstream of a contraction, with the added assumptions of a parallel mean flow at downstream infinity and turbulence calculated far enough downstream so that the nonuniformity of the mean flow field has decayed, and by treating the inverse contraction ratio as a small parameter. Consideration is given to the large-contraction-ratio and classical rapid-distortion theory limits, and to results at an arbitrary contraction ratio. It is shown that the amplification effect of the contraction is reduced when the spatial scale of the turbulence increases, with the upstream turbulence actually suppressed for a contraction ratio less than five and a turbulence spatial scale greater than three times the transverse dimensions of the downstream channel.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 98; June 12
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  • 77
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    Infrared spectrometer for Voyager (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager IR investigation is described, which uses a Michelson interferometer in the 180-2500/cm range, and a single-channel radiometer for the visible and near-IR, sharing a 50-cm diameter telescope. Emphasis is placed on the differences between the Voyager and the previous designs, including reductions in the field of view and in the noise equivalent spectral radiance of the instrument. Attention is given to the optical layout, the electronics module, power supply placement, thermal control heaters and flash heaters, data reduction, and calibration. A sample spectrum of Jupiter is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; May 1
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  • 78
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    Types of leeside flow over delta wings (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that so far most systematic investigations on the lee side flow over delta wings at supersonic speeds are concerned with flat upper surfaces. On the basis of these results, the paper makes an attempt to characterize the different types of flow over a wing with a delta-shaped upper surface by varying a number of parameters. It is concluded that the work should be considered a first step toward systematizing the flow over delta-shaped lee sides as well.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Flugwissenschaften und Weltraumforschung; 4; Mar
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  • 79
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations - Climate implications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosols of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron soot granules, and space shuttle rocket emissions of aluminum oxide particulates are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol layer is used to calculate changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is employed to compute the effect of aerosol changes on the earth's average surface temperature. It is concluded that the release of large numbers of small particles (soot or aluminum oxide) into the stratosphere should not lead to a corresponding significant increase in the concentration of large, optically active aerosols, but that the increase in large particles is severely limited by the total mass of sulfate available to make large particles in situ, and by the rapid loss of small seed particles via coagulation. We find that a fleet of several hundred advanced supersonic aircraft operating daily at 20 km, or the launch of one space shuttle rocket per week, could produce roughly a 20% increase in the large-particle concentration of the stratosphere. We find, in addition, that aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 80
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    Optical redshifts of 59 galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper presents the results of an observing program carried out to measure galaxy redshifts with the Cassegrain Digicon Spectrograph system on the McDonald Observatory 2.1 m Struve telescope. New redshift determinations are presented for 59 galaxies, obtained for emission line spectra by conventional wavelength determination techniques and for absorption line spectra by Fourier transform filtering and cross correlation techniques with respect to velocity standard spectra of NGC 3115 and NGC 4736. With respect to published redshifts for 29 galaxies, the new redshifts show a mean residual of -1 km/sec and rms residual of 49 km/sec, without apparent systematic trends, from -300 to +13,700 km/sec.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Feb. 198
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  • 81
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    Central configurations and hyperbolic-elliptic motion in the three-body problem (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A refined classification of motion for the planar three-body problem with zero-sum total energy is presented. The structure and dimensions of the sets of initial conditions leading to parabolic expansion or hyperbolic-elliptic motion are found. Attention is given to the use of the Hamiltonian of the system and to the two- and three-dimensional problem. It is verified that the new coordinates of position and linear momentum approaches limits as t (time) approaches infinity, and that these limits constitute equilibrium solutions to the three-body problem representing control configurations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 82
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    On the apparent secular accelerations of the moon and the sun (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The discussion of tidal friction in the earth-moon system given in successive editions of 'The Earth' by Jeffreys is shown to contain a serious dynamical error. When the treatment is corrected, it shows that the moment of inertia of the earth must be changing. The apparent secular accelerations of the moon and sun require a diminishing moment of inertia, and the rate is in agreement with the phase-change hypothesis for the nature of the core.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 83
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    Tidal-friction theory of the earth-moon system (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Serious errors contained in Jeffreys' (1952, 1959, 1970, 1976) discussion of tidal friction in the earth-moon system are identified and their consequences are discussed. A direct solution of the dynamical tidal equations for the couple from the earth acting upon the moon and the couple from the earth acting upon the sun, which were left unsolved by Jeffreys, is found to be incompatible with observations and the predictions of linear or quadratic friction theory, due to his failure to take into account the possible change of the moment of inertia of the earth with time in the derivation of the dynamical equations. Consideration of this factor leads to the conclusion that the earth must be contracting at a rate of 14.7 x 10 to the -11th/year, which can be accounted for only by the Ramsey theory, in which the terrestrial core is considered as a phase change rather than a change in chemical composition. Implications of this value for the rates of changes in day length and lunar distance are also indicated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 84
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    IUE observations of two late type stars - R Aql and W Hya (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 92; 3, De; Dec. 198
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  • 85
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    On the rapid variability of AM Herculis (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New observations of the rapid brightness flickering of AM Her are presented, with 10 hours of data from three nights and with a time resolution of 1.6 s, and the statistical properties of the flickering are described. The flickering is assumed to be the superposition of bursts produced as individual clumps in the accretion flow encounter the region of strong emission just above the surface of the white dwarf at the magnetic poles. A statistical shot-noise analysis is then appropriate, and a pulse duration of 70-90 s is determined, with many pulses overlapping at any instant. The clumps must then have the form of long, thin strings as they reach the emission region.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 86
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    X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The elementary spectral signatures of fundamental physical processes that might be operable in galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources are reviewed. Some of the instrument limitations of experimental techniques used in X-ray astronomical spectroscopy are described. X-ray spectroscopic measurements are examined for various types of X-ray-emitting objects, including degenerate and nondegenerate stellar systems, supernova remnants, clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and quasars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Vistas in Astronomy; 24; pt. 3
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  • 87
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    The effect of directional radiation models on the interpretation of earth radiation budget measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A parameter estimation technique is presented to estimate the radiative flux density distribution over the earth from a set of radiometer measurements at satellite altitude. The technique analyzes measurements from a wide field of view, horizon to horizon, nadir pointing sensor with a mathematical technique to derive the radiative flux density estimates at the top of the atmosphere for resolution elements smaller than the sensor field of view. A computer simulation of the data analysis technique is presented for both earth-emitted and reflected radiation. The errors resulting from the assumed directional radiation model, spatial model and random measurement error have little effect on the global mean radiation. Zonal estimates were found to be more sensitive to the spatial model than to the directional radiation model. Results from analyzing medium field of view measurements showed a much greater sensitivity to the directional radiation model even on a global scale.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Oct. 198
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  • 88
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    Thin-layer approximation for three-dimensional supersonic corner flows (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thin-layer approximation is extended to an axial corner that is formed by the intersection of two perpendicular plates, one of which has an inclination angle with respect to the free stream. A computer code developed by Hung and MacCormack (1978) is modified for the thin-layer approximation, and a case with Mach 5.9 and a wedge angle of 6 deg is computed. In addition, it is shown that it is not necessary to solve the complete Navier-Stokes equations for a three-dimensional high-Reynolds-number corner flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 18; Dec. 198
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  • 89
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    Graphical measurement of Saturn's oblateness and the radius of the Encke gap (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The geometric distortions attendant to spin-scan imaging were extraordinarily manifest in the Pioneer encounter with Saturn. By overlapping graphical predictions of these distortions with raster scans of the raw intensity data, both displayed to the same scale on a Versatec printer-plotter, it is possible to determine the precise geometry of a data-taking sequence. The predictions are quite sensitive to the assumed dimensions of Saturn and its rings. It is accordingly concluded that the ratio of polar to equatorial radius is 0.91 and that the Encke gap is 133,500 km from Saturn's center.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 90
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    A photometric study of the eclipsing binary RX Hercules (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new photoelectric light curve of RX Hercules, a binary system with similar components, has been analyzed using Wood's computer model. RX Her, using Popper's spectroscopic mass ratio of q = 0.8472, turned out to be composed of a dimmer AO component and a larger B9.5 component. This detached system, upon analysis of the residuals in secondary minimum, shows some asymmetry during ingress which then disappears just before secondary minimum. The eccentricity e = 0.022 determined in this study is a little larger than previously published values of e = 0.018. In combination with the spectroscopic analysis of Popper, and ubvy data of Olson and Hill and Hilditch new photometric elements for RX Her were found.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series; 42; Dec. 198
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  • 91
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    Radio survey of Markarian galaxies at 6 and 11 cm (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One hundred and fifty-one objects from Markarian's lists 6 and 7 were observed at 6 cm with a 3 sigma detection limit of about 30 mJy. Eight Markarian objects were detected, six of which were also observed at 11 cm. Forty-five others were negative at this wavelength. Two of the detections, numbers 533 and 668, are Seyfert galaxies; additionally, UB1 was detected at 6 cm and NGC 7715 and III Zw 2 were found at 11 cm.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Nov. 198
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  • 92
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    On the role of upper tropospheric jet streaks and leeside cyclogenesis in the development of low-level jets in the Great Plains (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; Oct. 198
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  • 93
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    Latitude-dependent sensitivity to stationary perturbations in simple climate models (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The steady-state zonally averaged climate is perturbed by adding a latitude-dependent heat source to an energy balance equation of the simplified Budyko-Sellers type. The latitude of the ice edge, which is attached to an isotherm, becomes dependent on the strength of the perturbation. This dependence is given in terms of the well-known iceline-solar constant relation, and the latitude dependence of the perturbed temperature field is then uniquely determined. The exact analytical solution is linearized and expressed in terms of a superposition of line sources at various latitudes. The main features are: (1) The total temperature response is a sum of the direct effect of the perturbation and an indirect ice-albedo effect proportional to the solar ice-edge sensitivity; and (2) the indirect feedback effect produces an enhanced response in polar latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Aug. 198
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  • 94
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    A review of observational evidence for short and long term ultraviolet flux variability of the Sun (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observation of the Sun in the 160 to 400 nm wavelength region reveals no significant broadband variation with solar flares, variability associated with the rotation of active regions, and a possible long term change which may be related to the 11 year sunspot cycle or longer. A continuing ultraviolet solar flux variability below 200 nm was observed from 1969 through the present from satellites, which is modulated at solar rotation rates. Recent observations from Nimbus-7 show the solar flux is varying by significant amounts also in the regions from 200 nm up to the Calcium 2 H-line at 396.8 nm. Typically the flux may vary over a solar rotation from about 10 percent at 160 nm to slightly less than 1 percent at the Ca2 K-line. Results of an evaluation of observations from rockets, satellites, and the ground measurements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: CNES Sun and Climate; p 447-471
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  • 95
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    Low level moisture from VAS (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previous research and current opinion are too pessimistic concerning the capability of defining moisture fields from satellite measurements. The TIROS-N sounder is a close analogue to what will fly on GEOS-D and can be used to investigate the probable capability of VAS. Basically, there are three frequencies applied to sensing moisture in the troposphere. The ability of these three measurements to define the moisture pattern is assessed. It is certainly true that one cannot achieve the detail available with a radiosonde hygristor. Sharp discontinuities cannot be sensed by a passive sounder, especially since the measurement tends to "saturate" with the first moisture layer encountered. However, the satellite measurements demonstrate a high degree of skill in defining the horizontal gradient. Moisture "tongues" and "dry lines" are readily delineated with some, perhaps two layers, of vertical definition. These attributes allow both the calculation of important advective quantities as well as (in concert with the temperature sounding) a gross definition of the vertical stability. The skill is demonstrably commensurate with subsynoptic forecast models and perhaps even to regional scale models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 57-65
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  • 96
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    Statistically conditioned least squares retrievals planned for the VAS demonstration experiment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems in the retrieval of atmospheric profiles from passively observed satellite radiances are reviewed. Plans are described for statistically conditioned least squares retrievals of temperature and moisture profiles around mesoscale events, based upon the expected sensitivity of the VAS channels to the atmospheric variations. Simulated soundings for a global data set and for the 1976 National Storm Laboratory (NSSL) severe storm data set are also examined. This combination of radiance modeling and statistical conditioning should yield reliable mesoscale soundings and provide a test bed for sounding research and development with the VAS instrument.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 67-79
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  • 97
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    Evaluation of NESS soundings used in the FGGE special effort (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A special effort to produce high quality edited and enhanced global data sets is being conducted for the two special observing periods of the first GARP global experiment. More than 60 cases were selected for enhancement on the basis of meteorological interest. These cases include situations of blocking, cut off low development, cyclogenesis, and tropical circulations. The sounding data enhancement process consists of supplementing the operational satellite sounding data set with higher resolution sounding in meteorologically active regions and with new soundings where data voids or soundings of questionable quality exist. After the enhancement process is completed, a final editing and quality assessment of the enhanced data are performed. The data is archived for further analyses. Subjective evaluation of the effects of sounding data enhancement indicate that: (1) enhanced and operational IR retrievals are similar in most situations; (2) large improvements in 1000 to 300 mb thickness and mandatory level temperature and intensification of atmospheric thermal gradients occasionally occur; (3) interactive processing can fill in major gaps in the TIROS-N coverage; and (4) assimilation of special effort soundings can result in major modifications to large scale analyses and prognoses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 31-40
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  • 98
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    Evaluation and use of TOVS retrievals at NMC (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In a current analysis procedure at the National Meteorological Center (NMC), a first guess analysis (from the latest 6 or 12 hour forecast) is updated by new data. In the newest analysis procedures, which are based on optimum interpolation, the observational correction depends on the size of preassigned, expected observational errors versus the size of expected errors in the first guess forecast. In the case of Northern Hemisphere ocean temperatures, the latter are around 2 degrees. The infrared satellite retrievals have a similar size "error". If (as assumed) their errors are uncorrelated with the first guess error, they will improve the analysis. The larger errors of the microwave retrievals, however, mean that they will be given little weight in the analysis. An evaluation of the TIROS-N retrievals is currently underway at NMC to determine the impact of satellite derived data within operational analysis schemes, to isolate possible problems within current retrieval methods, and to offer possible solutions for these problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VAS Demonstration Sounding Workshop; p 19-30
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    Ultraviolet spectroscopy of comets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The UV spectra of a comet, Comet Seargent 1978m, were obtained two weeks after the comet's discovery before any ground-based spectroscopic observations were made. The second comet observed with IUE was Comet Bradfield 1979e. It was first observed on January 10 and 11, 1980, and subsequently on several occasions until the beginning of March of 1980. The comets were observed at various heliocentric distances in the low and high dispersion mode. In the long wavelength region, emission bands of OH, CS, CO2(+), NH and CO(+) were identified, and the rotational structures of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OH were resolved. In the short wavelength region, emission lines of H(L alpha), O I, C I, C II, and C 1 and the CO fourth positive bands appeared. The results of these observations are the detection of S I; indications that CS exists as "Parent Molecules" in the cometary ice; the resolution of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OH; the determination of the spatial variations of various emissions; the determination of the variation of the production rates of various species, especially of H and OH, with heliocentric distance.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA 2nd European IUE Conf.; 12 p
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    Statistical wind profile gust model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical wind profile gust model for the Space Transportation Operations and Trade Studies is developed by using 1800 Jimsphere wind profile data collected at Cape Kennedy during 1965 to 1972. Wind profiles from the surface to 20 km in component form, i.e., zonal and meridional are processed through the digital filters of different wave length ranges bases on the Martin-Graham cosine rolloff model. The residuals obtained from the filtering processes for the data base for the statistical analysis. For each wind component the gust and gust length at a specified reference altitude in a residual profile are defined. A two parameter gamma probability marginal distribution seems to fit the component gust amplitude and the gust length when redefined. The problem of finding an appropriate bivariate joint distribution of the gust amplitude and length remains to be solved. The probability distribution of the modulus of the gust amplitudes was derived under the assumption that they are independently distributed as gamma variates.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rept.: The 1980 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 9 p
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